1
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Ulhaq ZS, You MS, Jiang YJ, Tse WKF. p53 inhibitor or antioxidants reduce the severity of ethmoid plate deformities in zebrafish Type 3 Treacher Collins syndrome model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131216. [PMID: 38556235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome-3 (TCS-3) is a rare congenital craniofacial disorder attributed to variants in the RNA pol I subunit C (POLR1C). The pathogenesis of TCS-3 linked to polr1c involves the activation of apoptosis-dependent p53 pathways within neural crest cells (NCCs). This occurs due to disruptions in ribosome biogenesis, and the restoration of polr1c expression in early embryogenesis effectively rescues the observed craniofacial phenotype in polr1c-deficient zebrafish. Clinical variability in TCS patients suggests interactions between genes and factors like oxidative stress. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelial cells may worsen phenotypic outcomes in TCS individuals. Our study confirmed excessive ROS production in facial regions, inducing apoptosis and altering p53 pathways. Deregulated cell-cycle and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes were also detected in the TCS-3 model. Utilizing p53 inhibitor (Pifithrin-α; PFT-α) or antioxidants (Glutathione; GSH and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine; NAC) effectively corrected migrated NCC distribution in the pharyngeal arch (PA), suppressed oxidative stress, prevented cell death, and modulated EMT inducers. Crucially, inhibiting p53 activation or applying antioxidants within a specific time window, notably within 30 h post-fertilization (hpf), successfully reversed phenotypic effects induced by polr1c MO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Research Center for Pre-clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Youssef KK, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and degeneration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00733-z. [PMID: 38684869 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are the epitome of cell plasticity in embryonic development and cancer; during EMT, epithelial cells undergo dramatic phenotypic changes and become able to migrate to form different tissues or give rise to metastases, respectively. The importance of EMTs in other contexts, such as tissue repair and fibrosis in the adult, has become increasingly recognized and studied. In this Review, we discuss the function of EMT in the adult after tissue damage and compare features of embryonic and adult EMT. Whereas sustained EMT leads to adult tissue degeneration, fibrosis and organ failure, its transient activation, which confers phenotypic and functional plasticity on somatic cells, promotes tissue repair after damage. Understanding the mechanisms and temporal regulation of different EMTs provides insight into how some tissues heal and has the potential to open new therapeutic avenues to promote repair or regeneration of tissue damage that is currently irreversible. We also discuss therapeutic strategies that modulate EMT that hold clinical promise in ameliorating fibrosis, and how precise EMT activation could be harnessed to enhance tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Škarková A, Bizzarri M, Janoštiak R, Mašek J, Rosel D, Brábek J. Educate, not kill: treating cancer without triggering its defenses. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00091-1. [PMID: 38658206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, anticancer therapies focus on restraining uncontrolled proliferation. However, these cytotoxic therapies expose cancer cells to direct killing, instigating the process of natural selection favoring survival of resistant cells that become the foundation for tumor progression and therapy failure. Recognizing this phenomenon has prompted the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Here we propose strategies targeting cancer hallmarks beyond proliferation, aiming at re-educating cancer cells towards a less malignant phenotype. These strategies include controlling cell dormancy, transdifferentiation therapy, normalizing the cancer microenvironment, and using migrastatic therapy. Adaptive resistance to these educative strategies does not confer a direct proliferative advantage to resistant cells, as non-resistant cells are not subject to eradication, thereby delaying or preventing the development of therapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Škarková
- Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- System Biology Group Laboratory, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Radoslav Janoštiak
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mašek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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4
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Pera EM, Nilsson-De Moura J, Pomeshchik Y, Roybon L, Milas I. Inhibition of the serine protease HtrA1 by SerpinE2 suggests an extracellular proteolytic pathway in the control of neural crest migration. eLife 2024; 12:RP91864. [PMID: 38634469 PMCID: PMC11026092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that SerpinE2 and the serine protease HtrA1 modulate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in germ layer specification and head-to-tail development of Xenopus embryos. Here, we present an extracellular proteolytic mechanism involving this serpin-protease system in the developing neural crest (NC). Knockdown of SerpinE2 by injected antisense morpholino oligonucleotides did not affect the specification of NC progenitors but instead inhibited the migration of NC cells, causing defects in dorsal fin, melanocyte, and craniofacial cartilage formation. Similarly, overexpression of the HtrA1 protease impaired NC cell migration and the formation of NC-derived structures. The phenotype of SerpinE2 knockdown was overcome by concomitant downregulation of HtrA1, indicating that SerpinE2 stimulates NC migration by inhibiting endogenous HtrA1 activity. SerpinE2 binds to HtrA1, and the HtrA1 protease triggers degradation of the cell surface proteoglycan Syndecan-4 (Sdc4). Microinjection of Sdc4 mRNA partially rescued NC migration defects induced by both HtrA1 upregulation and SerpinE2 downregulation. These epistatic experiments suggest a proteolytic pathway by a double inhibition mechanism. SerpinE2 ┤HtrA1 protease ┤Syndecan-4 → NC cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar M Pera
- Vertebrate Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, University of LundLundSweden
| | - Josefine Nilsson-De Moura
- Vertebrate Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, University of LundLundSweden
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund Stem Cell Center, Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund Stem Cell Center, Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ivana Milas
- Vertebrate Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, University of LundLundSweden
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5
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Chatzi D, Kyriakoudi SA, Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Theotokis P. Clinical and Genetic Correlation in Neurocristopathies: Bridging a Precision Medicine Gap. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2223. [PMID: 38673496 PMCID: PMC11050951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocristopathies (NCPs) encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from issues during the formation and migration of neural crest cells (NCCs). NCCs undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upon key developmental gene deregulation, fetuses and neonates are prone to exhibit diverse manifestations depending on the affected area. These conditions are generally rare and often have a genetic basis, with many following Mendelian inheritance patterns, thus making them perfect candidates for precision medicine. Examples include cranial NCPs, like Goldenhar syndrome and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome; cardiac-vagal NCPs, such as DiGeorge syndrome; truncal NCPs, like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome; and enteric NCPs, such as Hirschsprung disease. Additionally, NCCs' migratory and differentiating nature makes their derivatives prone to tumors, with various cancer types categorized based on their NCC origin. Representative examples include schwannomas and pheochromocytomas. This review summarizes current knowledge of diseases arising from defects in NCCs' specification and highlights the potential of precision medicine to remedy a clinical phenotype by targeting the genotype, particularly important given that those affected are primarily infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.C.); (S.A.K.); (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.)
