1
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Keshri PK, Singh SP. Unraveling the AKT/ERK cascade and its role in Parkinson disease. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:3169-3190. [PMID: 39136731 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease represents a significant and growing burden on global healthcare systems, necessitating a deeper understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms for the development of effective treatments. The AKT and ERK pathways play crucial roles in the disease, influencing multiple cellular pathways that support neuronal survival. Researchers have made notable progress in uncovering how these pathways are controlled by upstream kinases and how their downstream effects contribute to cell signalling. However, as we delve deeper into their intricacies, we encounter increasing complexity, compounded by the convergence of multiple signalling pathways. Many of their targets overlap with those of other kinases, and they not only affect specific substrates but also influence entire signalling networks. This review explores the intricate interplay of the AKT/ERK pathways with several other signalling cascades, including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium homeostasis, inflammation, and autophagy, in the context of Parkinson disease. We discuss how dysregulation of these pathways contributes to disease progression and neuronal dysfunction, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for intervention. By elucidating the complex network of interactions between the AKT/ERK pathways and other signalling cascades, this review aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and describe the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Rezzani R, Favero G, Gianò M, Pinto D, Labanca M, van Noorden CJ, Rinaldi F. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Healthy and Diseased Blood-Brain Barrier. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:199-231. [PMID: 38590114 PMCID: PMC11020746 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241246032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The large family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are integral membrane proteins that function as environmental sensors and act as ion channels after activation by mechanical (touch), physical (heat, pain), and chemical stimuli (pungent compounds such as capsaicin). Most TRP channels are localized in the plasma membrane of cells but some of them are localized in membranes of organelles and function as intracellular Ca2+-ion channels. TRP channels are involved in neurological disorders but their precise role(s) and relevance in these disorders are not clear. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express TRP channels such as TRP vanilloid 1-4 and are involved in thermal detection by regulating BBB permeability. In neurological disorders, TRP channels in the BBB are responsible for edema formation in the brain. Therefore, drug design to modulate locally activity of TRP channels in the BBB is a hot topic. Today, the application of TRP channel antagonists against neurological disorders is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Labanca
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
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3
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Akan T, Aydın Y, Korkmaz OT, Ulupınar E, Saydam F. The Effects of Carvacrol on Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:660-669. [PMID: 37452911 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of carvacrol (CA), a widely used phytochemical having anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects, on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). A total of 64 adult male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated, PD animal model (unilateral intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6 µg/µl), PD + vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) treatment, and PD + CA treatment (10 mg/kg, every other day, for 14 days). Half of the brain samples of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum (CPu) were collected for immunohistochemistry and the remaining half were used for molecular analyses. CA treatment significantly increased the density of dopaminergic neurons immunolabeled with tyrosine hydroxylase and transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) channel in the SNpc of PD animals. In contrast, the density of astrocytes immunolabeled with glial fibrillary acetic acid and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel significantly decreased following CA treatment in the CPu of PD animals. RT-PCR and western blot analyses showed that 6-OHDA administration significantly reduced TRPA1 and TPRPC1 mRNA expression and protein levels in both SNpc and CPu. CA treatment significantly upregulated TRPA1 expression in PD group, while TRPC1 levels did not display an alteration. Based on this data it was concluded that CA treatment might protect the number of dopaminergic neurons by reducing the reactive astrogliosis and modulating the expression of TRP channels in both neurons and astrocytes in an animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Akan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Zafer Sağlık Külliyesi B Blok, Dörtyol Mah, 2078 Sk, No. 3, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Aydın
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Orhan Tansel Korkmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Emel Ulupınar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Faruk Saydam
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Rather MA, Khan A, Wang L, Jahan S, Rehman MU, Makeen HA, Mohan S. TRP channels: Role in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16910. [PMID: 37332910 PMCID: PMC10272313 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TRP (Transient receptor potential) channels are integral membrane proteins consisting of a superfamily of cation channels that allow permeability of both monovalent and divalent cations. TRP channels are subdivided into six subfamilies: TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPP, TRPML, and TRPA, and are expressed in almost every cell and tissue. TRPs play an instrumental role in the regulation of various physiological processes. TRP channels are extensively represented in brain tissues and are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exhibiting responses to several mechanisms, including physical, chemical, and thermal stimuli. TRP channels are involved in the perturbation of Ca2+ homeostasis in intracellular calcium stores, both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and its discrepancy leads to several neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TRPs participate in neurite outgrowth, receptor signaling, and excitotoxic cell death in the central nervous system. Understanding the mechanism of TRP channels in neurodegenerative diseases may extend to developing novel therapies. Thus, this review articulates TRP channels' physiological and pathological role in exploring new therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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5
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Lee TK, Ashok Kumar K, Huang CY, Liao PH, Ho TJ, Kuo WW, Liao SC, Hsieh DJY, Chiu PL, Chang YM, Ju DT. Garcinol protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cell death by activating DJ-1/SIRT1 and PGC-1α mediated antioxidant pathway in sequential stimulation of p-AMPK mediated autophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:857-866. [PMID: 36629037 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, can reduce the population of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The cause of this neuronal death remains unclear. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) is a potent neurotoxin that can destroy dopaminergic (DA) neurons and promote PD. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, was extracted from Garcinia indica and is an important active compound it has been used as an anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, agent and it can suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cell death in a PD model. Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells (1 × 105 cells) were treated with MPP+ (1 mM) for 24 h to induce cellular ROS production. The formation of ROS was suppressed by pretreatment with different concentrations of garcinol (0.5 and 1.0 μM) for 3 h in SH-SY5Y cells. The present study found that MPP+ treatment increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the increased ROS began to promote cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. However, our natural compound garcinol effectively blocked MPP+-mediated ROS formation by activating the DJ-1/SIRT1 and PGC-1α mediated antioxidant pathway. Further findings indicate that the activated SIRT1 can also regulate p-AMPK-mediated autophagy to protect the neurons from the damage it concludes that garcinol sub-sequential regulates intracellular autophagy in this model, and the productive efficacy of garcinol was confirmed by western blot analysis and MitoSOX DCFDA and MTT assays. The results showed garcinol increased protection due to the prevention of MPP+-induced ROS and the promotion of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Kuo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - K Ashok Kumar
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Holistic Education Center, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Liao
