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Dinevska M, Widodo SS, Cook L, Stylli SS, Ramsay RG, Mantamadiotis T. CREB: A multifaceted transcriptional regulator of neural and immune function in CNS tumors. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:140-149. [PMID: 38070619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the central nervous system (CNS) are unique with respect to their tumor microenvironment. Such a status is due to immune-privilege and the cellular behaviors within a highly networked, neural-rich milieu. During tumor development in the CNS, neural, immune and cancer cells establish complex cell-to-cell communication networks which mimic physiological functions, including paracrine signaling and synapse-like formations. This crosstalk regulates diverse pathological functions contributing to tumor progression. In the CNS, regulation of physiological and pathological functions relies on various cell signaling and transcription programs. At the core of these events lies the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB), a master transcriptional regulator in the CNS. CREB is a kinase inducible transcription factor which regulates many CNS functions, including neurogenesis, neuronal survival, neuronal activation and long-term memory. Here, we discuss how CREB-regulated mechanisms operating in diverse cell types, which control development and function of the CNS, are co-opted in CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dinevska
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel S Widodo
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and the Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Makeeva VS, Dyrkheeva NS, Lavrik OI, Zakian SM, Malakhova AA. Mutant-Huntingtin Molecular Pathways Elucidate New Targets for Drug Repurposing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16798. [PMID: 38069121 PMCID: PMC10706709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases known today is quite extensive. The complexities of their research and treatment lie not only in their diversity. Even many years of struggle and narrowly focused research on common pathologies such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other brain diseases have not brought cures for these illnesses. What can be said about orphan diseases? In particular, Huntington's disease (HD), despite affecting a smaller part of the human population, still attracts many researchers. This disorder is known to result from a mutation in the HTT gene, but having this information still does not simplify the task of drug development and studying the mechanisms of disease progression. Nonetheless, the data accumulated over the years and their analysis provide a good basis for further research. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the mechanisms of HD. We analyze genes and molecular pathways involved in HD pathogenesis to describe the action of repurposed drugs and try to find new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladlena S. Makeeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Nadezhda S. Dyrkheeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Suren M. Zakian
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Anastasia A. Malakhova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.); (S.M.Z.); (A.A.M.)
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3
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Bragg RM, Coffey SR, Cantle JP, Hu S, Singh S, Legg SR, McHugh CA, Toor A, Zeitlin SO, Kwak S, Howland D, Vogt TF, Monga SP, Carroll JB. Huntingtin loss in hepatocytes is associated with altered metabolism, adhesion, and liver zonation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302098. [PMID: 37684045 PMCID: PMC10488683 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease arises from a toxic gain of function in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. As a result, many HTT-lowering therapies are being pursued in clinical studies, including those that reduce HTT RNA and protein expression in the liver. To investigate potential impacts, we characterized molecular, cellular, and metabolic impacts of chronic HTT lowering in mouse hepatocytes. Lifelong hepatocyte HTT loss is associated with multiple physiological changes, including increased circulating bile acids, cholesterol and urea, hypoglycemia, and impaired adhesion. HTT loss causes a clear shift in the normal zonal patterns of liver gene expression, such that pericentral gene expression is reduced. These alterations in liver zonation in livers lacking HTT are observed at the transcriptional, histological, and plasma metabolite levels. We have extended these phenotypes physiologically with a metabolic challenge of acetaminophen, for which the HTT loss results in toxicity resistance. Our data reveal an unexpected role for HTT in regulating hepatic zonation, and we find that loss of HTT in hepatocytes mimics the phenotypes caused by impaired hepatic β-catenin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Bragg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cantle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Shikai Hu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Rw Legg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Cassandra A McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Amreen Toor
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Scott O Zeitlin
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
- https://ror.org/00cvxb145 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Bragg RM, Coffey SR, Cantle JP, Hu S, Singh S, Legg SR, McHugh CA, Toor A, Zeitlin SO, Kwak S, Howland D, Vogt TF, Monga SP, Carroll JB. Huntingtin loss in hepatocytes is associated with altered metabolism, adhesion, and liver zonation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.24.546334. [PMID: 37425835 PMCID: PMC10327156 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.24.546334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease arises from a toxic gain of function in the huntingtin ( HTT ) gene. As a result, many HTT-lowering therapies are being pursued in clinical studies, including those that reduce HTT RNA and protein expression in the liver. To investigate potential impacts, we characterized molecular, cellular, and metabolic impacts of chronic HTT lowering in mouse hepatocytes. Lifelong hepatocyte HTT loss is associated with multiple physiological changes, including increased circulating bile acids, cholesterol and urea, hypoglycemia, and impaired adhesion. HTT loss causes a clear shift in the normal zonal patterns of liver gene expression, such that pericentral gene expression is reduced. These alterations in liver zonation in livers lacking HTT are observed at the transcriptional, histological and plasma metabolite level. We have extended these phenotypes physiologically with a metabolic challenge of acetaminophen, for which the HTT loss results in toxicity resistance. Our data reveal an unexpected role for HTT in regulating hepatic zonation, and we find that loss of HTT in hepatocytes mimics the phenotypes caused by impaired hepatic β-catenin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Bragg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Sydney R. Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Jeffrey P. Cantle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Shikai Hu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel R.W. Legg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Cassandra A. McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Amreen Toor
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Scott O. Zeitlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | | | | | | | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499
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5
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Li K, Wang Z. lncRNA NEAT1: Key player in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101878. [PMID: 36738893 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the most common causes of disability worldwide. Given their high prevalence, devastating symptoms, and lack of definitive diagnostic tests, there is an urgent need to identify potential biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as powerful regulatory molecules in neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to be upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether this is part of a protective or harmful mechanism is still unclear. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of NEAT1 in neurodegenerative diseases and its association with the characteristic aggregation of misfolded proteins: amyloid-β and tau in AD, α-synuclein in PD, mutant huntingtin in HD, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma in ALS. The aim of this review is to stimulate further research on more precise and effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China; Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China.
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6
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Bhat SA, Ahamad S, Dar NJ, Siddique YH, Nazir A. The Emerging Landscape of Natural Small-molecule Therapeutics for Huntington's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:867-889. [PMID: 36797612 PMCID: PMC10227909 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no diseasemodifying therapeutics. HD is characterized by extensive neuronal loss and is caused by the inherited expansion of the huntingtin (HTT) gene that encodes a toxic mutant HTT (mHTT) protein having expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) residues. Current HD therapeutics only offer symptomatic relief. In fact, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two synthetic small-molecule VMAT2 inhibitors, tetrabenazine (1) and deutetrabenazine (2), for managing HD chorea and various other diseases in clinical trials. Therefore, the landscape of drug discovery programs for HD is evolving to discover disease- modifying HD therapeutics. Likewise, numerous natural products are being evaluated at different stages of clinical development and have shown the potential to ameliorate HD pathology. The inherent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of natural products mitigate the mHTT-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, improve mitochondrial functions, and augment the anti-apoptotic and pro-autophagic mechanisms for increased survival of neurons in HD. In this review, we have discussed HD pathogenesis and summarized the anti-HD clinical and pre-clinical natural products, focusing on their therapeutic effects and neuroprotective mechanism/s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Nawab John Dar
- School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas, TX, USA
| | | | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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7
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Molecular Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Huntington's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061432. [PMID: 35740453 PMCID: PMC9219859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease described 150 years ago by George Huntington. The genetic defect was identified in 1993 to be an expanded CAG repeat on exon 1 of the huntingtin gene located on chromosome 4. In the following almost 30 years, a considerable amount of research, using mainly animal models or in vitro experiments, has tried to unravel the complex molecular cascades through which the transcription of the mutant protein leads to neuronal loss, especially in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum, and identified excitotoxicity, transcriptional dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis, altered axonal trafficking and reduced availability of trophic factors to be crucial contributors. This review discusses the pathogenic cascades described in the literature through which mutant huntingtin leads to neuronal demise. However, due to the ubiquitous presence of huntingtin, astrocytes are also dysfunctional, and neuroinflammation may additionally contribute to Huntington’s disease pathology. The quest for therapies to delay the onset and reduce the rate of Huntington’s disease progression is ongoing, but is based on findings from basic research.