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6
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Woo S, Strasser L. Atypical RhoUV GTPases in development and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:89-97. [PMID: 38314621 PMCID: PMC10903452 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
RhoU and RhoV are members of the Rho family of small GTPases that comprise their own subfamily. RhoUV GTPases are classified as atypical due to the kinetics of their GTP/GDP binding cycles. They also possess unique N- and C-termini that regulate their subcellular localization and activity. RhoU and RhoV have been linked to cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, and cell migration. They each exhibit distinct expression patterns during embryonic development and diseases such as cancer metastasis, suggesting they have specialized functions. In this review, we will discuss the known functions of RhoU and RhoV, with a focus on their roles in early development, organogenesis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Woo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, U.S.A
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, U.S.A
| | - Leesa Strasser
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, U.S.A
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, U.S.A
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7
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Piacentino ML, Fasse AJ, Camacho-Avila A, Grabylnikov I, Bronner ME. SMPD3 expression is spatially regulated in the developing embryo by SOXE factors. Dev Biol 2024; 506:31-41. [PMID: 38052296 PMCID: PMC10872304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), significant rearrangements occur in plasma membrane protein and lipid content that are important for membrane function and acquisition of cell motility. To gain insight into how neural crest cells regulate their lipid content at the transcriptional level during EMT, here we identify critical enhancer sequences that regulate the expression of SMPD3, a gene responsible for sphingomyelin hydrolysis to produce ceramide and necessary for neural crest EMT. We uncovered three enhancer regions within the first intron of the SMPD3 locus that drive reporter expression in distinct spatial and temporal domains, together collectively recapitulating the expression domains of endogenous SMPD3 within the ectodermal lineages. We further dissected one enhancer that is specifically active in the migrating neural crest. By mutating putative transcriptional input sites or knocking down upstream regulators, we find that the SOXE-family transcription factors SOX9 and SOX10 regulate the expression of SMPD3 in migrating neural crest cells. Further, ChIP-seq and nascent transcription analysis reveal that SOX10 directly regulates expression of an SMPD3 enhancer specific to migratory neural crest cells. Together these results shed light on how core components of developmental gene regulatory networks interact with metabolic effector genes to control changes in membrane lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Piacentino
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Aria J Fasse
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alexis Camacho-Avila
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ilya Grabylnikov
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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8
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Guzman-Espinoza M, Kim M, Ow C, Hutchins EJ. "Beyond transcription: How post-transcriptional mechanisms drive neural crest EMT". Genesis 2024; 62:e23553. [PMID: 37735882 PMCID: PMC10954587 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem cell population that originates from the ectoderm during the initial steps of nervous system development. Neural crest cells delaminate from the neuroepithelium by undergoing a spatiotemporally regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that proceeds in a coordinated wave head-to-tail to exit from the neural tube. While much is known about the transcriptional programs and membrane changes that promote EMT, there are additional levels of gene expression control that neural crest cells exert at the level of RNA to control EMT and migration. Yet, the role of post-transcriptional regulation, and how it drives and contributes to neural crest EMT, is not well understood. In this mini-review, we explore recent advances in our understanding of the role of post-transcriptional regulation during neural crest EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Guzman-Espinoza
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Ow
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica J. Hutchins
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Selleri L, Rijli FM. Shaping faces: genetic and epigenetic control of craniofacial morphogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:610-626. [PMID: 37095271 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Major differences in facial morphology distinguish vertebrate species. Variation of facial traits underlies the uniqueness of human individuals, and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis during development leads to birth defects that significantly affect quality of life. Studies during the past 40 years have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that establish facial form during development, highlighting the crucial roles in this process of a multipotent cell type known as the cranial neural crest cell. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in multi-omics and single-cell technologies that enable genes, transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes to be closely linked to the establishment of facial patterning and its variation, with an emphasis on normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Advancing our knowledge of these processes will support important developments in tissue engineering, as well as the repair and reconstruction of the abnormal craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroepigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Khannoon ER, Alvarado C, Poveda R, de Bellard ME. Description of trunk neural crest migration and peripheral nervous system formation in the Egyptian cobra Naja haje haje. Differentiation 2023; 133:40-50. [PMID: 37473561 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem cell population that forms in the neurectoderm of all vertebrates and gives rise to a diverse set of cells such as sensory neurons, Schwann cells and melanocytes. Neural crest development in snakes is still poorly understood. From the point of view of evolutionary and comparative anatomy is an interesting topic given the unique anatomy of snakes. The aim of the study was to characterize how trunk neural crest cells (TNCC) migrate in the developing elapid snake Naja haje haje and consequently, look at the beginnings of development of neural crest derived sensory ganglia (DRG) and spinal nerves. We found that trunk neural crest and DRG development in Naja haje haje is like what has been described in other vertebrates and the colubrid snake strengthening our knowledge on the conserved mechanisms of neural crest development across species. Here we use the marker HNK1 to follow the migratory behavior of TNCC in the elapid snake Naja haje haje through stages 1-6 (1-9 days postoviposition). We observed that the TNCC of both snake species migrate through the rostral portion of the somite, a pattern also conserved in birds and mammals. The development of cobra peripheral nervous system, using neuronal and glial markers, showed the presence of spectrin in Schwann cell precursors and of axonal plexus along the length of the cobra embryos. In conclusion, cobra embryos show strong conserved patterns in TNCC and PNS development among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraqi R Khannoon
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, 344, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Christian Alvarado
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Rafael Poveda
- Department of Biology. Moorpark College, Moorpark, CA, 93021, USA
| | - Maria Elena de Bellard
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA.
