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Park S, Safdar M, Kim W, Seol J, Kim D, Lee KH, Son HI, Kim J. Gelatin Nanoparticles can Improve Pesticide Delivery Performance to Plants. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402899. [PMID: 38949406 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials associated with plant growth and crop cultivation revolutionize traditional concepts of agriculture. However, the poor reiterability of these materials in agricultural applications necessitates the development of environmentally-friendly approaches. To address this, biocompatible gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) as nanofertilizers with a small size (≈150 nm) and a positively charged surface (≈30 mV) that serve as a versatile tool in agricultural practices is designed. GNPs load agrochemical agents to improve maintenance and delivery. The biocompatible nature and small size of GNPs ensure unrestricted nutrient absorption on root surfaces. Furthermore, when combined with pesticides, GNPs demonstrate remarkable enhancements in insecticidal (≈15%) and weed-killing effects (≈20%) while preserving the efficacy of the pesticide. That GNPs have great potential for use in sustainable agriculture, particularly in inducing plant growth, specifically plant root growth, without fertilization and in enhancing the functions of agrochemical agents is proposed. It is suggested conceptual applications of GNPs in real-world agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahpara Safdar
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochan Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Seol
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dream Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Il Son
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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Guardado-Fierros BG, Tuesta-Popolizio DA, Lorenzo-Santiago MA, Rodriguez-Campos J, Contreras-Ramos SM. Comparative study between Salkowski reagent and chromatographic method for auxins quantification from bacterial production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1378079. [PMID: 38947947 PMCID: PMC11212217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1378079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The Salkowski reagent method is a colorimetric technique used to determine auxin production, specifically as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It was developed to determine indoles rapidly; however, it does not follow Beer's law at high concentrations of IAA. Thus, there could be an overestimation of IAA with the Salkowski technique due to the detection of other indole compounds. Methods This study aims to compare the Salkowski colorimetric method versus a chromatographic method to evidence the imprecision or overestimation obtained when auxins, such as indole-acetic acid (IAA), are determined as traits from promoting growth plant bacteria (PGPB), using ten different strains from three different isolation sources. The analysis used the same bacterial culture to compare the Salkowski colorimetric and chromatographic results. Each bacterium was cultivated in the modified TSA without or with tryptophan for 96 h. The same supernatant culture was used in both methods: Salkowski reagent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results The first method indicated 5.4 to 27.4 mg L-1 without tryptophan in ten evaluated strains. When tryptophan was used as an inductor of auxin production, an increase was observed with an interval from 4.4 to 160 mg L-1. The principal auxin produced by all strains was IAA from that evaluated by the LC-MS/MS method, with significantly higher concentration with tryptophan addition than without. Strains belonging to the Kocuria genus were highlighted by high IAA production. The indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was detected in all the bacterial cultures without tryptophan and only in K. turfanensis As05 with tryptophan, while it was not detected in other strains. In addition, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was detected at trace levels (13-16 µg L-1). Conclusions The Salkowski reagent overestimates the IAA concentration with an interval of 41-1042 folds without tryptophan and 7-16330 folds with tryptophan as inductor. In future works, it will be necessary to determine IAA or other auxins using more suitable sensitive techniques and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. Guardado-Fierros
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Diego A. Tuesta-Popolizio
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Lorenzo-Santiago
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Zhou C, Gu X, Li J, Su X, Chen S, Tang J, Chen L, Cai N, Xu Y. Physiological Characteristics and Transcriptomic Responses of Pinus yunnanensis Lateral Branching to Different Shading Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1588. [PMID: 38931020 PMCID: PMC11207258 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pinus yunnanensis is an important component of China's economic development and forest ecosystems. The growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings experienced a slow growth phase, which led to a long seedling cultivation period. However, asexual reproduction can ensure the stable inheritance of the superior traits of the mother tree and also shorten the breeding cycle. The quantity and quality of branching significantly impact the cutting reproduction of P. yunnanensis, and a shaded environment affects lateral branching growth, development, and photosynthesis. Nonetheless, the physiological characteristics and the level of the transcriptome that underlie the growth of lateral branches of P. yunnanensis under shade conditions are still unclear. In our experiment, we subjected annual P. yunnanensis seedlings to varying shade intensities (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and studied the effects of shading on growth, physiological and biochemical changes, and gene expression in branching. Results from this study show that shading reduces biomass production by inhibiting the branching ability of P. yunnanensis seedlings. Due to the regulatory and protective roles of osmotically active substances against environmental stress, the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and enzyme activities exhibit varying responses to different shading treatments. Under shading treatment, the contents of phytohormones were altered. Additionally, genes associated with phytohormone signaling and photosynthetic pathways exhibited differential expression. This study established a theoretical foundation for shading regulation of P. yunnanensis lateral branch growth and provides scientific evidence for the management of cutting orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xuesha Gu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiangfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Junrong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nianhui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yulan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (C.Z.); (X.G.); (J.L.); (X.S.); (S.C.); (J.T.); (L.C.); (N.C.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Sun F, Cheng H, Song Z, Yan H, Liu H, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Luo M, Wu F, Lu J, Luo K, Wei H. Phytochrome-interacting factors play shared and distinct roles in regulating shade avoidance responses in Populus trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2058-2073. [PMID: 38404129 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants adjust their growth and development in response to changing light caused by canopy shade. The molecular mechanisms underlying shade avoidance responses have been widely studied in Arabidopsis and annual crop species, yet the shade avoidance signalling in woody perennial trees remains poorly understood. Here, we first showed that PtophyB1/2 photoreceptors serve conserved roles in attenuating the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in poplars. Next, we conducted a systematic identification and characterization of eight PtoPIF genes in Populus tomentosa. Knocking out different PtoPIFs led to attenuated shade responses to varying extents, whereas overexpression of PtoPIFs, particularly PtoPIF3.1 and PtoPIF3.2, led to constitutive SAS phenotypes under normal light and enhanced SAS responses under simulated shade. Notably, our results revealed that distinct from Arabidopsis PIF4 and PIF5, which are major regulators of SAS, the Populus homologues PtoPIF4.1 and PtoPIF4.2 seem to play a minor role in controlling shade responses. Moreover, we showed that PtoPIF3.1/3.2 could directly activate the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene PtoYUC8 in response to shade, suggesting a conserved PIF-YUC-auxin pathway in modulating SAS in tree. Overall, our study provides insights into shared and divergent functions of PtoPIF members in regulating various aspects of the SAS in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongli Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Song
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiting Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huajie Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyue Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feier Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Cohen JD, Strader LC. An auxin research odyssey: 1989-2023. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1410-1428. [PMID: 38382088 PMCID: PMC11062468 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is at times called the master regulator of plant processes and has been shown to be a central player in embryo development, the establishment of the polar axis, early aspects of seedling growth, as well as growth and organ formation during later stages of plant development. The Plant Cell has been key, since the inception of the journal, to developing an understanding of auxin biology. Auxin-regulated plant growth control is accomplished by both changes in the levels of active hormones and the sensitivity of plant tissues to these concentration changes. In this historical review, we chart auxin research as it has progressed in key areas and highlight the role The Plant Cell played in these scientific developments. We focus on understanding auxin-responsive genes, transcription factors, reporter constructs, perception, and signal transduction processes. Auxin metabolism is discussed from the development of tryptophan auxotrophic mutants, the molecular biology of conjugate formation and hydrolysis, indole-3-butyric acid metabolism and transport, and key steps in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. This progress leads to an expectation of a more comprehensive understanding of the systems biology of auxin and the spatial and temporal regulation of cellular growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
