1
|
Titova E, Shagieva G, Dugina V, Kopnin P. The Role of Aurora B Kinase in Normal and Cancer Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2054-2062. [PMID: 38462449 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are essential players in mammalian cell division. These kinases are involved in the regulation of spindle dynamics, microtubule-kinetochore interactions, and chromosome condensation and orientation during mitosis. At least three members of the Aurora family - Aurora kinases A, B, and C - have been identified in mammals. Aurora B is essential for maintaining genomic stability and normal cell division. Mutations and dysregulation of this kinase are implicated in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the functions of Aurora B, the relationship between increased Aurora B activity and carcinogenesis, and the prospects for the use of Aurora B kinase inhibitors in antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Titova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melters DP, Neuman KC, Bentahar RS, Rakshit T, Dalal Y. Single molecule analysis of CENP-A chromatin by high-speed atomic force microscopy. eLife 2023; 12:e86709. [PMID: 37728600 PMCID: PMC10511241 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility is modulated in a variety of ways to create open and closed chromatin states, both of which are critical for eukaryotic gene regulation. At the single molecule level, how accessibility is regulated of the chromatin fiber composed of canonical or variant nucleosomes is a fundamental question in the field. Here, we developed a single-molecule tracking method where we could analyze thousands of canonical H3 and centromeric variant nucleosomes imaged by high-speed atomic force microscopy. This approach allowed us to investigate how changes in nucleosome dynamics in vitro inform us about transcriptional potential in vivo. By high-speed atomic force microscopy, we tracked chromatin dynamics in real time and determined the mean square displacement and diffusion constant for the variant centromeric CENP-A nucleosome. Furthermore, we found that an essential kinetochore protein CENP-C reduces the diffusion constant and mobility of centromeric nucleosomes along the chromatin fiber. We subsequently interrogated how CENP-C modulates CENP-A chromatin dynamics in vivo. Overexpressing CENP-C resulted in reduced centromeric transcription and impaired loading of new CENP-A molecules. From these data, we speculate that factors altering nucleosome mobility in vitro, also correspondingly alter transcription in vivo. Subsequently, we propose a model in which variant nucleosomes encode their own diffusion kinetics and mobility, and where binding partners can suppress or enhance nucleosome mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniël P Melters
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory Receptor Biology and Gene ExpressionBethesdaUnited States
| | - Keir C Neuman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Laboratory of Single Molecule BiophysicsBethesdaUnited States
| | - Reda S Bentahar
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory Receptor Biology and Gene ExpressionBethesdaUnited States
| | - Tatini Rakshit
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory Receptor Biology and Gene ExpressionBethesdaUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar UniversityDadriIndia
| | - Yamini Dalal
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory Receptor Biology and Gene ExpressionBethesdaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amin MA, Chakraborty M, Wallace DA, Varma D. Coordination between the Ndc80 complex and dynein is essential for microtubule plus-end capture by kinetochores during early mitosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104711. [PMID: 37060995 PMCID: PMC10206188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinetochores are initially captured by dynamic microtubules via a "search-and-capture" mechanism. The microtubule motor, dynein, is critical for kinetochore capture as it has been shown to transport microtubule-attached chromosomes toward the spindle pole during prometaphase. The microtubule-binding nuclear division cycle 80 (Ndc80) complex that is recruited to kinetochores in prophase is known to play a central role in forming kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments in metaphase. It is not yet clear, however, how Ndc80 contributes to initial kMT capture during prometaphase. Here, by combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and RNAi technology with assays specific to study kMT capture, we show that mitotic cells lacking Ndc80 exhibit substantial defects in this function during prometaphase. Rescue experiments show that Ndc80 mutants deficient in microtubule-binding are unable to execute proper kMT capture. While cells inhibited of dynein alone are predominantly able to make initial kMT attachments, cells co-depleted of Ndc80 and dynein show severe defects in kMT capture. Further, we use an in vitro total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy assay to reconstitute microtubule capture events, which suggest that Ndc80 and dynein coordinate with each other for microtubule plus-end capture and that the phosphorylation status of Ndc80 is critical for productive kMT capture. A novel interaction between Ndc80 and dynein that we identify in prometaphase extracts might be critical for efficient plus-end capture. Thus, our studies, for the first time, identify a distinct event in the formation of initial kMT attachments, which is directly mediated by Ndc80 and in coordination with dynein is required for efficient kMT capture and chromosome alignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdullahel Amin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Destiny Ariel Wallace
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cell Cycle-Related Gene SPC24: A Novel Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1733100. [PMID: 36718148 PMCID: PMC9884166 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1733100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) is a common malignant tumor with a high degree of malignancy, and its etiology remains unclear. Therefore, screening potential biomarkers is necessary to facilitate the treatment and diagnosis of LSCC. Robust rank aggregation (RRA) analysis was used to integrate two gene expression datasets of LSCC patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LSCC and nonneoplastic tissues. A gene coexpression network was constructed using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to explore potential associations between the module genes and clinical features of LSCC. Combining differential gene expression analysis and survival analysis, we screened potential hub genes, including CDK1, SPC24, HOXB7, and SELENBP1. Subsequently, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to test the protein levels in clinical specimens to verify our findings. Finally, four candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers (CDK1, SPC24, HOXB7, and SELENBP1) were identified. We propose, for the first time, that SPC24 is a gene that may associate with LSCC malignancy and is a novel therapeutic target. These findings may provide important mechanistic insight of LSCC.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schwietert F, Volkov VA, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Dogterom M, Musacchio A, Kierfeld J. Strain stiffening of Ndc80 complexes attached to microtubule plus ends. Biophys J 2022; 121:4048-4062. [PMID: 36199251 PMCID: PMC9675032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mitotic spindle, microtubules attach to chromosomes via kinetochores. The microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex is an integral part of kinetochores, and is essential for kinetochores to attach to microtubules and to transmit forces from dynamic microtubule ends to the chromosomes. The Ndc80 complex has a rod-like appearance with globular domains at its ends that are separated by a long coiled coil. Its mechanical properties are considered important for the dynamic interaction between kinetochores and microtubules. Here, we present a novel method that allows us to time trace the effective stiffness of Ndc80 complexes following shortening microtubule ends against applied force in optical trap experiments. Applying this method to wild-type Ndc80 and three variants (calponin homology (CH) domains mutated or Hec1 tail unphosphorylated, phosphorylated, or truncated), we reveal that each variant exhibits strain stiffening; i.e., the effective stiffness increases under tension that is built up by a depolymerizing microtubule. The strain stiffening relation is roughly linear and independent of the state of the microtubule. We introduce structure-based models that show that the strain stiffening can be traced back to the specific architecture of the Ndc80 complex with a characteristic flexible kink, to thermal fluctuations of the microtubule, and to the bending elasticity of flaring protofilaments, which exert force to move the Ndc80 complexes. Our model accounts for changes in the amount of load-bearing attachments at various force levels and reproduces the roughly linear strain stiffening behavior, highlighting the importance of force-dependent binding affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Kierfeld
- Physics Department, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
JENKINSON F, ZEGERMAN P. Roles of phosphatases in eukaryotic DNA replication initiation control. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Catanzaro D, Milani G, Bozza A, Bernardi M, Chieregato K, Menarin M, Merlo A, Celli P, Belli R, Peroni D, Pozzato A, Pozzato G, Raneri FA, Volpin L, Ruggeri M, Astori G. Selective cell cycle arrest in glioblastoma cell lines by quantum molecular resonance alone or in combination with temozolomide. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:824-835. [PMID: 35715634 PMCID: PMC9427848 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, characterised by high proliferation rates and cell invasiveness. Despite advances in surgery and radio-chemotherapy, patients continue to have poor prognoses, with a survival rate of 14–15 months. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Non-ionising electromagnetic fields represent an emerging option given the potential advantages of safety, low toxicity and the possibility to be combined with other therapies. Methods Here, the anticancer activity of quantum molecular resonance (QMR) was investigated. For this purpose, three glioblastoma cell lines were tested, and the QMR effect was evaluated on cancer cell proliferation rate and aggressiveness. To clarify the QMR mechanism of action, the proteomic asset after stimulation was delineated. Mesenchymal stromal cells and astrocytes were used as healthy controls. Results QMR affected cancer cell proliferation, inducing a significant arrest of cell cycle progression and reducing cancer tumorigenicity. These parameters were not altered in healthy control cells. Proteomic analysis suggested that QMR acts not only on DNA replication but also on the machinery involved in the mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Moreover, in a combined therapy assessment, QMR significantly enhanced temozolomide efficacy. Conclusions QMR technology appears to be a promising tool for glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catanzaro