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11
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Jones E, McLaughlin KA. A Novel Perspective on Neuronal Control of Anatomical Patterning, Remodeling, and Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13358. [PMID: 37686164 PMCID: PMC10488252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the nervous system may be best known as the sensory communication center of an organism, recent research has revealed a myriad of multifaceted roles for both the CNS and PNS from early development to adult regeneration and remodeling. These systems work to orchestrate tissue pattern formation during embryonic development and continue shaping pattering through transitional periods such as metamorphosis and growth. During periods of injury or wounding, the nervous system has also been shown to influence remodeling and wound healing. The neuronal mechanisms responsible for these events are largely conserved across species, suggesting this evidence may be important in understanding and resolving many human defects and diseases. By unraveling these diverse roles, this paper highlights the necessity of broadening our perspective on the nervous system beyond its conventional functions. A comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions and contributions of the nervous system throughout development and adulthood has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and open new avenues for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review highlights an important role for the nervous system during the patterning and maintenance of complex tissues and provides a potential avenue for advancing biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly A. McLaughlin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
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12
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Paré AC. Methods for Characterizing Cell Morphology and Protein Localization During Development and Regeneration. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/65011. [PMID: 37590529 PMCID: PMC11059201 DOI: 10.3791/65011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Paré
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas;
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13
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Bernardi YE, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Piacentino ML, Urrutia H, Rossi I, Saraiva KLA, Pereira-Neves A, Ramirez MI, Bronner ME, de Miguel N, Strobl-Mazzulla PH. Extracellular vesicle-localized miR-203 mediates neural crest-placode communication required for trigeminal ganglia formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532527. [PMID: 36993487 PMCID: PMC10055076 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While interactions between neural crest and placode cells are critical for the proper formation of the trigeminal ganglion, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the microRNA-(miR)203, whose epigenetic repression is required for neural crest migration, is reactivated in coalescing and condensing trigeminal ganglion cells. Overexpression of miR-203 induces ectopic coalescence of neural crest cells and increases ganglion size. Reciprocally, loss of miR-203 function in placode, but not neural crest, cells perturbs trigeminal ganglion condensation. Demonstrating intercellular communication, overexpression of miR-203 in the neural crest in vitro or in vivo represses a miR-responsive sensor in placode cells. Moreover, neural crest-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), visualized using pHluorin-CD63 vector, become incorporated into the cytoplasm of placode cells. Finally, RT-PCR analysis shows that small EVs isolated from condensing trigeminal ganglia are selectively loaded with miR-203. Together, our findings reveal a critical role in vivo for neural crest-placode communication mediated by sEVs and their selective microRNA cargo for proper trigeminal ganglion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanel E Bernardi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | | | - Hugo Urrutia
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Izadora Rossi
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos. Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, BRAZIL
| | | | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, BRAZIL
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos. Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, BRAZIL
| | | | - Natalia de Miguel
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | - Pablo H. Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
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14
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Michels K, Bohnsack BL. Ophthalmological Manifestations of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome: Current Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:819-828. [PMID: 36926528 PMCID: PMC10013571 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s379853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare congenital disease that is primarily characterized by ocular anterior segment anomalies but is also associated with craniofacial, dental, cardiac, and neurologic abnormalities. Over half of cases are linked with autosomal dominant mutations in either FOXC1 or PITX2, which reflects the molecular role of these genes in regulating neural crest cell contributions to the eye, face, and heart. Within the eye, ARS is classically defined as the combination of posterior embryotoxon with iris bridging strands (Axenfeld anomaly) and iris hypoplasia causing corectopia and pseudopolycoria (Rieger anomaly). Glaucoma due to iridogoniodysgenesis is the main source of morbidity and is typically diagnosed during infancy or childhood in over half of affected individuals. Angle bypass surgery, such as glaucoma drainage devices and trabeculectomies, is often needed to obtain intraocular pressure control. A multi-disciplinary approach including glaucoma specialists and pediatric ophthalmologists produces optimal outcomes as vision is dependent on many factors including glaucoma, refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus. Further, since ophthalmologists often make the diagnosis, it is important to refer patients with ARS to other specialists including dentistry, cardiology, and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Michels
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Piacentino ML, Hutchins EJ, Andrews CJ, Bronner ME. Temporal changes in plasma membrane lipid content induce endocytosis to regulate developmental epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212879119. [PMID: 36508654 PMCID: PMC9907157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212879119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dramatic change in cellular physiology during development and metastasis, which requires coordination between cell signaling, adhesion, and membrane protrusions. These processes all involve dynamic changes in the plasma membrane; yet, how membrane lipid content regulates membrane function during EMT remains incompletely understood. By screening for differential expression of lipid-modifying genes over the course of EMT in the avian neural crest, we have identified the ceramide-producing enzyme neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) as a critical regulator of a developmental EMT. nSMase2 expression begins at the onset of EMT, and in vivo knockdown experiments demonstrate that nSMase2 is necessary for neural crest migration. We find that nSMase2 promotes Wnt and BMP signaling and is required to activate the mesenchymal gene expression program. Mechanistically, we show that nSMase2-dependent ceramide production is necessary for and sufficient to up-regulate endocytosis and is required for Wnt co-receptor internalization. Finally, inhibition of endocytosis in the neural crest mimics the loss of migration and Wnt signaling observed following nSMase2 knockdown. Our results support a model in which nSMase2 is expressed at the onset of neural crest EMT to produce ceramide and facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis of Wnt and BMP signaling complexes, thereby activating promigratory gene expression. These results highlight the critical role of plasma membrane lipid metabolism in regulating transcriptional changes during developmental EMT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Piacentino
