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Leckie J, Yokota T. Potential of Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotides for the Treatment of SMA. Molecules 2024; 29:2658. [PMID: 38893532 PMCID: PMC11173757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe neuromuscular disorder that is caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, hindering the production of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), a versatile DNA-like drug, are adept at binding to target RNA to prevent translation or promote alternative splicing. Nusinersen is an FDA-approved ASO for the treatment of SMA. It effectively promotes alternative splicing in pre-mRNA transcribed from the SMN2 gene, an analog of the SMN1 gene, to produce a greater amount of full-length SMN protein, to compensate for the loss of functional protein translated from SMN1. Despite its efficacy in ameliorating SMA symptoms, the cellular uptake of these ASOs is suboptimal, and their inability to penetrate the CNS necessitates invasive lumbar punctures. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which can be conjugated to ASOs, represent a promising approach to improve the efficiency of these treatments for SMA and have the potential to transverse the blood-brain barrier to circumvent the need for intrusive intrathecal injections and their associated adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ASO therapies, their application for the treatment of SMA, and the encouraging potential of CPPs as delivery systems to improve ASO uptake and overall efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Leckie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research & Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Sciences Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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2
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Tapken I, Detering NT, Claus P. What could be the function of the spinal muscular atrophy-causing protein SMN in macrophages? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375428. [PMID: 38863697 PMCID: PMC11165114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disorder, extends its impact beyond the nervous system. The central protein implicated in SMA, Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, is ubiquitously expressed and functions in fundamental processes such as alternative splicing, translation, cytoskeletal dynamics and signaling. These processes are relevant for all cellular systems, including cells of the immune system such as macrophages. Macrophages are capable of modulating their splicing, cytoskeleton and expression profile in order to fulfil their role in tissue homeostasis and defense. However, less is known about impairment or dysfunction of macrophages lacking SMN and the subsequent impact on the immune system of SMA patients. We aimed to review the potential overlaps between SMN functions and macrophage mechanisms highlighting the need for future research, as well as the current state of research addressing the role of macrophages in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tapken
- SMATHERIA gGmbH – Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora T. Detering
- SMATHERIA gGmbH – Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- SMATHERIA gGmbH – Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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3
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Matera AG, Steiner RE, Mills CA, Herring LE, Garcia EL. Chaperoning the chaperones: Proteomic analysis of the SMN complex reveals conserved and etiologic connections to the proteostasis network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594402. [PMID: 38903116 PMCID: PMC11188114 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and co-chaperones are highly conserved cellular components that perform variety of duties related to the proper three-dimensional folding of the proteome. The web of factors that carries out this essential task is called the proteostasis network (PN). Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) represent an underexplored area in terms of the connections they make with the PN. The Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) complex is an RNP assembly chaperone and serves as a paradigm for studying how specific small nuclear (sn)RNAs are identified and paired with their client substrate proteins. SMN protein is the eponymous component of a large complex required for the biogenesis of uridine-rich small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U-snRNPs) and localizes to distinct membraneless organelles in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of animal cells. SMN forms the oligomeric core of this complex, and missense mutations in its YG box self-interaction domain are known to cause Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). The basic framework for understanding how snRNAs are assembled into U-snRNPs is known, the pathways and mechanisms used by cells to regulate their biogenesis are poorly understood. Given the importance of these processes to normal development as well as neurodegenerative disease, we set out to identify and characterize novel SMN binding partners. Here, we carried out affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) of SMN using stable fly lines exclusively expressing either wildtype or SMA-causing missense alleles. Bioinformatic analyses of the pulldown data, along with comparisons to proximity labeling studies carried out in human cells, revealed conserved connections to at least two other major chaperone systems including heat shock folding chaperones (HSPs) and histone/nucleosome assembly chaperones. Notably, we found that heat shock cognate protein Hsc70-4 and other HspA family members preferentially interacted with SMA-causing alleles of SMN. Hsc70-4 is particularly interesting because its mRNA is aberrantly sequestered by a mutant form of TDP-43 in mouse and Drosophila ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) disease models. Most important, a missense allele of Hsc70-4 (HspA8 in mammals) was recently identified as a bypass suppressor of the SMA phenotype in mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that chaperone-related dysfunction lies at the etiological root of both ALS and SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rebecca E. Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - C. Alison Mills