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Jine-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology|, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yung-Ming Chang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sun Y, Sukumaran P, Singh BB. Sigma1 Receptor Inhibits TRPC1-Mediated Ca 2+ Entry That Promotes Dopaminergic Cell Death. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1245-1255. [PMID: 32514827 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for neuronal function and its survival. Recent data suggest that TRPC1 function as the endogenous store-mediated Ca2+ entry channel in dopaminergic cells, and loss of TRPC1 function leads to neurodegeneration; however, its regulation is not fully identified. Here we provide evidence that the sigma 1 receptor contributes to the loss of dopaminergic cells by blocking TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry. Importantly, downregulation of sigma 1 receptor expression significantly decreased neurotoxin-induced loss of dopaminergic cells as measured by MTT assays and caspase activity was also inhibited. Importantly, sigma 1 receptor inhibited TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry and silencing of sigma 1 receptor significantly restored store-dependent Ca2+ influx. Although co-immunoprecipitation failed to show an interaction between the TRPC1 and sigma 1 receptor, store depletion promoted a decrease in the sigma 1 receptor-STIM1 association. Neurotoxin-induced loss of Ca2+ entry was significantly restored in cells that had decreased sigma 1 receptor expression. Furthermore, TRPC1 or STIM1 silencing inhibited store-mediated Ca2+ entry, which was further increased upon the downregulation of the sigma 1 receptor expression. TRPC1 silencing prevented the increased neuroprotection and caspase activity observed upon the downregulation of sigma 1 receptor. Finally, sigma 1 receptor activation also significantly decreased TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry and lead to an increase in neurodegeneration. In contrast, addition of sigma 1 receptor antagonist prevented neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration and facilitated TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ influx. Together these results suggest that the sigma 1 receptor is involved in the inhibition of TRPC1- mediated Ca2+ entry, which leads to the degeneration in the dopaminergic cells, and prevention of sigma 1 receptor function could protect neuronal cell death as observed in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Zhang X, Deng R, Zhang S, Deng J, Jia JJ, Sun B, Zhou X, Bai J. Thioredoxin-1 regulates calcium homeostasis in MPP + /MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease models. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4827-4837. [PMID: 34132424 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disturbance in calcium (Ca2+ ) homeostasis has been involved in a variety of neuropathological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). The Ca2+ channel, transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1), plays a protective role in regulating entry of Ca2+ activated by store depletion of Ca2+ in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have showed that thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) plays a role in suppressing ER stress in PD. However, whether Trx-1 regulates TRPC1 expression in PD is still unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that treatment of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinum ion (MPP+ ) significantly reduced the expression of TRPC1 in PC12 cells, which was restored by Trx-1 overexpression, and further decreased significantly by Trx-1 siRNA. Moreover, we found that Ca2+ entered into the cells was decreased by MPP+ in PC 12 cells, which was restored by Trx-1 overexpression, and further decreased by Trx-1 siRNA. MPP+ significantly increased calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain1 expression in PC12 cells, which was suppressed by Trx-1 overexpression. Calpain1 expression was increased by Trx-1 siRNA or SKF96365, an inhibitor of TRPC1. Moreover, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) decreased TRPC1 expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta region (SNpc), which was restored in mice overexpressing Trx-1, and further decreased in mice of knockdown Trx-1. Inversely, the expression of calpain1 was increased by MPTP, which was suppressed in mice overexpressing Trx-1, and further increased in mice of knockdown Trx-1. In conclusion, Trx-1 regulates the Ca2+ entry through regulating TRPC1 expression after treatment of MPP+ /MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Zhang
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ruhua Deng
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Se Zhang
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Jing Jia
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of molecular neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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8
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BEKTUR AYKANAT NE, ŞAHİN E, KAÇAR S, BAĞCI R, KARAKAYA Ş, BURUKOĞLU DÖNMEZ D, ŞAHİNTÜRK V. Investigation of the effect of hyperthyroidism on endoplasmic reticulum stress and tran- sient receptor potential canonical 1 channel in the kidney. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1554-1563. [PMID: 33754657 PMCID: PMC8283502 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2007-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Hyperthyroidism is associated with results in increased glomerular filtration rate as well as increased renin-angio- tensin-aldosterone activation. The disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is associated with many diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and hyperthyroidism. Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) channel is the first cloned TRPC family protein. Although it is expressed in many places in the kidney, its function is uncertain. TRPC1 is involved in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis, and its upregulation increases ER Ca2+ level, activates the unfolded protein response, which leads to cellular damage in the kidney. This study investigated the role of TRPC1 in the kidneys of hyperthyroid rats in terms of ER stress markers that are gluco- se-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), (protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) (PERK), Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). Materials and methods Twenty male rats were assigned into control and hyperthyroid groups (n = 10). Hyperthyroidism was induced by adding 12 mg/L thyroxine into the drinking water of rats for 4 weeks. The serum-free T3 and T4 (fT3, fT4), TSH, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels were measured. The histochemical analysis of kidney sections for morphological changes and also im- munohistochemical and western blot analysis of kidney sections were performed for GRP78, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, TRPC1 antibodies. Results TSH, BUN, and creatinine levels decreased while fT3 and fT4 levels increased in the hyperthyroid rat. The morphologic analy- sis resulted in the capillary basal membrane thickening in glomeruli and also western blot, and immunohistochemical results showed an increase in TRPC1, GRP78, and ATF6 in the hyperthyroid rat (p < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, in our study, we showed for the first time that the relationship between ER stress and TRPC1, and their increased expression caused renal damage in hyperthyroid rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erhan ŞAHİN
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Sedat KAÇAR
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Rıdvan BAĞCI
- Department of IVF Unit Andrology Laboratory, Adana City Education and Research Hospital, AdanaTurkey
| | - Şerife KARAKAYA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Dilek BURUKOĞLU DÖNMEZ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Varol ŞAHİNTÜRK
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, AnkaraTurkey
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9
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Calmodulin and Its Binding Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063016. [PMID: 33809535 PMCID: PMC8001340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with rest tremor, muscle rigidity and movement disturbances. At the microscopic level it is characterized by formation of specific intraneuronal inclusions, called Lewy bodies (LBs), and by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra. All living cells, among them neurons, rely on Ca2+ as a universal carrier of extracellular and intracellular signals that can initiate and control various cellular processes. Disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and dysfunction of Ca2+ signaling pathways may have serious consequences on cells and even result in cell death. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to any changes in intracellular Ca2+ level. The best known and studied Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotic cells is calmodulin. Calmodulin binds Ca2+ with high affinity and regulates the activity of a plethora of proteins. In the brain, calmodulin and its binding proteins play a crucial role in regulation of the activity of synaptic proteins and in the maintenance of neuronal plasticity. Thus, any changes in activity of these proteins might be linked to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including PD. This review aims to summarize published results regarding the role of calmodulin and its binding proteins in pathology and pathogenesis of PD.