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91104
| | - Erica J. Hutchins
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91104
| | - Cecelia J. Andrews
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91104
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91104
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16
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Akkermans O, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Peregrina C, Carrasquero-Ordaz M, Kokolaki M, Berbeira-Santana M, Chavent M, Reynaud F, Raj R, Agirre J, Aksu M, White ES, Lowe E, Ben Amar D, Zaballa S, Huo J, Pakos I, McCubbin PTN, Comoletti D, Owens RJ, Robinson CV, Castellani V, Del Toro D, Seiradake E. GPC3-Unc5 receptor complex structure and role in cell migration. Cell 2022; 185:3931-3949.e26. [PMID: 36240740 PMCID: PMC9596381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural migration is a critical step during brain development that requires the interactions of cell-surface guidance receptors. Cancer cells often hijack these mechanisms to disseminate. Here, we reveal crystal structures of Uncoordinated-5 receptor D (Unc5D) in complex with morphogen receptor glypican-3 (GPC3), forming an octameric glycoprotein complex. In the complex, four Unc5D molecules pack into an antiparallel bundle, flanked by four GPC3 molecules. Central glycan-glycan interactions are formed by N-linked glycans emanating from GPC3 (N241 in human) and C-mannosylated tryptophans of the Unc5D thrombospondin-like domains. MD simulations, mass spectrometry and structure-based mutants validate the crystallographic data. Anti-GPC3 nanobodies enhance or weaken Unc5-GPC3 binding and, together with mutant proteins, show that Unc5/GPC3 guide migrating pyramidal neurons in the mouse cortex, and cancer cells in an embryonic xenograft neuroblastoma model. The results demonstrate a conserved structural mechanism of cell guidance, where finely balanced Unc5-GPC3 interactions regulate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno Akkermans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carrasquero-Ordaz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Kokolaki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Berbeira-Santana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthieu Chavent
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Florie Reynaud
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Agirre
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Metin Aksu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor S White
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dounia Ben Amar
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sofia Zaballa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Pakos
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Patrick T N McCubbin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valérie Castellani
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Varankar SS, Hari K, Kartika S, Bapat SA, Jolly MK. Cell geometry distinguishes migration‐associated heterogeneity in two‐dimensional systems. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Varankar
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
- National Centre for Cell Science Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Pune India
| | - Kishore Hari
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
| | - Sharon Kartika
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal India
| | - Sharmila A Bapat
- National Centre for Cell Science Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Pune India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
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18
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Gustafson CM, Roffers-Agarwal J, Gammill LS. Chick cranial neural crest cells release extracellular vesicles that are critical for their migration. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs260272. [PMID: 35635292 PMCID: PMC9270958 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The content and activity of extracellular vesicles purified from cell culture media or bodily fluids have been studied extensively; however, the physiological relevance of exosomes within normal biological systems is poorly characterized, particularly during development. Although exosomes released by invasive metastatic cells alter migration of neighboring cells in culture, it is unclear whether cancer cells misappropriate exosomes released by healthy differentiated cells or reactivate dormant developmental programs that include exosome cell-cell communication. Using chick cranial neural fold cultures, we show that migratory neural crest cells, a developmentally critical cell type and model for metastasis, release and deposit CD63-positive 30-100 nm particles into the extracellular environment. Neural crest cells contain ceramide-rich multivesicular bodies and produce larger vesicles positive for migrasome markers as well. We conclude that neural crest cells produce extracellular vesicles including exosomes and migrasomes. When Rab27a plasma membrane docking is inhibited, neural crest cells become less polarized and rounded, leading to a loss of directional migration and reduced speed. These results indicate that neural crest cell exosome release is critical for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M. Gustafson
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julaine Roffers-Agarwal
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laura S. Gammill
- Departmentof Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Miao G, Guo L, Montell DJ. Border cell polarity and collective migration require the spliceosome component Cactin. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213245. [PMID: 35612426 PMCID: PMC9136304 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Border cells are an in vivo model for collective cell migration. Here, we identify the gene cactin as essential for border cell cluster organization, delamination, and migration. In Cactin-depleted cells, the apical proteins aPKC and Crumbs (Crb) become abnormally concentrated, and overall cluster polarity is lost. Apically tethering excess aPKC is sufficient to cause delamination defects, and relocalizing apical aPKC partially rescues delamination. Cactin is conserved from yeast to humans and has been implicated in diverse processes. In border cells, Cactin's evolutionarily conserved spliceosome function is required. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed alterations in isoform expression in Cactin-depleted cells. Mutations in two affected genes, Sec23 and Sec24CD, which traffic Crb to the apical cell surface, partially rescue border cell cluster organization and migration. Overexpression of Rab5 or Rab11, which promote Crb and aPKC recycling, similarly rescues. Thus, a general splicing factor is specifically required for coordination of cluster polarity and migration, and migrating border cells are particularly sensitive to splicing and cell polarity disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Miao
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA,Guangxia Miao:
| | - Li Guo
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA,Correspondence to Denise Montell:
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20