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Pradhan S, Gao R, Bush K, Zhang N, Wairkar YP, Sarkar PS. Polyglutamine Expansion in Huntingtin and Mechanism of DNA Damage Repair Defects in Huntington’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837576. [PMID: 35444517 PMCID: PMC9013776 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that DNA repair deficiency and genome instability may be the impending signs of many neurological diseases. Genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have established a strong correlation between genes that play a role in DNA damage repair and many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD), and several other trinucleotides repeat expansion-related hereditary ataxias. Recently, many reports have documented a significant role played by the DNA repair processes in aging and in modifying many neurodegenerative diseases, early during their progression. Studies from our lab and others have now begun to understand the mechanisms that cause defective DNA repair in HD and surprisingly, many proteins that have a strong link to known neurodegenerative diseases seem to be important players in these cellular pathways. Mutations in huntingtin (HTT) gene that lead to polyglutamine repeat expansion at the N-terminal of HTT protein has been shown to disrupt transcription-coupled DNA repair process, a specialized DNA repair process associated with transcription. Due to the recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of DNA repair in relation to HD, in this review, we will mainly focus on the mechanisms by which the wild-type huntingtin (HTT) protein helps in DNA repair during transcription, and the how polyglutamine expansions in HTT impedes this process in HD. Further studies that identify new players in DNA repair will help in our understanding of this process in neurons. Furthermore, it should help us understand how various DNA repair mechanism(s) coordinate to maintain the normal physiology of neurons, and provide insights for the development of novel drugs at prodromal stages of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keegan Bush
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yogesh P. Wairkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Partha S. Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Partha S. Sarkar,
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9
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Cooper DG, Jiang Y, Skuodas S, Wang L, Fassler JS. Possible Role for Allelic Variation in Yeast MED15 in Ecological Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:741572. [PMID: 34733258 PMCID: PMC8558680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity for Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to ferment sugars into ethanol and CO2 has long been useful in the production of a wide range of food and drink. In the production of alcoholic beverages, the yeast strain selected for fermentation is crucial because not all strains are equally proficient in tolerating fermentation stresses. One potential mechanism by which domesticated yeast may have adapted to fermentation stresses is through changes in the expression of stress response genes. MED15 is a general transcriptional regulator and RNA Pol II Mediator complex subunit which modulates the expression of many metabolic and stress response genes. In this study, we explore the role of MED15 in alcoholic fermentation. In addition, we ask whether MED15 alleles from wine, sake or palm wine yeast improve fermentation activity and grape juice fermentation stress responses. And last, we investigate to what extent any differences in activity are due to allelic differences in the lengths of three polyglutamine tracts in MED15. We find that strains lacking MED15 are deficient in fermentation and fermentation stress responses and that MED15 alleles from alcoholic beverage yeast strains can improve both the fermentation capacity and the response to ethanol stresses when transplanted into a standard laboratory strain. Finally, we find that polyglutamine tract length in the Med15 protein is one determinant in the efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation process. These data lead to a working model in which polyglutamine tract length and other types of variability within transcriptional hubs like the Mediator subunit, Med15, may contribute to a reservoir of transcriptional profiles that may provide a fitness benefit in the face of environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cooper
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yishuo Jiang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sydney Skuodas
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Luying Wang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jan S Fassler
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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10
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Isoform-Specific Reduction of the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor TCF4 Levels in Huntington's Disease. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0197-21.2021. [PMID: 34518368 PMCID: PMC8519306 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0197-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder with onset of characteristic motor symptoms at midlife, preceded by subtle cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Transcriptional dysregulation emerges early in the disease course and is considered central to HD pathogenesis. Using wild-type (wt) and HD knock-in mouse striatal cell lines we observed a HD genotype-dependent reduction in the protein levels of transcription factor 4 (TCF4), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family with critical roles in brain development and function. We characterized mouse Tcf4 gene structure and expression of alternative mRNAs and protein isoforms in cell-based models of HD, and in four different brain regions of male transgenic HD mice (R6/1) from young to mature adulthood. The largest decrease in the levels of TCF4 at mRNA and specific protein isoforms were detected in the R6/1 mouse hippocampus. Translating this finding to human disease, we found reduced expression of long TCF4 isoforms in the postmortem hippocampal CA1 area and in the cerebral cortex of HD patients. Additionally, TCF4 protein isoforms showed differential synergism with the proneural transcription factor ASCL1 in activating reporter gene transcription in hippocampal and cortical cultured neurons. Induction of neuronal activity increased these synergistic effects in hippocampal but not in cortical neurons, suggesting brain region-dependent differences in TCF4 functions. Collectively, this study demonstrates isoform-specific changes in TCF4 expression in HD that could contribute to the progressive impairment of transcriptional regulation and neuronal function in this disease.
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Burrus CJ, McKinstry SU, Kim N, Ozlu MI, Santoki AV, Fang FY, Ma A, Karadeniz YB, Worthington AK, Dragatsis I, Zeitlin S, Yin HH, Eroglu C. Striatal Projection Neurons Require Huntingtin for Synaptic Connectivity and Survival. Cell Rep 2021; 30:642-657.e6. [PMID: 31968243 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an autosomal dominant polyglutamine expansion mutation of Huntingtin (HTT). HD patients suffer from progressive motor, cognitive, and psychiatric impairments, along with significant degeneration of the striatal projection neurons (SPNs) of the striatum. HD is widely accepted to be caused by a toxic gain-of-function of mutant HTT. However, whether loss of HTT function, because of dominant-negative effects of the mutant protein, plays a role in HD and whether HTT is required for SPN health and function are not known. Here, we delete Htt from specific subpopulations of SPNs using the Cre-Lox system and find that SPNs require HTT for motor regulation, synaptic development, cell health, and survival during aging. Our results suggest that loss of HTT function in SPNs could play a critical role in HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley J Burrus
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Spencer U McKinstry
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Ilcim Ozlu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aditya V Santoki
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Francia Y Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Annie Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yonca B Karadeniz
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Atesh K Worthington
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ioannis Dragatsis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Scott Zeitlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Epigenomic Remodeling in Huntington's Disease-Master or Servant? EPIGENOMES 2020; 4:epigenomes4030015. [PMID: 34968288 PMCID: PMC8594700 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes4030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of our aging population, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming a tremendous challenge, that modern societies have to face. They represent incurable, progressive conditions with diverse and complex pathological features, followed by catastrophic occurrences of massive neuronal loss at the later stages of the diseases. Some of these disorders, like Huntington’s disease (HD), rely on defined genetic factors. HD, as an incurable, fatal hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by its mid-life onset, is caused by the expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats coding for glutamine (Q) in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. Apart from the genetic defect, environmental factors are thought to influence the risk, onset and progression of HD. As epigenetic mechanisms are known to readily respond to environmental stimuli, they are proposed to play a key role in HD pathogenesis. Indeed, dynamic epigenomic remodeling is observed in HD patients and in brains of HD animal models. Epigenetic signatures, such as DNA methylation, histone variants and modifications, are known to influence gene expression and to orchestrate various aspects of neuronal physiology. Hence, deciphering their implication in HD pathogenesis might open up new paths for novel therapeutic concepts, which are discussed in this review.