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10
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Lee K, Jo YY, Chung G, Jung JH, Kim YH, Park CK. Functional Importance of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611773. [PMID: 33748103 PMCID: PMC7969799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are transmembrane protein complexes that play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerve system (PNS). TRP channels function as non-selective cation channels that are activated by several chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli as well as by pH, osmolarity, and several endogenous or exogenous ligands, second messengers, and signaling molecules. On the pathophysiological side, these channels have been shown to play essential roles in the reproductive system, kidney, pancreas, lung, bone, intestine, as well as in neuropathic pain in both the CNS and PNS. In this context, TRP channels have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Herein, we focus on the latest involvement of TRP channels, with a special emphasis on the recently identified functional roles of TRP channels in neurological disorders related to the disruption in calcium ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Lee
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youn Yi Jo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Jung
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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11
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Hwang SM, Lee JY, Park CK, Kim YH. The Role of TRP Channels and PMCA in Brain Disorders: Intracellular Calcium and pH Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:584388. [PMID: 33585474 PMCID: PMC7876282 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.584388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders include neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) with different conditions that primarily affect the neurons and glia in the brain. However, the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of NDs have not been fully elucidated. Homeostasis of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and intracellular pH (pHi) is crucial for cell function. The regulatory processes of these ionic mechanisms may be absent or excessive in pathological conditions, leading to a loss of cell death in distinct regions of ND patients. Herein, we review the potential involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in NDs, where disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis leads to cell death. The capability of TRP channels to restore or excite the cell through Ca2+ regulation depending on the level of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) activity is discussed in detail. As PMCA simultaneously affects intracellular Ca2+ regulation as well as pHi, TRP channels and PMCA thus play vital roles in modulating ionic homeostasis in various cell types or specific regions of the brain where the TRP channels and PMCA are expressed. For this reason, the dysfunction of TRP channels and/or PMCA under pathological conditions disrupts neuronal homeostasis due to abnormal Ca2+ and pH levels in the brain, resulting in various NDs. This review addresses the function of TRP channels and PMCA in controlling intracellular Ca2+ and pH, which may provide novel targets for treating NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Gil Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center, Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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12
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Vaidya B, Sharma SS. Transient Receptor Potential Channels as an Emerging Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Insight Into Role of Pharmacological Interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584513. [PMID: 33330461 PMCID: PMC7714790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the symptoms of motor deficits and cognitive decline. There are a number of therapeutics available for the treatment of PD, but most of them suffer from serious side effects such as bradykinesia, dyskinesia and on-off effect. Therefore, despite the availability of these pharmacological agents, PD patients continue to have an inferior quality of life. This has warranted a need to look for alternate strategies and molecular targets. Recent evidence suggests the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels could be a potential target for the management of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Though still in the preclinical stages, agents targeting these channels have shown immense potential in the attenuation of behavioral deficits and signaling pathways. In addition, these channels are known to be involved in the regulation of ionic homeostasis, which is disrupted in PD. Moreover, activation or inhibition of many of the TRP channels by calcium and oxidative stress has also raised the possibility of their paramount involvement in affecting the other molecular mechanisms associated with PD pathology. However, due to the paucity of information available and lack of specificity, none of these agents have gone into clinical trials for PD treatment. Considering their interaction with oxidative stress, apoptosis and excitotoxicity, TRP channels could be considered as a potential future target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India
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13
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Sun Y, Nascimento Da Conceicao V, Ahamad N, Madesh M, Singh BB. Spatial localization of SOCE channels and its modulators regulate neuronal physiology and contributes to pathology. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105026. [PMID: 32562815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), stroke, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorder have a high impact on both medical and social problems due to the surge in their prevalence. All of these neuronal disorders share some common etiologies including disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins further disrupt the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis by disrupting the activity of several ion channels including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channel families include non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels, which act as cellular sensors activated by various physio-chemical stimuli, exogenous, and endogenous ligands responsible for maintaining the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. TRP channels are abundantly expressed in the neuronal cells and disturbance in their activity leads to various neuronal diseases. Under the pathological conditions when the activity of TRP channels is perturbed, there is a disruption of the neuronal homeostasis through increased inflammatory response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, there is a potential of pharmacological interventions targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. This review focuses on the role of TRP channels in neurological diseases; also, we have highlighted the current insights into the pharmacological modulators targeting TRP channels.
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15
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Sun Y, Kamat A, Singh BB. Isoproterenol-Dependent Activation of TRPM7 Protects Against Neurotoxin-Induced Loss of Neuroblastoma Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:305. [PMID: 32390858 PMCID: PMC7193110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function and their survival depend on the activation of ion channels. Loss of ion channel function is known to induce neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s that exhibit loss of dopaminergic neurons; however, mechanisms that could limit neuronal loss are not yet fully identified. Our data suggest that neurotoxin-mediated loss of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells is inhibited by the addition of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonist isoproterenol. The addition of isoproterenol to SHSY-5Y cells showed increased Mg2+ influx and cell survival in the presence of neurotoxin especially at higher concentration of isoproterenol. Importantly, isoproterenol potentiated transient receptor potential melastatin-7 (TRPM7) channel activation that leads to an increase in intracellular Mg2+ levels. The addition of 2APB, which is a known TRPM7 channel blocker, significantly decreased the TRPM7 function and inhibited isoproterenol-mediated protection against neurotoxins. Moreover, neurotoxins inhibited TRPM7 expression and function, but the restoration of TRPM7 expression increased neuroblastoma cell survival. In contrast, TRPM7 silencing increased cell loss, decreased Mg2+ homeostasis, and inhibited mitochondrial function. Moreover, isoproterenol treatment prevented neurotoxin-mediated loss of TRPM7 expression and inhibited Bax expression that induces cell survival. These effects were dependent on the neurotoxin-induced increase in oxidative stress, which inhibits TRPM7 expression and function. Together, our results suggest a positive role for β-AR in activating TRPM7 channels that regulate Mg2+ homeostasis and are essential for the survival of SH-SY5Y cells from neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Amrita Kamat
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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16
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Maria-Ferreira D, de Oliveira NMT, da Silva LCM, Fernandes ES. Evidence of a Role for the TRPC Subfamily in Mediating Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:332. [PMID: 32457638 PMCID: PMC7225354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) represents one of the most common multifactorial neurodegenerative disorders affecting the elderly population. It is associated with the aggregation of α-synuclein protein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain. The disease is mainly represented by motor symptoms, such as resting tremors, postural instability, rigidity, and bradykinesia, that develop slowly over time. Parkinson's disease can also manifest as disturbances in non-motor functions. Although the pathology of PD has not yet been fully understood, it has been suggested that the disruption of the cellular redox status may contribute to cellular oxidative stress and, thus, to cell death. The generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates, as well as the dysfunction of dopamine metabolism, play important roles in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In this context, the transient receptor potential channel canonical (TRPC) sub-family plays an important role in neuronal degeneration. Additionally, PD gene products, including DJ-1, SNCA, UCH-L1, PINK-1, and Parkin, also interfere with mitochondrial function leading to reactive oxygen species production and dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. Herein, we discuss the interplay between these various biochemical and molecular events that ultimately lead to dopaminergic signaling disruption, highlighting the recently identified roles of TRPC in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mulinari Turin de Oliveira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Liziane Cristine Malaquias da Silva
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
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17