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eric L. Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
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4
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Tapken I, Kuhn D, Hoffmann N, Detering NT, Schüning T, Billaud JN, Tugendreich S, Schlüter N, Green J, Krämer A, Claus P. From data to discovery: AI-guided analysis of disease-relevant molecules in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae076. [PMID: 38704739 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy is caused by partial loss of survival of motoneuron (SMN) protein expression. The numerous interaction partners and mechanisms influenced by SMN loss result in a complex disease. Current treatments restore SMN protein levels to a certain extent, but do not cure all symptoms. The prolonged survival of patients creates an increasing need for a better understanding of SMA. Although many SMN-protein interactions, dysregulated pathways, and organ phenotypes are known, the connections among them remain largely unexplored. Monogenic diseases are ideal examples for the exploration of cause-and-effect relationships to create a network describing the disease-context. Machine learning tools can utilize such knowledge to analyze similarities between disease-relevant molecules and molecules not described in the disease so far. We used an artificial intelligence-based algorithm to predict new genes of interest. The transcriptional regulation of 8 out of 13 molecules selected from the predicted set were successfully validated in an SMA mouse model. This bioinformatic approach, using the given experimental knowledge for relevance predictions, enhances efficient targeted research in SMA and potentially in other disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tapken
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Daniela Kuhn
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nico Hoffmann
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nora T Detering
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jean-Noël Billaud
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Stuart Tugendreich
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Nadine Schlüter
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jeff Green
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Andreas Krämer
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Peter Claus
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
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5
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Kordala AJ, Stoodley J, Ahlskog N, Hanifi M, Garcia Guerra A, Bhomra A, Lim WF, Murray LM, Talbot K, Hammond SM, Wood MJA, Rinaldi C. PRMT inhibitor promotes SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and synergizes with nusinersen to rescue SMA mice. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17683. [PMID: 37724723 PMCID: PMC10630883 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The advent of approved treatments for this devastating condition has significantly changed SMA patients' life expectancy and quality of life. Nevertheless, these are not without limitations, and research efforts are underway to develop new approaches for improved and long-lasting benefits for patients. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are emerging as druggable epigenetic targets, with several small-molecule PRMT inhibitors already in clinical trials. From a screen of epigenetic molecules, we have identified MS023, a potent and selective type I PRMT inhibitor able to promote SMN2 exon 7 inclusion in preclinical SMA models. Treatment of SMA mice with MS023 results in amelioration of the disease phenotype, with strong synergistic amplification of the positive effect when delivered in combination with the antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis revealed that MS023 treatment has minimal off-target effects, and the added benefit is mainly due to targeting neuroinflammation. Our study warrants further clinical investigation of PRMT inhibition both as a stand-alone and add-on therapy for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Kordala
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Jessica Stoodley
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | | | - Antonio Garcia Guerra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Amarjit Bhomra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Matthew JA Wood
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
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6
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Yang XC, Desotell A, Lin MH, Paige AS, Malinowska A, Sun Y, Aik WS, Dadlez M, Tong L, Dominski Z. In vitro methylation of the U7 snRNP subunits Lsm11 and SmE by the PRMT5/MEP50/pICln methylosome. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1673-1690. [PMID: 37562960 PMCID: PMC10578488 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079709.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
U7 snRNP is a multisubunit endonuclease required for 3' end processing of metazoan replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs. In contrast to the spliceosomal snRNPs, U7 snRNP lacks the Sm subunits D1 and D2 and instead contains two related proteins, Lsm10 and Lsm11. The remaining five subunits of the U7 heptameric Sm ring, SmE, F, G, B, and D3, are shared with the spliceosomal snRNPs. The pathway that assembles the unique ring of U7 snRNP is unknown. Here, we show that a heterodimer of Lsm10 and Lsm11 tightly interacts with the methylosome, a complex of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5, MEP50, and pICln known to methylate arginines in the carboxy-terminal regions of the Sm proteins B, D1, and D3 during the spliceosomal Sm ring assembly. Both biochemical and cryo-EM structural studies demonstrate that the interaction is mediated by PRMT5, which binds and methylates two arginine residues in the amino-terminal region of Lsm11. Surprisingly, PRMT5 also methylates an amino-terminal arginine in SmE, a subunit that does not undergo this type of modification during the biogenesis of the spliceosomal snRNPs. An intriguing possibility is that the unique methylation pattern of Lsm11 and SmE plays a vital role in the assembly of the U7 snRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Yang
