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A novel implant surface modification mode of Fe3O4-containing TiO2 nanorods with sinusoidal electromagnetic field for osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100590. [PMID: 36910272 PMCID: PMC9996442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Implants made of Ti and its alloys are widely utilized in orthopaedic surgeries. However, insufficient osseointegration of the implants often causes complications such as aseptic loosening. Our previous research discovered that disordered titanium dioxide nanorods (TNrs) had satisfactory antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, but TNrs harmed angiogenic differentiation, which might retarded the osseointegration process of the implants. Magnetic nanomaterials have a certain potential in promoting osseointegration, electromagnetic fields within a specific frequency and intensity range can facilitate angiogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, this study used Fe3O4 to endow magnetism to TNrs and explored the regulation effects of Ti, TNrs, and Fe3O4-TNrs under 1 mT 15 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) on osteoblastogenesis, osseointegration, angiogenesis, and its mechanism. We discovered that after the addition of SEMF treatment to VR-EPCs cultured on Fe3O4-TNrs, the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway was activated, which then reversed the inhibitory effect of Fe3O4-TNrs on angiogenesis. Besides, Fe3O4-TNrs with SEMF enhanced osteogenic differentiation and osseointegration. Therefore, the implant modification mode of Fe3O4-TNrs with the addition of SEMF could more comprehensively promote osseointegration and provided a new idea for the modification of implants.
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Genetics and Molecular Basis of Congenital Heart Defects in Down Syndrome: Role of Extracellular Matrix Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032918. [PMID: 36769235 PMCID: PMC9918028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a complex disorder that is caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is a major cause of congenital heart defects (CHD). Interestingly, only about 50% of individuals with Hsa21 trisomy manifest CHD. Here we review the genetic basis of CHD in DS, focusing on genes that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. The overexpression of Hsa21 genes likely underlies the molecular mechanisms that contribute to CHD, even though the genes responsible for CHD could only be located in a critical region of Hsa21. A role in causing CHD has been attributed not only to protein-coding Hsa21 genes, but also to genes on other chromosomes, as well as miRNAs and lncRNAs. It is likely that the contribution of more than one gene is required, and that the overexpression of Hsa21 genes acts in combination with other genetic events, such as specific mutations or polymorphisms, amplifying their effect. Moreover, a key function in determining alterations in cardiac morphogenesis might be played by ECM. A large number of genes encoding ECM proteins are overexpressed in trisomic human fetal hearts, and many of them appear to be under the control of a Hsa21 gene, the RUNX1 transcription factor.
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Coutinho DCO, Joviano-Santos JV, Santos-Miranda A, Martins-Júnior PA, Da Silva A, Santos RAS, Ferreira AJ. Altered heart cytokine profile and action potential modulation in cardiomyocytes from Mas-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:90-96. [PMID: 35749941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key hormonal system. In recent years, the functional analysis of the novel axis of the RAS (ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor) revealed that its activation can become protective against several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases. Mas knockout mice (Mas-KO) represent an important tool for new investigations. Indeed, extensive biological research has focused on investigating the functional implications of Mas receptor deletion. However, although the Mas receptor was identified in neonatal cardiomyocytes and also in adult ventricular myocytes, only few reports have explored the Ang-(1-7)/Mas signaling directly in cardiomyocytes to date. This study investigated the implication of Mas receptor knockout to the cytokine profile, energy metabolism, and electrical properties of mice-isolated cardiomyocytes. Here, we demonstrated that Mas-KO mice have modulation in some cytokines, such as G-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF in the left ventricle. This model also presents increased mitochondrial number in cardiomyocytes and a reduction in the myocyte diameter. Finally, Mas-KO cardiomyocytes have altered action potential modulation after diazoxide challenge. Such electrical finding was different from the data showed for the TGR(A1-7)3292 (TGR) model, which overexpresses Ang-(1-7) in the plasma by 4.5, used by us as a control. Collectively, our findings exemplify the importance of understanding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway in cardiomyocytes and heart tissue. The Mas-KO mice model can be considered an important tool for new RAS investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur Santos-Miranda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Analina Da Silva