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Han R, Ma L, Terzaghi W, Guo Y, Li J. Molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated responses of plants to shade and environmental stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1893-1913. [PMID: 38289877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is triggered by a low ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) light (R/FR ratio), which is caused by neighbor detection and/or canopy shade. In order to compete for the limited light, plants elongate hypocotyls and petioles by deactivating phytochrome B (phyB), a major R light photoreceptor, thus releasing its inhibition of the growth-promoting transcription factors PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs. Under natural conditions, plants must cope with abiotic stresses such as drought, soil salinity, and extreme temperatures, and biotic stresses such as pathogens and pests. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to simultaneously deal with multiple environmental stresses. In this review, we will summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how plants coordinately respond to shade and environmental stresses, and will also discuss the important questions for future research. A deep understanding of how plants synergistically respond to shade together with abiotic and biotic stresses will facilitate the design and breeding of new crop varieties with enhanced tolerance to high-density planting and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 18766, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Huang Y, Ji Z, Zhang S, Li S. Function of hormone signaling in regulating nitrogen-use efficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154191. [PMID: 38335845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for crop plant performance, however, the excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture significantly increases production costs and causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N-use efficiency (NUE) with the aim of developing new crop varieties that combine high yields with improved NUE is an urgent goal for achieving more sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is a complex trait that is affected by multiple factors, of which hormones are known to play pivotal roles. In this review, we focus on the interaction between the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of plant hormones with N metabolism, and summarize recent studies on the interplay between hormones and N, including how N regulates multiple hormone biosynthesis, transport and signaling and how hormones modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to external N sources. Finally, we explore potential strategies for promoting crop NUE by modulating hormone synthesis, transport and signaling. This provides insights for future breeding of N-efficient crop varieties and the advancement of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Favre P, van Schaik E, Schorderet M, Yerly F, Reinhardt D. Regulation of tissue growth in plants - A mathematical modeling study on shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1285655. [PMID: 38486850 PMCID: PMC10938469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1285655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plant growth is a plastic phenomenon controlled both by endogenous genetic programs and by environmental cues. The embryonic stem, the hypocotyl, is an ideal model system for the quantitative study of growth due to its relatively simple geometry and cellular organization, and to its essentially unidirectional growth pattern. The hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana has been studied particularly well at the molecular-genetic level and at the cellular level, and it is the model of choice for analysis of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), a growth reaction that allows plants to compete with neighboring plants for light. During SAS, hypocotyl growth is controlled primarily by the growth hormone auxin, which stimulates cell expansion without the involvement of cell division. Methods We assessed hypocotyl growth at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis mutants defective in auxin transport and biosynthesis and we designed a mathematical auxin transport model based on known polar and non-polar auxin transporters (ABCB1, ABCB19, and PINs) and on factors that control auxin homeostasis in the hypocotyl. In addition, we introduced into the model biophysical properties of the cell types based on precise cell wall measurements. Results and Discussion Our model can generate the observed cellular growth patterns based on auxin distribution along the hypocotyl resulting from production in the cotyledons, transport along the hypocotyl, and general turnover of auxin. These principles, which resemble the features of mathematical models of animal morphogen gradients, allow to generate robust shallow auxin gradients as they are expected to exist in tissues that exhibit quantitative auxin-driven tissue growth, as opposed to the sharp auxin maxima generated by patterning mechanisms in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Favre
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Evert van Schaik
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Yerly
- Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture Fribourg, Haute Ecole Spécialisée de Suisse Occidentale (HES-SO), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Tan C, Li S, Song J, Zheng X, Zheng H, Xu W, Wan C, Zhang T, Bian Q, Men S. 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetic acid acts as an auxin analog and induces beneficial effects in various crops. Commun Biol 2024; 7:161. [PMID: 38332111 PMCID: PMC10853179 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxins and their analogs are widely used to promote root growth, flower and fruit development, and yield in crops. The action characteristics and application scope of various auxins are different. To overcome the limitations of existing auxins, expand the scope of applications, and reduce side effects, it is necessary to screen new auxin analogs. Here, we identified 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid (Dcaa) as having auxin-like activity and acting through the auxin signaling pathway in plants. At the physiological level, Dcaa promotes the elongation of oat coleoptile segments, the generation of adventitious roots, and the growth of crop roots. At the molecular level, Dcaa induces the expression of auxin-responsive genes and acts through auxin receptors. Molecular docking results showed that Dcaa can bind to auxin receptors, among which TIR1 has the highest binding activity. Application of Dcaa at the root tip of the DR5:GUS auxin-responsive reporter induces GUS expression in the root hair zone, which requires the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier. Dcaa also inhibits the endocytosis of PIN proteins like other auxins. These results provide a basis for the application of Dcaa in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Suxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianfu Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weichang Xu
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui Wan
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Rathor P, Upadhyay P, Ullah A, Gorim LY, Thilakarathna MS. Humic acid improves wheat growth by modulating auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis pathways. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae018. [PMID: 38601216 PMCID: PMC11005776 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Humic acids have been widely used for centuries to enhance plant growth and productivity. The beneficial effects of humic acids have been attributed to different functional groups and phytohormone-like compounds enclosed in macrostructure. However, the mechanisms underlying the plant growth-promoting effects of humic acids are only partially understood. We hypothesize that the bio-stimulatory effect of humic acids is mainly due to the modulation of innate pathways of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis in treated plants. A physiological investigation along with molecular characterization was carried out to understand the mechanism of bio-stimulatory effects of humic acid. A gene expression analysis was performed for the genes involved in auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis pathways in wheat seedlings. Furthermore, Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines generated by fusing the auxin-responsive DR5 and cytokinin-responsive ARR5 promoter to ß-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter were used to study the GUS expression analysis in humic acid treated seedlings. This study demonstrates that humic acid treatment improved the shoot and root growth of wheat seedlings. The expression of several genes involved in auxin (Tryptophan Aminotransferase of Arabidopsis and Gretchen Hagen 3.2) and cytokinin (Lonely Guy3) biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated in humic acid-treated seedlings compared to the control. Furthermore, GUS expression analysis showed that bioactive compounds of humic acid stimulate endogenous auxin and cytokinin-like activities. This study is the first report in which using ARR5:GUS lines we demonstrate the biostimulants activity of humic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Rathor
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Punita Upadhyay
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Linda Yuya Gorim
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Malinda S Thilakarathna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, 9011-116St, NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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11
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Song X, Gu X, Chen S, Qi Z, Yu J, Zhou Y, Xia X. Far-red light inhibits lateral bud growth mainly through enhancing apical dominance independently of strigolactone synthesis in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:429-441. [PMID: 37916615 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of red light to far-red light (R:FR) is perceived by light receptors and consequently regulates plant architecture. Regulation of shoot branching by R:FR ratio involves plant hormones. However, the roles of strigolactone (SL), the key shoot branching hormone and the interplay of different hormones in the light regulation of shoot branching in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are elusive. Here, we found that defects in SL synthesis genes CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7 (CCD7) and CCD8 in tomato resulted in more lateral bud growth but failed to reverse the FR inhibition of lateral bud growth, which was associated with increased auxin synthesis and decreased synthesis of cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroid (BR). Treatment of auxin also inhibited shoot branching in ccd mutants. However, CK released the FR inhibition of lateral bud growth in ccd mutants, concomitant with the upregulation of BR synthesis genes. Furthermore, plants that overexpressed BR synthesis gene showed more lateral bud growth and the shoot branching was less sensitive to the low R:FR ratio. The results indicate that SL synthesis is dispensable for light regulation of shoot branching in tomato. Auxin mediates the response to R:FR ratio to regulate shoot branching by suppressing CK and BR synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Gu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangyu Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kuhn A, Roosjen M, Mutte S, Dubey SM, Carrillo Carrasco VP, Boeren S, Monzer A, Koehorst J, Kohchi T, Nishihama R, Fendrych M, Sprakel J, Friml J, Weijers D. RAF-like protein kinases mediate a deeply conserved, rapid auxin response. Cell 2024; 187:130-148.e17. [PMID: 38128538 PMCID: PMC10783624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls growth and development in land plants, but this pathway is absent from algal sister groups. Several components of rapid responses have been identified in Arabidopsis, but it is unknown if these are part of a conserved mechanism. We recently identified a fast, proteome-wide phosphorylation response to auxin. Here, we show that this response occurs across 5 land plant and algal species and converges on a core group of shared targets. We found conserved rapid physiological responses to auxin in the same species and identified rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-like protein kinases as central mediators of auxin-triggered phosphorylation across species. Genetic analysis connects this kinase to both auxin-triggered protein phosphorylation and rapid cellular response, thus identifying an ancient mechanism for fast auxin responses in the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jasper Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Staudt AM, Kretsch T, Hiltbrunner A. EID1 promotes the response to canopy shade in Arabidopsis thaliana by repressing the action of phytochrome A. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.001015. [PMID: 38152059 PMCID: PMC10751583 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome (phy) system enables plants to adapt to canopy shade. By sensing the reduction of the red:far-red light ratio in shade, phyA and phyB trigger downstream signalling cascades which eventually lead to enhanced elongation growth. In this study, we show that the F-box protein EID1 takes on an essential function within the shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana by repressing phyA action and thereby allowing seedlings to elongate in shade. Thus, altering EID1 activity provides a means to adapt the shade response without affecting phyB action and could have played a role in the evolution of shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Kretsch
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg
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14
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Mammarella MF, Lucero L, Hussain N, Muñoz‐Lopez A, Huang Y, Ferrero L, Fernandez‐Milmanda GL, Manavella P, Benhamed M, Crespi M, Ballare CL, Gutiérrez Marcos J, Cubas P, Ariel F. Long noncoding RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of auxin-related genes controls shade avoidance syndrome in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113941. [PMID: 38054357 PMCID: PMC10711646 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AUXIN-REGULATED PROMOTER LOOP (APOLO) recognizes a subset of target loci across the Arabidopsis thaliana genome by forming RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) and modulating local three-dimensional chromatin conformation. Here, we show that APOLO regulates shade avoidance syndrome by dynamically modulating expression of key factors. In response to far-red (FR) light, expression of APOLO anti-correlates with that of its target BRANCHED1 (BRC1), a master regulator of shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana. APOLO deregulation results in BRC1 transcriptional repression and an increase in the number of branches. Accumulation of APOLO transcription fine-tunes the formation of a repressive chromatin loop encompassing the BRC1 promoter, which normally occurs only in leaves and in a late response to far-red light treatment in axillary buds. In addition, our data reveal that APOLO participates in leaf hyponasty, in agreement with its previously reported role in the control of auxin homeostasis through direct modulation of auxin synthesis gene YUCCA2, and auxin efflux genes PID and WAG2. We show that direct application of APOLO RNA to leaves results in a rapid increase in auxin signaling that is associated with changes in the plant response to far-red light. Collectively, our data support the view that lncRNAs coordinate shade avoidance syndrome in A. thaliana, and reveal their potential as exogenous bioactive molecules. Deploying exogenous RNAs that modulate plant-environment interactions may therefore become a new tool for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Lucero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICETUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | | | - Aitor Muñoz‐Lopez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología‐CSICCampus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAUniversité Evry, Université Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2Université de ParisOrsayFrance
| | - Lucia Ferrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICETUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Guadalupe L Fernandez‐Milmanda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Pablo Manavella
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICETUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAUniversité Evry, Université Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2Université de ParisOrsayFrance
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAUniversité Evry, Université Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2Université de ParisOrsayFrance
| | - Carlos L Ballare
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), CONICETUniversidad Nacional de San MartínBuenos AiresArgentina
| | | | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología‐CSICCampus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICETUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
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15
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Braslavsky SE. Outstanding women scientists who have broadened the knowledge on biological photoreceptors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2799-2815. [PMID: 37864671 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Short biographical sketches are given of women born before 1955 who have contributed to our knowledge on the function, structure, and molecular basis of biological photoreceptors, both energy converters and photosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Braslavsky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45410, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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16
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Yadav S, Kumar H, Mahajan M, Sahu SK, Singh SK, Yadav RK. Local auxin biosynthesis promotes shoot patterning and stem cell differentiation in Arabidopsis shoot apex. Development 2023; 150:dev202014. [PMID: 38054970 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of higher plants comprises distinct functional zones. The central zone (CZ) is located at the meristem summit and harbors pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells undergo cell division within the CZ and give rise to descendants, which enter the peripheral zone (PZ) and become recruited into lateral organs. Stem cell daughters that are pushed underneath the CZ form rib meristem (RM). To unravel the mechanism of meristem development, it is essential to know how stem cells adopt distinct cell fates in the SAM. Here, we show that meristem patterning and floral organ primordia formation, besides auxin transport, are regulated by auxin biosynthesis mediated by two closely related genes of the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE family. In Arabidopsis SAM, TAA1 and TAR2 played a role in maintaining auxin responses and the identity of PZ cell types. In the absence of auxin biosynthesis and transport, the expression pattern of the marker genes linked to the patterning of the SAM is perturbed. Our results prove that local auxin biosynthesis, in concert with transport, controls the patterning of the SAM into the CZ, PZ and RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Monika Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sangram Keshari Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ram Kishor Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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17
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He X, Solis CA, Chavan SG, Maier C, Wang Y, Liang W, Klause N, Ghannoum O, Cazzonelli CI, Tissue DT, Chen ZH. Novel transcriptome networks are associated with adaptation of capsicum fruit development to a light-blocking glasshouse film. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1280314. [PMID: 38023880 PMCID: PMC10658010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1280314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Light-blocking films (LBFs) can contribute to significant energy savings for protected cropping via altering light transmitting, such as UVA, photosynthetically active radiation, blue and red spectra affecting photosynthesis, and capsicum yield. Here, we investigated the effects of LBF on orange color capsicum (O06614, Capsicum annuum L.) fruit transcriptome at 35 (mature green) and 65 (mature ripe) days after pollination (DAP) relative to untreated control in a high-technology glasshouse. The results of targeted metabolites showed that LBF significantly promotes the percentage of lutein but decreased the percentage of zeaxanthin and neoxanthin only at 35 DAP. At 35 DAP, fruits were less impacted by LBF treatment (versus control) with a total of 1,192 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with that at 65 DAP with 2,654 DEGs. Response to stress and response to light stimulus in biological process of Gene Ontology were found in 65-DAP fruits under LBF vs. control, and clustering analysis revealed a predominant role of light receptors and phytohormone signaling transduction as well as starch and sucrose metabolism in LBF adaptation. The light-signaling DEGs, UV light receptor UVR8, transcription factors phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4), and an E3 ubiquitin ligase (COP1) were significantly downregulated at 65 DAP. Moreover, key DEGs in starch and sucrose metabolism (SUS, SUC, and INV), carotenoid synthesis (PSY2 and BCH1), ascorbic acid biosynthesis (VTC2, AAO, and GME), abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (NCED3, ABA2, AO4, and PYL2/4), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (PAL and DFR) are important for the adaptation of 65-DAP fruits to LBF. Our results provide new candidate genes for improving quality traits of low-light adaptation of capsicum in protected cropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Celymar A. Solis
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sachin G. Chavan
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chelsea Maier
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguang Liang
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Norbert Klause
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher I. Cazzonelli
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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18