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13
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Tabassum R, Jeong NY, Jung J. Therapeutic importance of hydrogen sulfide in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:653-662. [PMID: 31638087 PMCID: PMC6975154 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that acts as an antioxidant and exhibits a wide variety of cytoprotective and physiological functions in age-associated diseases. One of the major causes of age-related diseases is oxidative stress. In recent years, the importance of H2S has become clear, although its antioxidant function has not yet been fully explored. The enzymes cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lya-se, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase are involved in the enzymatic production of H2S. Previously, H2S was considered a neuromodulator, given its role in long-term hippocampal potentiation, but it is now also recognized as an antioxidant in age-related neurodegeneration. Due to aerobic metabolism, the central nervous system is vulnerable to oxidative stress in brain aging, resulting in age-associated degenerative diseases. H2S exerts its antioxidant effect by limiting free radical reactions through the activation of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which protect against the effects of aging by regulating apoptosis-related genes, including p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. This review explores the implications and mechanisms of H2S as an antioxidant in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubaiya Tabassum
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Na Young Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Wanker EE, Ast A, Schindler F, Trepte P, Schnoegl S. The pathobiology of perturbed mutant huntingtin protein-protein interactions in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 151:507-519. [PMID: 31418858 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations are at the root of many human diseases. Still, we largely do not exactly understand how they trigger pathogenesis. One, more recent, hypothesis has been that they comprehensively perturb protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and significantly alter key biological processes. Under this premise, many rare genetic disorders with Mendelian inheritance, like Huntington's disease and several spinocerebellar ataxias, are likely to be caused by complex genotype-phenotype relationships involving abnormal PPIs. These altered PPI networks and their effects on cellular pathways are poorly understood at the molecular level. In this review, we focus on PPIs that are perturbed by the expanded pathogenic polyglutamine tract in huntingtin (HTT), the protein which, in its mutated form, leads to the autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative Huntington's disease. One aspect of perturbed mutant HTT interactions is the formation of abnormal protein species such as fibrils or large neuronal inclusions as a result of homotypic and heterotypic aberrant molecular interactions. This review focuses on abnormal PPIs that are associated with the assembly of mutant HTT aggregates in cells and their potential relevance in disease. Furthermore, the mechanisms and pathobiological processes that may contribute to phenotype development, neuronal dysfunction and toxicity in Huntington's disease brains are also discussed. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich E Wanker
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Ast
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schindler
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Trepte
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schnoegl
- Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Ryskamp DA, Korban S, Zhemkov V, Kraskovskaya N, Bezprozvanny I. Neuronal Sigma-1 Receptors: Signaling Functions and Protective Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:862. [PMID: 31551669 PMCID: PMC6736580 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a multi-functional, ligand-operated protein situated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and changes in its function and/or expression have been associated with various neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's (AD) and Huntington's diseases (HD). S1R agonists are broadly neuroprotective and this is achieved through a diversity of S1R-mediated signaling functions that are generally pro-survival and anti-apoptotic; yet, relatively little is known regarding the exact mechanisms of receptor functioning at the molecular level. This review summarizes therapeutically relevant mechanisms by which S1R modulates neurophysiology and implements neuroprotective functions in neurodegenerative diseases. These mechanisms are diverse due to the fact that S1R can bind to and modulate a large range of client proteins, including many ion channels in both ER and plasma membranes. We summarize the effect of S1R on its interaction partners and consider some of the cell type- and disease-specific aspects of these actions. Besides direct protein interactions in the endoplasmic reticulum, S1R is likely to function at the cellular/interorganellar level by altering the activity of several plasmalemmal ion channels through control of trafficking, which may help to reduce excitotoxicity. Moreover, S1R is situated in lipid rafts where it binds cholesterol and regulates lipid and protein trafficking and calcium flux at the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) domain. This may have important implications for MAM stability and function in neurodegenerative diseases as well as cellular bioenergetics. We also summarize the structural and biochemical features of S1R proposed to underlie its activity. In conclusion, S1R is incredibly versatile in its ability to foster neuronal homeostasis in the context of several neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ryskamp
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Korban
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zhemkov
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nina Kraskovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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16
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van Well EM, Bader V, Patra M, Sánchez-Vicente A, Meschede J, Furthmann N, Schnack C, Blusch A, Longworth J, Petrasch-Parwez E, Mori K, Arzberger T, Trümbach D, Angersbach L, Showkat C, Sehr DA, Berlemann LA, Goldmann P, Clement AM, Behl C, Woerner AC, Saft C, Wurst W, Haass C, Ellrichmann G, Gold R, Dittmar G, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF. A protein quality control pathway regulated by linear ubiquitination. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100730. [PMID: 30886048 PMCID: PMC6484417 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. Insights into protein quality control mechanisms to prevent neuronal dysfunction and cell death are crucial in developing causal therapies. Here, we report that various disease-associated protein aggregates are modified by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). HOIP, the catalytic component of LUBAC, is recruited to misfolded Huntingtin in a p97/VCP-dependent manner, resulting in the assembly of linear polyubiquitin. As a consequence, the interactive surface of misfolded Huntingtin species is shielded from unwanted interactions, for example with the low complexity sequence domain-containing transcription factor Sp1, and proteasomal degradation of misfolded Huntingtin is facilitated. Notably, all three core LUBAC components are transcriptionally regulated by Sp1, linking defective LUBAC expression to Huntington's disease. In support of a protective activity of linear ubiquitination, silencing of OTULIN, a deubiquitinase with unique specificity for linear polyubiquitin, decreases proteotoxicity, whereas silencing of HOIP has the opposite effect. These findings identify linear ubiquitination as a protein quality control mechanism and hence a novel target for disease-modifying strategies in proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M van Well
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Patra
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez-Vicente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Meschede
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikolas Furthmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cathrin Schnack
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alina Blusch
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joseph Longworth
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - Kohji Mori
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lena Angersbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cathrin Showkat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik A Sehr
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lena A Berlemann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Goldmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Albrecht M Clement
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas C Woerner
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carsten Saft