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MicroRNAs in neural crest development and neurocristopathies. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:965-974. [PMID: 35383827 PMCID: PMC9162459 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific migratory population of multipotent stem cells that originate during late gastrulation in the region between the neural and non-neural ectoderm. This population of cells give rise to a range of derivatives, such as melanocytes, neurons, chondrocytes, chromaffin cells, and osteoblasts. Because of this, failure of NC development can cause a variety of pathologies, often syndromic, that are globally called neurocristopathies. Many genes are known to be involved in NC development, but not all of them have been identified. In recent years, attention has moved from protein-coding genes to non-coding genes, such as microRNAs (miRNA). There is increasing evidence that these non-coding RNAs are playing roles during embryogenesis by regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. In this review, we give an introduction to miRNAs in general and then focus on some miRNAs that may be involved in NC development and neurocristopathies. This new direction of research will give geneticists, clinicians, and molecular biologists more tools to help patients affected by neurocristopathies, as well as broadening our understanding of NC biology.
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21
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Ríos-Barrera LD, Leptin M. An endosome-associated actin network involved in directed apical plasma membrane growth. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:212975. [PMID: 35061016 PMCID: PMC8789128 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking plays many roles in morphogenesis, from bulk membrane provision to targeted delivery of proteins and other cargos. In tracheal terminal cells of the Drosophila respiratory system, transport through late endosomes balances membrane delivery between the basal plasma membrane and the apical membrane, which forms a subcellular tube, but it has been unclear how the direction of growth of the subcellular tube with the overall cell growth is coordinated. We show here that endosomes also organize F-actin. Actin assembles around late endocytic vesicles in the growth cone of the cell, reaching from the tip of the subcellular tube to the leading filopodia of the basal membrane. Preventing nucleation of endosomal actin disturbs the directionality of tube growth, uncoupling it from the direction of cell elongation. Severing actin in this area affects tube integrity. Our findings show a new role for late endosomes in directing morphogenesis by organizing actin, in addition to their known role in membrane and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Ríos-Barrera
- Directors’ Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors’ Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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23
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Yang Z, Wang M, Ren Y, Li L, Cao L, Zhang W, Lv K, Sun Z, Nie S. Inhibition of Wnt10b/β-catenin signaling alleviates pulmonary fibrogenesis induced by paraquat in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2021; 286:120027. [PMID: 34627778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) caused by paraquat remains a critical issue, and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a hallmark of PF, conferring alveolar epithelial cells partial mesenchymal characteristics, facilitating migration, expressing excessive extracellular matrix components, and participating in lung parenchyma remodeling and stiffening. Aberration of Wnt signaling has been identified in EMT and PF, and Wnt protein family consists of 19 ligands. The relationship of the specific Wnt ligands and fibrogenesis induced by PQ was not well defined. In current study, PQ-induced lung fibrosis rat model and EMT cell model were utilized to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was highly activated and Wnt10b was the most affected. Additionally, suppression of Wnt10b by RNA interference could reverse EMT in vitro and detain the process of PF in vivo. These data establish Wnt10b as the key regulator of EMT and lung fibrogenesis, and suggest the potential of targeted interference against Wnt10b as a promising therapeutic strategy for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Kongbo Lv
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Shinan Nie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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24
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Bernadskaya YY, Yue H, Copos C, Christiaen L, Mogilner A. Supracellular organization confers directionality and mechanical potency to migrating pairs of cardiopharyngeal progenitor cells. eLife 2021; 10:e70977. [PMID: 34842140 PMCID: PMC8700272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological morphogenetic events involve a wide array of collective movements, suggesting that multicellular arrangements confer biochemical and biomechanical properties contributing to tissue-scale organization. The Ciona cardiopharyngeal progenitors provide the simplest model of collective cell migration, with cohesive bilateral cell pairs polarized along the leader-trailer migration path while moving between the ventral epidermis and trunk endoderm. We use the Cellular Potts Model to computationally probe the distributions of forces consistent with shapes and collective polarity of migrating cell pairs. Combining computational modeling, confocal microscopy, and molecular perturbations, we identify cardiopharyngeal progenitors as the simplest cell collective maintaining supracellular polarity with differential distributions of protrusive forces, cell-matrix adhesion, and myosin-based retraction forces along the leader-trailer axis. 4D simulations and experimental observations suggest that cell-cell communication helps establish a hierarchy to align collective polarity with the direction of migration, as observed with three or more cells in silico and in vivo. Our approach reveals emerging properties of the migrating collective: cell pairs are more persistent, migrating longer distances, and presumably with higher accuracy. Simulations suggest that cell pairs can overcome mechanical resistance of the trunk endoderm more effectively when they are polarized collectively. We propose that polarized supracellular organization of cardiopharyngeal progenitors confers emergent physical properties that determine mechanical interactions with their environment during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Bernadskaya
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Haicen Yue
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Calina Copos
- Mathematics and Computational Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular BiologyBergenNorway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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25
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Piacentino ML, Hutchins EJ, Bronner ME. Essential function and targets of BMP signaling during midbrain neural crest delamination. Dev Biol 2021; 477:251-261. [PMID: 34102166 PMCID: PMC8277753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling plays iterative roles during vertebrate neural crest development from induction through craniofacial morphogenesis. However, far less is known about the role of BMP activity in cranial neural crest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delamination. By measuring canonical BMP signaling activity as a function of time from specification through early migration of avian midbrain neural crest cells, we found elevated BMP signaling during delamination stages. Moreover, inhibition of canonical BMP activity via a dominant negative mutant Type I BMP receptor showed that BMP signaling is required for neural crest migration from the midbrain, independent from an effect on EMT and delamination. Transcriptome profiling on control compared to BMP-inhibited cranial neural crest cells identified novel BMP targets during neural crest delamination and early migration including targets of the Notch pathway that are upregulated following BMP inhibition. These results suggest potential crosstalk between the BMP and Notch pathways in early migrating cranial neural crest and provide novel insight into mechanisms regulated by BMP signaling during early craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Piacentino
