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Khananshvili D. Neuronal and astrocyte NCX isoform/splice variants: How do they participate in Na + and Ca 2+ signalling? Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102818. [PMID: 37918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3 gene isoforms and their splice variants are characteristically expressed in different regions of the brain. The tissue-specific splice variants of NCX1-3 isoforms show specific expression profiles in neurons and astrocytes, whereas the relevant NCX isoform/splice variants exhibit diverse allosteric modes of Na+- and Ca2+-dependent regulation. In general, overexpression of NCX1-3 genes leads to neuroprotective effects, whereas their ablation gains the opposite results. At this end, the partial contributions of NCX isoform/splice variants to neuroprotective effects remain unresolved. The glutamate-dependent Na+ entry generates Na+ transients (in response to neuronal cell activities), whereas the Na+-driven Ca2+ entry (through the reverse NCX mode) raises Ca2+ transients. This special mode of signal coupling translates Na+ transients into the Ca2+ signals while being a part of synaptic neurotransmission. This mechanism is of general interest since disease-related conditions (ischemia, metabolic stress, and stroke among many others) trigger Na+ and Ca2+ overload with deadly outcomes of downstream apoptosis and excitotoxicity. The recently discovered mechanisms of NCX allosteric regulation indicate that some NCX variants might play a critical role in the dynamic coupling of Na+-driven Ca2+ entry. In contrast, the others are less important or even could be dangerous under altered conditions (e.g., metabolic stress). This working hypothesis can be tested by applying advanced experimental approaches and highly focused computational simulations. This may allow the development of structure-based blockers/activators that can selectively modulate predefined NCX variants to lessen the life-threatening outcomes of excitotoxicity, ischemia, apoptosis, metabolic deprivation, brain injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Khananshvili
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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2
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Hao LJ, Chou CT, Jan CR, Cheng HH, Liao WC, Lin RA, Chen IS, Wang JL, Chien JM, Kuo CC. Hydroxytyrosol [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethanol], a natural phenolic compound found in the olive, alters Ca 2+ signaling and viability in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:30-36. [DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_74_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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3
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Cross-Talk Between the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP Pathway and Ca 2+ Homeostasis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 179:73-116. [PMID: 33398503 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP and Ca2+ are the first second or intracellular messengers identified, unveiling the cellular mechanisms activated by a plethora of extracellular signals, including hormones. Cyclic AMP generation is catalyzed by adenylyl cyclases (ACs), which convert ATP into cAMP and pyrophosphate. By the way, Ca2+, as energy, can neither be created nor be destroyed; Ca2+ can only be transported, from one compartment to another, or chelated by a variety of Ca2+-binding molecules. The fine regulation of cytosolic concentrations of cAMP and free Ca2+ is crucial in cell function and there is an intimate cross-talk between both messengers to fine-tune the cellular responses. Cancer is a multifactorial disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Frequent cases of cAMP and/or Ca2+ homeostasis remodeling have been described in cancer cells. In those tumoral cells, cAMP and Ca2+ signaling plays a crucial role in the development of hallmarks of cancer, including enhanced proliferation and migration, invasion, apoptosis resistance, or angiogenesis. This review summarizes the cross-talk between the ACs/cAMP and Ca2+ intracellular pathways with special attention to the functional and reciprocal regulation between Orai1 and AC8 in normal and cancer cells.