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Developmental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Gao R, Chakraborty A, Geater C, Pradhan S, Gordon KL, Snowden J, Yuan S, Dickey AS, Choudhary S, Ashizawa T, Ellerby LM, La Spada AR, Thompson LM, Hazra TK, Sarkar PS. Mutant huntingtin impairs PNKP and ATXN3, disrupting DNA repair and transcription. eLife 2019; 8:42988. [PMID: 30994454 PMCID: PMC6529219 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How huntingtin (HTT) triggers neurotoxicity in Huntington's disease (HD) remains unclear. We report that HTT forms a transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR) complex with RNA polymerase II subunit A (POLR2A), ataxin-3, the DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide-kinase-3'-phosphatase (PNKP), and cyclic AMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein (CBP). This complex senses and facilitates DNA damage repair during transcriptional elongation, but its functional integrity is impaired by mutant HTT. Abrogated PNKP activity results in persistent DNA break accumulation, preferentially in actively transcribed genes, and aberrant activation of DNA damage-response ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) signaling in HD transgenic mouse and cell models. A concomitant decrease in Ataxin-3 activity facilitates CBP ubiquitination and degradation, adversely impacting transcription and DNA repair. Increasing PNKP activity in mutant cells improves genome integrity and cell survival. These findings suggest a potential molecular mechanism of how mutant HTT activates DNA damage-response pro-degenerative pathways and impairs transcription, triggering neurotoxicity and functional decline in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Charlene Geater
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Subrata Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Kara L Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Jeffrey Snowden
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Subo Yuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Audrey S Dickey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Genetics, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, United States
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, United States
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, United States
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Partha S Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
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18
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Santos D, Coelho T, Alves-Ferreira M, Sequeiros J, Mendonça D, Alonso I, Sousa A, Lemos C. Large normal alleles of ATXN2
decrease age at onset in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy Val30Met patients. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:251-258. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Teresa Coelho
- UCA, Unidade Corino de Andrade; Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP)
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Denisa Mendonça
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
- ISPUP, Instituto de Saúde Pública; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Alda Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
| | - Carolina Lemos
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto
- UnIGENe, IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; Universidade do Porto
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto
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19
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de Diego AMG, García AG. Altered exocytosis in chromaffin cells from mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13090. [PMID: 29742321 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells from the adrenal gland (CCs) have extensively been used to explore the molecular structure and function of the exocytotic machinery, neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission. The CC is integrated in the sympathoadrenal axis that helps the body maintain homoeostasis during both routine life and in acute stress conditions. This function is exquisitely controlled by the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. We propose the hypothesis that damage undergone by the brain during neurodegenerative diseases is also affecting the neurosecretory function of adrenal medullary CCs. In this context, we review here the following themes: (i) How the discharge of catecholamines is centrally and peripherally regulated at the sympathoadrenal axis; (ii) which are the intricacies of the amperometric techniques used to study the quantal release of single-vesicle exocytotic events; (iii) which are the alterations of the exocytotic fusion pore so far reported, in CCs of mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases; (iv) how some proteins linked to neurodegenerative pathologies affect the kinetics of exocytotic events; (v) finally, we try to integrate available data into a hypothesis to explain how the centrally originated neurodegenerative diseases may alter the kinetics of single-vesicle exocytotic events in peripheral adrenal medullary CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. García de Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- DNS Neuroscience; Parque Científico de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - A. García García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- DNS Neuroscience; Parque Científico de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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20
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Mollica PA, Zamponi M, Reid JA, Sharma DK, White AE, Ogle RC, Bruno RD, Sachs PC. Epigenetic alterations mediate iPSC-induced normalization of DNA repair gene expression and TNR stability in Huntington's disease cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215343. [PMID: 29898922 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion within the HTT gene. The mechanisms underlying HD-associated cellular dysfunction in pluripotency and neurodevelopment are poorly understood. We had previously identified downregulation of selected DNA repair genes in HD fibroblasts relative to wild-type fibroblasts, as a result of promoter hypermethylation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hypomethylation during cellular reprogramming to the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state leads to upregulation of DNA repair genes and stabilization of TNRs in HD cells. We sought to determine how the HD TNR region is affected by global epigenetic changes through cellular reprogramming and early neurodifferentiation. We find that early stage HD-affected neural stem cells (HD-NSCs) contain increased levels of global 5-hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) and normalized DNA repair gene expression. We confirm TNR stability is induced in iPSCs, and maintained in HD-NSCs. We also identify that upregulation of 5-hmC increases ten-eleven translocation 1 and 2 (TET1/2) protein levels, and show their knockdown leads to a corresponding decrease in the expression of select DNA repair genes. We further confirm decreased expression of TET1/2-regulating miR-29 family members in HD-NSCs. Our findings demonstrate that mechanisms associated with pluripotency induction lead to a recovery in the expression of select DNA repair gene and stabilize pathogenic TNRs in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Mollica
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Martina Zamponi
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - John A Reid
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Deepak K Sharma
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Alyson E White
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Roy C Ogle
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Robert D Bruno
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Patrick C Sachs
- Department of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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21
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Xiang C, Zhang S, Dong X, Ma S, Cong S. Transcriptional Dysregulation and Post-translational Modifications in Polyglutamine Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:153. [PMID: 29867345 PMCID: PMC5962650 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are hereditary neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat in the coding region of their respective associated genes. PolyQ diseases mainly display progressive degeneration of the brain and spinal cord. Nine polyQ diseases are known, including Huntington's disease (HD), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and six forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). HD is the best characterized polyQ disease. Many studies have reported that transcriptional dysregulation and post-translational disruptions, which may interact with each other, are central features of polyQ diseases. Post-translational modifications, such as the acetylation of histones, are closely associated with the regulation of the transcriptional activity. A number of groups have studied the interactions between the polyQ proteins and transcription factors. Pharmacological drugs or genetic manipulations aimed at correcting the dysregulation have been confirmed to be effective in the treatment of polyQ diseases in many animal and cellular models. For example, histone deaceylase inhibitors have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in cases of HD, SBMA, DRPLA, and SCA3. In this review, we describe the transcriptional and post-translational dysregulation in polyQ diseases with special focus on HD, and we summarize and comment on potential treatment approaches targeting disruption of transcription and post-translation processes in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Conformation Polymorphism of Polyglutamine Proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:424-435. [PMID: 29636213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches within endogenous proteins cause at least nine human diseases. The structural basis of polyQ pathogenesis is the key to understanding fundamental mechanisms of these diseases, but it remains unclear and controversial due to a lack of polyQ protein structures at the single-atom level. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the structure-cytotoxicity relationship of pathogenic proteins with polyQ expansion, largely based on indirect evidence. Here we review these hypotheses and their supporting evidence, along with additional insights from recent structural biology and chemical biology studies, with a focus on Huntingtin (HTT), the most extensively studied polyQ disease protein. Lastly, we propose potential novel strategies that may further clarify the conformation-cytotoxicity relationship of polyQ proteins.