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Hong C, Jeong B, Park HJ, Chung JY, Lee JE, Kim J, Shin YC, So I. TRP Channels as Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32351395 PMCID: PMC7174697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is facing medical challenges due to the increasingly aging population. However, some pharmaceutical companies have ceased the development of therapeutics for NDs, and no new treatments for NDs have been established during the last decade. The relationship between ND pathogenesis and risk factors has not been completely elucidated. Herein, we review the potential involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in NDs, where oxidative stress and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis consequently lead to neuronal apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) -sensitive TRP channels can be key risk factors as polymodal sensors, since progressive late onset with secondary pathological damage after initial toxic insult is one of the typical characteristics of NDs. Recent evidence indicates that the dysregulation of TRP channels is a missing link between disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal loss in NDs. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding TRP channels to provide insights into the research and quests for alternative therapeutic candidates for NDs. As the structures of TRP channels have recently been revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, it is necessary to develop new TRP channel antagonists and reevaluate existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Park
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Cheul Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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He D, Mao A, Li Y, Tam S, Zheng Y, Yao X, Birnbaumer L, Ambudkar IS, Ma X. TRPC1 participates in the HSV-1 infection process by facilitating viral entry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3367. [PMID: 32206724 PMCID: PMC7080438 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are major components of Ca2+ signaling pathways and control a diversity of physiological functions. Here, we report a specific role for TRPC1 in the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) into cells. HSV-1-induced Ca2+ release and entry were dependent on Orai1, STIM1, and TRPC1. Inhibition of Ca2+ entry or knockdown of these proteins attenuated viral entry and infection. HSV-1 glycoprotein D interacted with the third ectodomain of TRPC1, and this interaction facilitated viral entry. Knockout of TRPC1 attenuated HSV-1-induced ocular abnormality and morbidity in vivo in TRPC1-/- mice. There was a strong correlation between HSV-1 infection and plasma membrane localization of TRPC1 in epithelial cells within oral lesions in buccal biopsies from HSV-1-infected patients. Together, our findings demonstrate a critical role for TRPC1 in HSV-1 infection and suggest the channel as a potential target for anti-HSV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongXu He
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - AiQin Mao
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - YouRan Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - SiuCheung Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - YongTang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - XiaoQiang Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- BIOMED, School of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Indu S. Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, MPTB, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin Ma
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Li Y, Chen X, Zeng X, Chen S, Yang X, Zhang L. Galectin-3 mediates pulmonary vascular endothelial cell dynamics via TRPC1/4 under acute hypoxia. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22463. [PMID: 32003113 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been implicated in various biological functions, yet little is known about its role in regulating the dynamics of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Gal-3 was shown to be increased in hypoxic model rats by sequencing analysis. We exposed pulmonary vessel endothelial cells (PVECs) to hypoxia or Gal-3 stimulation, following which cell apoptosis and autophagy were measured with the relevant methods. The results demonstrated that hypoxia elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and Gal-3 expression. Gla-3 decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Alix, Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3A/B. The messenger RNA and protein levels of transient receptor potential channel 1/4 (TRPC1/4) and calpain were reduced after Gal-3 treatment. Gal-3 also activated protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways in PVECs. These results suggest that a hypoxia-mediated increase in Gal-3 promotes apoptosis and inhibits autophagy by inhibiting the TRPC1/4 pathway and activating the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in PVECs. Furthermore, these results may provide us with a new direction to explore the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Toxicology, Fujian Center for Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinghe Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xixi Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaokun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Fujian Center for Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Fujian Province University on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Huang Q, Zhu X, Xu M. Silencing of TRIM10 alleviates apoptosis in cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:451-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Magnesium-Induced Cell Survival Is Dependent on TRPM7 Expression and Function. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:528-538. [PMID: 31392516 PMCID: PMC6968994 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mg2+ homeostasis is essential for cell survival and the loss of this regulation has been associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although the neurotoxin-mediated loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease models is extensively studied, the ion channel(s) that regulate Mg2+ homeostasis and thus could prevent neuronal cell death is not yet identified. Here, we show that TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin 7) is involved in regulating Mg2+ homeostasis in dopaminergic cells. Importantly, transient loss of TRPM7 decreased intracellular Mg2+ levels and decreased dopaminergic cells/neurons survival. We provide further evidence that both increases in extracellular Mg2+ or transiently increasing TRPM7 levels protected dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against neurotoxin-mediated cell death. Neurotoxin treatment significantly decreased TRPM7 levels in both SH-SY5Y cells and the substantia nigra pars compacta region of mice, along with a decrease in Mg2+ influx. Moreover, Mg2+ supplementation showed a concentration-dependent decrease in caspase-3 activity, an increase in cell survival, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and increase TRPM7 levels in neurotoxin-treated cells. In contrast, transient silencing of TRPM7 inhibited the positive effect of Mg2+ supplementation in protecting against neurotoxins. Whereas, TRPM7 overexpression not only maintained Mg2+ homeostasis but also inhibited caspase 3 activity that induced cell survival. Overall, these results suggest a significant role of TRPM7 channels in Mg2+ homeostasis and the survival of neurotoxin-induced loss of dopaminergic cells.
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22
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Sukumaran P, Sun Y, Zangbede FQ, da Conceicao VN, Mishra B, Singh BB. TRPC1 expression and function inhibit ER stress and cell death in salivary gland cells. FASEB Bioadv 2018; 1:40-50. [PMID: 31111119 PMCID: PMC6524637 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ homeostasis have been associated with many diseases including loss of salivary glands. Although significant progress has been accomplished which led to the increase in our understanding of the cellular responses to ER stress, the factors/ion channels that could inhibit ER stress are not yet identified. Here we show that TRPC1 (transient receptor potential canonical 1) is involved in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis and loss of TRPC1 decreased ER Ca2+ levels, inhibited the unfolded protein response (UPR), that induced loss of salivary gland cells. We provide further evidence that ER stress inducing agents (Tunicamycin and Brefeldin A) disrupts Ca2+ homeostasis by directly inhibiting TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry, which led to ER stress in salivary gland cells. Moreover, induction of ER stress lead to an increase in CHOP expression, which decreased TRPC1 expression and subsequently attenuated autophagy along with increased apoptosis. Importantly, TRPC1-/- mice showed increased ER stress, increased immune cell infiltration, loss of Ca2+ homeostasis, decreased saliva secretion, and decreased salivary gland survival. Finally, restoration of TRPC1 not only maintained Ca2+ homeostasis, but inhibited ER stress that induced cell survival. Overall these results suggest a significant role of TRPC1 Ca2+ channels in ER stress and homeostatic function/survival of salivary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Fredice Quenum Zangbede
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201
| | | | - Bibhuti Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201
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23
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Wegierski T, Kuznicki J. Neuronal calcium signaling via store-operated channels in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Sun Y, Selvaraj S, Pandey S, Humphrey KM, Foster JD, Wu M, Watt JA, Singh BB, Ohm JE. MPP + decreases store-operated calcium entry and TRPC1 expression in Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived dopaminergic neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11715. [PMID: 30082759 PMCID: PMC6079049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder involving the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs), with currently available therapeutics, such as L-Dopa, only able to relieve some symptoms. Stem cell replacement is an attractive therapeutic option for PD patients, and DNs derived by differentiating patient specific stem cells under defined in-vitro conditions may present a viable opportunity to replace dying neurons. We adopted a previously published approach to differentiate Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into DN using a 12-day protocol involving FGF-2, bFGF, SHH ligand and BDNF. While MSC-derived DNs have been characterized for neuronal markers and electrophysiological properties, we investigated store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mechanisms of these DNs under normal conditions, and upon exposure to environmental neurotoxin, 1-methyl, 4-phenyl pyridinium ion (MPP+). Overall, we show that MSC-derived DNs are functional with regard to SOCE mechanisms, and MPP+ exposure dysregulates calcium signaling, making them vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Since in-vitro differentiation of MSCs into DNs is an important vehicle for PD disease modeling and regenerative medicine, the results of this study may help with understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Senthil Selvaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Sumali Pandey
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University, Moorhead, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, 78229, San Antonio, USA.