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Nguyen NH, Sng BJR, Chin HJ, Choi IKY, Yeo HC, Jang IC. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 promotes hypocotyl-specific auxin response under shade. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:804-822. [PMID: 37522556 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative shade causes an array of morphological changes in plants called shade avoidance syndrome, which includes hypocotyl and petiole elongation, leaf hyponasty, reduced leaf growth, early flowering and rapid senescence. Here, we show that loss-of-function mutations in HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) attenuated the shade-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. However, the hda9 cotyledons and petioles under shade were not significantly different from those in wild-type, suggesting a specific function of HDA9 in hypocotyl elongation in response to shade. HDA9 expression levels were stable under shade and its protein was ubiquitously detected in cotyledon, hypocotyl and root. Organ-specific transcriptome analysis unraveled that shade induced a set of auxin-responsive genes, such as SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNAs (SAURs) and AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACIDs (AUX/IAAs) and their induction was impaired in hda9-1 hypocotyls. In addition, HDA9 binding to loci of SAUR15/65, IAA5/6/19 and ACS4 was increased under shade. The genetic and organ-specific gene expression analyses further revealed that HDA9 may cooperate with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4/7 in the regulation of shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, HDA9 and PIF7 proteins were found to interact together and thus it is suggested that PIF7 may recruit HDA9 to regulate the shade/auxin responsive genes in response to shade. Overall, our study unravels that HDA9 can work as one component of a hypocotyl-specific transcriptional regulatory machinery that activates the auxin response at the hypocotyl leading to the elongation of this organ under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hock Chuan Yeo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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19
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Wong C, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Spatial regulation of plant hormone action. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6089-6103. [PMID: 37401809 PMCID: PMC10575700 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Although many plant cell types are capable of producing hormones, and plant hormones can in most cases act in the same cells in which they are produced, they also act as signaling molecules that coordinate physiological responses between different parts of the plant, indicating that their action is subject to spatial regulation. Numerous publications have reported that all levels of plant hormonal pathways, namely metabolism, transport, and perception/signal transduction, can help determine the spatial ranges of hormone action. For example, polar auxin transport or localized auxin biosynthesis contribute to creating a differential hormone accumulation across tissues that is instrumental for specific growth and developmental responses. On the other hand, tissue specificity of cytokinin actions has been proposed to be regulated by mechanisms operating at the signaling stages. Here, we review and discuss current knowledge about the contribution of the three levels mentioned above in providing spatial specificity to plant hormone action. We also explore how new technological developments, such as plant hormone sensors based on FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) or single-cell RNA-seq, can provide an unprecedented level of resolution in defining the spatial domains of plant hormone action and its dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wong
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), 46022-Valencia, Spain
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20
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Hughes CL, Harmer SL. Myb-like transcription factors have epistatic effects on circadian clock function but additive effects on plant growth. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e533. [PMID: 37811362 PMCID: PMC10557472 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The functions of closely related Myb-like repressor and Myb-like activator proteins within the plant circadian oscillator have been well-studied as separate groups, but the genetic interactions between them are less clear. We hypothesized that these repressors and activators would interact additively to regulate both circadian and growth phenotypes. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate new mutant alleles and performed physiological and molecular characterization of plant mutants for five of these core Myb-like clock factors compared with a repressor mutant and an activator mutant. We first examined circadian clock function in plants likely null for both the repressor proteins, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), and the activator proteins, REVEILLE 4 (RVE4), REVEILLE (RVE6), and REVEILLE (RVE8). The rve468 triple mutant has a long period and flowers late, while cca1 lhy rve468 quintuple mutants, similarly to cca1 lhy mutants, have poor circadian rhythms and flower early. This suggests that CCA1 and LHY are epistatic to RVE4, RVE6, and RVE8 for circadian clock and flowering time function. We next examined hypocotyl elongation and rosette leaf size in these mutants. The cca1 lhy rve468 mutants have growth phenotypes intermediate between cca1 lhy and rve468 mutants, suggesting that CCA1, LHY, RVE4, RVE6, and RVE8 interact additively to regulate growth. Together, our data suggest that these five Myb-like factors interact differently in regulation of the circadian clock versus growth. More generally, the near-norm al seedling phenotypes observed in the largely arrhythmic quintuple mutant demonstrate that circadian-regulated output processes, like control of hypocotyl elongation, do not always depend upon rhythmic oscillator function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Pereyra ME, Costigliolo Rojas C, Jarrell AF, Hovland AS, Snipes SA, Nagpal P, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA, Gutiérrez RA, Reed JW, Gray WM, Casal JJ. PIF4 enhances the expression of SAUR genes to promote growth in response to nitrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304513120. [PMID: 37725643 PMCID: PMC10523462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304513120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate supply is fundamental to support shoot growth and crop performance, but the associated increase in stem height exacerbates the risks of lodging and yield losses. Despite their significance for agriculture, the mechanisms involved in the promotion of stem growth by nitrate remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the elongation of the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana, used as a model, responds rapidly and persistently to upshifts in nitrate concentration, rather than to the nitrate level itself. The response occurred even in shoots dissected from their roots and required NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) in the phosphorylated state (but not NRT1.1 nitrate transport capacity) and NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7). Nitrate increased PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) nuclear abundance by posttranscriptional mechanisms that depended on NRT1.1 and phytochrome B. In response to nitrate, PIF4 enhanced the expression of numerous SMALL AUXIN-UP RNA (SAUR) genes in the hypocotyl. The growth response to nitrate required PIF4, positive and negative regulators of its activity, including AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs, and SAURs. PIF4 integrates cues from the soil (nitrate) and aerial (shade) environments adjusting plant stature to facilitate access to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Ezequiel Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires1417, Argentina
- Fundaciόn Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires1405, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Costigliolo Rojas
- Fundaciόn Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires1405, Argentina
| | - Anne F. Jarrell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3280
| | - Austin S. Hovland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Stephen A. Snipes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3280
| | - Punita Nagpal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3280
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago8331150, Chile
| | - Jason W. Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3280
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Jorge José Casal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires1417, Argentina
- Fundaciόn Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires1405, Argentina
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22
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Bergman ME, Evans SE, Kuai X, Franks AE, Despres C, Phillips MA. Arabidopsis TGA256 Transcription Factors Suppress Salicylic-Acid-Induced Sucrose Starvation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3284. [PMID: 37765448 PMCID: PMC10534317 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is produced by plants in response to pathogen infection. SA binds the NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPR) family of receptors to regulate both positive (NPR1) and negative (NPR3/4) plant immune responses by interacting with the clade II TGACG (TGA) motif-binding transcription factors (TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6). Here, we report that the principal metabolome-level response to SA treatment in Arabidopsis is a reduction in sucrose and other free sugars. We observed nearly identical effects in the tga256 triple mutant, which lacks all clade II TGA transcription factors. The tga256 mutant presents reduced leaf blade development and elongated hypocotyls, roots, and petioles consistent with sucrose starvation. No changes were detected in auxin levels, and mutant seedling growth could be restored to that of wild-type by sucrose supplementation. Although the retrograde signal 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate is known to stimulate SA biosynthesis and defense signaling, we detected no negative feedback by SA on this or any other intermediate of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway. Trehalose, a proxy for the sucrose regulator trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), was highly reduced in tga256, suggesting that defense-related reductions in sugar availability may be controlled by changes in T6P levels. We conclude that the negative regulatory roles of TGA2/5/6 include maintaining sucrose levels in healthy plants. Disruption of TGA2/5/6-NPR3/4 inhibitory complexes by mutation or SA triggers sucrose reductions in Arabidopsis leaves, consistent with the 'pathogen starvation' hypothesis. These findings highlight sucrose availability as a mechanism by which TGA2/5/6 balance defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Bergman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Sonia E. Evans
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Xiahezi Kuai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada (C.D.)
| | - Anya E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Charles Despres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada (C.D.)