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Desotell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Min-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Andrew S Paige
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Wei Shen Aik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Warsaw University, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Zbigniew Dominski
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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7
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Esser LM, Li Q, Jüdt M, Kähne T, Stork B, Grimmler M, Wesselborg S, Peter C. The Impact of p70S6 Kinase-Dependent Phosphorylation of Gemin2 in UsnRNP Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15552. [PMID: 37958537 PMCID: PMC10649565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival motor neuron (SMN) complex is a multi-megadalton complex involved in post-transcriptional gene expression in eukaryotes via promotion of the biogenesis of uridine-rich small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNPs). The functional center of the complex is formed from the SMN/Gemin2 subunit. By binding the pentameric ring made up of the Sm proteins SmD1/D2/E/F/G and allowing for their transfer to a uridine-rich short nuclear RNA (UsnRNA), the Gemin2 protein in particular is crucial for the selectivity of the Sm core assembly. It is well established that post-translational modifications control UsnRNP biogenesis. In our work presented here, we emphasize the crucial role of Gemin2, showing that the phospho-status of Gemin2 influences the capacity of the SMN complex to condense in Cajal bodies (CBs) in vivo. Additionally, we define Gemin2 as a novel and particular binding partner and phosphorylation substrate of the mTOR pathway kinase ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70S6K). Experiments using size exclusion chromatography further demonstrated that the Gemin2 protein functions as a connecting element between the 6S complex and the SMN complex. As a result, p70S6K knockdown lowered the number of CBs, which in turn inhibited in vivo UsnRNP synthesis. In summary, these findings reveal a unique regulatory mechanism of UsnRNP biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Marie Esser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qiaoping Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian Jüdt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH, University of Applied Sciences, 65510 Idstein, Germany
- DiaServe Laboratories GmbH, 82393 Iffeldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Hu Y, Hou Y, Zhou S, Wang Y, Shen C, Mu L, Su D, Zhang R. Mechanism of assembly of snRNP cores assisted by ICln and the SMN complex in fission yeast. iScience 2023; 26:107604. [PMID: 37664592 PMCID: PMC10470402 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spliceosomal snRNP cores, each comprised of a snRNA and a seven-membered Sm ring (D1/D2/F/E/G/D3/B), are assembled by twelve chaperoning proteins in human. However, only six assembly-assisting proteins, ICln and the SMN complex (SMN/Gemin2/Gemin6-8), have been found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp). Here, we used recombinant proteins to reconstitute the chaperone machinery and investigated the roles of these proteins systematically. We found that, like the human system, the assembly in S. pombe requires ICln and the SMN complex sequentially. However, there are several significant differences. For instance, h_F/E/G forms heterohexamers and heterotrimers, while Sp_F/E/G only forms heterohexamers; h_Gemin2 alone can bind D1/D2/F/E/G, but Sp_Gemin2 cannot. Moreover, we found that Sp_Gemin2 is essential using genetic approaches. These mechanistic studies reveal that these six proteins are necessary and sufficient for Sm core assembly at the molecular level, and enrich our understanding of the chaperone systems in species variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rundong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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9
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Yang XC, Desotell A, Lin MH, Paige AS, Malinowska A, Sun Y, Aik WS, Dadlez M, Tong L, Dominski Z. In vitro methylation of the U7 snRNP subunits Lsm11 and SmE by the PRMT5/MEP50/pICln methylosome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540203. [PMID: 37215023 PMCID: PMC10197641 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
U7 snRNP is a multi-subunit endonuclease required for 3' end processing of metazoan replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs. In contrast to the spliceosomal snRNPs, U7 snRNP lacks the Sm subunits D1 and D2 and instead contains two related proteins, Lsm10 and Lsm11. The remaining five subunits of the U7 heptameric Sm ring, SmE, F, G, B and D3, are shared with the spliceosomal snRNPs. The pathway that assembles the unique ring of U7 snRNP is unknown. Here, we show that a heterodimer of Lsm10 and Lsm11 tightly interacts with the methylosome, a complex of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5, MEP50 and pICln known to methylate arginines in the C-terminal regions of the Sm proteins B, D1 and D3 during the spliceosomal Sm ring assembly. Both biochemical and Cryo-EM structural studies demonstrate that the interaction is mediated by PRMT5, which binds and methylates two arginine residues in the N-terminal region of Lsm11. Surprisingly, PRMT5 also methylates an N-terminal arginine in SmE, a subunit that does not undergo this type of modification during the biogenesis of the spliceosomal snRNPs. An intriguing possibility is that the unique methylation pattern of Lsm11 and SmE plays a vital role in the assembly of the U7 snRNP.