| | - Joyce E Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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25
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Wang D, Yu H, Xu B, Xu H, Zhang Z, Ren X, Yuan J, Liu J, Guo Y, Spencer PS, Yang X. TRPC1 Deletion Causes Striatal Neuronal Cell Apoptosis and Proteomic Alterations in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:72. [PMID: 29615894 PMCID: PMC5870053 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) is widely expressed throughout the nervous system, while its biological role remains unclear. In this study, we showed that TRPC1 deletion caused striatal neuronal loss and significantly increased TUNEL-positive and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) staining in the striatum. Proteomic analysis by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) revealed a total of 51 differentially expressed proteins (26 increased and 25 decreased) in the stratum of TRPC1 knockout (TRPC1−/−) mice compared to that of wild type (WT) mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed these dysregulated proteins included: oxidative stress-related proteins, synaptic proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. STRING analysis showed these differential proteins have a well-established interaction network. Based on the proteomic data, we revealed by Western-blot analysis that TRPC1 deletion caused ER stress as evidenced by the dysregulation of GRP78 and PERK activation-related signaling pathway, and elevated oxidative stress as suggested by increased 8-OHdG staining, increased NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (NDUV2) and decreased protein deglycase (DJ-1), two oxidative stress-related proteins. In addition, we also demonstrated that TRPC1 deletion led to significantly increased apoptosis in striatum with concurrent decrease in both 14–3–3Z and dynamin-1 (D2 dopamine (DA) receptor binding), two apoptosis-related proteins. Taken together, we concluded that TRPC1 deletion might cause striatal neuronal apoptosis by disturbing multiple biological processes (i.e., ER stress, oxidative stress and apoptosis-related signaling). These data suggest that TRPC1 may be a key player in the regulation of striatal cellular survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Sun Y, Schaar A, Sukumaran P, Dhasarathy A, Singh BB. TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells is mediated via TRPM7 expression. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:752-761. [PMID: 29500887 PMCID: PMC5947546 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors, such as the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), play an important role in promoting metastasis of prostate cancer, thus understanding how TGFβ could induce prostate cancer cell migration may enable us to develop targeted strategies for treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer. To more clearly define the mechanism(s) involved in prostate cancer cell migration, we undertook a series of studies utilizing non‐malignant prostate epithelial cells RWPE1 and prostate cancer DU145 and PC3 cells. Our studies show that increased cell migration was observed in prostate cancer cells, which was mediated through epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, addition of Mg2+, but not Ca2+, increased cell migration. Furthermore, TRPM7 expression, which functions as an Mg2+ influx channel, was also increased in prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of TRPM7 currents by 2‐APB, significantly blocked cell migration in both DU145 and PC3 cells. Addition of growth factor TGFβ showed a further increase in cell migration, which was again blocked by the addition of 2‐APB. Importantly, TGFβ addition also significantly increased TRPM7 expression and function, and silencing of TRPM7 negated TGFβ‐induced cell migration along with a decrease in EMT markers showing loss of cell adhesion. Furthermore, resveratrol, which decreases prostate cancer cell migration, inhibited TRPM7 expression and function including TGFβ‐induced cell migration and activation of TRPM7 function. Together, these results suggest that Mg2+ influx via TRPM7 promotes cell migration by inducing EMT in prostate cancer cells and resveratrol negatively modulates TRPM7 function thereby inhibiting prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Anne Schaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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He K, Qi F, Guo C, Zhan S, Xu H, Liu J, Yang X. Movement deficits and neuronal loss in basal ganglia in TRPC1 deficient mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69337-69346. [PMID: 27738307 PMCID: PMC5342481 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channel proteins are abundantly expressed in brain. However, the functions of these TRPC proteins such as TRPC1 are largely unclear. In this study, we reported that TRPC1 deficiency caused movement disorder as measured by swimming test, modified open field test and sunflower seeds eating test. Immunofluorescent staining showed significant loss of both NeuN-positive cells and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -positive cells in the caudate putamen (CPu), the external globus pallidus (GPe), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) in 5-month-old TRPC1 knockout mice (TRPC1-/-) compared to the wild type (WT) mice. TUNEL staining further revealed that TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in the CPu, GPe, and SNr of TRPC1-/- mice. Taken together, these data suggests that TRPC1 is involved in the control of motor function by inhibiting the apoptosis of neuronal cells of basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwu He
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunni Guo
- Department of Neurology, ShanghaiFirst People's HospitalAffiliated toShanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Sukumaran P, Sun Y, Antonson N, Singh BB. Dopaminergic neurotoxins induce cell death by attenuating NF-κB-mediated regulation of TRPC1 expression and autophagy. FASEB J 2018; 32:1640-1652. [PMID: 29150520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700662rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis affect neuronal survival. However, the identity of Ca2+ channels and the mechanisms underlying neurotoxin-induced neuronal degeneration are not well understood. In this study, the dopaminergic neurotoxins 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium ions (MPP+)/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which mimic Parkinson's disease (PD), induced neuronal degeneration by decreasing store-mediated Ca2+ entry. The function of the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-1 channel was decreased upon exposure to the neurotoxins, followed by a decrease in TRPC1 expression. Similar to neurotoxins, samples from patients with PD exhibited attenuated TRPC1 expression, which was accompanied by a decrease in autophagic markers and a subsequent increase in apoptosis markers. Furthermore, exposure to neurotoxins attenuated PKC phosphorylation, decreased expression of autophagic markers, and increased apoptosis in SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells, which was again dependent on TRPC1. Prolonged neurotoxin treatment attenuated the binding of NF-κB to the TRPC1 promoter, which resulted in a decrease in TRPC1 expression, thereby attenuating autophagy and activating cell death. Restoration of TRPC1 expression rescued the effects of the dopaminergic neurotoxins in neuroblastoma cells by increasing Ca2+ entry, restoring NF-κB activity, and promoting autophagy. Overall, these results suggest that dopaminergic neurotoxins initially decreased Ca2+ entry, which inhibited the binding of NF-κB to the TRPC1 promoter, thereby inhibiting TRPC1 expression and resulting in cell death by preventing autophagy.-Sukumaran, P., Sun, Y., Antonson, N., Singh, B. B. Dopaminergic neurotoxins induce cell death by attenuating NF-κB-mediated regulation of TRPC1 expression and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Neil Antonson
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Wu J, Ryskamp D, Birnbaumer L, Bezprozvanny I. Inhibition of TRPC1-Dependent Store-Operated Calcium Entry Improves Synaptic Stability and Motor Performance in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 7:35-50. [PMID: 29480205 PMCID: PMC6309623 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. We previously discovered that mutant Huntingtin sensitizes type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1) to InsP3. This causes calcium leakage from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a compensatory increase in neuronal store-operated calcium (nSOC) entry. We previously demonstrated that supranormal nSOC leads to synaptic loss in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in YAC128 HD mice. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify calcium channels supporting supranormal nSOC in HD MSNs and to validate these channels as potential therapeutic targets for HD. METHODS Cortico-striatal cultures were established from wild type and YAC128 HD mice and the density of MSN spines was quantified. The expression of candidate nSOC components was suppressed by RNAi knockdown and by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. TRPC1 knockout mice were crossed with YAC128 HD mice for evaluation of motor performance in a beamwalk assay. RESULTS RNAi-mediated knockdown of TRPC1, TRPC6, Orai1, or Orai2, but not other TRPC isoforms or Orai3, rescued the density of YAC128 MSN spines. Knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), an ER calcium sensor and nSOC activator, also rescued YAC128 MSN spines. Knockdown of the same targets suppressed supranormal nSOC in YAC128 MSN spines. These channel subunits co-immunoprecipitated with STIM1 and STIM2 in synaptosomal lysates from mouse striata. Crossing YAC128 mice with TRPC1 knockout mice improved motor performance and rescued MSN spines in vitro and in vivo, indicating that inhibition of TRPC1 may serve as a neuroprotective strategy for HD treatment. CONCLUSIONS TRPC1 channels constitute a potential therapeutic target for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Ryskamp
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Krout D, Schaar A, Sun Y, Sukumaran P, Roemmich JN, Singh BB, Claycombe-Larson KJ. The TRPC1 Ca 2+-permeable channel inhibits exercise-induced protection against high-fat diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20799-20807. [PMID: 29074621 PMCID: PMC5733613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential canonical channel-1 (TRPC1) is a Ca2+-permeable channel found in key metabolic organs and tissues, including the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Loss of TRPC1 may alter the regulation of cellular energy metabolism resulting in insulin resistance thereby leading to diabetes. Exercise reduces insulin resistance, but it is not known whether TRPC1 is involved in exercise-induced insulin sensitivity. The role of TRPC1 in adiposity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases has not yet been determined. Our results show that TRPC1 functions as a major Ca2+ entry channel in adipocytes. We have also shown that fat mass and fasting glucose concentrations were lower in TRPC1 KO mice that were fed a high-fat (HF) (45% fat) diet and exercised as compared with WT mice fed a HF diet and exercised. Adipocyte numbers were decreased in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of TRPC1 KO mice fed a HF diet and exercised. Finally, autophagy markers were decreased and apoptosis markers increased in TRPC1 KO mice fed a HF diet and exercised. Overall, these findings suggest that TRPC1 plays an important role in the regulation of adiposity via autophagy and apoptosis and that TRPC1 inhibits the positive effect of exercise on type II diabetes risk under a HF diet-induced obesity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Krout