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Erica J Hutchins
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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26
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Epithelial plasticity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the TGF-β family. Dev Cell 2021; 56:726-746. [PMID: 33756119 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells repress epithelial characteristics and elaborate mesenchymal characteristics to migrate to other locations and acquire new properties. Epithelial plasticity responses are directed through cooperation of signaling pathways, with TGF-β and TGF-β-related proteins playing prominent instructive roles. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) directed by activin-like molecules, bone morphogenetic proteins, or TGF-β regulate metazoan development and wound healing and drive fibrosis and cancer progression. In carcinomas, diverse EMTs enable stem cell generation, anti-cancer drug resistance, genomic instability, and localized immunosuppression. This review discusses roles of TGF-β and TGF-β-related proteins, and underlying molecular mechanisms, in epithelial plasticity in development and wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer.
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27
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From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179141. [PMID: 34502050 PMCID: PMC8431582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure the formation of a properly patterned embryo, multiple processes must operate harmoniously at sequential phases of development. This is implemented by mutual interactions between cells and tissues that together regulate the segregation and specification of cells, their growth and morphogenesis. The formation of the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm derivatives exquisitely illustrate these processes. Following early gastrulation, while the vertebrate body elongates, a population of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors resident in the posterior region of the embryo generate both neural and mesodermal lineages. At later stages, the somitic mesoderm regulates aspects of neural patterning and differentiation of both central and peripheral neural progenitors. Reciprocally, neural precursors influence the paraxial mesoderm to regulate somite-derived myogenesis and additional processes by distinct mechanisms. Central to this crosstalk is the activity of the axial notochord, which, via sonic hedgehog signaling, plays pivotal roles in neural, skeletal muscle and cartilage ontogeny. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis underlying this complex developmental plan, with a focus on the logic of sonic hedgehog activities in the coordination of the neural-mesodermal axis.
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28
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Amack JD. Cellular dynamics of EMT: lessons from live in vivo imaging of embryonic development. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:79. [PMID: 34294089 PMCID: PMC8296657 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to a process in which epithelial cells lose apical-basal polarity and loosen cell-cell junctions to take on mesenchymal cell morphologies and invasive properties that facilitate migration through extracellular matrix. EMT-and the reverse mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)-are evolutionarily conserved processes that are used throughout embryonic development to drive tissue morphogenesis. During adult life, EMT is activated to close wounds after injury, but also can be used by cancers to promote metastasis. EMT is controlled by several mechanisms that depend on context. In response to cell-cell signaling and/or interactions with the local environment, cells undergoing EMT make rapid changes in kinase and adaptor proteins, adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, and gene expression. Many of these changes modulate localization, activity, or expression of cytoskeletal proteins that mediate cell shape changes and cell motility. Since cellular changes during EMT are highly dynamic and context-dependent, it is ideal to analyze this process in situ in living organisms. Embryonic development of model organisms is amenable to live time-lapse microscopy, which provides an opportunity to watch EMT as it happens. Here, with a focus on functions of the actin cytoskeleton, I review recent examples of how live in vivo imaging of embryonic development has led to new insights into mechanisms of EMT. At the same time, I highlight specific developmental processes in model embryos-gastrulation in fly and mouse embryos, and neural crest cell development in zebrafish and frog embryos-that provide in vivo platforms for visualizing cellular dynamics during EMT. In addition, I introduce Kupffer's vesicle in the zebrafish embryo as a new model system to investigate EMT and MET. I discuss how these systems have provided insights into the dynamics of adherens junction remodeling, planar cell polarity signaling, cadherin functions, and cytoskeletal organization during EMT, which are not only important for understanding development, but also cancer progression. These findings shed light on mechanisms of actin cytoskeletal dynamics during EMT, and feature live in vivo imaging strategies that can be exploited in future work to identify new mechanisms of EMT and MET. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Amack
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. .,BioInspired Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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29
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Font-Noguera M, Montemurro M, Benassayag C, Monier B, Suzanne M. Getting started for migration: A focus on EMT cellular dynamics and mechanics in developmental models. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203717. [PMID: 34245942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones, through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (or EMT) is a reversible process involved in critical steps of animal development as early as gastrulation and throughout organogenesis. In pathological conditions such as aggressive cancers, EMT is often associated with increased drug resistance, motility and invasiveness. The characterisation of the upstream signals and main decision takers, such as the EMT-transcription factors, has led to the identification of a core molecular machinery controlling the specification towards EMT. However, the cellular execution steps of this fundamental shift are poorly described, especially in cancerous cells. Here we review our current knowledge regarding the stepwise nature of EMT in model organisms as diverse as sea urchin, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse or chicken. We focus on the cellular dynamics and mechanics of the transitional stages by which epithelial cells progressively become mesenchymal and leave the epithelium. We gather the currently available pieces of the puzzle, including the overlooked property of EMT cells to produce mechanical forces along their apico-basal axis before detaching from their neighbours. We discuss the interplay between EMT and the surrounding tissue. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework of EMT cell dynamics from the very first hint of epithelial cell reorganisation to the successful exit from the epithelial sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Font-Noguera