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10
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Kim H, Kim J, Choi G. Epidermal phyB requires RRC1 to promote light responses by activating the circadian rhythm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:705-723. [PMID: 36651061 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome B (phyB) expressed in the epidermis is sufficient to promote red light responses, including the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and hypocotyl negative gravitropism. Nonetheless, the downstream mechanism of epidermal phyB in promoting light responses had been elusive. Here, we mutagenized the epidermis-specific phyB-expressing line (MLB) using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and characterized a novel mutant allele of RRC1 (rrc1-689), which causes reduced epidermal phyB-mediated red light responses. The rrc1-689 mutation increases the alternative splicing of major clock gene transcripts, including PRR7 and TOC1, disrupting the rhythmic expression of the entire clock and clock-controlled genes. Combined with the result that MLB/prr7 exhibits the same red-hyposensitive phenotypes as MLB/rrc1-689, our data support that the circadian clock is required for the ability of epidermal phyB to promote light responses. We also found that, unlike phyB, RRC1 preferentially acts in the endodermis to maintain the circadian rhythm by suppressing the alternative splicing of core clock genes. Together, our results suggest that epidermal phyB requires RRC1 to promote light responses by activating the circadian rhythm in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanim Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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11
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Willems P, Van Ruyskensvelde V, Maruta T, Pottie R, Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Pauwels J, Hannah MA, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F, Van der Kelen K. Mutation of Arabidopsis SME1 and Sm core assembly improves oxidative stress resilience. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 200:117-129. [PMID: 36870374 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a key posttranscriptional gene regulatory process, acting in diverse adaptive and basal plant processes. Splicing of precursor-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is catalyzed by a dynamic ribonucleoprotein complex, designated the spliceosome. In a suppressor screen, we identified a nonsense mutation in the Smith (Sm) antigen protein SME1 to alleviate photorespiratory H2O2-dependent cell death in catalase deficient plants. Similar attenuation of cell death was observed upon chemical inhibition of the spliceosome, suggesting pre-mRNA splicing inhibition to be responsible for the observed cell death alleviation. Furthermore, the sme1-2 mutants showed increased tolerance to the reactive oxygen species inducing herbicide methyl viologen. Both an mRNA-seq and shotgun proteomic analysis in sme1-2 mutants displayed a constitutive molecular stress response, together with extensive alterations in pre-mRNA splicing of transcripts encoding metabolic enzymes and RNA binding proteins, even under unstressed conditions. Using SME1 as a bait to identify protein interactors, we provide experimental evidence for almost 50 homologs of the mammalian spliceosome-associated protein to reside in the Arabidopsis thaliana spliceosome complexes and propose roles in pre-mRNA splicing for four uncharacterized plant proteins. Furthermore, as for sme1-2, a mutant in the Sm core assembly protein ICLN resulted in a decreased sensitivity to methyl viologen. Taken together, these data show that both a perturbed Sm core composition and assembly results in the activation of a defense response and in enhanced resilience to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Valerie Van Ruyskensvelde
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Robin Pottie
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Álvaro D Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matthew A Hannah
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center, Innovation Center Gent, Technologiepark 101, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark 75, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Van der Kelen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Esser LM, Schmitz K, Hillebrand F, Erkelenz S, Schaal H, Stork B, Grimmler M, Wesselborg S, Peter C. Phosphorylation of pICln by the autophagy activating kinase ULK1 regulates snRNP biogenesis and splice activity of the cell. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2100-2109. [PMID: 36968021 PMCID: PMC10034211 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spliceosome, responsible for all mature protein-coding transcripts of eukaryotic intron-containing genes, consists of small uridine-rich nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNPs). The assembly of UsnRNPs depends, on one hand, on the arginine methylation of Sm proteins catalyzed by the PRMT5 complex. On the other hand, it depends on the phosphorylation of the PRMT5 subunit pICln by the Uncoordinated Like Kinase 1 (ULK1). In consequence, phosphorylation of pICln affects the stability of the UsnRNP assembly intermediate, the so-called 6 S complex. The detailed mechanisms of phosphorylation-dependent integrity and subsequent UsnRNP assembly of the 6 S complex in vivo have not yet been analyzed. By using a phospho-specific antibody against ULK1-dependent phosphorylation sites of pICln, we visualize the intracellular distribution of phosphorylated pICln. Furthermore, we detect the colocaliphosphor-pICln1 with phospho-pICln by size-exclusion chromatography and immunofluorescence techniques. We also show that phosphorylated pICln is predominantly present in the 6 S complex. The addition of ULK1 to in vitro produced 6 S complex, as well as the reconstitution of ULK1 in ULK1-deficient cells, increases the efficiency of snRNP biogenesis. Accordingly, inhibition of ULK1 and the associated decreased pICln phosphorylation lead to accumulation of the 6 S complex and reduction in the spliceosomal activity of the cell.