- Center for Biomedical Imaging CIBM, ENT-R, Station 6, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Muramatsu M, Nakagawa S, Osawa T, Toyono T, Uemura A, Kidoya H, Takakura N, Usui T, Ryeom S, Minami T. Loss of Down Syndrome Critical Region-1 Mediated-Hypercholesterolemia Accelerates Corneal Opacity Via Pathological Neovessel Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2425-2439. [PMID: 32787520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The calcineurin-NFAT (nuclear factor for activated T cells)-DSCR (Down syndrome critical region)-1 pathway plays a crucial role as the downstream effector of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-mediated tumor angiogenesis in endothelial cells. A role for DSCR-1 in different organ microenvironment such as the cornea and its role in ocular diseases is not well understood. Corneal changes can be indicators of various disease states and are easily detected through ocular examinations. Approach and Results: The presentation of a corneal arcus or a corneal opacity due to lipid deposition in the cornea often indicates hyperlipidemia and in most cases, hypercholesterolemia. Although the loss of Apo (apolipoprotein) E has been well characterized and is known to lead to elevated serum cholesterol levels, there are few corneal changes observed in ApoE-/- mice. In this study, we show that the combined loss of ApoE and DSCR-1 leads to a dramatic increase in serum cholesterol levels and severe corneal opacity with complete penetrance. The cornea is normally maintained in an avascular state; however, loss of Dscr-1 is sufficient to induce hyper-inflammatory and -oxidative condition, increased corneal neovascularization, and lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, immunohistological analysis and genome-wide screening revealed that loss of Dscr-1 in mice triggers increased immune cell infiltration and upregulation of SDF (stromal derived factor)-1 and its receptor, CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand receptor-4), potentiating this signaling axis in the cornea, thereby contributing to pathological corneal angiogenesis and opacity. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first demonstration of the critical role for the endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin, DSCR-1, and pathological corneal angiogenesis in hypercholesterolemia induced corneal opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Muramatsu
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Biology, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Japan (M.M., T.M.)
| | - Suguru Nakagawa
- Division of Genome Science (S.N.), RCAST, the University of Tokyo, Japan.,Department Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan (S.N., T.T., T.U.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Osawa
- Integrative Nutriomics (T.O.), RCAST, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Toyono
- Department Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan (S.N., T.T., T.U.)
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan (A.U.)
| | - Hiroyasu Kidoya
- Department Signal Transduction, RIMD, Osaka University, Japan (H.K., N.T.)
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department Signal Transduction, RIMD, Osaka University, Japan (H.K., N.T.)
| | - Tomohiko Usui
- Department Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Japan (S.N., T.T., T.U.)
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania (S.R.)
| | - Takashi Minami
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Biology, IRDA, Kumamoto University, Japan (M.M., T.M.)
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6
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VEGF-A in Cardiomyocytes and Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155294. [PMID: 32722551 PMCID: PMC7432634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a homodimeric vasoactive glycoprotein, is the key mediator of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is responsible for a wide variety of physio/pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiomyocytes (CM), the main cell type present in the heart, are the source and target of VEGF-A and express its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, on their cell surface. The relationship between VEGF-A and the heart is double-sided. On the one hand, VEGF-A activates CM, inducing morphogenesis, contractility and wound healing. On the other hand, VEGF-A is produced by CM during inflammation, mechanical stress and cytokine stimulation. Moreover, high concentrations of VEGF-A have been found in patients affected by different CVD, and are often correlated with an unfavorable prognosis and disease severity. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the expression and effects of VEGF-A on CM and the role of VEGF-A in CVD, which are the most important cause of disability and premature death worldwide. Based on clinical studies on angiogenesis therapy conducted to date, it is possible to think that the control of angiogenesis and VEGF-A can lead to better quality and span of life of patients with heart disease.