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4
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Chovancova B, Liskova V, Babula P, Krizanova O. Role of Sodium/Calcium Exchangers in Tumors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091257. [PMID: 32878087 PMCID: PMC7563772 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) is a unique calcium transport system, generally transporting calcium ions out of the cell in exchange for sodium ions. Nevertheless, under special conditions this transporter can also work in a reverse mode, in which direction of the ion transport is inverted—calcium ions are transported inside the cell and sodium ions are transported out of the cell. To date, three isoforms of the NCX have been identified and characterized in humans. Majority of information about the NCX function comes from isoform 1 (NCX1). Although knowledge about NCX function has evolved rapidly in recent years, little is known about these transport systems in cancer cells. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about NCX functions in individual types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Chovancova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 45 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Veronika Liskova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 45 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Olga Krizanova
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 45 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.C.); (V.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4212-3229-5312
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Lu YC, Liang WZ, Kuo CC, Hao LJ, Chou CT, Jan CR. Action of the insecticide cyfluthrin on Ca 2+ signal transduction and cytotoxicity in human osteosarcoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1268-1276. [PMID: 32314600 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120918298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyfluthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide and common household pesticide. The effect of cyfluthrin on Ca2+-related physiology in human osteosarcoma is unclear. This study investigated the effect of cyfluthrin on cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and viability in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. Cyfluthrin concentration-dependently induced [Ca2+]i rises. Cyfluthrin-induced Ca2+ entry was confirmed by the Mn2+-induced quench of fura-2 fluorescence. Cyfluthrin at concentrations of 10-100 μM induced [Ca2+]i rises. Ca2+ removal reduced the signal by approximately 50%. Cyfluthrin (100 μM) induced Mn2+ influx suggesting Ca2+ entry. Cyfluthrin-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited 50% by protein kinase C (PKC) activator (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) and inhibitor (GF109203X) and also by three inhibitors of store-operated Ca2+ channels: nifedipine, econazole, and SKF96365. In Ca2+-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) completely inhibited cyfluthrin-evoked [Ca2+]i rises. Conversely, treatment with cyfluthrin abolished TG-evoked [Ca2+]i rises. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with 1-[6-[((17β)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dion abolished cyfluthrin-induced [Ca2+]i rises. Cyfluthrin at 25-65 μM decreased cell viability, which was not reversed by pretreatment with the Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester. Together, in MG63 cells, cyfluthrin induced [Ca2+]i rises by evoking PLC-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ entry via PKC-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ entry. Cyfluthrin also caused Ca2+-independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - W-Z Liang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung
| | - C-C Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung
| | - L-J Hao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Tainan Branch, Tainan
- Chung Hwa University of Medical and Technology, Tainan
| | - C-T Chou
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus, Puzi City, Chiayi County
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Puzi City, Chiayi County
| | - C-R Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung
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Cracking the code of sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) gating: Old and new complexities surfacing from the deep web of secondary regulations. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102169. [PMID: 32070925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes spatially define gradients that drive the complexity of biological signals. To guarantee movements and exchanges of solutes between compartments, membrane transporters negotiate the passages of ions and other important molecules through lipid bilayers. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) in particular play central roles in balancing Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes across diverse proteolipid borders in all eukaryotic cells, influencing cellular functions and fate by multiple means. To prevent progression from balance to disease, redundant regulatory mechanisms cooperate at multiple levels (transcriptional, translational, and post-translational) and guarantee that the activities of NCXs are finely-tuned to cell homeostatic requirements. When this regulatory network is disturbed by pathological forces, cells may approach the end of life. In this review, we will discuss the main findings, controversies and open questions about regulatory mechanisms that control NCX functions in health and disease.
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Menthol Increases Bendiocarb Efficacy Through Activation of Octopamine Receptors and Protein Kinase A. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203775. [PMID: 31635151 PMCID: PMC6832705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Great effort is put into seeking a new and effective strategies to control insect pests. One of them is to combine natural products with chemical insecticides to increase their effectiveness. In the study presented, menthol which is an essential oil component was evaluated on its ability to increase the efficiency of bendiocarb, carbamate insecticide. A multi-approach study was conducted using biochemical method (to measure acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity), electrophysiological technique (microelectrode recordings in DUM neurons in situ), and confocal microscopy (for calcium imaging). In the electrophysiological experiments, menthol caused hyperpolarization, which was blocked by an octopamine receptor antagonist (phentolamine) and an inhibitor of protein kinase A (H-89). It also raised the intracellular calcium level. The effect of bendiocarb was potentiated by menthol and this phenomenon was abolished by phentolamine and H-89 but not by protein kinase C inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide IX). The results indicate that menthol increases carbamate insecticide efficiency by acting on octopamine receptors and triggering protein kinase A phosphorylation pathway.