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13
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Riboldi GM, Faravelli I, Rinchetti P, Lotti F. SMN post-translational modifications in spinal muscular atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1092488. [PMID: 36874214 PMCID: PMC9981653 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first identification as the gene responsible for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the range of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein functions has increasingly expanded. This multimeric complex plays a crucial role in a variety of RNA processing pathways. While its most characterized function is in the biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins, several studies have highlighted the SMN complex as an important contributor to mRNA trafficking and translation, axonal transport, endocytosis, and mitochondria metabolism. All these multiple functions need to be selectively and finely modulated to maintain cellular homeostasis. SMN has distinct functional domains that play a crucial role in complex stability, function, and subcellular distribution. Many different processes were reported as modulators of the SMN complex activities, although their contribution to SMN biology still needs to be elucidated. Recent evidence has identified post-translational modifications (PTMs) as a way to regulate the pleiotropic functions of the SMN complex. These modifications include phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, sumoylation, and many other types. PTMs can broaden the range of protein functions by binding chemical moieties to specific amino acids, thus modulating several cellular processes. Here, we provide an overview of the main PTMs involved in the regulation of the SMN complex with a major focus on the functions that have been linked to SMA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesco Lotti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Veepaschit J, Viswanathan A, Bordonné R, Grimm C, Fischer U. Identification and structural analysis of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe SMN complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7207-7223. [PMID: 33754639 PMCID: PMC8287938 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The macromolecular SMN complex facilitates the formation of Sm-class ribonucleoproteins involved in mRNA processing (UsnRNPs). While biochemical studies have revealed key activities of the SMN complex, its structural investigation is lagging behind. Here we report on the identification and structural determination of the SMN complex from the lower eukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe, consisting of SMN, Gemin2, 6, 7, 8 and Sm proteins. The core of the SMN complex is formed by several copies of SMN tethered through its C-terminal alpha-helices arranged with alternating polarity. This creates a central platform onto which Gemin8 binds and recruits Gemins 6 and 7. The N-terminal parts of the SMN molecules extrude via flexible linkers from the core and enable binding of Gemin2 and Sm proteins. Our data identify the SMN complex as a multivalent hub where Sm proteins are collected in its periphery to allow their joining with UsnRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotishman Veepaschit
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Aravindan Viswanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Rémy Bordonné
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Clemens Grimm
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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15
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Blatnik AJ, McGovern VL, Burghes AHM. What Genetics Has Told Us and How It Can Inform Future Experiments for Spinal Muscular Atrophy, a Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8494. [PMID: 34445199 PMCID: PMC8395208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron loss and subsequent atrophy of skeletal muscle. SMA is caused by deficiency of the essential survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, canonically responsible for the assembly of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Therapeutics aimed at increasing SMN protein levels are efficacious in treating SMA. However, it remains unknown how deficiency of SMN results in motor neuron loss, resulting in many reported cellular functions of SMN and pathways affected in SMA. Herein is a perspective detailing what genetics and biochemistry have told us about SMA and SMN, from identifying the SMA determinant region of the genome, to the development of therapeutics. Furthermore, we will discuss how genetics and biochemistry have been used to understand SMN function and how we can determine which of these are critical to SMA moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arthur H. M. Burghes
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Rightmire Hall, Room 168, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.J.B.III); (V.L.M.)