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Chung CG, Kwon MJ, Jeon KH, Hyeon DY, Han MH, Park JH, Cha IJ, Cho JH, Kim K, Rho S, Kim GR, Jeong H, Lee JW, Kim T, Kim K, Kim KP, Ehlers MD, Hwang D, Lee SB. Golgi Outpost Synthesis Impaired by Toxic Polyglutamine Proteins Contributes to Dendritic Pathology in Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 20:356-369. [PMID: 28700938 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite aberration is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases caused by protein toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we show that nuclear polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity resulted in defective terminal dendrite elongation accompanied by a loss of Golgi outposts (GOPs) and a decreased supply of plasma membrane (PM) in Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (da) (C4 da) neurons. mRNA sequencing revealed that genes downregulated by polyQ proteins included many secretory pathway-related genes, including COPII genes regulating GOP synthesis. Transcription factor enrichment analysis identified CREB3L1/CrebA, which regulates COPII gene expression. CrebA overexpression in C4 da neurons restores the dysregulation of COPII genes, GOP synthesis, and PM supply. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR revealed that CrebA expression is regulated by CREB-binding protein (CBP), which is sequestered by polyQ proteins. Furthermore, co-overexpression of CrebA and Rac1 synergistically restores the polyQ-induced dendrite pathology. Collectively, our results suggest that GOPs impaired by polyQ proteins contribute to dendrite pathology through the CBP-CrebA-COPII pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jee Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hye Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Hyeon
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hoon Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyang Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Cha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunhyung Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangchul Rho
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Ree Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobin Jeong
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeSoo Kim
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Keetae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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Jovanović M, Ćupurdija M, Nikodijević D, Milutinović M, Cvetković D, Rakobradović J, Marković S. Effects of royal jelly on energy status and expression of apoptosis and biotransformation genes in normal fibroblast and colon cancer cells. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci1840175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Jimenez-Sanchez M, Licitra F, Underwood BR, Rubinsztein DC. Huntington's Disease: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024240. [PMID: 27940602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Despite its well-defined genetic origin, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease are unclear and complex. Here, we review some of the currently known functions of the wild-type huntingtin protein and discuss the deleterious effects that arise from the expansion of the CAG repeats, which are translated into an abnormally long polyglutamine tract. Finally, we outline some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to slow down the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R Underwood
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Beechcroft, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) as an inherited neurodegenerative disorder leads to neuronal loss in striatum. Progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbance are the main clinical symptoms of the HD. This disease is caused by expansion of the CAG repeats in exon 1 of the huntingtin which encodes Huntingtin protein (Htt). Various cellular and molecular events play role in the pathology of HD. Mitochondria as important organelles play crucial roles in the most of neurodegenerative disorders like HD. Critical roles of the mitochondria in neurons are ATP generation, Ca2+ buffering, ROS generation, and antioxidant activity. Neurons as high-demand energy cells closely related to function, maintenance, and dynamic of mitochondria. In the most neurological disorders, mitochondrial activities and dynamic are disrupted which associate with high ROS level, low ATP generation, and apoptosis. Accumulation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) during this disease may evoke mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we review recent findings to support this hypothesis that mHtt could cause mitochondrial defects. In addition, by focusing normal huntingtin functions in neurons, we purpose mitochondria and Huntingtin association in normal condition. Moreover, mHtt affects various cellular signaling which ends up to mitochondrial biogenesis. So, it could be a potential candidate to decline ATP level in HD. We conclude how mitochondrial biogenesis plays a central role in the neuronal survival and activity and how mHtt affects mitochondrial trafficking, maintenance, integrity, function, dynamics, and hemostasis and makes neurons vulnerable to degeneration in HD.
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Baronchelli S, La Spada A, Ntai A, Barbieri A, Conforti P, Jotti GS, Redaelli S, Bentivegna A, De Blasio P, Biunno I. Epigenetic and transcriptional modulation of WDR5, a chromatin remodeling protein, in Huntington's disease human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:46-57. [PMID: 28476540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) changes are of increasing relevance to neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). We performed genome-wide screening of possible DNAm changes occurring during striatal differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a HD patient (HD-hiPSCs) as cellular model. We identified 240 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at promoters in fully differentiated HD-hiPSCs. Subsequently, we focused on the methylation differences in a subcluster of genes related to Jumonji Domain Containing 3 (JMJD3), a demethylase that epigenetically regulates neuronal differentiation and activates neuronal progenitor associated genes, which are indispensable for neuronal fate acquisition. Noticeably among these genes, WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) promoter was found hypermethylated in HD-hiPSCs, resulting in a significant down-modulation in its expression and of the encoded protein. A similar WDR5 expression decrease was seen in a small series of HD-hiPSC lines characterized by different CAG length. The decrease in WDR5 expression was particularly evident in HD-hiPSCs compared to hESCs and control-hiPSCs from healthy subjects. WDR5 is a core component of the MLL/SET1 chromatin remodeling complexes essential for H3K4me3, previously reported to play an important role in stem cells self-renewal and differentiation. These results suggest the existence of epigenetic mechanisms in HD and the identification of genes, which are able to modulate HD phenotype, is important both for biomarker discovery and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baronchelli
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto La Spada
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Ntai
- Integrated Systems Engineering Srl, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conforti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan and Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Padiglione Invernizzi, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Saccani Jotti
- Department of Biological Science, Biotechnology and Translational - S.Bi.Bi.T., University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Redaelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Milan, Italy; NeuroMI, Milan Center of Neuroscience, via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Blasio
- Integrated Systems Engineering Srl, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Ida Biunno
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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Ament SA, Pearl JR, Grindeland A, St. Claire J, Earls JC, Kovalenko M, Gillis T, Mysore J, Gusella JF, Lee JM, Kwak S, Howland D, Lee MY, Baxter D, Scherler K, Wang K, Geman D, Carroll JB, MacDonald ME, Carlson G, Wheeler VC, Price ND, Hood LE. High resolution time-course mapping of early transcriptomic, molecular and cellular phenotypes in Huntington's disease CAG knock-in mice across multiple genetic backgrounds. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:913-922. [PMID: 28334820 PMCID: PMC6075528 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the HTT gene. In addition to the length of the CAG expansion, factors such as genetic background have been shown to contribute to the age at onset of neurological symptoms. A central challenge in understanding the disease progression that leads from the HD mutation to massive cell death in the striatum is the ability to characterize the subtle and early functional consequences of the CAG expansion longitudinally. We used dense time course sampling between 4 and 20 postnatal weeks to characterize early transcriptomic, molecular and cellular phenotypes in the striatum of six distinct knock-in mouse models of the HD mutation. We studied the effects of the HttQ111 allele on the C57BL/6J, CD-1, FVB/NCr1, and 129S2/SvPasCrl genetic backgrounds, and of two additional alleles, HttQ92 and HttQ50, on the C57BL/6J background. We describe the emergence of a transcriptomic signature in HttQ111/+ mice involving hundreds of differentially expressed genes and changes in diverse molecular pathways. We also show that this time course spanned the onset of mutant huntingtin nuclear localization phenotypes and somatic CAG-length instability in the striatum. Genetic background strongly influenced the magnitude and age at onset of these effects. This work provides a foundation for understanding the earliest transcriptional and molecular changes contributing to HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A. Ament
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jocelynn R. Pearl
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jason St. Claire
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John C. Earls
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marina Kovalenko
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Mysore
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Kwak
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donald Geman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vanessa C. Wheeler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Protect Against Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2776-2794. [PMID: 28123081 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2006-14.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional deregulation and changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) dysfunction, have been described in Huntington's disease (HD). We showed previously that the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) trichostatin A and sodium butyrate (SB) ameliorate mitochondrial function in cells expressing mutant huntingtin. In this work, we investigated the effect of HDACIs on the regulation of PDH activity in striatal cells derived from HD knock-in mice and YAC128 mice. Mutant cells exhibited decreased PDH activity and increased PDH E1alpha phosphorylation/inactivation, accompanied by enhanced protein levels of PDH kinases 1 and 3 (PDK1 and PDK3). Exposure to dichloroacetate, an inhibitor of PDKs, increased mitochondrial respiration and decreased production of reactive oxygen species in mutant cells, emphasizing PDH as an interesting therapeutic target in HD. Treatment with SB and sodium phenylbutyrate, another HDACI, recovered cell viability and overall mitochondrial metabolism in mutant cells. Exposure to SB also suppressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) stabilization and decreased the transcription of the two most abundant PDK isoforms, PDK2 and PDK3, culminating in increased PDH activation in mutant cells. Concordantly, PDK3 knockdown improved mitochondrial function, emphasizing the role of PDK3 inactivation on the positive effects achieved by SB treatment. YAC128 mouse brain presented higher mRNA levels of PDK1-3 and PDH phosphorylation and decreased energy levels that were significantly ameliorated after SB treatment. Furthermore, enhanced motor learning and coordination were observed in SB-treated YAC128 mice. These results suggest that HDACIs, particularly SB, promote the activity of PDH in the HD brain, helping to counteract HD-related deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics and motor function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present work provides a better understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington's disease (HD) by showing that the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a promising therapeutic target. In particular, the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (SB) may indirectly (through reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha stabilization) decrease the expression of the most abundant PDH kinase isoforms (e.g., PDK3), ameliorating PDH activity and mitochondrial metabolism and further affecting motor behavior in HD mice, thus constituting a promising agent for HD neuroprotective treatment.