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Kurosawa M, Oda M, Domon H, Isono T, Nakamura Y, Saitoh I, Hayasaki H, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, Terao Y. Streptococcus pyogenes CAMP factor promotes calcium ion uptake in RAW264.7 cells. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:617-623. [PMID: 30211957 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes systemic diseases such as pharyngitis and toxic shock syndrome. S. pyogenes produces molecules that inhibit the function of the human immune system, thus allowing growth and spread of the pathogen in tissues. It is known that S. pyogenes CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, the mechanism by which CAMP factor induces vacuolation in macrophages was investigated. CAMP factor was found to induce calcium ion uptake in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. In addition, EDTA inhibited calcium ion uptake and vacuolation in the cells. The L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil reduced vacuolation. Furthermore, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin also inhibited the vacuolation induced by CAMP factor. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that clathrin localized to the vacuoles. These results suggest that the vacuolation is related to calcium ion uptake by RAW264.7 cells via L-type voltage-dependent calcium ion channels. Therefore, it was concluded that the vacuoles induced by S. pyogenes CAMP factor in macrophages are clathrin-dependent endosomes induced by activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway through calcium ion uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kurosawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi, nakauchimachi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Lariccia V, Amoroso S. Letter to the editor regarding the article by Chen et al. entitled "Protective effects of echinacoside against anoxia/reperfusion injury in H9c2 cells via up-regulating p-AKT and SLC8A3". Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:58-59. [PMID: 30216800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
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Lariccia V, Amoroso S. Calcium- and ATP-dependent regulation of Na/Ca exchange function in BHK cells: Comparison of NCX1 and NCX3 exchangers. Cell Calcium 2018; 73:95-103. [PMID: 29705719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX) mediate bidirectional Ca2+ fluxes across cell membranes and contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis in many cell types. Exchangers are regulated by gating reactions that depend on Na+ and Ca2+ binding to transport and regulatory sites. A Na+i-dependent inactivation is prominent in all isoforms, whereas Ca2+i-dependent regulation varies among isoforms. Here we characterize new details of NCX operation and describe differences and similarities between NCX3 and NCX1 regulation by intracellular Ca2+ and ATP. To compare isoforms, we employed BHK cells expressing NCX3 or NCX1 constitutively and exchange activity was analysed in whole-cell and excised patch recordings under "zero-trans" conditions (i.e., with only one transported ion species on each side). Using BHK cells with low cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering, outward (reverse) currents, reflecting Ca2+ influx, are activated by applying extracellular Ca2+ (Cao) in the presence of Na+ on the cytoplasmic side. When firstly activated, peak outward NCX3 currents rapidly decay over seconds and then typically develop a secondary transient peak with slower kinetics, until Cao removal abolishes all outward current. The delayed rise of outward current is the signature of an activating process since peak outward NCX3 currents elicited at subsequent Cao bouts remain stimulated for minutes and slower decline towards a non-zero level during continued Cao application. Secondary transient peaks and current stimulation are suppressed by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ buffer capacity or by replacing cytoplasmic ATP with the analogues AMP-PNP or ATPγS. In BHK cells expressing NCX1, outward currents activated under identical settings decay to a steady-state level during single Cao application and are significantly larger, causing strong and long-lived run down of subsequent outward currents. NCX1 current run down is not prevented by increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering but secondary transient peaks in the outward current profile can be resolved in the presence of ATP. Finally, inward currents recorded in patches excised from NCX3-expressing cells reveal a proteolysis-sensitive, Ca-dependent inactivation process that is unusual for NCX1 forward activity. Together, our results suggest that NCX function is regulated more richly than appreciated heretofore, possibly including processes that are lost in excised membrane patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
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Liu T, Zhao J, Ibarra C, Garcia MU, Uhlén P, Nistér M. Glycosylation controls sodium-calcium exchanger 3 sub-cellular localization during cell cycle. Eur J Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29526322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a membrane antiporter that has been identified in the plasma membrane, the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope and in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In humans, three genes have been identified, encoding unique NCX proteins. Although extensively studied, the NCX's sub-cellular localization and mechanisms regulating the activity of different subtypes are still ambiguous. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of the NCX subtype 3 (NCX3) and its impact on the cell cycle. Two phenotypes, switching from one to the other during the cell cycle, were detected. One phenotype was NCX3 in the plasma membrane during S and M phase, and the other was NCX3 in the ER membrane during resting and interphase. Glycosylation of NCX3 at the N45 site was required for targeting the protein to the plasma membrane, and the N45 site functioned as an on-off switch for the translocation of NCX3 to either the plasma membrane or the membrane of the ER. Introduction of an N-glycosylation deficient NCX3 mutant led to an arrest of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. This was accompanied by accumulation of de-glycosylated NCX3 in the cytosol (that is in the ER), where it transported calcium ions (Ca2+) from the cytosol to the ER. These results, obtained in transfected HEK293T and HeLa and confirmed endogenously in SH-SY5Y cells, suggest that cells can use a dynamic Ca2+ signaling toolkit in which the NCX3 sub-cellular localization changes in synchrony with the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maxime U Garcia
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK R8:05, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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