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; (M.E.B.); (S.E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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23
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Varshney K, Gutjahr C. KAI2 Can Do: Karrikin Receptor Function in Plant Development and Response to Abiotic and Biotic Factors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:984-995. [PMID: 37548562 PMCID: PMC10504578 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The α/β hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) functions as a receptor for a yet undiscovered phytohormone, provisionally termed KAI2 ligand (KL). In addition, it perceives karrikin, a butenolide compound found in the smoke of burnt plant material. KAI2-mediated signaling is involved in regulating seed germination and in shaping seedling and adult plant morphology, both above and below ground. It also governs responses to various abiotic stimuli and stresses and shapes biotic interactions. KAI2-mediated signaling is being linked to an elaborate cross-talk with other phytohormone pathways such as auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid signaling, in addition to light and nutrient starvation signaling. Further connections will likely be revealed in the future. This article summarizes recent advances in unraveling the function of KAI2-mediated signaling and its interaction with other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikye Varshney
- Department of Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Department of Root Biology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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24
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Chen CY, Selvaraj P, Naqvi NI. Functional analysis of auxin derived from a symbiotic mycobiont. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1216680. [PMID: 37745999 PMCID: PMC10515717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of auxin or indole-3-acetic acid by microorganisms has a major impact on plant-microbe interactions. Several beneficial microbiota are known to produce auxin, which largely influences root development and growth in the host plants. Akin to findings in rhizobacteria, recent studies have confirmed the production of auxin by plant growth-promoting fungi too. Here, we show that Penicillium citrinum isolate B9 produces auxin as deduced by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry analysis. Such fungal auxin is secreted and contributes directly to enhanced root and shoot development and overall plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, auxin production by P. citrinum likely involves more than one tryptophan-dependent pathway. Using auxin biosynthesis inhibitor L-Kynurenine, we show that the indole-3-pyruvate pathway might be one of the key biosynthetic routes involved in such auxin production. Confocal microscopy of the DR5rev:GFP Arabidopsis reporter line helped demonstrate that P. citrunum B9-derived auxin is biologically active and is able to significantly enhance auxin signaling in roots during such improved root growth and plant development. Furthermore, the phenotypic growth defects arising from impaired auxin signaling in Arabidopsis taa1 mutant or upon L-Kynurenine treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings could be significantly alleviated by fungus B9-derived auxin, thus suggesting its positive role in plant growth promotion. Collectively, our results provide clear evidence that the production of auxin is one of the main mechanisms involved in induction of the beneficial plant growth by P. citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Chen
- Fungal Patho-Biology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Fungal Patho-Biology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Bajguz A, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A. Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants. Metabolites 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37623827 PMCID: PMC10456939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific amino acids, such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and arginine, contribute to the production of various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, and polyamines. Isoprenoids are the foundation of five phytohormone categories: cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Furthermore, lipids, i.e., α-linolenic acid, function as a precursor for jasmonic acid. The biosynthesis routes of these different plant hormones are intricately complex. Understanding of these processes can greatly enhance our knowledge of how these hormones regulate plant growth, development, and physiology. This review focuses on detailing the biosynthetic pathways of phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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26
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Kircher S, Schopfer P. Photosynthetic sucrose drives the lateral root clock in Arabidopsis seedlings. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00543-2. [PMID: 37207646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant roots is subject to control by light. Here, we show that, similar to monotonous root elongation, the periodic induction of lateral roots (LRs) depends on the activation by light of photomorphogenic and photosynthetic photoreceptors in the shoot in a hierarchical order. The prevailing belief is that the plant hormone auxin serves as a mobile signal transmitter, responsible for interorgan communication, including light-controlled shoot-to-root connections. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the transcription factor HY5 assumes the role as a mobile shoot-to-root signal transmitter. Here, we provide evidence that photosynthetic sucrose produced in the shoot acts as the long-distance signal carrier regulating the local, tryptophan-based biosynthesis of auxin in the LR generation zone of the primary root tip, where the LR clock controls the pace of LR initiation in an auxin-tunable manner. Synchronization of LR formation with primary root elongation allows the adjustment of overall root growth to the photosynthetic performance of the shoot and the maintenance of a constant LR density during light-dark changes in a variable light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kircher
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Schopfer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Luo P, Di DW. Precise Regulation of the TAA1/TAR-YUCCA Auxin Biosynthesis Pathway in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108514. [PMID: 37239863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway is the main auxin biosynthesis pathway in the plant kingdom. Local control of auxin biosynthesis through this pathway regulates plant growth and development and the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. During the past decades, genetic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies have greatly advanced our understanding of tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis. The IPA pathway includes two steps: Trp is converted to IPA by TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS/TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED PROTEINs (TAA1/TARs), and then IPA is converted to IAA by the flavin monooxygenases (YUCCAs). The IPA pathway is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, protein modification, and feedback regulation, resulting in changes in gene transcription, enzyme activity and protein localization. Ongoing research indicates that tissue-specific DNA methylation and miRNA-directed regulation of transcription factors may also play key roles in the precise regulation of IPA-dependent auxin biosynthesis in plants. This review will mainly summarize the regulatory mechanisms of the IPA pathway and address the many unresolved questions regarding this auxin biosynthesis pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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28
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Li Z, Zhao T, Liu J, Li H, Liu B. Shade-Induced Leaf Senescence in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1550. [PMID: 37050176 PMCID: PMC10097262 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a vital developmental process that involves the orderly breakdown of macromolecules to transfer nutrients from mature leaves to emerging and reproductive organs. This process is essential for a plant's overall fitness. Multiple internal and external factors, such as leaf age, plant hormones, stresses, and light environment, regulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence. When plants grow close to each other or are shaded, it results in significant alterations in light quantity and quality, such as a decrease in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), a drop in red/far-red light ratios, and a reduction in blue light fluence rate, which triggers premature leaf senescence. Recently, studies have identified various components involved in light, phytohormone, and other signaling pathways that regulate the leaf senescence process in response to shade. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that control leaf senescence induced by shade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Liu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (B.L.)
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29
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Spectral light quality regulates the morphogenesis, architecture, and flowering in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112673. [PMID: 36889195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Transparent plastic films with poor light transmittance seriously affect the mass composition of visible light in many greenhouses, which leads to the reduction of photosynthesis in vegetable crops. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of monochromatic light in the vegetative and reproductive growth of vegetable crops is of great importance for the application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the greenhouse. In this study, three monochromatic light treatments (red-, green- and blue-light) were simulated by using LEDs to explore light quality-dependent regulation from the stage of seedling to flowering in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The results showed that light quality-dependent regulation guides the growth and morphogenesis in pepper plants. Red- and blue-light played opposite roles in determining the plant height, stomatal density, axillary bud growth, photosynthetic characteristics, flowering time and hormone metabolism, while green light treatment resulted in taller plants and fewer branches, which was similar to the red-light treatment. The weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) based on mRNA-seq results revealed that the two modules named "MEred" and "MEmidnightblue" were positively correlated with red- and blue-light treatment, respectively, exhibiting high correlations with the traits such as plant hormone content, branching and flowering. Moreover, our results suggest that the light response factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) is essential for blue light-induced plant growth and development by regulating photosynthesis in pepper plants. Hence, this study uncovers crucial molecular mechanisms of how light quality determines the morphogenesis, architecture, and flowering in pepper plants, thus providing a basic concept of manipulating light quality to regulate pepper plant growth and flowering under greenhouse conditions.