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Yu W, Ma X, Xu J, Heumüller AW, Fei Z, Feng X, Wang X, Liu K, Li J, Cui G, Peng G, Ji H, Li J, Jing N, Song H, Lin Z, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Zhou B, Zhang L. VGLL4 plays a critical role in heart valve development and homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007977. [PMID: 30789911 PMCID: PMC6400400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart valve disease is a major clinical problem worldwide. Cardiac valve development and homeostasis need to be precisely controlled. Hippo signaling is essential for organ development and tissue homeostasis, while its role in valve formation and morphology maintenance remains unknown. VGLL4 is a transcription cofactor in vertebrates and we found it was mainly expressed in valve interstitial cells at the post-EMT stage and was maintained till the adult stage. Tissue specific knockout of VGLL4 in different cell lineages revealed that only loss of VGLL4 in endothelial cell lineage led to valve malformation with expanded expression of YAP targets. We further semi-knockout YAP in VGLL4 ablated hearts, and found hyper proliferation of arterial valve interstitial cells was significantly constrained. These findings suggest that VGLL4 is important for valve development and manipulation of Hippo components would be a potential therapy for preventing the progression of congenital valve disease. VGLL4, a new member of the Hippo pathway, is intensively investigated in inhibition of tumor progression via competing with YAP to bind TEADs, but its role in cardiovascular field remains unclear. Here we generated VGLL4 knockout mouse line and VGLL4-eGFP reporter mouse line. VGLL4-eGFP reporter mouse line showed VGLL4 was mainly expressed in valve interstitial cells from post-EMT stage to adult stage. Genetic loss of function and lineage tracing data demonstrated only endothelial loss of VGLL4 led to valve malformation with up-regulation of YAP targets. Of note, semi-knockout YAP could rescue this phenotype of VGLL4 knockouts. This is the first study to show the Hippo pathway plays a critical role in valve remodeling, maturation and homeostasis. Our findings suggest that mutations in VGLL4 may underlie human congenital heart valve dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andreas Wilhelm Heumüller
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zhaoliang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Song
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Masonic medical research institute, Utica, NY, United States of America
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (BZ); (LZ)
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (BZ); (LZ)
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (BZ); (LZ)
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RETRACTED: Anti-angiogenic effect of Interleukin-26 in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice via inhibiting NFATc1-VEGF pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:849-855. [PMID: 29621550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
This article has been retracted at the request of authors.
The Journal received an expression of concern from a reader, which noted that:
“The problem is that there is no IL-26 gene in the mouse. They claim they bought the KO mouse and the mouse IL-26 protein but given that there is no mouse IL-26 gene, a purchase is not possible and in fact no such reagents are available. Furthermore they do reference and anti-IL-26 antibody but the spec sheet clearly states that it is only reactive with the human protein…., the Enzo Life Sciences online catalog does not have a listing for recombinant IL-26 of any kind.”
The authors apologize for their mistakes and have asked to retract the article.