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marianne Montemurro
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Benassayag
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Monier
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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30
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Billings SE, Myers NM, Quiruz L, Cheng AG. Opposing effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on epithelial and mesenchymal cell fate in the developing cochlea. Development 2021; 148:268974. [PMID: 34061174 PMCID: PMC8217710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the otic epithelium and surrounding periotic mesenchymal cells originate from distinct lineages and coordinate to form the mammalian cochlea. Epithelial sensory precursors within the cochlear duct first undergo terminal mitosis before differentiating into sensory and non-sensory cells. In parallel, periotic mesenchymal cells differentiate to shape the lateral wall, modiolus and pericochlear spaces. Previously, Wnt activation was shown to promote proliferation and differentiation of both otic epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Here, we fate-mapped Wnt-responsive epithelial and mesenchymal cells in mice and found that Wnt activation resulted in opposing cell fates. In the post-mitotic cochlear epithelium, Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization induced clusters of proliferative cells that dedifferentiated and lost epithelial characteristics. In contrast, Wnt-activated periotic mesenchyme formed ectopic pericochlear spaces and cell clusters showing a loss of mesenchymal and gain of epithelial features. Finally, clonal analyses via multi-colored fate-mapping showed that Wnt-activated epithelial cells proliferated and formed clonal colonies, whereas Wnt-activated mesenchymal cells assembled as aggregates of mitotically quiescent cells. Together, we show that Wnt activation drives transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states in a cell type-dependent manner. Summary: The developing cochlea comprises spatially and lineally distinct populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This study shows the opposing effects of aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling on cell fates of cochlear epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Billings
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina M Myers
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lee Quiruz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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31
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Jimenez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Regulation of sarcomagenesis by the empty spiracles homeobox genes EMX1 and EMX2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:515. [PMID: 34016958 PMCID: PMC8137939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The EMX (Empty Spiracles Homeobox) genes EMX1 and EMX2 are two homeodomain gene members of the EMX family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, during brain development and neural crest migration. They play a role in the specification of positional identity, the proliferation of neural stem cells, and the differentiation of certain neuronal cell phenotypes. In general, they act as transcription factors in early embryogenesis and neuroembryogenesis from metazoans to higher vertebrates. The EMX1 and EMX2's potential as tumor suppressor genes has been suggested in some cancers. Our work showed that EMX1/EMX2 act as tumor suppressors in sarcomas by repressing the activity of stem cell regulatory genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, NANOG, NES, and PROM1). EMX protein downregulation, therefore, induced the malignance and stemness of cells both in vitro and in vivo. In murine knockout (KO) models lacking Emx genes, 3MC-induced sarcomas were more aggressive and infiltrative, had a greater capacity for tumor self-renewal, and had higher stem cell gene expression and nestin expression than those in wild-type models. These results showing that EMX genes acted as stemness regulators were reproduced in different subtypes of sarcoma. Therefore, it is possible that the EMX genes could have a generalized behavior regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived progenitors. Together, these results indicate that the EMX1 and EMX2 genes negatively regulate these tumor-altering populations or cancer stem cells, acting as tumor suppressors in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jimenez-García
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ,CIBER de Cancer, IS Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Abstract
Over 50 years after its discovery in early chick embryos, the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is now widely applied to morphogenetic studies in both physiological and pathological contexts. Indeed, the EMT field has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, driven primarily by a rapid expansion of cancer-oriented EMT research. This has led to EMT-based therapeutic interventions that bear the prospect of fighting cancer, and has given developmental biologists new impetus to investigate EMT phenomena more closely and to find suitable models to address emerging EMT-related questions. Here, and in the accompanying poster, I provide a brief summary of the current status of EMT research and give an overview of EMT models that have been used in developmental studies. I also highlight dynamic epithelialization and de-epithelialization events that are involved in many developmental processes and that should be considered to provide a broader perspective of EMT. Finally, I put forward a set of criteria to separate morphogenetic phenomena that are EMT-related from those that are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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33
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Rekler D, Kalcheim C. From Neural Crest to Definitive Roof Plate: The Dynamic Behavior of the Dorsal Neural Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3911. [PMID: 33920095 PMCID: PMC8070085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of the dorsal neural tube is particularly challenging. In this highly dynamic domain, a temporal transition occurs between early neural crest progenitors that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exit the neural primordium, and the subsequent roof plate, a resident epithelial group of cells that constitutes the dorsal midline of the central nervous system. Among other functions, the roof plate behaves as an organizing center for the generation of dorsal interneurons. Despite extensive knowledge of the formation, emigration and migration of neural crest progenitors, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the end of neural crest production and the transition into a roof plate stage. Are these two mutually dependent or autonomously regulated processes? Is the generation of roof plate and dorsal interneurons induced by neural tube-derived factors throughout both crest and roof plate stages, respectively, or are there differences in signaling properties and responsiveness as a function of time? In this review, we discuss distinctive characteristics of each population and possible mechanisms leading to the shift between the above cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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34