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30
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Lyu X, Mu R, Liu B. Shade avoidance syndrome in soybean and ideotype toward shade tolerance. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:31. [PMID: 37313527 PMCID: PMC10248688 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in soybean can have destructive effects on yield, as essential carbon resources reserved for yield are diverted to the petiole and stem for exaggerated elongation, resulting in lodging and susceptibility to disease. Despite numerous attempts to reduce the unfavorable impacts of SAS for the development of cultivars suitable for high-density planting or intercropping, the genetic bases and fundamental mechanisms of SAS remain largely unclear. The extensive research conducted in the model plant Arabidopsis provides a framework for understanding the SAS in soybean. Nevertheless, recent investigations suggest that the knowledge obtained from model Arabidopsis may not be applicable to all processes in soybean. Consequently, further efforts are required to identify the genetic regulators of SAS in soybean for molecular breeding of high-yield cultivars suitable for density farming. In this review, we present an overview of the recent developments in SAS studies in soybean and suggest an ideal planting architecture for shade-tolerant soybean intended for high-yield breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Zhu T, Yang C, Xie Y, Huang S, Li L. Shade‐induced
lncRNA
PUAR
promotes shade response by repressing
PHYA
expression. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56105. [PMID: 36970931 PMCID: PMC10157314 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) commonly occurs in plants experiencing vegetative shade, triggering a series of morphological and physiological changes for the plants to reach more light. A number of positive regulators, such as PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING 7 (PIF7), and negative regulators, such as PHYTOCHROMES, are known to ensure appropriate SAS. Here, we identify 211 shade-regulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Arabidopsis. We further characterize PUAR (PHYA UTR Antisense RNA), a lncRNA produced from the intron of the 5' UTR of the PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA) locus. PUAR is induced by shade and promotes shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. PUAR physically associates with PIF7 and represses the shade-mediated induction of PHYA by blocking the binding of PIF7 to the 5' UTR of PHYA. Our findings highlight a role for lncRNAs in SAS and provide insight into the mechanism of PUAR in regulating PHYA gene expression and SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Martínez-Vasallo C, Cole B, Gallego-Bartolomé J, Chory J, Kay SA, Nohales MA. Epidermal GIGANTEA adjusts the response to shade at dusk by directly impinging on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533699. [PMID: 36993677 PMCID: PMC10055326 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For plants adapted to bright light, a decrease in the amount of light received can be detrimental to their growth and survival. Consequently, in response to shade from surrounding vegetation, they initiate a suite of molecular and morphological changes known as the shade avoidance response (SAR) through which stems and petioles elongate in search for light. Under sunlight-night cycles, the plant's responsiveness to shade varies across the day, being maximal at dusk time. While a role for the circadian clock in this regulation has long been proposed, mechanistic understanding of how it is achieved is incomplete. Here we show that the clock component GIGANTEA (GI) directly interacts with the transcriptional regulator PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7), a key player in the response to shade. GI represses PIF7 transcriptional activity and the expression of its target genes in response to shade, thereby fine-tuning the magnitude of the response to limiting light conditions. We find that, under light/dark cycles, this function of GI is required to adequately modulate the gating of the response to shade at dusk. Importantly, we also show that GI expression in epidermal cells is sufficient for proper SAR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Vasallo
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Cole
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Javier Gallego-Bartolomé
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Maria A. Nohales
- Instituto de Biologίa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientίficas - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Casal JJ, Fankhauser C. Shade avoidance in the context of climate change. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1475-1491. [PMID: 36617439 PMCID: PMC10022646 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to changes in the light environment caused by neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants modify their growth and/or developmental patterns to access more sunlight. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), neighbor cues reduce the activity of the photosensory receptors phytochrome B (phyB) and cryptochrome 1, releasing photoreceptor repression imposed on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and leading to transcriptional reprogramming. The phyB-PIF hub is at the core of all shade-avoidance responses, whilst other photosensory receptors and transcription factors contribute in a context-specific manner. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 is a master regulator of this hub, indirectly stabilizing PIFs and targeting negative regulators of shade avoidance for degradation. Warm temperatures reduce the activity of phyB, which operates as a temperature sensor and further increases the activities of PIF4 and PIF7 by independent temperature sensing mechanisms. The signaling network controlling shade avoidance is not buffered against climate change; rather, it integrates information about shade, temperature, salinity, drought, and likely flooding. We, therefore, predict that climate change will exacerbate shade-induced growth responses in some regions of the planet while limiting the growth potential in others.
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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35
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Sng BJR, Van Vu K, Choi IKY, Chin HJ, Jang IC. LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 mediates a trade-off between growth and defense under shade in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad088. [PMID: 36882154 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to vegetative shade with developmental and physiological changes that is collectively known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Although LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1) is known to be a negative regulator of SAS by forming heterodimers with other basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit them, its function in genome-wide transcriptional regulation is not fully elucidated. Here, we performed RNA-sequencing analyses of hfr1-5 and HFR1 overexpression line (HFR1(ΔN)-OE) to comprehensively identify HFR1-regulated genes at different time points of shade treatment. We found that HFR1 mediates the trade-off between shade-induced growth and shade-repressed defense, by regulating the expression of relevant genes in shade. Genes involved in promoting growth, such as for auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling and response were induced by shade but suppressed by HFR1 at both short and long durations of shade. Likewise, most ethylene-related genes were shade-induced and HFR1-repressed. On the other hand, shade suppressed defense-related genes while HFR1 induced their expression, especially under long duration of shade treatment. We demonstrated that HFR1 confers increased resistance to bacterial infection under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kien Van Vu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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36
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Liu H, Luo Q, Tan C, Song J, Zhang T, Men S. Biosynthesis- and transport-mediated dynamic auxin distribution during seed development controls seed size in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1259-1277. [PMID: 36648165 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is indispensable to the fertilization-induced coordinated development of the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. However, little attention has been given to the distribution pattern, maintenance mechanism, and function of auxin throughout the process of seed development. In the present study, we found that auxin response signals display a dynamic distribution pattern during Arabidopsis seed development. Shortly after fertilization, strong auxin response signals were observed at the funiculus, chalaza, and micropylar integument where the embryo attaches. Later, additional signals appeared at the middle layer of the inner integument (ii1') above the chalaza and the whole inner layer of the outer integument (oi1). These signals peaked when the seed was mature, then declined upon desiccation and disappeared in the dried seed. Auxin biosynthesis genes, including ASB1, TAA1, YUC1, YUC4, YUC8, and YUC9, contributed to the accumulation of auxin in the funiculus and seed coat. Auxin efflux carrier PIN3 and influx carrier AUX1 also contributed to the polar auxin distribution in the seed coat. PIN3 was expressed in the ii1 (innermost layer of the inner integument) and oi1 layers of the integument and showed polar localization. AUX1 was expressed in both layers of the outer integument and the endosperm and displayed a uniform localization. Further research demonstrated that the accumulation of auxin in the seed coat regulates seed size. Transgenic plants that specifically express the YUC8 gene in the oi2 or ii1 seed coat produced larger seeds. These results provide useful tools for cultivating high-yielding crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jia Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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37
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Li L, Chen X. Auxin regulation on crop: from mechanisms to opportunities in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:16. [PMID: 37313296 PMCID: PMC10248601 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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38
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Ortiz-García P, González Ortega-Villaizán A, Onejeme FC, Müller M, Pollmann S. Do Opposites Attract? Auxin-Abscisic Acid Crosstalk: New Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043090. [PMID: 36834499 PMCID: PMC9960826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of different environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, and elevated temperatures. These stress cues are assumed to intensify in the future driven by the global climate change scenario which we are currently experiencing. These stressors have largely detrimental effects on plant growth and development and, therefore, put global food security in jeopardy. For this reason, it is necessary to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plants respond to abiotic stresses. Especially boosting our insight into the ways by which plants balance their growth and their defense programs appear to be of paramount importance, as this may lead to novel perspectives that can pave the way to increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner. In this review, our aim was to present a detailed overview of different facets of the crosstalk between the antagonistic plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin, two phytohormones that are the main drivers of plant stress responses, on the one hand, and plant growth, on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ortiz-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián González Ortega-Villaizán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francis Chukwuma Onejeme
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.P.); Tel.: +34-934033718 (M.M.); +34-910679183 (S.P.)