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Krench M, Littleton J. Neurotoxicity Pathways in Drosophila Models of the Polyglutamine Disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 121:201-223. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li L, Liu H, Dong P, Li D, Legant WR, Grimm JB, Lavis LD, Betzig E, Tjian R, Liu Z. Real-time imaging of Huntingtin aggregates diverting target search and gene transcription. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27484239 PMCID: PMC4972539 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presumptive altered dynamics of transient molecular interactions in vivo contributing to neurodegenerative diseases have remained elusive. Here, using single-molecule localization microscopy, we show that disease-inducing Huntingtin (mHtt) protein fragments display three distinct dynamic states in living cells - 1) fast diffusion, 2) dynamic clustering and 3) stable aggregation. Large, stable aggregates of mHtt exclude chromatin and form 'sticky' decoy traps that impede target search processes of key regulators involved in neurological disorders. Functional domain mapping based on super-resolution imaging reveals an unexpected role of aromatic amino acids in promoting protein-mHtt aggregate interactions. Genome-wide expression analysis and numerical simulation experiments suggest mHtt aggregates reduce transcription factor target site sampling frequency and impair critical gene expression programs in striatal neurons. Together, our results provide insights into how mHtt dynamically forms aggregates and disrupts the finely-balanced gene control mechanisms in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,LKS Bio-medical and Health Sciences Center, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Peng Dong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Jonathan B Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,Transcription Imaging Consortium, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Robert Tjian
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,LKS Bio-medical and Health Sciences Center, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Transcription Imaging Consortium, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Zhe Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States.,Transcription Imaging Consortium, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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32
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Transcriptional control of amino acid homeostasis is disrupted in Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8843-8. [PMID: 27436896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608264113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in amino acid metabolism, which have been observed in Huntington's disease (HD), may account for the profound inanition of HD patients. HD is triggered by an expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin (Htt), impacting diverse cellular processes, ranging from transcriptional regulation to cognitive and motor functions. We show here that the master regulator of amino acid homeostasis, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), is dysfunctional in HD because of oxidative stress contributed by aberrant cysteine biosynthesis and transport. Consistent with these observations, antioxidant supplementation reverses the disordered ATF4 response to nutrient stress. Our findings establish a molecular link between amino acid disposition and oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity. This signaling cascade may be relevant to other diseases involving redox imbalance and deficits in amino acid metabolism.
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Karnati HK, Panigrahi MK, Gutti RK, Greig NH, Tamargo IA. miRNAs: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epilepsy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:563-80. [PMID: 26402105 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, ∼22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA dysregulation has been observed in cancer and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the neurological disorder, epilepsy. Neuronal degradation and death are important hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, abnormalities in metabolism, synapsis and axonal transport have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. A number of recently published studies have demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the nervous system and have contributed to the growing body of evidence on miRNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. Knowledge of the expressions and activities of such miRNAs may aid in the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the significance of miRNA dysregulation in the development of neurodegenerative disorders and the use of miRNAs as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Krzyżosiak A, Ye T, Podleśny-Drabiniok A, Dembélé D, Dollé P, Krężel W. Genome-wide Analysis of RARβ Transcriptional Targets in Mouse Striatum Links Retinoic Acid Signaling with Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3859-3878. [PMID: 27405468 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RARs), known for its multiple developmental functions, emerged more recently as an important regulator of adult brain physiology. How RAR-mediated regulation is achieved is poorly known, partly due to the paucity of information on critical target genes in the brain. Also, it is not clear how reduced RA signaling may contribute to pathophysiology of diverse neuropsychiatric disorders. We report the first genome-wide analysis of RAR transcriptional targets in the brain. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of RARβ-null mutant mice, we identified genomic targets of RARβ in the striatum. Characterization of RARβ transcriptional targets in the mouse striatum points to mechanisms through which RAR may control brain functions and display neuroprotective activity. Namely, our data indicate with statistical significance (FDR 0.1) a strong contribution of RARβ in controlling neurotransmission, energy metabolism, and transcription, with a particular involvement of G-protein coupled receptor (p = 5.0e-5), cAMP (p = 4.5e-4), and calcium signaling (p = 3.4e-3). Many identified RARβ target genes related to these pathways have been implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease (HD), raising the possibility that compromised RA signaling in the striatum may be a mechanistic link explaining the similar affective and cognitive symptoms in these diseases. The RARβ transcriptional targets were particularly enriched for transcripts affected in HD. Using the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD, we show that partial sequestration of RARβ in huntingtin protein aggregates may account for reduced RA signaling reported in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnieszka Krzyżosiak
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tao Ye
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna Podleśny-Drabiniok
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Doulaye Dembélé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France. .,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France. .,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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35
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Mollica PA, Reid JA, Ogle RC, Sachs PC, Bruno RD. DNA Methylation Leads to DNA Repair Gene Down-Regulation and Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion in Patient-Derived Huntington Disease Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1967-1976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Tatsukawa H, Furutani Y, Hitomi K, Kojima S. Transglutaminase 2 has opposing roles in the regulation of cellular functions as well as cell growth and death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2244. [PMID: 27253408 PMCID: PMC5143380 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is primarily known as the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinking activity; however, this enzyme exhibits multiple additional functions through GTPase, cell adhesion, protein disulfide isomerase, kinase, and scaffold activities and is associated with cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. TG2 is found in the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, cytosol, mitochondria, recycling endosomes, and nucleus, and its subcellular localization is an important determinant of its function. Depending upon the cell type and stimuli, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activities, playing both anti- and pro-apoptotic roles. Increasing evidence indicates that the GTP-bound form of the enzyme (in its closed form) protects cells from apoptosis but that the transamidation activity of TG2 (in its open form) participates in both facilitating and inhibiting apoptosis. A difficulty in the study and understanding of this enigmatic protein is that opposing effects have been reported regarding its roles in the same physiological and/or pathological systems. These include neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects, hepatic cell growth-promoting or hepatic cell death-inducing effects, exacerbating or having no effect on liver fibrosis, and anti- and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. The reasons for these discrepancies have been ascribed to TG2's multifunctional activities, genetic variants, conformational changes induced by the immediate environment, and differences in the genetic background of the mice used in each of the experiments. In this article, we first report that TG2 has opposing roles like the protagonist in the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, followed by a summary of the controversies reported, and finally discuss the possible reasons for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tatsukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Furutani