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Gloria Milani
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Bozza
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Bernardi
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Chieregato
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Menarin
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Anna Merlo
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paola Celli
- Genetic Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Romina Belli
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniele Peroni
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Volpin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Astori
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
CellDynaMo–stochastic reaction-diffusion-dynamics model: Application to search-and-capture process of mitotic spindle assembly. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010165. [PMID: 35657997 PMCID: PMC9200364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a Stochastic Reaction-Diffusion-Dynamics Model (SRDDM) for simulations of cellular mechanochemical processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The SRDDM is mapped into the CellDynaMo package, which couples the spatially inhomogeneous reaction-diffusion master equation to account for biochemical reactions and molecular transport within the Langevin Dynamics (LD) framework to describe dynamic mechanical processes. This computational infrastructure allows the simulation of hours of molecular machine dynamics in reasonable wall-clock time. We apply SRDDM to test performance of the Search-and-Capture of mitotic spindle assembly by simulating, in three spatial dimensions, dynamic instability of elastic microtubules anchored in two centrosomes, movement and deformations of geometrically realistic centromeres with flexible kinetochores and chromosome arms. Furthermore, the SRDDM describes the mechanics and kinetics of Ndc80 linkers mediating transient attachments of microtubules to the chromosomal kinetochores. The rates of these attachments and detachments depend upon phosphorylation states of the Ndc80 linkers, which are regulated in the model by explicitly accounting for the reactions of Aurora A and B kinase enzymes undergoing restricted diffusion. We find that there is an optimal rate of microtubule-kinetochore detachments which maximizes the accuracy of the chromosome connections, that adding chromosome arms to kinetochores improve the accuracy by slowing down chromosome movements, that Aurora A and kinetochore deformations have a small positive effect on the attachment accuracy, and that thermal fluctuations of the microtubules increase the rates of kinetochore capture and also improve the accuracy of spindle assembly. The CellDynaMo package models, in 3D, any cellular subsystem where sufficient detail of the macromolecular players and the kinetics of relevant reactions are available. The package is based on the Stochastic Reaction-Diffusion-Dynamics model that combines the stochastic description of chemical kinetics, Brownian diffusion-based description of molecular transport, and Langevin dynamics-based representation of mechanical processes most pertinent to the system. We apply the model to test the Search-and-Capture mechanism of mitotic spindle assembly. We find that there is an optimal rate of microtubule-kinetochore detachments which maximizes the accuracy of chromosome connections, that chromosome arms improve the attachment accuracy by slowing down chromosome movements, that Aurora A kinase and kinetochore deformations have small positive effects on the accuracy, and that thermal fluctuations of the microtubules increase the rates of kinetochore capture and also improve the accuracy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arunkumar G, Baek S, Sturgill D, Bui M, Dalal Y. Oncogenic lncRNAs alter epigenetic memory at a fragile chromosomal site in human cancer cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5621. [PMID: 35235361 PMCID: PMC8890707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome instability is a critical event in cancer progression. Histone H3 variant CENP-A plays a fundamental role in defining centromere identity, structure, and function but is innately overexpressed in several types of solid cancers. In the cancer background, excess CENP-A is deposited ectopically on chromosome arms, including 8q24/cMYC locus, by invading transcription-coupled H3.3 chaperone pathways. Up-regulation of lncRNAs in many cancers correlates with poor prognosis and recurrence in patients. We report that transcription of 8q24-derived oncogenic lncRNAs plays an unanticipated role in altering the 8q24 chromatin landscape by H3.3 chaperone-mediated deposition of CENP-A-associated complexes. Furthermore, a transgene cassette carrying specific 8q24-derived lncRNA integrated into a naïve chromosome locus recruits CENP-A to the new location in a cis-acting manner. These data provide a plausible mechanistic link between locus-specific oncogenic lncRNAs, aberrant local chromatin structure, and the generation of new epigenetic memory at a fragile site in human cancer cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
DeLuca KF, Mick JE, Ide AH, Lima WC, Sherman L, Schaller KL, Anderson SM, Zhao N, Stasevich TJ, Varma D, Nilsson J, DeLuca JG. Generation and diversification of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. eLife 2021; 10:72093. [PMID: 34970967 PMCID: PMC8763395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are indispensable tools used for a large number of applications in both foundational and translational bioscience research; however, there are drawbacks to using traditional antibodies generated in animals. These include a lack of standardization leading to problems with reproducibility, high costs of antibodies purchased from commercial sources, and ethical concerns regarding the large number of animals used to generate antibodies. To address these issues, we have developed practical methodologies and tools for generating low-cost, high-yield preparations of recombinant monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments directed to protein epitopes from primary sequences. We describe these methods here, as well as approaches to diversify monoclonal antibodies, including customization of antibody species specificity, generation of genetically encoded small antibody fragments, and conversion of single chain antibody fragments (e.g. scFv) into full-length, bivalent antibodies. This study focuses on antibodies directed to epitopes important for mitosis and kinetochore function; however, the methods and reagents described here are applicable to antibodies and antibody fragments for use in any field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Jeanne E Mick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Amy Hodges Ide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Wanessa C Lima
- Geneva Antibody Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lori Sherman
- CU Cancer Center Cell Technologies Shared Resource, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Kristin L Schaller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Germany
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nabi D, Drechsler H, Pschirer J, Korn F, Schuler N, Diez S, Jessberger R, Chacón M. CENP-V is required for proper chromosome segregation through interaction with spindle microtubules in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6547. [PMID: 34764261 PMCID: PMC8586017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is essential to avoid aneuploidy, yet this process fails with increasing age in mammalian oocytes. Here we report a role for the scarcely described protein CENP-V in oocyte spindle formation and chromosome segregation. We show that depending on the oocyte maturation state, CENP-V localizes to centromeres, to microtubule organizing centers, and to spindle microtubules. We find that Cenp-V-/- oocytes feature severe deficiencies, including metaphase I arrest, strongly reduced polar body extrusion, increased numbers of mis-aligned chromosomes and aneuploidy, multipolar spindles, unfocused spindle poles and loss of kinetochore spindle fibres. We also show that CENP-V protein binds, diffuses along, and bundles microtubules in vitro. The spindle assembly checkpoint arrests about half of metaphase I Cenp-V-/- oocytes from young adults only. This finding suggests checkpoint weakening in ageing oocytes, which mature despite carrying mis-aligned chromosomes. Thus, CENP-V is a microtubule bundling protein crucial to faithful oocyte meiosis, and Cenp-V-/- oocytes reveal age-dependent weakening of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalileh Nabi
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Pschirer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franz Korn
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Schuler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mariola Chacón
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- CABIMER, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular & Medicina Regenerativa, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu B, Xu H, Ding M, Yan C. Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 (IRF2) Inhibits the Invasion and Migration of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Cells by Downregulation of Spindle Pole Body Component 24 (SPC24). J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the increased expression of SPC24 (spindle pole body component 24) was involved in the initiation and development of various cancers. However, the role of SPC24 in ccRCC (clear cell renal cell carcinoma) remains largely unknown. In the present study, the changes
and correlation of SPC24 and IRF2 (interferon regulatory factor 2) with ccRCC were evaluated by using GEPIA, TCGA and GTEx database. Then the involvement of SPC24 and IRF2 in invasion and migration was investigated in CaKi-1 cells, a human renal adenocarcinoma cell line. The bioinformatics
assay revealed that the expression of SPC24 and IRF2 in kidney tissue of patients with renal clear cell cancer was significantly increased, and the expression of SPC24 and IRF2 in kidney tissue was positively and negatively related to cancer phase and survival rate in patients with ccRCC respectively.