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.P.); Tel.: +34-934033718 (M.M.); +34-910679183 (S.P.)
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39
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Koper K, Hataya S, Hall AG, Takasuka TE, Maeda HA. Biochemical characterization of plant aromatic aminotransferases. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:35-83. [PMID: 36710018 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aminotransferases (Aro ATs) are pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the transamination reactions of an aromatic amino acid (AAA) or a keto acid. Aro ATs are involved in biosynthesis or degradation of AAAs and play important functions in controlling the production of plant hormones and secondary metabolites, such as auxin, tocopherols, flavonoids, and lignin. Most Aro ATs show substrate promiscuity and can accept multiple aromatic and non-aromatic amino and keto acid substrates, which complicates and limits our understanding of their in planta functions. Considering the critical roles Aro ATs play in plant primary and secondary metabolism, it is important to accurately determine substrate specificity and kinetic properties of Aro ATs. This chapter describes various methodologies of protein expression, purification and enzymatic assays, which can be used for biochemical characterization of Aro ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Shogo Hataya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrew G Hall
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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40
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Li X, Wu J, Yi F, Lai J, Chen J. High temporal-resolution transcriptome landscapes of maize embryo sac and ovule during early seed development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:233-248. [PMID: 36508138 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here we provided a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of maize embryo sac and ovule to reveal the gene activity dynamic during early seed development. The early maize (Zea mays) seed development is initiated from double fertilization in the embryo sac and needs to undergo a highly dynamic and complex development process to form the differentiated embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize seed for food, feed, and biofuel, many regulators responsible for controlling its early development are not known yet. Here, we reported a high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas of embryo sac and ovule based on 44 time point samples collected within the first four days of seed development. A total of 25,187 genes including 1598 transcription factors (TFs) involved in early seed development were detected. Global comparisons of the expressions of these genes revealed five distinct development stages of early seed, which are mainly related to double fertilization, asymmetric cell division of the zygote, as well as coenocyte formation, cellularization and differentiation in endosperm. We identified 3327 seed-specific genes, which more than one thousand seed-specific genes with main expressions during early seed development were newly identified here, including 859 and 186 genes predominantly expressed in the embryo sac and ovule, respectively. Combined with the published transcriptome data of seed, we uncovered the dominant auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling related genes at different development stages and subregions of seed. These results are helpful for understanding the genetic control of early seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Lei L, Zhang JY, Pu D, Liu BZ, Meng XM, Shang QM, Duan YD, Zhang F, Zhang MX, Dong CJ. ABA-responsive AREB1/ABI3-1/ABI5 cascade regulates IAA oxidase gene SlDAO2 to inhibit hypocotyl elongation in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:498-517. [PMID: 36369997 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation is dramatically influenced by environmental factors and phytohormones. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a prominent role in hypocotyl elongation, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) is regarded as an inhibitor through repressing IAA synthesis and signalling. However, the regulatory role of ABA in local IAA deactivation remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we confirmed the antagonistic interplay of ABA and IAA during the hypocotyl elongation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. We identified an IAA oxidase enzyme DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION2 (SlDAO2), and its expression was induced by both external and internal ABA signals in tomato hypocotyls. Moreover, the overexpression of SlDAO2 led to a reduced sensitivity to IAA, and the knockout of SlDAO2 alleviated the inhibitory effect of ABA on hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, an ABA-responsive regulatory SlAREB1/SlABI3-1/SlABI5 cascade was identified to act upstream of SlDAO2 and to precisely control its expression. SlAREB1 directly bound to the ABRE present in the SlDAO2 promoter to activate SlDAO2 expression, and SlABI3-1 enhanced while SlABI5 inhibited the activation ability of SlAREB1 by directly interacting with SlAREB1. Our findings revealed that ABA might induce local IAA oxidation and deactivation via SlDAO2 to modulate IAA homoeostasis and thereby repress hypocotyl elongation in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Min Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Dan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Juan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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42
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de Raad M, Koper K, Deng K, Bowen BP, Maeda HA, Northen TR. Mass spectrometry imaging-based assays for aminotransferase activity reveal a broad substrate spectrum for a previously uncharacterized enzyme. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102939. [PMID: 36702250 PMCID: PMC9957770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases (ATs) catalyze pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent transamination reactions between amino donor and keto acceptor substrates and play central roles in nitrogen metabolism of all organisms. ATs are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids and also carry out a wide variety of functions in photorespiration, detoxification, and secondary metabolism. Despite the importance of ATs, their functionality is poorly understood as only a small fraction of putative ATs, predicted from DNA sequences, are associated with experimental data. Even for characterized ATs, the full spectrum of substrate specificity, among many potential substrates, has not been explored in most cases. This is largely due to the lack of suitable high-throughput assays that can screen for AT activity and specificity at scale. Here we present a new high-throughput platform for screening AT activity using bioconjugate chemistry and mass spectrometry imaging-based analysis. Detection of AT reaction products is achieved by forming an oxime linkage between the ketone groups of transaminated amino donors and a probe molecule that facilitates mass spectrometry-based analysis using nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry or MALDI-mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-principle, we applied the newly established method and found that a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis thaliana tryptophan AT-related protein 1 is a highly promiscuous enzyme that can utilize 13 amino acid donors and three keto acid acceptors. These results demonstrate that this oxime-mass spectrometry imaging AT assay enables high-throughput discovery and comprehensive characterization of AT enzymes, leading to an accurate understanding of the nitrogen metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus de Raad
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kai Deng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, USA; Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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43
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Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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44
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Son O, Zhang C, Yang X, Duc LT, Hur YS, Nam KH, Choi SY, Cheon CI, Kim S. Identification of GA20ox2 as a target of ATHB2 and TCP13 during shade response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1158288. [PMID: 37152153 PMCID: PMC10160606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is a collective adaptive response of plants under shade highlighted by characteristic phenotypes such as hypocotyl elongation, which is largely mediated by concerted actions of auxin and GA. We identified ATHB2, a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) domain transcription factor known to be rapidly induced under shade condition, as a positive regulator of GA biosynthesis necessary for the SAS by transactivating the expression of GA20ox2, a key gene in the GA biosynthesis pathway. Based on promoter deletion analysis, EMSA and ChIP assay, ATHB2 appears to regulate the GA20ox2 expression as a direct binding target. We also found that the GA20ox2 expression is under negative control by TCP13, the effect of which can be suppressed by presence of ATHB2. Considering a rapid induction kinetics of ATHB2, this relationship between ATHB2 and TCP13 may allow ATHB2 to play a shade-specific activator for GA20ox by derepressing a pre-existing activity of TCP13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Son
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Thi Duc
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Hur
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Choi
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Ill Cheon
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Sunghan Kim, ; Choong-Ill Cheon,
| | - Sunghan Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Sunghan Kim, ; Choong-Ill Cheon,
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Significance of NatB-mediated N-terminal acetylation of auxin biosynthetic enzymes in maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1410. [PMID: 36550195 PMCID: PMC9780221 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development, which depends on an intricate homeostasis that is determined by the balance between its biosynthesis, metabolism and transport. YUC flavin monooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting step of auxin biosynthesis via IPyA (indole pyruvic acid) and are critical targets in regulating auxin homeostasis. Despite of numerous reports on the transcriptional regulation of YUC genes, little is known about those at the post-translational protein level. Here, we show that loss of function of CKRC3/TCU2, the auxiliary subunit (Naa25) of Arabidopsis NatB, and/or of its catalytic subunit (Naa20), NBC, led to auxin-deficiency in plants. Experimental evidences show that CKRC3/TCU2 can interact with NBC to form a NatB complex, catalyzing the N-terminal acetylation (NTA) of YUC proteins for their intracellular stability to maintain normal auxin homeostasis in plants. Hence, our findings provide significantly new insight into the link between protein NTA and auxin biosynthesis in plants.