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Stundl J, Bertucci PY, Lauri A, Arendt D, Bronner ME. Evolution of new cell types at the lateral neural border. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:173-205. [PMID: 33602488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, animals have become increasingly complex by the addition of novel cell types and regulatory mechanisms. A prime example is represented by the lateral neural border, known as the neural plate border in vertebrates, a region of the developing ectoderm where presumptive neural and non-neural tissue meet. This region has been intensively studied as the source of two important embryonic cell types unique to vertebrates-the neural crest and the ectodermal placodes-which contribute to diverse differentiated cell types including the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, bone, and cartilage. How did these multipotent progenitors originate in animal evolution? What triggered the elaboration of the border during the course of chordate evolution? How is the lateral neural border patterned in various bilaterians and what is its fate? Here, we review and compare the development and fate of the lateral neural border in vertebrates and invertebrates and we speculate about its evolutionary origin. Taken together, the data suggest that the lateral neural border existed in bilaterian ancestors prior to the origin of vertebrates and became a developmental source of exquisite evolutionary change that frequently enabled the acquisition of new cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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35
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Seal S, Monsoro-Burq AH. Insights Into the Early Gene Regulatory Network Controlling Neural Crest and Placode Fate Choices at the Neural Border. Front Physiol 2020; 11:608812. [PMID: 33324244 PMCID: PMC7726110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) cells and cranial placodes are two ectoderm-derived innovations in vertebrates that led to the acquisition of a complex head structure required for a predatory lifestyle. They both originate from the neural border (NB), a portion of the ectoderm located between the neural plate (NP), and the lateral non-neural ectoderm. The NC gives rise to a vast array of tissues and cell types such as peripheral neurons and glial cells, melanocytes, secretory cells, and cranial skeletal and connective cells. Together with cells derived from the cranial placodes, which contribute to sensory organs in the head, the NC also forms the cranial sensory ganglia. Multiple in vivo studies in different model systems have uncovered the signaling pathways and genetic factors that govern the positioning, development, and differentiation of these tissues. In this literature review, we give an overview of NC and placode development, focusing on the early gene regulatory network that controls the formation of the NB during early embryonic stages, and later dictates the choice between the NC and placode progenitor fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Seal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, Orsay Cedex, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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36
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Li M, Knapp SK, Iden S. Mechanisms of melanocyte polarity and differentiation: What can we learn from other neuroectoderm-derived lineages? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:99-108. [PMID: 33099084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are neuroectoderm-derived pigment-producing cells with highly polarized dendritic morphology. They protect the skin against ultraviolet radiation by providing melanin to neighbouring keratinocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying melanocyte polarization and its relevance for diseases remain mostly elusive. Numerous studies have instead revealed roles for polarity regulators in other neuroectoderm-derived lineages including different neuronal cell types. Considering the shared ontogeny and morphological similarities, these lineages may be used as reference models for the exploration of melanocyte polarity, for example, regarding dendrite formation, spine morphogenesis and polarized organelle transport. In this review, we summarize and compare the latest progress in understanding polarity regulation in neuronal cells and melanocytes and project key open questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sina K Knapp
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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37
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Mitchel JA, Das A, O'Sullivan MJ, Stancil IT, DeCamp SJ, Koehler S, Ocaña OH, Butler JP, Fredberg JJ, Nieto MA, Bi D, Park JA. In primary airway epithelial cells, the unjamming transition is distinct from the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5053. [PMID: 33028821 PMCID: PMC7542457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the unjamming transition (UJT) each comprises a gateway to cellular migration, plasticity and remodeling, but the extent to which these core programs are distinct, overlapping, or identical has remained undefined. Here, we triggered partial EMT (pEMT) or UJT in differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells. After triggering UJT, cell-cell junctions, apico-basal polarity, and barrier function remain intact, cells elongate and align into cooperative migratory packs, and mesenchymal markers of EMT remain unapparent. After triggering pEMT these and other metrics of UJT versus pEMT diverge. A computational model attributes effects of pEMT mainly to diminished junctional tension but attributes those of UJT mainly to augmented cellular propulsion. Through the actions of UJT and pEMT working independently, sequentially, or interactively, those tissues that are subject to development, injury, or disease become endowed with rich mechanisms for cellular migration, plasticity, self-repair, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ian T Stancil
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Oscar H Ocaña
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - James P Butler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Siismets EM, Hatch NE. Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Anomalies and Coronal Craniosynostosis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030018. [PMID: 32916911 PMCID: PMC7558351 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common of birth defects. The pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies frequently involves defects in the migration, proliferation, and fate of neural crest cells destined for the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic mutations causing deficient cranial neural crest migration and proliferation can result in Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and cleft palate. Defects in post-migratory neural crest cells can result in pre- or post-ossification defects in the developing craniofacial skeleton and craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial bones/cranial sutures). The coronal suture is the most frequently fused suture in craniosynostosis syndromes. It exists as a biological boundary between the neural crest-derived frontal bone and paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bone. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding of neural crest cells in craniofacial development, craniofacial anomalies, and the pathogenesis of coronal craniosynostosis. We will also discuss novel approaches for advancing our knowledge and developing prevention and/or treatment strategies for craniofacial tissue regeneration and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Siismets
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-647-6567
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