Notably, in vitro experimental study demonstrated that SPC25 promoted the invasion and migration of CaKi-1 cells, a human renal adenocarcinoma cell line. Furthermore, IRF2 shows potential binding site with SPC24 promoter, IRF2 overexpression significantly decreased SPC24 mRNA level,
whereas inhibition of IRF2 with specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly increased SPC24 mRNA level. Functionally, inhibition of SPC24 with specific shRNA reversed the stimulatory effect of IRF2 shRNA on the invasion and migration of cells, whereas SPC24 over-expression reversed the
inhibitory effect of IRF2 overexpression on the invasion and migration of cells. Finally, ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assay shows that IRF2 could directly bind with SPC24 promoter. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that IRF2/SPC24 signaling pathway contributes to the increased
invasion and migration in ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Chunyin Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen S, Wang X, Zheng S, Li H, Qin S, Liu J, Jia W, Shao M, Tan Y, Liang H, Song W, Lu S, Liu C, Yang X. Increased SPC24 in prostatic diseases and diagnostic value of SPC24 and its interacting partners in prostate cancer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:923. [PMID: 34306192 PMCID: PMC8281004 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SPC24 is a crucial component of the mitotic checkpoint machinery in tumorigenesis. High levels of SPC24 have been found in various cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, osteosarcoma and thyroid cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of SPC24 on prostate cancer (PCa) and other prostate diseases remains unclear. In the present study expression of global SPC24 messenger RNA (mRNA) was assessed in a subset of patients with PCa included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Increased levels of SPC24 expression were found in PCa patients >60 years old compared to patients <60 and increased SPC24 expression was also associated with higher levels of prostate specific antigen (P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Higher levels of SPC24 expression were associated with negative outcomes in PCa patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, in Chinese patients with prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and PCa, SPC24 was expressed at significantly higher levels than that in adjacent/normal tissues, as assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. High expression of SPC24 was associated with high Gleason stages (IV and V; P<0.05). Further analysis, based on Gene Ontology and pathway functional enrichment analysis, suggested that nuclear division cycle 80 (NDC80), an SPC24 protein interaction partner, and mitotic spindle checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 (BUB1), a core subunit of the spindle assembly checkpoint, may be associated with SPC24 in PCa development. Finally, using binary logistic regression, algorithms combining the receiver operating characteristic between SPC24 and BUB1 or NDC80 indicated that a combination of these markers may provide better PCa diagnosis ability than other PCa diagnosis markers. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPC24 may be a promising prostate disease biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suixia Chen
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shengfeng Zheng
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Shouxu Qin
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Jia
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Mengnan Shao
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Tan
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Weiru Song
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shaoming Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Chengwu Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Yang H, Zhang G, Luo C, Zhang S, Luo R, Deng B. hsa-miR-7-5p suppresses proliferation, migration and promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by inhibiting SPC24 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 561:80-87. [PMID: 34020142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Nevertheless, the mechanism of miR-7-5p in HCC cells has not been researched. In the research, the underlying biological function of miR-7-5p and SPC24 in HCC was explored. qRT-PCR was performed to measure the miR-7-5p and SPC24 level in HCC tissues and cells. The effect of miR-7-5p on HCC progression was detected by performing CCK-8, BrdU, and transwell assay. The relationship between miR-7-5p and SPC24 was determined using luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. Our findings showed that miR-7-5p was downregulated in HCC whereas SPC24 was upregulated in HCC. It was also showed that miR-7-5p upregulation restricted malignant behaviors of HCC cells, but this inhibitory effect of miR-7-5p could be relieved by its target gene SPC24. In conclusion, this research suggested that by inhibiting SPC24, miR-7-5p could act as a tumor inhibitory factor in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou New Area, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Hanteng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Gengyuan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Changjiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Shuze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Ruiying Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Benyuan Deng
- Department of General Surgery, West China Health Care Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruby CL, Major RJ, Hinrichsen RD. Regulation of tissue regeneration by the circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3576-3597. [PMID: 33893679 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regulated by a highly conserved transcriptional/translational feedback loop that maintains approximately 24-hr periodicity from cellular to organismal levels. Much research effort is being devoted to understanding how the outputs of the master clock affect peripheral oscillators, and in turn, numerous biological processes. Recent studies have revealed roles for circadian timing in the regulation of numerous cellular behaviours in support of complex tissue regeneration. One such role involves the interaction between the circadian clockwork and the cell cycle. The molecular mechanisms that control the cell cycle create a system of regulation that allows for high fidelity DNA synthesis, mitosis and apoptosis. In recent years, it has become clear that clock gene products are required for proper DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, and conversely, elements of the cell cycle cascade feedback to influence molecular circadian timing mechanisms. It is through this crosstalk that the circadian system orchestrates stem cell proliferation, niche exit and control of the signalling pathways that govern differentiation and self-renewal. In this review, we discuss the evidence for circadian control of tissue homeostasis and repair and suggest new avenues for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ruby
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Major
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen YJ, You GR, Lai MY, Lu LS, Chen CY, Ting LL, Lee HL, Kanno Y, Chiou JF, Cheng AJ. A Combined Systemic Strategy for Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer: From Target Identification to Drug Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113482. [PMID: 33238517 PMCID: PMC7700594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The efficiency of cisplatin is limited by drug resistance in head–neck cancer (HNC) patients. In this study, we established a cisplatin resistance (CR) cell model, generated CR related transcriptome profiling, and combined application of bioinformatics methodology to discover a possible way to overcome CR. Analysis of the functional pathway revealed that mitotic division is a novel mechanism significantly contributing to CR. Spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25), a kinetochore protein, was overexpressed in CR cells and significantly correlated with worse HNC patient survival. The silencing of SPC25 increased cisplatin sensitivity and reduced cancer stemness property. Integration of CR transcriptome profiling and drug database discovered a natural extract compound, celastrol, possessing a potent cytotoxic effect in CR cells to reverse CR. Thus, we combined systemic strategies to demonstrated that a novel biological process (mitotic cell division), a hub gene (SPC25), and a natural compound (celastrol) as novel strategies for the treatment of refractory HNC. Abstract Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy agent for head and neck cancer (HNC), but its therapeutic effects are hampered by its resistance. In this study, we employed systemic strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance (CR) in HNC. CR cells derived from isogenic HNC cell lines were generated. The CR related hub genes, functional mechanisms, and the sensitizing candidates were globally investigated by transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses. Clinically, the prognostic significance was assessed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Cellular and molecular techniques, including cell viability assay, tumorsphere formation assay, RT-qPCR, and immunoblot, were used. Results showed that these CR cells possessed highly invasive and stem-like properties. A total of 647 molecules was identified, and the mitotic division exhibited a novel functional mechanism significantly related to CR. A panel of signature molecules, MSRB3, RHEB, ULBP1, and spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25), was found to correlate with poor prognosis in HNC patients. SPC25 was further shown as a prominent molecule, which markedly suppressed cancer stemness and attenuated CR after silencing. Celastrol, a nature extract compound, was demonstrated to effectively inhibit SPC25 expression and reverse CR phenotype. In conclusion, the development of SPC25 inhibitors, such as the application of celastrol, maybe a novel strategy to sensitize cisplatin for the treatment of refractory HNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (L.-S.L.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (L.-S.L.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chen