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Monaghan MG, Linneweh M, Liebscher S, Van Handel B, Layland SL, Schenke-Layland K. Endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation and mesenchymal cell colonization at the onset of human cardiac valve development. Development 2015; 143:473-82. [PMID: 26674310 PMCID: PMC4760315 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of mechanisms in semilunar valve development might enable the development of new therapies for congenital heart disorders. Here, we found differences in proliferation-associated genes and genes repressed by VEGF between human semilunar valve leaflets from first and second trimester hearts. The proliferation of valve interstitial cells and ventricular valve endothelial cells (VECs) and cellular density declined from the first to the second trimester. Cytoplasmic expression of NFATC1 was detected in VECs (4 weeks) and, later, cells in the leaflet/annulus junction mesenchyme expressing inactive NFATC1 (5.5-9 weeks) were detected, indicative of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) in valvulogenesis. At this leaflet/annulus junction, CD44(+) cells clustered during elongation (11 weeks), extending toward the tip along the fibrosal layer in second trimester leaflets. Differing patterns of maturation in the fibrosa and ventricularis were detected via increased fibrosal periostin content, which tracked the presence of the CD44(+) cells in the second trimester. We revealed that spatiotemporal NFATC1 expression actively regulates EndMT during human valvulogenesis, as early as 4 weeks. Additionally, CD44(+) cells play a role in leaflet maturation toward the trilaminar structure, possibly via migration of VECs undergoing EndMT, which subsequently ascend from the leaflet/annulus junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Linneweh
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Burger NB, Bekker MN, de Groot CJM, Christoffels VM, Haak MC. Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: a systematic review on genetic mechanisms. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Burger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N. Bekker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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12
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Ackerman C, Locke A, Feingold E, Reshey B, Espana K, Thusberg J, Mooney S, Bean L, Dooley K, Cua C, Reeves R, Sherman S, Maslen C. An excess of deleterious variants in VEGF-A pathway genes in Down-syndrome-associated atrioventricular septal defects. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:646-59. [PMID: 23040494 PMCID: PMC3484504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of people with trisomy 21 have a congenital heart defect (CHD), whereas the remainder have a structurally normal heart, demonstrating that trisomy 21 is a significant risk factor but is not causal for abnormal heart development. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) are the most commonly occurring heart defects in Down syndrome (DS), and ∼65% of all AVSD is associated with DS. We used a candidate-gene approach among individuals with DS and complete AVSD (cases = 141) and DS with no CHD (controls = 141) to determine whether rare genetic variants in genes involved in atrioventricular valvuloseptal morphogenesis contribute to AVSD in this sensitized population. We found a significant excess (p < 0.0001) of variants predicted to be deleterious in cases compared to controls. At the most stringent level of filtering, we found potentially damaging variants in nearly 20% of cases but fewer than 3% of controls. The variants with the highest probability of being damaging in cases only were found in six genes: COL6A1, COL6A2, CRELD1, FBLN2, FRZB, and GATA5. Several of the case-specific variants were recurrent in unrelated individuals, occurring in 10% of cases studied. No variants with an equal probability of being damaging were found in controls, demonstrating a highly specific association with AVSD. Of note, all of these genes are in the VEGF-A pathway, even though the candidate genes analyzed in this study represented numerous biochemical and developmental pathways, suggesting that rare variants in the VEGF-A pathway might contribute to the genetic underpinnings of AVSD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ackerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Heart Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Benjamin Reshey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Heart Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Karina Espana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Heart Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sean Mooney
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Lora J.H. Bean
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Dooley
- Sibley Heart Center Cardiology and Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Clifford L. Cua
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Roger H. Reeves
- Department of Physiology and the Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Cheryl L. Maslen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Heart Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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13
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Kim KH, Rosen A, Bruneau BG, Hui CC, Backx PH. Iroquois homeodomain transcription factors in heart development and function. Circ Res 2012; 110:1513-24. [PMID: 22628575 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.265041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cardiac transcription factors play overlapping roles in both the specification and proliferation of the cardiac tissues and chambers during heart development. It has become increasingly apparent that cardiac transcription factors also play critical roles in the regulation of expression of many functional genes in the prenatal and postnatal hearts. Accordingly, mutations of cardiac transcription factors cannot only result in congenital heart defects but also alter heart function thereby predisposing to heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. In this review, we summarize the roles of Iroquois homeobox (Irx) family of transcription factors in heart development and function. In all, 6 Irx genes are expressed with distinct and overlapping patterns in the mammalian heart. Studies in several animal models demonstrate that Irx genes are important for the establishment of ventricular chamber properties, the ventricular conduction system, as well as heterogeneity of the ventricular repolarization. The molecular mechanisms by which Irx proteins regulate gene expression and the clinical relevance of Irx functions in the heart are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Han Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Bian