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - S Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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37
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Naia L, Rego AC. Sirtuins: double players in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2183-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Agrawal M, Biswas A. Molecular diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:54. [PMID: 26442283 PMCID: PMC4585189 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics provide a powerful method to detect and diagnose various neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The confirmation of such diagnosis allows early detection and subsequent medical counseling that help specific patients to undergo clinically important drug trials. This provides a medical pathway to have better insight of neurogenesis and eventual cure of the neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we present recent advances in molecular diagnostics especially biomarkers and imaging spectroscopy for neurological diseases. We describe advances made in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD), and finally present a perspective on the future directions to provide a framework for further developments and refinements of molecular diagnostics to combat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Agrawal
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Abhijit Biswas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Nano Science and Technology, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN, USA
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39
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Xu Z, Tito AJ, Rui YN, Zhang S. Studying polyglutamine diseases in Drosophila. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:25-41. [PMID: 26257024 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a family of dominantly transmitted neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the protein-coding regions of the respective disease-causing genes. Despite their simple genetic basis, the etiology of these diseases is far from clear. Over the past two decades, Drosophila has proven to be successful in modeling this family of neurodegenerative disorders, including the faithful recapitulation of pathological features such as polyQ length-dependent formation of protein aggregates and progressive neuronal degeneration. Additionally, it has been valuable in probing the pathogenic mechanisms, in identifying and evaluating disease modifiers, and in helping elucidate the normal functions of disease-causing genes. Knowledge learned from this simple invertebrate organism has had a large impact on our understanding of these devastating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Antonio Joel Tito
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Yan-Ning Rui
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Programs in Human and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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40
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Precious SV, Denovan-Wright EM. Components of the endocannabinoid and dopamine systems are dysregulated in Huntington's disease: analysis of publicly available microarray datasets. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00104. [PMID: 25692022 PMCID: PMC4317235 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the dopaminergic system (DAS) are two major regulators of basal ganglia function. During Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, the expression of genes in both the ECS and DAS is dysregulated. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes that were consistently observed in the ECS and DAS during HD progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery in different models of HD and human HD tissue. To do this, we conducted a meta-analysis of differential gene expression in the ECS and DAS using publicly available microarray data. The consolidated data were summarized as observed changes in gene expression (OCGE) using a weighted sum for each gene. In addition, consolidated data were compared to previously published studies that were not available in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The resulting data confirm gene expression changes observed using different approaches and provide novel insights into the consistency between changes observed in human tissue and various models, as well as disease stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional dysregulation in HD. The major implication of the systems-wide data presented here is that therapeutic strategies targeting the ECS or DAS must consider the dynamic changes in gene expression over time and in different body areas, which occur during HD progression and the interconnectedness of the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Sophie V Precious
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
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41
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Miki Y, Tanji K, Mori F, Wakabayashi K. Sigma-1 receptor is involved in degradation of intranuclear inclusions in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:25-31. [PMID: 25449906 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (SIGMAR1) is one of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, which participate in the degradation of misfolded proteins via the ER-related degradation machinery linked to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. ER dysfunction in the formation of inclusion bodies in various neurodegenerative diseases has also become evident. Recently, we demonstrated that accumulation of SIGMAR1 was common to neuronal nuclear inclusions in polyglutamine diseases including Huntington's disease. Our study also indicated that SIGMAR1 might shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In the present study, we investigated the role of SIGMAR1 in nuclear inclusion (NI) formation, using HeLa cells transfected with N-terminal mutant huntingtin. Cell harboring the mutant huntingtin produced SIGMAR1-positive NIs. SIGMAR1 siRNA and a specific inhibitor of the proteasome (epoxomicin) caused significant accumulation of aggregates in the cytoplasm and nucleus. A specific inhibitor of exportin 1 (leptomycin B) also caused NIs. Huntingtin became insolubilized in Western blot analysis after treatments with SIGMAR1 siRNA and epoxomicin. Furthermore, proteasome activity increased chronologically along with the accumulation of mutant huntingtin, but was significantly reduced in cells transfected with SIGMAR1 siRNA. By contrast, overexpression of SIGMAR1 reduced the accumulation of NIs containing mutant huntingtin. Although the LC3-I level was decreased in cells treated with both SIGMAR1 siRNA and control siRNA, the levels of LC3-II and p62 were unchanged. SIGMAR1 agonist and antagonist had no effect on cellular viability and proteasome activity. These findings suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is implicated in NI formation, and that SIGMAR1 degrades aberrant proteins in the nucleus via the ER-related degradation machinery. SIGMAR1 might be a promising candidate for therapy of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan.
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
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42
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Huntington's disease biomarker progression profile identified by transcriptome sequencing in peripheral blood. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1349-56. [PMID: 25626709 PMCID: PMC4592077 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With several therapeutic approaches in development for Huntington's disease, there is a need for easily accessible biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapy response. We performed next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of total RNA from peripheral blood of 91 mutation carriers (27 presymptomatic and, 64 symptomatic) and 33 controls. Transcriptome analysis by DeepSAGE identified 167 genes significantly associated with clinical total motor score in Huntington's disease patients. Relative to previous studies, this yielded novel genes and confirmed previously identified genes, such as H2AFY, an overlap in results that has proven difficult in the past. Pathway analysis showed enrichment of genes of the immune system and target genes of miRNAs, which are downregulated in Huntington's disease models. Using a highly parallelized microfluidics array chip (Fluidigm), we validated 12 of the top 20 significant genes in our discovery cohort and 7 in a second independent cohort. The five genes (PROK2, ZNF238, AQP9, CYSTM1 and ANXA3) that were validated independently in both cohorts present a candidate biomarker panel for stage determination and therapeutic readout in Huntington's disease. Finally we suggest a first empiric formula predicting total motor score from the expression levels of our biomarker panel. Our data support the view that peripheral blood is a useful source to identify biomarkers for Huntington's disease and monitor disease progression in future clinical trials.