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Lai-Lei Ting
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuzuka Kanno
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Disease, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical College, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kinetochore-microtubule coupling mechanisms mediated by the Ska1 complex and Cdt1. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:337-347. [PMID: 32844209 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The faithful segregation of duplicated sister chromatids rely on the remarkable ability of kinetochores to sustain stable load bearing attachments with the dynamic plus ends of kinetochore-microtubules (kMTs). The outer layer of the kinetochore recruits several motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that help the kinetochores establish and maintain a load bearing dynamic attachment with kMTs. The primary kMT-binding protein, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c), which is highly conserved among diverse organisms from yeast to humans, performs this essential function with assistance from other MAPs. These MAPs are not an integral part of the kinetochore, but they localize to the kinetochore periodically throughout mitosis and regulate the strength of the kinetochore microtubule attachments. Here, we attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made toward furthering our understanding of this co-operation between the Ndc80c and these MAPs, focusing on the spindle and kinetochore-associated 1 (Ska1) complex (Ska1c) and Cdc10-dependent transcript 1 (Cdt1) in humans.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wimbish RT, DeLuca KF, Mick JE, Himes J, Jiménez-Sánchez I, Jeyaprakash AA, DeLuca JG. The Hec1/Ndc80 tail domain is required for force generation at kinetochores, but is dispensable for kinetochore-microtubule attachment formation and Ska complex recruitment. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1453-1473. [PMID: 32401635 PMCID: PMC7359571 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex (composed of Hec1/Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24, and Spc25) has well-documented roles in mitosis including 1) connecting mitotic chromosomes to spindle microtubules to establish force-transducing kinetochore-microtubule attachments and 2) regulating the binding strength between kinetochores and microtubules such that correct attachments are stabilized and erroneous attachments are released. Although the NDC80 complex plays a central role in forming and regulating attachments to microtubules, additional factors support these processes as well, including the spindle and kinetochore-associated (Ska) complex. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Ska complexes strengthen attachments by increasing the ability of NDC80 complexes to bind microtubules, especially to depolymerizing microtubule plus ends, but how this is accomplished remains unclear. Using cell-based and in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the Hec1 tail domain is dispensable for Ska complex recruitment to kinetochores and for generation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells. We further demonstrate that Hec1 tail phosphorylation regulates kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability independently of the Ska complex. Finally, we map the location of the Ska complex in cells to a region near the coiled-coil domain of the NDC80 complex and demonstrate that this region is required for Ska complex recruitment to the NDC80 complex--microtubule interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Wimbish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Keith F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Jeanne E. Mick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Jack Himes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | | | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huis In 't Veld PJ, Volkov VA, Stender ID, Musacchio A, Dogterom M. Molecular determinants of the Ska-Ndc80 interaction and their influence on microtubule tracking and force-coupling. eLife 2019; 8:49539. [PMID: 31804178 PMCID: PMC6927755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Errorless chromosome segregation requires load-bearing attachments of the plus ends of spindle microtubules to chromosome structures named kinetochores. How these end-on kinetochore attachments are established following initial lateral contacts with the microtubule lattice is poorly understood. Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complexes, are important for efficient end-on coupling and may function as a unit in this process, but precise conditions for their interaction are unknown. Here, we report that the Ska-Ndc80 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent and does not require microtubules, applied force, or several previously identified functional determinants including the Ndc80-loop and the Ndc80-tail. Both the Ndc80-tail, which we reveal to be essential for microtubule end-tracking, and Ndc80-bound Ska stabilize microtubule ends in a stalled conformation. Modulation of force-coupling efficiency demonstrates that the duration of stalled microtubule disassembly predicts whether a microtubule is stabilized and rescued by the kinetochore, likely reflecting a structural transition of the microtubule end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Campbell S, Amin MA, Varma D, Bidone TC. Computational model demonstrates that Ndc80-associated proteins strengthen kinetochore-microtubule attachments in metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:549-561. [PMID: 31525284 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is mediated by spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochore via dynamic protein complexes, such as Ndc80, Ska, Cdt1 and ch-TOG during mitotic metaphase. While experimental studies have previously shown that these proteins and protein complexes are all essential for maintaining a stable kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) interface, their exact roles in the mitotic metaphase remains elusive. In this study, we employed experimental and computational methods in order to characterize how these proteins can strengthen kMT attachments in both nonload-bearing and load-bearing conditions, typical of prometaphase and metaphase, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining of HeLa cells showed that the levels of Ska and Cdt1 significantly increased from prometaphase to metaphase, while levels of the Ndc80 complex remained unchanged. Our new computational model showed that by incorporating binding and unbinding of each protein complex coupled with a biased diffusion mechanism, the displacement of a possible complex formed by Ndc80-Ska-Cdt1 is significantly higher than that of Ndc80 alone or Ndc80-Ska. In addition, when we incorporate Ndc80/ch-TOG in the model, rupture force and time of attachment of the kMT interface increases. These results support the hypothesis that Ndc80-associated proteins strengthen kMT attachments, and that the interplay between kMT protein complexes in metaphase ensures stable attachments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pavlova GA, Popova JV, Andreyeva EN, Yarinich LA, Lebedev MO, Razuvaeva AV, Dubatolova TD, Oshchepkova AL, Pellacani C, Somma MP, Pindyurin AV, Gatti M. RNAi-mediated depletion of the NSL complex subunits leads to abnormal chromosome segregation and defective centrosome duplication in Drosophila mitosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008371. [PMID: 31527906 PMCID: PMC6772098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Nonspecific Lethal (NSL) complex is a major transcriptional regulator of housekeeping genes. It contains at least seven subunits that are conserved in the human KANSL complex: Nsl1/Wah (KANSL1), Dgt1/Nsl2 (KANSL2), Rcd1/Nsl3 (KANSL3), Rcd5 (MCRS1), MBD-R2 (PHF20), Wds (WDR5) and Mof (MOF/KAT8). Previous studies have shown that Dgt1, Rcd1 and Rcd5 are implicated in centrosome maintenance. Here, we analyzed the mitotic phenotypes caused by RNAi-mediated depletion of Rcd1, Rcd5, MBD-R2 or Wds in greater detail. Depletion of any of these proteins in Drosophila S2 cells led to defects in chromosome segregation. Consistent with these findings, Rcd1, Rcd5 and MBD-R2 RNAi cells showed reduced levels of both Cid/CENP-A and the kinetochore component Ndc80. In addition, RNAi against any of the four genes negatively affected centriole duplication. In Wds-depleted cells, the mitotic phenotypes were similar but milder than those observed in Rcd1-, Rcd5- or MBD-R2-deficient cells. RT-qPCR experiments and interrogation of published datasets revealed that transcription of many genes encoding centromere/kinetochore proteins (e.g., cid, Mis12 and Nnf1b), or involved in centriole