ZY, Huang H, Jiang H, Shen DF, Yan L, Zhu LH, Wang L, Cao F, Liu C, Tang QZ, Li H. LIM and Cysteine-Rich Domains 1 Regulates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Targeting Calcineurin/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Signaling. Hypertension 2010; 55:257-63. [PMID: 20026769 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.135665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM domain proteins are important regulators in cell growth, cell fate determination, cell differentiation, and remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton. LIM and cysteine-rich domains 1 (Lmcd1) is a novel protein that contain 2 LIM domains with regular spacing in the carboxy-terminal region. However, its roles in cardiac growth remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether Lmcd1 regulates cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used primary cultured cardiac myocytes and cardiac-specific Lmcd1 transgenic mice. In wild-type mice subjected to the aortic banding, cardiac hypertrophy was evident at 8 weeks. In transgenic mice, however, cardiac hypertrophy was significantly greater than that in wild-type mice, as estimated by heart weight:body weight ratio, cardiomyocyte area, and echocardiographic measurements, as well as cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA and protein levels. Our results further showed that cardiac fibrosis observed in wild-type aortic banding mice was augmented in transgenic aortic banding mice. Importantly, calcineurin activity and nuclear factor of activated T cells activation level were increased more in transgenic mice than those in wild-type mice after 8-week aortic banding. In vitro experiments in cardiac myocytes further revealed that angiotensin II-induced calcineurin activity and nuclear factor of activated T cells activation were enhanced by overexpression but blunted by downregulation of Lmcd1. In conclusion, our results suggest that Lmcd1 plays a critical role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy via activation of calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Yan Bian
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di-Fei Shen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Z.-Y.B., H.H., H.J., D.-F.S., L.Y., L.-H.Z., L.W., F.C., Q.-Z.T., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (C.L.), First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that acts in low-oxygen conditions. The cellular response to HIF activation is transcriptional upregulation of a large group of genes. Some target genes promote anaerobic metabolism to reduce oxygen consumption, while others "alleviate" hypoxia by acting non-cell-autonomously to extend and modify the surrounding vasculature. Although hypoxia is often thought of as being a pathological phenomenon, the mammalian embryo in fact develops in a low-oxygen environment, and in this context HIF has additional responsibilities. This review describes how low oxygen and HIF affect gene expression, cell behavior, and ultimately morphogenesis of the embryo and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Dunwoodie
- Developmental Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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16
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Blanchet B, Hurtova M, Roudot-Thoraval F, Costentin CE, Barrault C, Jouault H, Medkour F, Laurent A, Duvoux C, Hulin A. Deficiency in calcineurin activity in liver transplantation candidates with alcoholic cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2009; 29:1152-7. [PMID: 19619265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus and cyclosporin inhibits the activity of calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase that is involved in many physiological and pathological pathways. However, the baseline calcineurin phosphatase activity (CPA) measured before the transplant is unknown. In this study, we determine baseline CPA in liver transplant (LT) candidates and explore some factors that might modify it. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two consecutive LT candidates (25 men, seven women, average age 53.4 years) were included. Seven millilitres of whole blood was collected from each patient. CPA was determined in lymphocytes quantifying a dephosphorylated peptide phosphorylated previously (D-L-D-V-P-I-P-G-R-F-D-R-R-V-S-V-A-A-E) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between CPA and the quantitative variables was tested according to Pearson's correlation. A two-way analysis of variance was performed to test the independent role of categorical parameters in CPA. RESULTS The median CPA was significantly lower in LT candidates than in healthy volunteers [179.2 (146.9-226.3) vs 247.8 (220.9-292.5) pmol/min/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), respectively, P=0.0002]. CPA was also significantly lower in alcoholic cirrhosis (152.2 vs 211.1 pmol/min/10(6) PBMC, P=0.04) and in the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (152.0 vs 213.5 pmol/min/10(6) PBMC, P=0.0074) compared with other liver diseases. A two-way analysis of variance showed that these parameters were independently associated with lower CPA (P=0.05 for alcohol and P=0.0056 for HCC respectively). CONCLUSION This pilot study showed a lower CPA in patients with AC and HCC. This phenomenon may contribute towards lowering the risk of acute rejection in these patients after LT and, on the other hand, may increase the risk of de novo cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Blanchet
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Paris XII University, Créteil, France
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17
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Mazière C, Mazière JC. Activation of transcription factors and gene expression by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:127-37. [PMID: 18996472 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that oxidized LDL (OxLDL) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Many biological effects of OxLDL are mediated through signaling pathways, especially via the activation of transcription factors, which in turn stimulate the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory and oxidative stress response or in cell cycle regulation. In this review, we will discuss the various transcription factors activated by OxLDL, the studied cell types, the active compounds of the OxLDL particle, and the downstream genes when identified. Identification of the transcription factors and some of the downstream genes regulated by OxLDL has helped us understand the molecular mechanism involved in generation of the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mazière
- Biochemistry Laboratory, North Hospital, University of Picardie-Jules Verne, and INSERM, ERI 12, Amiens F-80000, France.