- From the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 and
| | - Anne Schaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - James N Roemmich
- From the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 and
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Kate J Claycombe-Larson
- From the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203 and
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Chen C, Ma Q, Deng P, Yang J, Yang L, Lin M, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Critical role of TRPC1 in thyroid hormone-dependent dopaminergic neuron development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1900-1912. [PMID: 28779972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that thyroid hormone treatment evokes significant calcium entry through canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels in ventral midbrain neural stem cells and this calcium signaling is essential for thyroid hormone-dependent DA neuronal differentiation. We also found that TRPC1 is the dominant TRPC channel expressed in ventral midbrain neural stem cells which responds to thyroid hormone. In addition, thyroid hormone increases TRPC1 expression through its receptor alpha 1 during DA neuron differentiation, and, importantly, produces calcium signals by activating TRPC1 channels. In vivo and in vitro gene silencing experiments indicate that TRPC1-mediated calcium signaling is required for thyroid hormone-dependent DA neuronal differentiation. Finally, we confirmed that the activation of OTX2, a determinant of DA neuron development and the expression of which is induced by thyroid hormone, is dependent on TRPC1-mediated calcium signaling. These data revealed the molecular mechanisms of how thyroid hormone regulates DA neuron development from ventral midbrain neural stem cells, particularly endowing a novel physiological relevance to TRPC1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qinglong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Inhibition of L-Type Ca 2+ Channels by TRPC1-STIM1 Complex Is Essential for the Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3364-3377. [PMID: 28258168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3010-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons leads to Parkinson's disease; however, the mechanism(s) for the vulnerability of DA neurons is(are) not fully understood. We demonstrate that TRPC1 regulates the L-type Ca2+ channel that contributes to the rhythmic activity of adult DA neurons in the substantia nigra region. Store depletion that activates TRPC1, via STIM1, inhibits the frequency and amplitude of the rhythmic activity in DA neurons of wild-type, but not in TRPC1-/-, mice. Similarly, TRPC1-/- substantia nigra neurons showed increased L-type Ca2+ currents, decreased stimulation-dependent STIM1-Cav1.3 interaction, and decreased DA neurons. L-type Ca2+ currents and the open channel probability of Cav1.3 channels were also reduced upon TRPC1 activation, whereas increased Cav1.3 currents were observed upon STIM1 or TRPC1 silencing. Increased interaction between Cav1.3-TRPC1-STIM1 was observed upon store depletion and the loss of either TRPC1 or STIM1 led to DA cell death, which was prevented by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels. Neurotoxins that mimic Parkinson's disease increased Cav1.3 function, decreased TRPC1 expression, inhibited Tg-mediated STIM1-Cav1.3 interaction, and induced caspase activation. Importantly, restoration of TRPC1 expression not only inhibited Cav1.3 function but increased cell survival. Together, we provide evidence that TRPC1 suppresses Cav1.3 activity by providing an STIM1-based scaffold, which is essential for DA neuron survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ca2+ entry serves critical cellular functions in virtually every cell type, and appropriate regulation of Ca2+ in neurons is essential for proper function. In Parkinson's disease, DA neurons are specifically degenerated, but the mechanism is not known. Unlike other neurons, DA neurons depend on Cav1.3 channels for their rhythmic activity. Our studies show that, in normal conditions, the pacemaking activity in DA neurons is inhibited by the TRPC1-STIM1 complex. Neurotoxins that mimic Parkinson's disease target TRPC1 expression, which leads to an abnormal increase in Cav1.3 activity, thereby causing degeneration of DA neurons. These findings link TRPC1 to Cav1.3 regulation and provide important indications about how disrupting Ca2+ balance could have a direct implication in the treatment of Parkinson's patients.
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STIM-TRP Pathways and Microdomain Organization: Contribution of TRPC1 in Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry: Impact on Ca 2+ Signaling and Cell Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:159-188. [PMID: 28900914 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ entry pathway that is activated in response to depletion of ER-Ca2+ stores and critically controls the regulation of physiological functions in a wide variety of cell types. The transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels (TRPCs 1-7), which are activated by stimuli leading to PIP2 hydrolysis, were first identified as molecular components of SOCE channels. While TRPC1 was associated with SOCE and regulation of function in several cell types, none of the TRPC members displayed I CRAC, the store-operated current identified in lymphocytes and mast cells. Intensive search finally led to the identification of Orai1 and STIM1 as the primary components of the CRAC channel. Orai1 was established as the pore-forming channel protein and STIM1 as the ER-Ca2+ sensor protein involved in activation of Orai1. STIM1 also activates TRPC1 via a distinct domain in its C-terminus. However, TRPC1 function depends on Orai1-mediated Ca2+ entry, which triggers recruitment of TRPC1 into the plasma membrane where it is activated by STIM1. TRPC1 and Orai1 form distinct store-operated Ca2+ channels that regulate specific cellular functions. It is now clearly established that regulation of TRPC1 trafficking can change plasma membrane levels of the channel, the phenotype of the store-operated Ca2+ current, as well as pattern of SOCE-mediated [Ca2+]i signals. Thus, TRPC1 is activated downstream of Orai1 and modifies the initial [Ca2+]i signal generated by Orai1. This review will highlight current concepts of the activation and regulation of TRPC1 channels and its impact on cell function.
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Sukumaran P, Sun Y, Schaar A, Selvaraj S, Singh BB. TRPC Channels and Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 976:85-94. [PMID: 28508315 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1088-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, which involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that are present in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region. Many factors have been identified that could lead to Parkinson's disease; however, almost all of them are directly or indirectly dependent on Ca2+ signaling. Importantly, though disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis have been implicated in Parkinson's disease and other neuronal diseases, the identity of the calcium channel remains elusive. Members of the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel family have been identified as a new class of Ca2+ channels, and it could be anticipated that these channels could play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in PD. Thus, in this chapter we have entirely focused on TRPC channels and elucidated its role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Anne Schaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Senthil Selvaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA.
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Bollimuntha S, Pani B, Singh BB. Neurological and Motor Disorders: Neuronal Store-Operated Ca 2+ Signaling: An Overview and Its Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:535-556. [PMID: 28900932 PMCID: PMC5821072 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that performs significant physiological task such as neurosecretion, exocytosis, neuronal growth/differentiation, and the development and/or maintenance of neural circuits. An important regulatory aspect of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) which, in recent years, has gained much attention for influencing a variety of nerve cell responses. Essentially, activation of SOCE ensues following the activation of the plasma membrane (PM) store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCC) triggered by the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. In addition to the TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) and the Orai family of ion channels, STIM (stromal interacting molecule) proteins have been baptized as key molecular regulators of SOCE. Functional significance of the TRPC channels in neurons has been elaborately studied; however, information on Orai and STIM components of SOCE, although seems imminent, is currently limited. Importantly, perturbations in SOCE have been implicated in a spectrum of neuropathological conditions. Hence, understanding the precise involvement of SOCC in neurodegeneration would presumably unveil avenues for plausible therapeutic interventions. We thus review the role of SOCE-regulated neuronal Ca2+ signaling in selecting neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Bollimuntha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Abstract
Neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), bind to their high-affinity receptors to promote neuronal survival during brain development. One of the key downstream pathways is the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, which not only plays a central role in calcium release from internal store but also in activation of TRPC channels coupled with neurotrophin receptors. TRPC channels are required for the neurotrophin-mediated neuronal protective effects. In addition, activation of TRPC channels is able to protect neurons in the absence of neurotrophin. In some circumstances, TRPC channels coupled with metabotropic glutamate receptor may mediate the excitotoxicity by calcium overload. One of the key questions in the field is the channel gating mechanisms; understanding of which would help design compounds to modulate the channel properties. The development and identification of TRPC channel agonists or blockers are promising and may unveil new therapeutic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy.