duplication (e.g., Sas-6, Sas-4 and asl) is substantially reduced in Rcd1, Rcd5 and MBD-R2 RNAi cells, and to a lesser extent in wds RNAi cells. During mitosis, both Rcd1-GFP and Rcd5-GFP accumulate at the centrosomes and the telophase midbody, MBD-R2-GFP is enriched only at the chromosomes, while Wds-GFP accumulates at the centrosomes, the kinetochores, the midbody, and on a specific chromosome region. Collectively, our results suggest that the mitotic phenotypes caused by Rcd1, Rcd5, MBD-R2 or Wds depletion are primarily due to reduced transcription of genes involved in kinetochore assembly and centriole duplication. The differences in the subcellular localizations of the NSL components may reflect direct mitotic functions that are difficult to detect at the phenotypic level, because they are masked by the transcription-dependent deficiency of kinetochore and centriolar proteins. The Drosophila Nonspecific Lethal (NSL) complex is a conserved protein assembly that controls transcription of more than 4,000 housekeeping genes. We analyzed the mitotic functions of four genes, Rcd1, Rcd5, MBD-R2 and wds, encoding NSL subunits. Inactivation of these genes by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in defects in both chromosome segregation and centrosome duplication. Our analyses indicate that RNAi against Rcd1, Rcd5 or MBD-R2 reduces transcription of genes involved in centromere/kinetochore assembly and centriole replication. During interphase, Rcd1, Rcd5, MBD-R2 and Wds are confined to the nucleus, as expected for transcription factors. However, during mitosis each of these proteins relocates to specific mitotic structures. Our results suggest that the four NSL components work together as a complex to stimulate transcription of genes encoding important mitotic determinants. However, the different localization of the proteins during mitosis suggests that they might have acquired secondary “moonlighting” functions that directly contribute to the mitotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gera A. Pavlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia V. Popova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N. Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Yarinich
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail O. Lebedev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alyona V. Razuvaeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana D. Dubatolova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiya L. Oshchepkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Claudia Pellacani
- IBPM CNR c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- IBPM CNR c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail: (AVP); (MG)
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- IBPM CNR c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AVP); (MG)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amin MA, Agarwal S, Varma D. Mapping the kinetochore MAP functions required for stabilizing microtubule attachments to chromosomes during metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:398-412. [PMID: 31454167 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, faithful chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the spindle microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposite poles and the kinetochores of the chromosomes. However, the precise mechanism that coordinates the coupling of the kinetochore components to dynamic MTs has been a long-standing question. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate MT nucleation and dynamics, MT-mediated transport and MT cross-linking in cells. During mitosis, MAPs play an essential role not only in determining spindle length, position, and orientation but also in facilitating robust kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments by linking the kinetochores to spindle MTs efficiently. The stability of MTs imparted by the MAPs is critical to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. This review primarily focuses on the specific function of nonmotor kinetochore MAPs, their recruitment to kinetochores and their MT-binding properties. We also attempt to synthesize and strengthen our understanding of how these MAPs work in coordination with the kinetochore-bound Ndc80 complex (the key component at the MT-binding interface in metaphase and anaphase) to establish stable kMT attachments and control accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Mistakes in the process of cell division can lead to the loss, gain or rearrangement of chromosomes. Significant chromosomal abnormalities are usually lethal to the cells and cause spontaneous miscarriages. However, in some cases, defects in the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to severe diseases, such as cancer and birth and development defects, including Down's syndrome. The timely and accurate control of chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionary conserved, self-regulated signalling system present in higher organisms. The spindle assembly checkpoint is orchestrated by dynamic interactions between spindle microtubules and the kinetochore , a multiprotein complex that constitutes the site for attachment of chromosomes to microtubule polymers to pull sister chromatids apart during cell division. This chapter discusses the current molecular understanding of the essential, highly dynamic molecular interactions underpinning spindle assembly checkpoint signalling and how the complex choreography of interactions can be coordinated in time and space to finely regulate the process. The potential of targeting this signalling pathway to interfere with the abnormal segregation of chromosomes, which occurs in diverse malignancies and the new opportunities that recent technological developments are opening up for a deeper understanding of the spindle assembly checkpoint are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The spindle segregates chromosomes in cell division and it has long been discussed whether it is microtubules alone that build this fundamental molecular machine. Recent work in mouse oocytes now shows that actin filaments co-assemble with microtubules to promote faithful chromosome segregation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Etemad B, Vertesy A, Kuijt TEF, Sacristan C, van Oudenaarden A, Kops GJPL. Spindle checkpoint silencing at kinetochores with submaximal microtubule occupancy. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231589. [PMID: 31138679 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures proper chromosome segregation by monitoring kinetochore-microtubule interactions. SAC proteins are shed from kinetochores once stable attachments are achieved. Human kinetochores consist of hundreds of SAC protein recruitment modules and bind up to 20 microtubules, raising the question of how the SAC responds to intermediate attachment states. We show that one protein module ('RZZS-MAD1-MAD2') of the SAC is removed from kinetochores at low microtubule occupancy and remains absent at higher occupancies, while another module ('BUB1-BUBR1') is retained at substantial levels irrespective of attachment states. These behaviours reflect different silencing mechanisms: while BUB1 displacement is almost fully dependent on MPS1 inactivation, MAD1 (also known as MAD1L1) displacement is not. Artificially tuning the affinity of kinetochores for microtubules further shows that ∼50% occupancy is sufficient to shed MAD2 and silence the SAC. Kinetochores thus respond as a single unit to shut down SAC signalling at submaximal occupancy states, but retain one SAC module. This may ensure continued SAC silencing on kinetochores with fluctuating occupancy states while maintaining the ability for fast SAC re-activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Etemad
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Abel Vertesy
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Timo E F Kuijt
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sacristan
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
David AF, Roudot P, Legant WR, Betzig E, Danuser G, Gerlich DW. Augmin accumulation on long-lived microtubules drives amplification and kinetochore-directed growth. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2150-2168. [PMID: 31113824 PMCID: PMC6605806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate cells assemble mitotic spindles through multiple pathways. It is shown that Augmin-dependent, noncentrosomal nucleation generates the vast majority of microtubules in metaphase spindles. This results in a strong directional bias of microtubule growth toward individual kinetochores. Dividing cells reorganize their microtubule cytoskeleton into a bipolar spindle, which moves one set of sister chromatids to each nascent daughter cell. Early spindle assembly models postulated that spindle pole–derived microtubules search the cytoplasmic space until they randomly encounter a kinetochore to form a stable attachment. More recent work uncovered several additional, centrosome-independent microtubule generation pathways, but the contributions of each pathway to spindle assembly have remained unclear. Here, we combined live microscopy and mathematical modeling to show that most microtubules nucleate at noncentrosomal regions in dividing human cells. Using a live-cell probe that selectively labels aged microtubule lattices, we demonstrate that the distribution of growing microtubule plus ends can be almost entirely explained by Augmin-dependent amplification of long-lived microtubule lattices. By ultrafast 3D lattice light-sheet microscopy, we observed that this mechanism results in a strong directional bias of microtubule growth toward individual kinetochores. Our systematic quantification of spindle dynamics reveals highly coordinated microtubule growth during kinetochore fiber assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F David