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16
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Schmitz K, Cox J, Esser LM, Voss M, Sander K, Löffler A, Hillebrand F, Erkelenz S, Schaal H, Kähne T, Klinker S, Zhang T, Nagel-Steger L, Willbold D, Seggewiß S, Schlütermann D, Stork B, Grimmler M, Wesselborg S, Peter C. An essential role of the autophagy activating kinase ULK1 in snRNP biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6437-6455. [PMID: 34096600 PMCID: PMC8216288 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis of small uridine-rich nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNPs) depends on the methylation of Sm proteins catalyzed by the methylosome and the subsequent action of the SMN complex, which assembles the heptameric Sm protein ring onto small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). In this sophisticated process, the methylosome subunit pICln (chloride conductance regulatory protein) is attributed to an exceptional key position as an ‘assembly chaperone’ by building up a stable precursor Sm protein ring structure. Here, we show that—apart from its autophagic role—the Ser/Thr kinase ULK1 (Uncoordinated [unc-51] Like Kinase 1) functions as a novel key regulator in UsnRNP biogenesis by phosphorylation of the C-terminus of pICln. As a consequence, phosphorylated pICln is no longer capable to hold up the precursor Sm ring structure. Consequently, inhibition of ULK1 results in a reduction of efficient UsnRNP core assembly. Thus ULK1, depending on its complex formation, exerts different functions in autophagy or snRNP biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Cox
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lea Marie Esser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Sander
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Löffler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Hillebrand
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Erkelenz
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Insitute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klinker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry: IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry: IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry: IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Seggewiß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Schlütermann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- Hochschule Fresenius, Idstein, Germany.,DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Alte Strasse 9, 65558 Holzheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Courchaine EM, Barentine AES, Straube K, Lee DR, Bewersdorf J, Neugebauer KM. DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates. Cell 2021; 184:3612-3625.e17. [PMID: 34115980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation is a widespread mechanism of cellular compartmentalization. Because the "survival of motor neuron protein" (SMN) is implicated in the formation of three different membraneless organelles (MLOs), we hypothesized that SMN promotes condensation. Unexpectedly, we found that SMN's globular tudor domain was sufficient for dimerization-induced condensation in vivo, whereas its two intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were not. Binding to dimethylarginine (DMA) modified protein ligands was required for condensate formation by the tudor domains in SMN and at least seven other fly and human proteins. Remarkably, asymmetric versus symmetric DMA determined whether two distinct nuclear MLOs-gems and Cajal bodies-were separate or "docked" to one another. This substructure depended on the presence of either asymmetric or symmetric DMA as visualized with sub-diffraction microscopy. Thus, DMA-tudor interaction modules-combinations of tudor domains bound to their DMA ligand(s)-represent versatile yet specific regulators of MLO assembly, composition, and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Courchaine
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew E S Barentine
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Korinna Straube
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karla M Neugebauer
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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18
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Schilling M, Prusty AB, Boysen B, Oppermann FS, Riedel YL, Husedzinovic A, Rasouli H, König A, Ramanathan P, Reymann J, Erfle H, Daub H, Fischer U, Gruss OJ. TOR signaling regulates liquid phase separation of the SMN complex governing snRNP biogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109277. [PMID: 34161763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the SMN complex in promoting the assembly of pre-mRNA processing UsnRNPs correlates with condensation of the complex in nuclear Cajal bodies. While mechanistic details of its activity have been elucidated, the molecular basis for condensation remains unclear. High SMN complex phosphorylation suggests extensive regulation. Here, we report on systematic siRNA-based screening for modulators of the capacity of SMN to condense in Cajal bodies and identify mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 as key regulators. Proteomic analysis reveals TOR-dependent phosphorylations in SMN complex subunits. Using stably expressed or optogenetically controlled phospho mutants, we demonstrate that serine 49 and 63 phosphorylation of human SMN controls the capacity of the complex to condense in Cajal bodies via liquid-liquid phase separation. Our findings link SMN complex condensation and UsnRNP biogenesis to cellular energy levels and suggest modulation of TOR signaling as a rational concept for therapy of the SMN-linked neuromuscular disorder spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schilling
- Institut für Genetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Archana B Prusty
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Björn Boysen
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yannick L Riedel
- Institut für Genetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alma Husedzinovic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Homa Rasouli
- Evotec SE, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika König
- Institut für Genetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Reymann
- Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant Centre, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- Advanced Biological Screening Facility, BioQuant Centre, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Daub
- Evotec SE, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Gruss