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Sun Y, Sukumaran P, Selvaraj S, Cilz NI, Schaar A, Lei S, Singh BB. TRPM2 Promotes Neurotoxin MPP +/MPTP-Induced Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:409-420. [PMID: 27957685 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, Ca2+ is essential for a variety of physiological processes that regulate gene transcription to neuronal growth and their survival. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPP+) are potent neurotoxins that selectively destroys the dopaminergic (DA) neurons and mimics Parkinson's disease (PD) like symptoms, but the mechanism as how MPP+/MPTP effects DA neuron survival is not well-understood. In the present study, we found that MPP+ treatment increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activates and upregulates the expression and function of melastatin-like transient receptor potential (TRPM) subfamily member, melastatin-like transient receptor potential channel 2 (TRPM2). Correspondingly, TRPM2 expression was also increased in substantia nigra of MPTP-induced PD mouse model and PD patients. ROS-mediated activation of TRPM2 resulted in an increased intracellular Ca2+, which in turn promoted cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. Intracellular Ca2+ overload caused by MPP+-induced ROS also affected calpain activity, followed by increased caspase 3 activities and activation of downstream apoptotic pathway. On the other hand, quenching of H2O2 by antioxidants, resveratrol (RSV), or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively blocked TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx, decreased intracellular Ca2+ overload, and increased cell survival. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of TRPM2 or knockdown of TRPM2 using siRNA, but not control siRNA, showed an increased protection by preventing MPP+-induced Ca2+ increase and inhibited apoptosis. Taken together, we show here a novel role for TRPM2 expression and function in MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Senthil Selvaraj
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Nicholas I Cilz
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Anne Schaar
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Saobo Lei
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58201, USA.
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Schaar A, Sukumaran P, Sun Y, Dhasarathy A, Singh BB. TRPC1-STIM1 activation modulates transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80554-80567. [PMID: 27793015 PMCID: PMC5348340 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is important for tumor metastasis. Although growth factors such as TGFβ and EGF have been shown to induce EMT in breast epithelial cells, the mechanism resulting in migration is not well understood. Herein, we provide evidence that Ca2+ entry into the cell, especially upon store-depletion, plays an important role in TGFβ-induced EMT by promoting cellular migration and potentially leading to metastasis. The increased migration by TGFβ in non-cancerous cells was due to the loss of E-cadherin along with a subsequent increase in N-cadherin levels. Importantly, TGFβ-treatment increases store-mediated Ca2+ entry, which was essential for the activation of calpain leading to the loss of E-cadherin and MMP activation. Inhibition of Ca2+ entry by using Ca2+ channel blocker SKF-96365, significantly decreased Ca2+ entry, decreased TGFβ-induced calpain activation, and suppressed the loss of E-cadherin along with inhibiting cell migration. Furthermore, TRPC1 function as an endogenous Ca2+ entry channel and silencing of either TRPC1 or its activator, STIM1, significantly decreased TGFβ induced Ca2+ entry, inhibited TGFβ-mediated calpain activation and cell migration. In contrast, overexpression of TRPC1 showed increased Ca2+ entry and promoted TGFβ-mediated cell migration. Moreover, increased TRPC1 expression was observed in ductal carcinoma cells. Together these results suggest that disrupting Ca2+ influx via TRPC1/STIM1 mechanism reduces calpain activity, which could restore intercellular junction proteins thereby inhibiting EMT induced motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Pramod Sukumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
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Sun HJ, Wang Y, Hao T, Wang CY, Wang QY, Jiang XX. Efficient GSH delivery using PAMAM-GSH into MPP-induced PC12 cellular model for Parkinson's disease. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:299-307. [PMID: 27699060 PMCID: PMC5043156 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) depletion has been an important contributor to the dysfunction of dopamine neurons. Polyamidoamine-GSH (PAMAM-GSH) was synthesized and the delivery effect of GSH into PC12 cells was tested. MTT assessment for cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as nitrite oxide (NO) and intracelluar superoxide dismutase (SOD) detection for antioxidative ability were performed. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic ability was analysed by assessing caspase-3, JNK1/2 and Erk1/2 expression. Our data indicated that PAMAM-GSH is an effective agent to replenish GSH into PC12 cells. PAMAM-GSH developed its antioxidative and protective ability for 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP)-induced PC12 cells by reducing the intracellular levels of ROS and SOD activity as well as decreasing the release of NO. Meanwhile, PAMAM-GSH could inhibit caspase-3 activation and might show its antiapoptotic ability to MPP-induced PC12 cells through JNK2/Erk1/2 pathway. In summary, these studies suggest that PAMAM-GSH conjugate has an intrinsic ability to penetrate PC12 cells and deliver GSH into these cells which may provide a new strategy for clinical applications in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ji Sun
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Hao
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yong Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xia Jiang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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Munoz F, Hu H. The Role of Store-operated Calcium Channels in Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:139-51. [PMID: 26920011 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs) are calcium-selective cation channels. Recently, there has been explosive growth in establishing the molecular mechanisms that mediate store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and the role of this process in normal cellular function and disease states. SOCCs and its components appear to play an important role in many Ca(2+)-dependent processes in nonexcitable cells and are implicated in several possible disorders including allergies, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have shown that SOCCs are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and involved in neuronal functions and pathological conditions, including chronic pain. In this chapter, we discuss SOCE and its physiological and pathological roles in the CNS. More specifically, we discuss the expression and function of SOCCs and their downstream signaling mechanisms under chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Majewski L, Kuznicki J. SOCE in neurons: Signaling or just refilling? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1940-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sukumaran P, Sun Y, Vyas M, Singh BB. TRPC1-mediated Ca²⁺ entry is essential for the regulation of hypoxia and nutrient depletion-dependent autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1674. [PMID: 25741599 PMCID: PMC4385947 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process needed for the degradation and recycling of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Although Ca2+ is suggested to have an important role in cell survival, the ion channel(s) involved in autophagy have not been identified. Here we demonstrate that increase in intracellular Ca2+ via transient receptor potential canonical channel-1 (TRPC1) regulates autophagy, thereby preventing cell death in two morphologically distinct cells lines. The addition of DMOG or DFO, a cell permeable hypoxia-mimetic agents, or serum starvation, induces autophagy in both epithelial and neuronal cells. The induction of autophagy increases Ca2+ entry via the TRPC1 channel, which was inhibited by the addition of 2APB and SKF96365. Importantly, TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ entry resulted in increased expression of autophagic markers that prevented cell death. Furthermore, hypoxia-mediated autophagy also increased TRPC1, but not STIM1 or Orai1, expression. Silencing of TRPC1 or inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, but not TRPC3, attenuated hypoxia-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ influx, decreased autophagy, and increased cell death. Furthermore, the primary salivary gland cells isolated from mice exposed to hypoxic conditions also showed increased expression of TRPC1 as well as increase in Ca2+ entry along with increased expression of autophagic markers. Altogether, we provide evidence for the involvement of Ca2+ influx via TRPC1 in regulating autophagy to protect against cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sukumaran
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - M Vyas
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - B B Singh
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
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43