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philippe Roudot
- Department of Cell Biology and Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology and Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Malaby HL, Lessard DV, Berger CL, Stumpff J. KIF18A's neck linker permits navigation of microtubule-bound obstacles within the mitotic spindle. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800169. [PMID: 30655363 PMCID: PMC6337737 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KIF18A (kinesin-8) is required for mammalian mitotic chromosome alignment. KIF18A confines chromosome movement to the mitotic spindle equator by accumulating at the plus-ends of kinetochore microtubule bundles (K-fibers), where it functions to suppress K-fiber dynamics. It is not understood how the motor accumulates at K-fiber plus-ends, a difficult feat requiring the motor to navigate protein dense microtubule tracks. Our data indicate that KIF18A's relatively long neck linker is required for the motor's accumulation at K-fiber plus-ends. Shorter neck linker (sNL) variants of KIF18A display a deficiency in accumulation at the ends of K-fibers at the center of the spindle. Depletion of K-fiber-binding proteins reduces the KIF18A sNL localization defect, whereas their overexpression reduces wild-type KIF18A's ability to accumulate on this same K-fiber subset. Furthermore, single-molecule assays indicate that KIF18A sNL motors are less proficient in navigating microtubules coated with microtubule-associated proteins. Taken together, these results support a model in which KIF18A's neck linker length permits efficient navigation of obstacles to reach K-fiber ends during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lh Malaby
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dominique V Lessard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pellacani C, Bucciarelli E, Renda F, Hayward D, Palena A, Chen J, Bonaccorsi S, Wakefield JG, Gatti M, Somma MP. Splicing factors Sf3A2 and Prp31 have direct roles in mitotic chromosome segregation. eLife 2018; 7:40325. [PMID: 30475206 PMCID: PMC6287947 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that RNAi-mediated depletion of splicing factors (SFs) results in mitotic abnormalities. However, it is currently unclear whether these abnormalities reflect defective splicing of specific pre-mRNAs or a direct role of the SFs in mitosis. Here, we show that two highly conserved SFs, Sf3A2 and Prp31, are required for chromosome segregation in both Drosophila and human cells. Injections of anti-Sf3A2 and anti-Prp31 antibodies into Drosophila embryos disrupt mitotic division within 1 min, arguing strongly against a splicing-related mitotic function of these factors. We demonstrate that both SFs bind spindle microtubules (MTs) and the Ndc80 complex, which in Sf3A2- and Prp31-depleted cells is not tightly associated with the kinetochores; in HeLa cells the Ndc80/HEC1-SF interaction is restricted to the M phase. These results indicate that Sf3A2 and Prp31 directly regulate interactions among kinetochores, spindle microtubules and the Ndc80 complex in both Drosophila and human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pellacani
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bucciarelli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Hayward
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Palena
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Jack Chen
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - James G Wakefield
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Agarwal S, Smith KP, Zhou Y, Suzuki A, McKenney RJ, Varma D. Cdt1 stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments via an Aurora B kinase-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3446-3463. [PMID: 30154187 PMCID: PMC6168275 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdt1 is a novel kinetochore–microtubule binding protein. The middle and the C-terminal winged-helix domains of Cdt1 are involved in microtubule binding. Aurora B kinase phosphorylation of Cdt1 influences its microtubule binding in vitro and is necessary for kinetochore–microtubule stability and mitotic progression in cells. Robust kinetochore–microtubule (kMT) attachment is critical for accurate chromosome segregation. G2/M-specific depletion of human Cdt1 that localizes to kinetochores in an Ndc80 complex–dependent manner leads to abnormal kMT attachments and mitotic arrest. This indicates an independent mitotic role for Cdt1 in addition to its prototypic function in DNA replication origin licensing. Here, we show that Cdt1 directly binds to microtubules (MTs). Endogenous or transiently expressed Cdt1 localizes to both mitotic spindle MTs and kinetochores. Deletion mapping of Cdt1 revealed that the regions comprising the middle and C-terminal winged-helix domains but lacking the N-terminal unstructured region were required for efficient MT binding. Mitotic kinase Aurora B interacts with and phosphorylates Cdt1. Aurora B–phosphomimetic Cdt1 exhibited attenuated MT binding, and its cellular expression induced defective kMT attachments with a concomitant delay in mitotic progression. Thus we provide mechanistic insight into how Cdt1 affects overall kMT stability in an Aurora B kinase phosphorylation-dependent manner; which is envisioned to augment the MT-binding of the Ndc80 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kyle Paul Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yizhuo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Graziadio L, Palumbo V, Cipressa F, Williams BC, Cenci G, Gatti M, Goldberg ML, Bonaccorsi S. Phenotypic characterization of diamond (dind), a Drosophila gene required for multiple aspects of cell division. Chromosoma 2018; 127:489-504. [PMID: 30120539 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many genes are required for the assembly of the mitotic apparatus and for proper chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. A fruitful approach to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cell division is the accurate phenotypic characterization of mutations in these genes. Here, we report the identification and characterization of diamond (dind), an essential Drosophila gene required both for mitosis of larval brain cells and for male meiosis. Larvae homozygous for any of the five EMS-induced mutations die in the third-instar stage and exhibit multiple mitotic defects. Mutant brain cells exhibit poorly condensed chromosomes and frequent chromosome breaks and rearrangements; they also show centriole fragmentation, disorganized mitotic spindles, defective chromosome segregation, endoreduplicated metaphases, and hyperploid and polyploid cells. Comparable phenotypes occur in mutant spermatogonia and spermatocytes. The dind gene encodes a non-conserved protein with no known functional motifs. Although the Dind protein exhibits a rather diffuse localization in both interphase and mitotic cells, fractionation experiments indicate that some Dind is tightly associated with the chromatin. Collectively, these results suggest that loss of Dind affects chromatin organization leading to defects in chromosome condensation and integrity, which in turn affect centriole stability and spindle assembly. However, our results do not exclude the possibility that Dind directly affects some behaviors of the spindle and centrosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Graziadio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cipressa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Museo storico della fisica e centro di studi e ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Byron C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM) del CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael L Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Samel A, Nguyen TKL, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE. Defects in methylation of arginine 37 on CENP-A/Cse4 are compensated by the ubiquitin ligase complex Ubr2/Mub1. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:2966861. [PMID: 28158539 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore, a supramolecular protein complex, provides the physical connection between chromatin and the microtubule and ensures correct chromosome segregation during mitosis. Centromeric regions are marked by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A. Cse4, the CENP-A homologue from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is methylated on arginine 37 in its N-terminus (R37), and the absence of methylation (cse4-R37A) causes synthetic genetic defects in combination with mutations or deletions in genes encoding components of the Ctf19/CCAN complex and with the CDEI binding protein Cbf1. Here, we report that the absence of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr2 as well as its adaptor protein Mub1 suppresses the defects caused by the absence of Cse4-R37 methylation. Ubr2 is known to regulate the levels of the MIND complex component Dsn1 via ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Accordingly, we found that overexpression of DSN1 also led to suppression of Cse4 methylation defects. Altogether, our data indicate that the absence of R37 methylation reduces the recruitment of kinetochore proteins to centromeric chromatin, and that this can be compensated for by stabilising the outer kinetochore protein Dsn1.