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Fu YF, Yang XY, Zhang ZW, Yuan S. Synergistic effects of nitrogen metabolites on auxin regulating plant growth and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1098787. [PMID: 36605959 PMCID: PMC9807920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the important nutrients required for plant growth and development. There is increasing evidences that almost all types of nitrogen metabolites affect, at least to some extent, auxin content and/or signaling in plants, which in turn affects seed germination, plant root elongation, gravitropism, leaf expansion and floral transition. This opinion focuses on the roles of nitrogen metabolites, NO 3 - , NH 4 + , tryptophan and NO and their synergistic effects with auxin on plant growth and development. Nitrate reductase (NR) converts nitrate into nitrite, and was roughly positive-correlated with the root auxin level, suggesting a crosstalk between nitrate signaling and auxin signaling. Abscisic Acid Responsive Element Binding Factor 3 (AFB3) and Tryptophan Aminotransferase of Arabidopsis 1 (TAA1) are also the key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolite-regulated auxin biosynthesis. Recent advances in the crosstalk among NO 3 - , NH 4 + , tryptophan and NO in regulation to NR, AFB3 and TAA1 are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Fu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Hao M, Wang W, Liu J, Wang H, Zhou R, Mei D, Fu L, Hu Q, Cheng H. Auxin Biosynthesis Genes in Allotetraploid Oilseed Rape Are Essential for Plant Development and Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15600. [PMID: 36555242 PMCID: PMC9778849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial studies have verified that IAA is mainly generated via the two-step pathway in Arabidopsis, in which tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) are the two crucial enzymes. However, the role of the TAA (or TAR) and YUC genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape underlying auxin biosynthesis and development regulation remains elusive. In the present study, all putative TAR and YUC genes were identified in B. napus genome. Most TAR and YUC genes were tissue that were specifically expressed. Most YUC and TAR proteins contained trans-membrane regions and were confirmed to be endoplasmic reticulum localizations. Enzymatic activity revealed that YUC and TAR protein members were involved in the conversion of IPA to IAA and Trp to IPA, respectively. Transgenic plants overexpressing BnaYUC6a in both Arabidopsis and B. napus displayed high auxin production and reduced plant branch angle, together with increased drought resistance. Moreover, mutation in auxin biosynthesis BnaTARs genes by CRISPR/Cas9 caused development defects. All these results suggest the convergent role of BnaYUC and BnaTAR genes in auxin biosynthesis. Different homoeologs of BnaYUC and BnaTAR may be divergent according to sequence and expression variation. Auxin biosynthesis genes in allotetraploid oilseed rape play a pivotal role in coordinating plant development processes and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
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Lei K, Tan Q, Zhu L, Xu L, Yang S, Hu J, Gao L, Hou P, Shao Y, Jiang D, Cao W, Dai T, Tian Z. Low red/far-red ratio can induce cytokinin degradation resulting in the inhibition of tillering in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:971003. [PMID: 36570939 PMCID: PMC9773260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is inhibited by a low red/far-red ratio (R/FR). Prior studies have shown that the R/FR suppressed Arabidopsis thaliana branching by promotes bud abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation directly. Given that wheat tiller buds are wrapped in leaf sheaths and may not respond rapidly to a R/FR, systemic cytokinin (CTK) may be more critical. Here, systemic hormonal signals including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA) and CTK and bud ABA signals in wheat were tested under a low R/FR. The results showed that a low R/FR reduced the percentage of tiller occurrence of tiller IV and the tiller number per plant. The low R/FR did not rapidly induced ABA accumulation in the tiller IV because of the protection of the leaf sheath and had little effect on IAA content and signaling in the tiller nodes. The significant change in the CTK levels was observed earlier than those of other hormone (ABA, IAA and GA) and exogenous cytokinin restored the CTK levels and tiller number per plant under low R/FR conditions. Further analysis revealed that the decrease in cytokinin levels was mainly associated with upregulation of cytokinin degradation genes (TaCKX5, TaCKX11) in tiller nodes. In addition, exposure to a decreased R/FR upregulated the expression of GA biosynthesis genes (TaGA20ox1, TaGA3ox2), resulting in elevated GA levels, which might further promote CTK degradation in tiller nodes and inhibit tillering. Therefore, our results provide evidence that the enhancement of cytokinin degradation is a novel mechanism underlying the wheat tillering response to a low R/FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhang Shao
- National Agricultural Exhibition Center (China Agricultural Museum), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weixing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Zhou Y, Xu F, Shao Y, He J. Regulatory Mechanisms of Heat Stress Response and Thermomorphogenesis in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3410. [PMID: 36559522 PMCID: PMC9788449 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As worldwide warming intensifies, the average temperature of the earth continues to increase. Temperature is a key factor for the growth and development of all organisms and governs the distribution and seasonal behavior of plants. High temperatures lead to various biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes in plants and threaten plant productivity. As sessile organisms, plants are subjected to various hostile environmental factors and forced to change their cellular state and morphological architecture to successfully deal with the damage they suffer. Therefore, plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with an abnormal rise in temperature. There are two main mechanisms by which plants respond to elevated environmental temperatures. One is the heat stress response, which is activated under extremely high temperatures; the other is the thermomorphogenesis response, which is activated under moderately elevated temperatures, below the heat-stress range. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the study of these two important heat-responsive molecular regulatory pathways mediated, respectively, by the Heat Shock Transcription Factor (HSF)-Heat Shock Protein (HSP) pathway and PHYTOCHROME INTER-ACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) pathways in plants and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the genes involved in these pathways to provide comprehensive data for researchers studying the heat response. We also discuss future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junna He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3603
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50
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Xu P, Jinbo H, Cai W. Karrikin signaling regulates hypocotyl shade avoidance response by modulating auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1748-1761. [PMID: 36068957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shade affects all aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, petiole growth, leaf hyponasty, and flowering time. Here, we found that mutations in the key Arabidopsis karrikins signal perception-associated KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) gene, encoding an α/β-fold hydrolase, and the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) gene, encoding an F-box protein, led to greater hypocotyl elongation under shade avoidance conditions. We further verified that these phenotypes were caused by perception of the endogenous KAI2-ligands (KLs), and that this phenotype is independent of strigolactone biosynthetic or signaling pathways. Upon perception of a KL, it is probable that the target protein forms a complex with the KAI2/MAX2 proteins, which are degraded through the action of the 26S proteasome. We demonstrated that SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2-1 (SMAX1) is the degradation target for the KAI2/MAX2 complex in the context of shade avoidance. KAI2 and MAX2 require SMAX1 to limit the hypocotyl growth associated with shade avoidance. Treatment with l-kynurenine, an inhibitor of auxin accumulation, partially restored elongation of kai2 mutant hypocotyls under simulated shade. Furthermore, KAI2 is involved in regulating auxin accumulation and polar auxin transport, which may contribute to the hypocotyl shade response. In addition, SMAX1 gene overexpression promoted the hypocotyl shade response. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that SMAX1-overexpression affected the expression of many auxin homeostasis genes, especially under simulated shade. Altogether, our data support the conclusion that KL signaling regulates shade avoidance by modulating auxin homeostasis in the hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hu Jinbo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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