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18
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Liu H, Fisher SA. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha triggers an autocrine survival pathway during embryonic cardiac outflow tract remodeling. Circ Res 2008; 102:1331-9. [PMID: 18467628 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac outflow tract (OFT) of birds and mammals undergoes complex remodeling in the transition to a dual circulation. We have previously suggested a role of myocardial hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 in the apoptosis-dependent remodeling of the OFT. In the present study, we transduced recombinant adenovirus-mediated HIF-1alpha in embryonic chick OFT myocardium to test its role in OFT remodeling. HIF-1alpha reduced the prevalence of apoptosis in OFT cardiomyocytes at stages 25 and 30, as determined by lysosome accumulation and caspase-3 activity. Associated conotruncal defects included malrotation of the aorta and excessive infundibular myocardium. HIF-1 targets induced in these gain-of-function experiments included vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. To test the role of VEGF in this context, an adenovirus expressing secreted Flk1 (VEGF receptor 2) that binds and blocks VEGF signaling was targeted to the OFT myocardium. This caused increased cell death in the OFT myocardium at stages 25 and 30. Associated conotruncal heart defects included malrotation of the aorta, defects in the subpulmonic infundibulum associated with a small right ventricle, and increased OFT mesenchyme with failure of semilunar valve formation. We conclude that hypoxia signaling through HIF-1 and VEGF provides an autocrine survival signal in the developing cardiac OFT and that perturbation in this pathway causes OFT defects that model congenital human conotruncal heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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19
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Abstract
Congenital heart defects occur in nearly 1% of human live births and many are lethal if not surgically repaired. In addition, the genetic contribution to congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases that are silent at birth, but progress to cause significant disease in later life is being increasingly appreciated. Heart development and structure are highly conserved between mouse and human. The discoveries that are being made in this model system are highly relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of human heart defects whether they occus in isolation, or in the context of a syndrome. Many of the genes required for cardiovascular development were discovered fortuitously when early lethality or structural defects were observed in mouse mutants generated for other purposes, and relevant genes continue to be defined in this manner. Candidate genes for this process are being identified by their roles other species, or by their expression in pertinent tissues in mice. In this review, I will briefly summarize heart development as currently understood in the mouse, and then discuss how complementary studies in mouse and human have identified genes and pathways that are critical for normal cardiovascular development, and for maintaining the structure and function of this organ system throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Moon
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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20
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Abstract
Endothelial cells, which form the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, display remarkable heterogeneity in structure and function. This is the second of a 2-part review on the phenotypic heterogeneity of blood vessel endothelial cells. The first part discusses the scope, the underlying mechanisms, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, these principles are applied to an understanding of organ-specific phenotypes in representative vascular beds including arteries and veins, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. The goal is to underscore the importance of site-specific properties of the endothelium in mediating homeostasis and focal vascular pathology, while at the same time emphasizing the value of approaching the endothelium as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Aird
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA.