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43
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Liu L, Ma B. Controlled protein separation based on pressure–voltage (P–V) coupling effects in a nanopore based device. RSC Adv 2015; 5:98004-98009. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A U-type device containing two cells connected by nanopore arrays was designed for controlled protein separation. By finding P–V equilibrium points for BSA and Hb, the separation ratios can be achieved as BSA : Hb = 12.5 and Hb : BSA = 14.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- People’s Republic of China
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44
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Cystathionine γ-lyase deficiency mediates neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease. Nature 2014; 509:96-100. [PMID: 24670645 DOI: 10.1038/nature13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a mutation in the gene encoding huntingtin (Htt) leading to expanded polyglutamine repeats of mutant Htt (mHtt) that elicit oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and motor and behavioural changes. Huntington's disease is characterized by highly selective and profound damage to the corpus striatum, which regulates motor function. Striatal selectivity of Huntington's disease may reflect the striatally selective small G protein Rhes binding to mHtt and enhancing its neurotoxicity. Specific molecular mechanisms by which mHtt elicits neurodegeneration have been hard to determine. Here we show a major depletion of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the biosynthetic enzyme for cysteine, in Huntington's disease tissues, which may mediate Huntington's disease pathophysiology. The defect occurs at the transcriptional level and seems to reflect influences of mHtt on specificity protein 1, a transcriptional activator for CSE. Consistent with the notion of loss of CSE as a pathogenic mechanism, supplementation with cysteine reverses abnormalities in cultures of Huntington's disease tissues and in intact mouse models of Huntington's disease, suggesting therapeutic potential.
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45
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Kumar A, Vaish M, Ratan RR. Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease: a failure of adaptive transcriptional homeostasis. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:956-62. [PMID: 24662036 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a signature polyglutamine disorder. An enduring theory of HD pathogenesis has involved dysregulation of transcription. Indeed, transcriptional regulatory proteins can be modulated to overcome cardinal features of HD-modeled mice, and efforts to move these into human studies are ongoing. Here, we discuss a unifying hypothesis emerging from these studies, which is that HD represents the pathological disruption of evolutionarily conserved adaptive gene programs to counteract oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of misfolded proteins. Transcriptional dyshomeostasis of adaptive genes is further exacerbated by repression of genes involved in normal synaptic activity or growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10065, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
| | - Manisha Vaish
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10065, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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46
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Dumont M, Stack C, Elipenahli C, Jainuddin S, Launay N, Gerges M, Starkova N, Starkov AA, Calingasan NY, Tampellini D, Pujol A, Beal MF. PGC-1α overexpression exacerbates β-amyloid and tau deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2014; 28:1745-55. [PMID: 24398293 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) interacts with various transcription factors involved in energy metabolism and in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α mRNA levels are reduced in a number of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to disease pathogenesis, since increased levels ameliorate behavioral defects and neuropathology of Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PGC-1α and its downstream targets are reduced both in postmortem brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in transgenic mouse models of AD. Therefore, we investigated whether increased expression of PGC-1α would exert beneficial effects in the Tg19959 transgenic mouse model of AD; Tg19959 mice express the human amyloid precursor gene (APP) with 2 familial AD mutations and develop increased β-amyloid levels, plaque deposition, and memory deficits by 2-3 mo of age. Rather than an improvement, the cross of the Tg19959 mice with mice overexpressing human PGC-1α exacerbated amyloid and tau accumulation. This was accompanied by an impairment of proteasome activity. PGC-1α overexpression induced mitochondrial abnormalities, neuronal cell death, and an exacerbation of behavioral hyperactivity in the Tg19959 mice. These findings show that PGC-1α overexpression exacerbates the neuropathological and behavioral deficits that occur in transgenic mice with mutations in APP that are associated with human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- 1Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, 525 East 68th St., Rm. A569A, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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47
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Chaturvedi RK, Flint Beal M. Mitochondrial diseases of the brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:1-29. [PMID: 23567191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial dysfunction as a central causal factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction such as bioenergetics defects, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial fusion/fission, morphology, size, transport/trafficking, and movement), impaired transcription and the association of mutated proteins with mitochondria in these diseases. We highlight the therapeutic role of mitochondrial bioenergetic agents in toxin and in cellular and genetic animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss clinical trials of bioenergetics agents in neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we shed light on PGC-1α, TORC-1, AMP kinase, Nrf2-ARE, and Sirtuins as novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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48
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Neurodegeneration caused by polyglutamine expansion is regulated by P-glycoprotein in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2013; 195:857-70. [PMID: 24037265 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trinucleotide CAG repeat disorders are caused by expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) domains in certain proteins leading to fatal neurodegenerative disorders and are characterized by accumulation of inclusion bodies in the neurons. Clearance of these inclusion bodies holds the key to improve the disease phenotypes, which affects basic cellular processes such as transcription, protein degradation and cell signaling. In the present study, we show that P-glycoprotein (P-gp), originally identified as a causative agent of multidrug-resistant cancer cells, plays an important role in ameliorating the disease phenotype. Using a Drosophila transgenic strain that expresses a stretch of 127 glutamine repeats, we demonstrate that enhancing P-gp levels reduces eye degeneration caused by expression of polyQ, whereas reducing it increases the severity of the disease. Increase in polyQ inclusion bodies represses the expression of mdr genes, suggesting a functional link between P-gp and polyQ. P-gp up-regulation restores the defects in the actin organization and precise array of the neuronal connections caused by inclusion bodies. β-Catenin homolog, Armadillo, also interacts with P-gp and regulates the accumulation of inclusion bodies. These results thus show that P-gp and polyQ interact with each other, and changing P-gp levels can directly affect neurodegeneration.
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49
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Bissonnette S, Vaillancourt M, Hébert SS, Drolet G, Samadi P. Striatal pre-enkephalin overexpression improves Huntington's disease symptoms in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75099. [PMID: 24040390 PMCID: PMC3770591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of pre-enkephalin (pENK) mRNA expression might be an early sign of striatal neuronal dysfunction in Huntington’s disease (HD), due to mutated huntingtin protein. Indeed, striatopallidal (pENK-containing) neurodegeneration occurs at earlier stage of the disease, compare to the loss of striatonigral neurons. However, no data are available about the functional role of striatal pENK in HD. According to the neuroprotective properties of opioids that have been recognized recently, the objective of this study was to investigate whether striatal overexpression of pENK at early stage of HD can improve motor dysfunction, and/or reduce striatal neuronal loss in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. To achieve this goal recombinant adeno-associated-virus (rAAV2)-containing green fluorescence protein (GFP)-pENK was injected bilaterally in the striatum of R6/2 mice at 5 weeks old to overexpress opioid peptide pENK. Striatal injection of rAAV2-GFP was used as a control. Different behavioral tests were carried out before and/or after striatal injections of rAAV2. The animals were euthanized at 10 weeks old. Our results demonstrate that striatal overexpression of pENK had beneficial effects on behavioral symptoms of HD in R6/2 by: delaying the onset of decline in muscular force; reduction of clasping; improvement of fast motor activity, short-term memory and recognition; as well as normalization of anxiety-like behavior. The improvement of behavioral dysfunction in R6/2 mice having received rAAV2-GFP-pENK associated with upregulation of striatal pENK mRNA; the increased level of enkephalin peptide in the striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra; as well as the slight increase in the number of striatal neurons compared with other groups of R6/2. Accordingly, we suggest that at early stage of HD upregulation of striatal enkephalin might play a key role at attenuating illness symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mylène Vaillancourt
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien S. Hébert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Drolet
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pershia Samadi
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, Canada
- Département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Anirudhan TS, Rejeena SR, Tharun AR. Investigation of the Extraction of Hemoglobin by Adsorption onto Nanocellulose-Based Superabsorbent Composite Having Carboxylate Functional Groups from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Profiles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303365x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdul Rauf Tharun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Karyavattom, Trivandrum
695 581,
India
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