- Institut für Genetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Kour S, Rajan DS, Fortuna TR, Anderson EN, Ward C, Lee Y, Lee S, Shin YB, Chae JH, Choi M, Siquier K, Cantagrel V, Amiel J, Stolerman ES, Barnett SS, Cousin MA, Castro D, McDonald K, Kirmse B, Nemeth AH, Rajasundaram D, Innes AM, Lynch D, Frosk P, Collins A, Gibbons M, Yang M, Desguerre I, Boddaert N, Gitiaux C, Rydning SL, Selmer KK, Urreizti R, Garcia-Oguiza A, Osorio AN, Verdura E, Pujol A, McCurry HR, Landers JE, Agnihotri S, Andriescu EC, Moody SB, Phornphutkul C, Sacoto MJG, Begtrup A, Houlden H, Kirschner J, Schorling D, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Strom TM, Leiz S, Juliette K, Richardson R, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang M, Wang J, Wang X, Platzer K, Donkervoort S, Bönnemann CG, Wagner M, Issa MY, Elbendary HM, Stanley V, Maroofian R, Gleeson JG, Zaki MS, Senderek J, Pandey UB. Loss of function mutations in GEMIN5 cause a neurodevelopmental disorder. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2558. [PMID: 33963192 PMCID: PMC8105379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GEMIN5, an RNA-binding protein is essential for assembly of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein complex and facilitates the formation of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of spliceosomes. Here, we have identified 30 affected individuals from 22 unrelated families presenting with developmental delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar ataxia harboring biallelic variants in the GEMIN5 gene. Mutations in GEMIN5 perturb the subcellular distribution, stability, and expression of GEMIN5 protein and its interacting partners in patient iPSC-derived neurons, suggesting a potential loss-of-function mechanism. GEMIN5 mutations result in disruption of snRNP complex assembly formation in patient iPSC neurons. Furthermore, knock down of rigor mortis, the fly homolog of human GEMIN5, leads to developmental defects, motor dysfunction, and a reduced lifespan. Interestingly, we observed that GEMIN5 variants disrupt a distinct set of transcripts and pathways as compared to SMA patient neurons, suggesting different molecular pathomechanisms. These findings collectively provide evidence that pathogenic variants in GEMIN5 perturb physiological functions and result in a neurodevelopmental delay and ataxia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhleen Kour
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deepa S Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tyler R Fortuna
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Youngha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Beom Shin
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karine Siquier
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Paris University, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Sarah S Barnett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Margot A Cousin
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diana Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian Kirmse
- Division of Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Andrea H Nemeth
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Danielle Lynch
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Patrick Frosk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abigail Collins
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melissa Gibbons
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michele Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Department of Pediatric Neurophysiology AP-HP, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | - Kaja K Selmer
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital and the University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Edgard Verdura
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannah R McCurry
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Corina Andriescu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shade B Moody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chanika Phornphutkul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center,, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Schorling
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center,, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents Dritter Orden, Divison of Neuropediatrics, Munchen, Germany
| | - Kali Juliette
- Department of Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Randal Richardson
- Department of Neurology, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Hunan, China
| | | | | | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der IsarTechnical, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jan Senderek
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Ji C, Bader J, Ramanathan P, Hennlein L, Meissner F, Jablonka S, Mann M, Fischer U, Sendtner M, Briese M. Interaction of 7SK with the Smn complex modulates snRNP production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1278. [PMID: 33627647 PMCID: PMC7904863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression requires tight coordination of the molecular machineries that mediate transcription and splicing. While the interplay between transcription kinetics and spliceosome fidelity has been investigated before, less is known about mechanisms regulating the assembly of the spliceosomal machinery in response to transcription changes. Here, we report an association of the Smn complex, which mediates spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis, with the 7SK complex involved in transcriptional regulation. We found that Smn interacts with the 7SK core components Larp7 and Mepce and specifically associates with 7SK subcomplexes containing hnRNP R. The association between Smn and 7SK complexes is enhanced upon transcriptional inhibition leading to reduced production of snRNPs. Taken together, our findings reveal a functional association of Smn and 7SK complexes that is governed by global changes in transcription. Thus, in addition to its canonical nuclear role in transcriptional regulation, 7SK has cytosolic functions in fine-tuning spliceosome production according to transcriptional demand. The noncoding RNA 7SK controls the transcription of mRNAs. Here, the authors show that the 7SK complex interacts with the Smn complex, suggesting crosstalk between transcription and snRNP assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Ji
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Bader
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pradhipa Ramanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Hennlein
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Department for Systems Immunology & Proteomics, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Briese
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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21