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21
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Hsieh PCH, Davis ME, Lisowski LK, Lee RT. Endothelial-cardiomyocyte interactions in cardiac development and repair. Annu Rev Physiol 2006; 68:51-66. [PMID: 16460266 PMCID: PMC2754585 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Communication between endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes regulates not only early cardiac development but also adult cardiomyocyte function, including the contractile state. In the normal mammalian myocardium, each cardiomyocyte is surrounded by an intricate network of capillaries and is next to endothelial cells. Cardiomyocytes depend on endothelial cells not only for oxygenated blood supply but also for local protective signals that promote cardiomyocyte organization and survival. While endothelial cells direct cardiomyocytes, cardiomyocytes reciprocally secrete factors that impact endothelial cell function. Understanding how endothelial cells communicate with cardiomyocytes will be critical for cardiac regeneration, in which the ultimate goal is not simply to improve systolic function transiently but to establish new myocardium that is both structurally and functionally normal in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C H Hsieh
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Martínez-Martínez S, Rodríguez A, López-Maderuelo MD, Ortega-Pérez I, Vázquez J, Redondo JM. Blockade of NFAT activation by the second calcineurin binding site. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6227-35. [PMID: 16407284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513885200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NFAT transcription factors requires their dephosphorylation by the phosphatase calcineurin (CN). NFATs contain two CN binding motifs: PxIxIT and CnBP-B/CNBR2 (which we call LxVP). Here we carry out a detailed comparative analysis of the CN binding activity displayed by the PxIxIT and LxVP sites from different NFATs. Dose-response CN binding experiments with GST fusion proteins of NFATc1 and NFATc2 showed that NFATc1 binds CN in vitro more efficiently than does NFATc2. This difference in binding appears to be caused by the different CN binding potencies of the corresponding LxVP sites; thus while the LxVPc2 peptide fused to GST did not bind CN, GST-LxVPc1 bound it more efficiently than did GST-PxIxITc1 or GST-PxIxITc2. Furthermore, an NFATc2 chimera protein containing the LxVP motif from NFATc1 interacted with CN much more potently than did wild-type NFATc2. Free peptides spanning the LxVP motifs from NFATc1, c3 or c4 displaced CN from GST-NFATc1 and GST-NFATc2 more efficiently than any PxIxIT peptide. PxIxITc2 and LxVPc1 peptides were each able to cross-compete GST-LxVPc1-CN and GST-PxIxITc2-CN binding. In contrast with PxIxITc2, the LxVP peptide not only blocked CN-NFAT binding but also inhibited CN phosphatase activity in vitro. Furthermore, exogenous LxVPc1 blocked NFATc2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in vivo. These results suggest a model in which the different CN binding characteristics of the PxIxIT and LxVP sites enable different NFAT members to influence each others activities in cells where they are co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Padma S, Sowjanya AP, Poli UR, Jain M, Rao BN, Ramakrishna G. Downregulation of calcineurin activity in cervical carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2005; 5:7. [PMID: 15801986 PMCID: PMC1087859 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Calcineurin (CaN) is an important serine-threonine phosphatase (PP2B), which plays a crucial role in calcium-calmodulin mediated signal transduction events. Calcineurin has been implicated in pathogenesis of various diseases cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic neuropathy and Alzheimer's, however its role in neoplasia remains unclear. RESULTS: In view of this we evaluated the calcineurin activity in serum and biopsy samples collected from women diagnosed with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. A significant reduction was observed in the calcineurin activity in cancer cervix patients compared to the control group. However the calcineurin activity remained unaltered in the cervical scrapes obtained from patients diagnosed with low-grade squamous intra epithelial lesions (LSIL). Interestingly the downregulation of calcineurin activity in squamous cell carcinomas was not accompanied by any significant change in DNA-binding affinity of the transcriptional factor NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells). All the squamous cell carcinoma samples used in the present study were positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the downregulation of calcineurin activity in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix with high risk HPV infection. We conclude that perturbations in calcineurin-mediated pathway may be involved in development of cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Padma
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - A Pavani Sowjanya
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - Usha Rani Poli
- M.N.J Institute of Oncology and Regional cancer centre, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | | | - BN Rao
- M.N.J Institute of Oncology and Regional cancer centre, Hyderabad, A.P, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad, A.P, India
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