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LIU WEIHAI, KONG SONGZHI, XIE QINGFENG, SU JIYAN, LI WENJIE, GUO HUIZHEN, LI SHANSHAN, FENG XUEXUAN, SU ZIREN, XU YANG, LAI XIAOPING. Protective effects of apigenin against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:739-46. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zeng C, Tian F, Xiao B. TRPC Channels: Prominent Candidates of Underlying Mechanism in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:631-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dopeso-Reyes IG, Rico AJ, Roda E, Sierra S, Pignataro D, Lanz M, Sucunza D, Chang-Azancot L, Lanciego JL. Calbindin content and differential vulnerability of midbrain efferent dopaminergic neurons in macaques. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:146. [PMID: 25520629 PMCID: PMC4253956 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calbindin (CB) is a calcium binding protein reported to protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Although a direct link between CB content and differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons has long been accepted, factors other than CB have also been suggested, particularly those related to the dopamine transporter. Indeed, several studies have reported that CB levels are not causally related to the differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxins. Here we have used dual stains for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and CB in 3 control and 3 MPTP-treated monkeys to visualize dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and in the dorsal and ventral tiers of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNcd and SNcv) co-expressing TH and CB. In control animals, the highest percentages of co-localization were found in VTA (58.2%), followed by neurons located in the SNcd (34.7%). As expected, SNcv neurons lacked CB expression. In MPTP-treated animals, the percentage of CB-ir/TH-ir neurons in the VTA was similar to control monkeys (62.1%), whereas most of the few surviving neurons in the SNcd were CB-ir/TH-ir (88.6%). Next, we have elucidated the presence of CB within identified nigrostriatal and nigroextrastriatal midbrain dopaminergic projection neurons. For this purpose, two control monkeys received one injection of Fluoro-Gold into the caudate nucleus and one injection of cholera toxin (CTB) into the postcommissural putamen, whereas two more monkeys were injected with CTB into the internal division of the globus pallidus (GPi). As expected, all the nigrocaudate- and nigroputamen-projecting neurons were TH-ir, although surprisingly, all of these nigrostriatal-projecting neurons were negative for CB. Furthermore, all the nigropallidal-projecting neurons co-expressed both TH and CB. In summary, although CB-ir dopaminergic neurons seem to be less prone to MPTP-induced degeneration, our data clearly demonstrated that these neurons are not giving rise to nigrostriatal projections and indeed CB-ir/TH-ir neurons only originate nigroextrastriatal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto J Rico
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elvira Roda
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Salvador Sierra
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Pignataro
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Lanz
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Sucunza
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Chang-Azancot
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose L Lanciego
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Medical College Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Pamplona, Spain
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang K, Tian L, Fu X, Wang Y, Sun Y, Jiang Q, Lu W, Wang J. BMP4 increases the expression of TRPC and basal [Ca2+]i via the p38MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways independent of BMPRII in PASMCs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112695. [PMID: 25461595 PMCID: PMC4251900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple abnormalities of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) signaling are implicated in the process of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). BMP4 plays an important role during the process of pulmonary arterial remodeling and mutant of the principle BMP4 receptor, BMP receptors II (BMPRII), is found to associate with the development of PAH. However, the likely mechanism defining the contribution of BMPRII to BMP4 mediated signaling in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) remains comprehensively unclear. We previously found that enhanced store operated calcium entry (SOCE) and basal intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i were induced by BMP4 via upregulation of TRPC1, 4 and 6 expression in PASMCs, and that BMP4 modulated TRPC channel expression through activating p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In this study, BMPRII siRNA was used to knockdown BMPRII expression to investigate whether BMP4 upregulates the expression of TRPC and activating Smad1/5/8, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK pathway via BMPRII in distal PASMCs. Our results showed that knockdown of BMPRII: 1) attenuated BMP4 induced activation of P-Smad1/5/8, without altering BMP4 induced P-p38MAPK and P-ERK1/2 activation in PASMCs; 2) did not attenuate the BMP4-induced TRPC1, 4 and 6 expression; 3) did not affect BMP4-enhanced SOCE and basal [Ca2+]i. Thus, we concluded that BMP4 activated Smad1/5/8 pathway is BMPRII-dependent, while the BMP4 - ERK/p-P38 - TRPC - SOCE signaling axis are likely mediated through other receptor rather than BMPRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lichun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueqian Sun
- Department of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Abstract
Progressive neurodegenerative diseases are among the most frequently occurring aging-associated human pathologies. In a screen for Caenorhabditis elegans mutant animals that lack their normal complement of dopaminergic neurons, we identified two strains with progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons during postembryonic life. Through whole-genome sequencing we show that both strains harbor dominant (d), gain-of-function mutations in the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) mechanosensory channel trp-4, a member of the invertebrate and vertebrate TRPN-type of the TRP family channels. Gain-of-function mutations in TRP channels have not been previously implicated in dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. We show that trp-4(d) induces cell death in dopamine neurons through a defined, calcium-related downstream pathway.
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Xia J, Pan R, Gao X, Meucci O, Hu H. Native store-operated calcium channels are functionally expressed in mouse spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and regulate resting calcium homeostasis. J Physiol 2014; 592:3443-61. [PMID: 24860175 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.275065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are calcium-selective cation channels that mediate calcium entry in many different cell types. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is involved in various cellular functions. Increasing evidence suggests that impairment of SOCE is responsible for numerous disorders. A previous study demonstrated that YM-58483, a potent SOC inhibitor, strongly attenuates chronic pain by systemic or intrathecal injection and completely blocks the second phase of formalin-induced spontaneous nocifensive behaviour, suggesting a potential role of SOCs in central sensitization. However, the expression of SOCs, their molecular identity and function in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that SOCs are expressed in dorsal horn neurons. Depletion of calcium stores from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induced large sustained calcium entry, which was blocked by SOC inhibitors, but not by voltage-gated calcium channel blockers. Depletion of ER calcium stores activated inward calcium-selective currents, which was reduced by replacing Ca(2+) with Ba(2+) and reversed by SOC inhibitors. Using the small inhibitory RNA knockdown approach, we identified both STIM1 and STIM2 as important mediators of SOCE and SOC current, and Orai1 as a key component of the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channels in dorsal horn neurons. Knockdown of STIM1, STIM2 or Orai1 decreased resting Ca(2+) levels. We also found that activation of neurokinin 1 receptors led to SOCE and activation of SOCs produced an excitatory action in dorsal horn neurons. Our findings reveal that a novel SOC signal is present in dorsal horn neurons and may play an important role in pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Physiological Function and Characterization of TRPCs in Neurons. Cells 2014; 3:455-75. [PMID: 24852263 PMCID: PMC4092863 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ entry is essential for regulating vital physiological functions in all neuronal cells. Although neurons are engaged in multiple modes of Ca2+ entry that regulates variety of neuronal functions, we will only discuss a subset of specialized Ca2+-permeable non-selective Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC) channels and summarize their physiological and pathological role in these excitable cells. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores, due to G-protein coupled receptor activation, has been shown to activate TRPC channels in both excitable and non-excitable cells. While all seven members of TRPC channels are predominately expressed in neuronal cells, the ion channel properties, mode of activation, and their physiological responses are quite distinct. Moreover, many of these TRPC channels have also been suggested to be associated with neuronal development, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, TRPCs also regulate neurosecretion, long-term potentiation and synaptic plasticity. Similarly, perturbations in Ca2+ entry via the TRPC channels have been also suggested in a spectrum of neuropathological conditions. Hence, understanding the precise involvement of TRPCs in neuronal function and in neurodegenerative conditions would presumably unveil avenues for plausible therapeutic interventions for these devastating neuronal diseases.
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Escin, a Novel Triterpene, Mitigates Chronic MPTP/p-Induced Dopaminergic Toxicity by Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:184-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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