Collapse
|
34
|
Spc24 is required for meiotic kinetochore-microtubule attachment and production of euploid eggs. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71987-71997. [PMID: 27713128 PMCID: PMC5342138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are particularly error prone in chromosome segregation during two successive meiotic divisions. The proper kinetochore-microtubule attachment is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis. Here, we report that Spc24 localizes at the kinetochores during mouse oocyte meiosis. Depletion of Spc24 using specific siRNA injection caused defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromosome misalignment, and accelerated the first meiosis by abrogating the kinetochore recruitment of spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2, leading to a high incidence of aneuploidy. Thus, Spc24 plays an important role in genomic stability maintenance during oocyte meiotic maturation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gelens L, Qian J, Bollen M, Saurin AT. The Importance of Kinase-Phosphatase Integration: Lessons from Mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:6-21. [PMID: 29089159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinases and phosphatases work antagonistically to control the behaviour of individual substrate molecules. This can be incorrectly extrapolated to imply that they also work antagonistically on the signals or processes that these molecules control. In fact, in many situations kinases and phosphatases work together to positively drive signal responses. We explain how this 'cooperativity' is critical for setting the amplitude, localisation, timing, and shape of phosphorylation signals. We use mitosis to illustrate why these properties are important for controlling mitotic entry, sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochore-microtubule attachments, the spindle assembly checkpoint, mitotic spindle elongation, and mitotic exit. These examples provide a rationale to explain how complex signalling behaviour could rely on similar types of integration within many other biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lendert Gelens
- Laboratory of Dynamics in Biological Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Junbin Qian
- Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
DeLuca KF, Meppelink A, Broad AJ, Mick JE, Peersen OB, Pektas S, Lens SMA, DeLuca JG. Aurora A kinase phosphorylates Hec1 to regulate metaphase kinetochore-microtubule dynamics. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:163-177. [PMID: 29187526 PMCID: PMC5748988 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments is essential for successful chromosome segregation. Central to this regulation is Aurora B kinase, which phosphorylates kinetochore substrates to promote microtubule turnover. A critical target of Aurora B is the N-terminal "tail" domain of Hec1, which is a component of the NDC80 complex, a force-transducing link between kinetochores and microtubules. Although Aurora B is regarded as the "master regulator" of kinetochore-microtubule attachment, other mitotic kinases likely contribute to Hec1 phosphorylation. In this study, we demonstrate that Aurora A kinase regulates kinetochore-microtubule dynamics of metaphase chromosomes, and we identify Hec1 S69, a previously uncharacterized phosphorylation target site in the Hec1 tail, as a critical Aurora A substrate for this regulation. Additionally, we demonstrate that Aurora A kinase associates with inner centromere protein (INCENP) during mitosis and that INCENP is competent to drive accumulation of the kinase to the centromere region of mitotic chromosomes. These findings reveal that both Aurora A and B contribute to kinetochore-microtubule attachment dynamics, and they uncover an unexpected role for Aurora A in late mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Amanda Meppelink
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Broad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jeanne E Mick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Olve B Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Sibel Pektas
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sheng J, Yin M, Sun Z, Kang X, Liu D, Jiang K, Xu J, Zhao F, Guo Q, Zheng W. SPC24 promotes osteosarcoma progression by increasing EGFR/MAPK signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105276-105283. [PMID: 29285250 PMCID: PMC5739637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the spindle checkpoint protein SPC24 in osteosarcoma progression. SPC24 knockdown in 143B and U2OS osteosarcoma cells decreased cell growth, survival and invasiveness. The SPC24 knockdown cells also exhibited low EGFR, Ras and phospho-ERK levels and high E-cadherin levels, suggesting inhibition of EGFR/Ras/ERK signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning. Xenografted SPC24 knockdown osteosarcoma cells showed reduced tumor growth in nude mice with decreased EGFR and phospho-ERK levels and increased E-cadherin levels. By contrast, human osteosarcoma tissue samples showed high SPC24 and phospho-ERK levels and low E-cadherin levels. These results suggest SPC24 promotes osteosarcoma progression by increasing EGFR/Ras/ERK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengchen Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Personnel Office, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feixing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunfeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kinetochore-microtubule interactions in chromosome segregation: lessons from yeast and mammalian cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:3559-3577. [PMID: 29046344 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome congression and segregation require robust yet dynamic attachment of the kinetochore with the spindle microtubules. Force generated at the kinetochore-microtubule interface plays a vital role to drive the attachment, as it is required to move chromosomes and to provide signal to sense correct attachments. To understand the mechanisms underlying these processes, it is critical to describe how the force is generated and how the molecules at the kinetochore-microtubule interface are organized and assembled to withstand the force and respond to it. Research in the past few years or so has revealed interesting insights into the structural organization and architecture of kinetochore proteins that couple kinetochore attachment to the spindle microtubules. Interestingly, despite diversities in the molecular players and their modes of action, there appears to be architectural similarity of the kinetochore-coupling machines in lower to higher eukaryotes. The present review focuses on the most recent advances in understanding of the molecular and structural aspects of kinetochore-microtubule interaction based on the studies in yeast and vertebrate cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
SPC24 is critical for anaplastic thyroid cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21884-21891. [PMID: 28423533 PMCID: PMC5400631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing worldwide. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most lethal of all thyroid cancers and one of the most aggressive human carcinomas. SPC24 is an important component of the mitotic checkpoint machinery in the tumorigenesis and high levels of SPC24 have been found in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas, but its role in anaplastic thyroid cancer is still unclear. Our results showed that SPC24 was high expressed in human thyroid cancer samples. In addition, knockingdown endogenous SPC24 could repress cell growth, inhibit cell invasive ability and promote apoptosis in different ATC cells. Next, in vivo xenograft studies indicated that the SPC24 knockdown cells has decreased tumor size compared to the controls. This conclusion is also endorsed by our studies using human thyroid cancer samples. Taken together, our data demonstrates that SPC24 can serve as a promising prognostic biomarker of ATC cells and it is a novel strategy which could be developed by targeting SPC24 in future.
Collapse
|
40
|
Small molecules targeted to the microtubule-Hec1 interaction inhibit cancer cell growth through microtubule stabilization. Oncogene 2017; 37:231-240. [PMID: 28925395 PMCID: PMC5770598 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly expressed in cancer protein 1 (Hec1) is a subunit of the kinetochore (KT)-associated Ndc80 complex, which ensures proper segregation of sister chromatids at mitosis by mediating the interaction between KTs and microtubules (MTs). HEC1 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in many malignancies as part of a signature of chromosome instability. These properties render Hec1 a promising molecular target for developing therapeutic drugs that exert their anticancer activities by producing massive chromosome aneuploidy. A virtual screening study aimed at identifying small molecules able to bind at the Hec1–MT interaction domain identified one positive hit compound and two analogs of the hit with high cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic and anti-mitotic activities. The most cytotoxic analog (SM15) was shown to produce chromosome segregation defects in cancer cells by inhibiting the correction of erroneous KT–MT interactions. Live cell imaging of treated cells demonstrated that mitotic arrest and segregation abnormalities lead to cell death through mitotic catastrophe and that cell death occurred also from interphase. Importantly, SM15 was shown to be more effective in inducing apoptotic cell death in cancer cells as compared to normal ones and effectively reduced tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Mechanistically, cold-induced MT depolymerization experiments demonstrated a hyper-stabilization of both mitotic and interphase MTs. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate this finding by showing that SM15 can bind the MT surface independently from Hec1 and acts as a stabilizer of both MTs and KT–MT interactions. Overall, our studies represent a clear proof of principle that MT-Hec1-interacting compounds may represent novel powerful anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhou J, Yu Y, Pei Y, Cao C, Ding C, Wang D, Sun L, Niu G. A potential prognostic biomarker SPC24 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65469-65480. [PMID: 29029446 PMCID: PMC5630346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RESULTS SPC24 is over-expressed in clinical lung adenocarcinoma samples, and high level of SPC24 is associated with advanced stages of lung tumors. Knocking down SPC24 repressed cell growth and promoted apoptosis. SPC24 deficiency reduced cancer cell migration as well. E-cadherin, one of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, was up-regulated in the knockdown cells, along with down-regulation of N-cadherin and Vimentin. Oncomine expression analyses further confirmed that high level of SPC24 is associated with tumors from smokers, recurrent patients, or patients with shorter survivals. PURPOSE AND METHODS To reveal the role of SPC24, an important component of kinetochore, in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer, we performed Oncomine and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses for SPC24 in human lung adenocarcinoma tumors. We knocked down SPC24 in two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, PC9 and A549, by siRNA and evaluated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in the SPC24-deficient cells. Using a mouse xenograft model, we compared in vivo tumor growth of the knockdown and control cells. We further performed multiple Oncomine expression analyses for SPC24 in various lung cancer datasets with important clinical characteristics and risk factors, including survival, recurrence, and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS SPC24 is a novel oncogene of lung cancer, and can serve as a promising prognostic biomarker to differentiate lung tumors that have various clinicopathological characteristics. The findings of the current study will benefit the diagnosis, management, and targeted therapy of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University and Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao LJ, Yang HL, Li KY, Gao YH, Dong K, Liu ZH, Wang LX, Zhang B. Knockdown of SKA1 gene inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in human adenoid cystic carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Loss of Centromere Cohesion in Aneuploid Human Oocytes Correlates with Decreased Kinetochore Localization of the Sac Proteins Bub1 and Bubr1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44001. [PMID: 28287092 PMCID: PMC5347135 DOI: 10.1038/srep44001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human eggs, aneuploidy increases with age and can result in infertility and genetic diseases. Studies in mouse oocytes suggest that reduced centromere cohesion and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activity could be at the origin of chromosome missegregation. Little is known about these two features in humans. Here, we show that in human eggs, inter-kinetochore distances of bivalent chromosomes strongly increase with age. This results in the formation of univalent chromosomes during metaphase I (MI) and of single chromatids in metaphase II (MII). We also investigated SAC activity by checking the localization of BUB1 and BUBR1. We found that they localize at the kinetochore with a similar temporal timing than in mitotic cells and in a MPS1-dependent manner, suggesting that the SAC signalling pathway is active in human oocytes. Moreover, our data also suggest that this checkpoint is inactivated when centromere cohesion is lost in MI and consequently cannot inhibit premature sister chromatid separation. Finally, we show that the kinetochore localization of BUB1 and BUBR1 decreases with the age of the oocyte donors. This could contribute to oocyte aneuploidy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Senaratne AP, Drinnenberg IA. All that is old does not wither: Conservation of outer kinetochore proteins across all eukaryotes? J Cell Biol 2017; 216:291-293. [PMID: 28108523 PMCID: PMC5294794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senaratne and Drinnenberg discuss the potential universality of eukaryotic kinetochore proteins based on new work by D’Archivio and Wickstead. The kinetochore drives faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes, yet the underlying machinery is diverse across species. D’Archivio and Wickstead (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608043) apply sensitive homology predictions to identify proteins in kinetoplastids with similarity to canonical outer kinetochore proteins, suggesting some degree of universality in the eukaryotic kinetochore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruni P Senaratne
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3664, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ines A Drinnenberg
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhu P, Jin J, Liao Y, Li J, Yu XZ, Liao W, He S. A novel prognostic biomarker SPC24 up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41383-97. [PMID: 26515591 PMCID: PMC4747413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SPC24 is an important component of the nuclear division cycle 80 (Ndc80) kinetochore complex, which plays an essential role in the coupling of kinetochore to spindle microtubules (MTs) and the accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. However, the functional role of SPC24 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. Here, we detected the expression of SPC24 in HCC and analyzed its association with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of HCC patients. The expression of SPC24 mRNA was investigated in 212 cases of paired HCC and adjacent liver tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and in the tissues of 20 HCC patients by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Additionally, the expression of SPC24 protein was detected in 69 cases of HCC by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in 2 cases of HCC tissues by Western-blotting. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of SPC24 was employed in SMMC7721 and HepG2 human HCC cells to investigate cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in survival probability were obtained using the log-rank test. Independent predictors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. In this study, we showed that SPC24 was noticeably increased in HCC tissues compared to normal adjacent noncancerous tissues, at both mRNA and protein levels. High expression of SPC24 was significantly correlated with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (p = 0.044), median size (p = 0.030), tumor number (p = 0.019), and Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage (p = 0.015). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the DFS and OS of high SPC24 expression group was significantly shorter than that of low SPC24 expression group (p < 0.001; p = 0.001; respectively). The prognostic impact of SPC24 was further confirmed by stratified survival analysis. Importantly, multivariate analysis identified SPC24 upregualtion (p = 0.001), PVTT (p = 0.007), size of tumor > 5 cm (p < 0.001) as independent risk factors of DFS after resection, and SPC24 upregualtion (p < 0.001), PVTT (p = 0.029), size of tumor > 5 cm (p = 0.002), recurrence (p < 0.001) as independent prognostic factors for the OS of HCC patients. Additionally, siRNA-mediated silencing of SPC24 dramatically suppressed cell growth, adhesion, invasion and increased apoptosis in HCC cells. In conclusion, these results showed for the first time that SPC24 expression was significantly up-regulated in HCC, which may act as a novel prognostic biomarker for patients suffering from this deadly disease. Additionally, silence of SPC24 inhibiting HCC cell growth indicated that SPC24 may be a promising molecular target for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Zhu
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Jin
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liao
- Disease Prevention and Control Center of Guilin, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Weijia Liao
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqing He
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abad MA, Zou J, Medina-Pritchard B, Nigg EA, Rappsilber J, Santamaria A, Jeyaprakash AA. Ska3 Ensures Timely Mitotic Progression by Interacting Directly With Microtubules and Ska1 Microtubule Binding Domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34042. [PMID: 27667719 PMCID: PMC5036024 DOI: 10.1038/srep34042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of physical attachment between the kinetochore and dynamic spindle microtubules, which undergo cycles of polymerization and depolymerization generating straight and curved microtubule structures, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. The Ndc80 and Ska complexes are the major microtubule-binding factors of the kinetochore responsible for maintaining chromosome-microtubule coupling during chromosome segregation. We previously showed that the Ska1 subunit of the Ska complex binds dynamic microtubules using multiple contact sites in a mode that allows conformation-independent binding. Here, we show that the Ska3 subunit is required to modulate the microtubule binding capability of the Ska complex (i) by directly interacting with tubulin monomers and (ii) indirectly by interacting with tubulin contacting regions of Ska1 suggesting an allosteric regulation. Perturbing either the Ska3-microtubule interaction or the Ska3-Ska1 interactions negatively influences microtubule binding by the Ska complex in vitro and affects the timely onset of anaphase in cells. Thus, Ska3 employs additional modulatory elements within the Ska complex to ensure robust kinetochore-microtubule attachments and timely progression of mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alba Abad
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Bethan Medina-Pritchard
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK.,Chair of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Cell Cycle and Cancer, Group of Biomedical Research in Gynaecology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Morelli E, Mastrodonato V, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Tognon E, Vaccari T. An essential step of kinetochore formation controlled by the SNARE protein Snap29. EMBO J 2016; 35:2223-2237. [PMID: 27647876 PMCID: PMC5069552 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201693991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is an essential structure that mediates accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. While many of the kinetochore components have been identified, the mechanisms of kinetochore assembly remain elusive. Here, we identify a novel role for Snap29, an unconventional SNARE, in promoting kinetochore assembly during mitosis in Drosophila and human cells. Snap29 localizes to the outer kinetochore and prevents chromosome mis‐segregation and the formation of cells with fragmented nuclei. Snap29 promotes accurate chromosome segregation by mediating the recruitment of Knl1 at the kinetochore and ensuring stable microtubule attachments. Correct Knl1 localization to kinetochore requires human or Drosophila Snap29, and is prevented by a Snap29 point mutant that blocks Snap29 release from SNARE fusion complexes. Such mutant causes ectopic Knl1 recruitment to trafficking compartments. We propose that part of the outer kinetochore is functionally similar to membrane fusion interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morelli
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emiliana Tognon
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
biGBac enables rapid gene assembly for the expression of large multisubunit protein complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2564-9. [PMID: 27114506 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604935113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of protein complexes are facilitated by methods that enable the generation of recombinant complexes via coexpression of their subunits from multigene DNA constructs. However, low experimental throughput limits the generation of such constructs in parallel. Here we describe a method that allows up to 25 cDNAs to be assembled into a single baculoviral expression vector in only two steps. This method, called biGBac, uses computationally optimized DNA linker sequences that enable the efficient assembly of linear DNA fragments, using reactions developed by Gibson for the generation of synthetic genomes. The biGBac method uses a flexible and modular "mix and match" approach and enables the generation of baculoviruses from DNA constructs at any assembly stage. Importantly, it is simple, efficient, and fast enough to allow the manual generation of many multigene expression constructs in parallel. We have used this method to generate and characterize recombinant forms of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, cohesin, and kinetochore complexes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pesenti ME, Weir JR, Musacchio A. Progress in the structural and functional characterization of kinetochores. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:152-63. [PMID: 27039078 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular complexes built on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere. Kinetochores provide a site of attachment for spindle microtubules during mitosis. They also control a cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle assembly checkpoint, which coordinates mitotic exit with the completion of chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle. Correct kinetochore operation is therefore indispensable for accurate chromosome segregation. With multiple copies of at least 30 structural core subunits and a myriad of regulatory subunits, kinetochores are among the largest known macromolecular machines. Biochemical reconstitution and structural analysis, together with functional studies, are bringing to light the organizational principles of these complex and fascinating structures. We summarize recent work and identify a few challenges for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|