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Blatnik AJ, McGovern VL, Le TT, Iyer CC, Kaspar BK, Burghes AHM. Conditional deletion of SMN in cell culture identifies functional SMN alleles. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3477-3492. [PMID: 33075805 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutation or deletion of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and retention of SMN2 leading to SMN protein deficiency. We developed an immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast (iMEF) line in which full-length wild-type Smn (flwt-Smn) can be conditionally deleted using Cre recombinase. iMEFs lacking flwt-Smn are not viable. We tested the SMA patient SMN1 missense mutation alleles A2G, D44V, A111G, E134K and T274I in these cells to determine which human SMN (huSMN) mutant alleles can function in the absence of flwt-Smn. All missense mutant alleles failed to rescue survival in the conditionally deleted iMEFs. Thus, the function lost by these mutations is essential to cell survival. However, co-expression of two different huSMN missense mutants can rescue iMEF survival and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly, demonstrating intragenic complementation of SMN alleles. In addition, we show that a Smn protein lacking exon 2B can rescue iMEF survival and snRNP assembly in the absence of flwt-Smn, indicating exon 2B is not required for the essential function of Smn. For the first time, using this novel cell line, we can assay the function of SMN alleles in the complete absence of flwt-Smn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J Blatnik
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program.,Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology
| | | | | | | | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University; and Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arthur H M Burghes
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program.,Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology.,Molecular Genetics.,Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus OH 43210 USA
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22
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Berciano MT, Castillo-Iglesias MS, Val-Bernal JF, Lafarga V, Rodriguez-Rey JC, Lafarga M, Tapia O. Mislocalization of SMN from the I-band and M-band in human skeletal myofibers in spinal muscular atrophy associates with primary structural alterations of the sarcomere. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:461-478. [PMID: 32676861 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by a deletion or mutation of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Reduced SMN levels lead to motor neuron degeneration and muscular atrophy. SMN protein localizes to the cytoplasm and Cajal bodies. Moreover, in myofibrils from Drosophila and mice, SMN is a sarcomeric protein localized to the Z-disc. Although SMN participates in multiple functions, including the biogenesis of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, its role in the sarcomere is unclear. Here, we analyzed the sarcomeric organization of SMN in human control and type I SMA skeletal myofibers. In control sarcomeres, we demonstrate that human SMN is localized to the titin-positive M-band and actin-positive I-band, and to SMN-positive granules that flanked the Z-discs. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that SMN interacts with the sarcomeric protein actin, α-actinin, titin, and profilin2. In the type I SMA muscle, SMN levels were reduced, and atrophic (denervated) and hypertrophic (nondenervated) myofibers coexisted. The hypertrophied myofibers, which are potential primary targets of SMN deficiency, exhibited sites of focal or segmental alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, where the SMN immunostaining pattern was altered. Moreover, SMN was relocalized to the Z-disc in overcontracted minisarcomeres from hypertrophic myofibers. We propose that SMN could have an integrating role in the molecular components of the sarcomere. Consequently, low SMN levels might impact the normal sarcomeric architecture, resulting in the disruption of myofibrils found in SMA muscle. This primary effect might be independent of the neurogenic myopathy produced by denervation and contribute to pathophysiology of the SMA myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Berciano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain
| | | | - J Fernando Val-Bernal
- Unidad de Patología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - José C Rodriguez-Rey
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain.
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
| | - Olga Tapia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain.
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain.
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23
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Emerging Roles of Gemin5: From snRNPs Assembly to Translation Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113868. [PMID: 32485878 PMCID: PMC7311978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a pivotal role in the lifespan of RNAs. The disfunction of RBPs is frequently the cause of cell disorders which are incompatible with life. Furthermore, the ordered assembly of RBPs and RNAs in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles determines the function of biological complexes, as illustrated by the survival of the motor neuron (SMN) complex. Defects in the SMN complex assembly causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an infant invalidating disease. This multi-subunit chaperone controls the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are the critical components of the splicing machinery. However, the functional and structural characterization of individual members of the SMN complex, such as SMN, Gemin3, and Gemin5, have accumulated evidence for the additional roles of these proteins, unveiling their participation in other RNA-mediated events. In particular, Gemin5 is a multidomain protein that comprises tryptophan-aspartic acid (WD) repeat motifs at the N-terminal region, a dimerization domain at the middle region, and a non-canonical RNA-binding domain at the C-terminal end of the protein. Beyond small nuclear RNA (snRNA) recognition, Gemin5 interacts with a selective group of mRNA targets in the cell environment and plays a key role in reprogramming translation depending on the RNA partner and the cellular conditions. Here, we review recent studies on the SMN complex, with emphasis on the individual components regarding their involvement in cellular processes critical for cell survival.
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24
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ROCHMAH MAWADDAHAR, WIJAYA YOGIKONKYSILVANA, HARAHAP NURIMMAFATIMAH, TODE CHISATO, TAKEUCHI ATSUKO, OHUCHI KAZUKI, SHIMAZAWA MASAMITSU, HARA HIDEAKI, FUNATO MICHINORI, SAITO TOSHIO, SAITO KAYOKO, LAI POHSAN, AWANO HIROYUKI, SHINOHARA MASAKAZU, NISHIO HISAHIDE, NIBA EMMATABEEKO. Phosphoethanolamine Elevation in Plasma of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1 Patients. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 66:E1-E11. [PMID: 32814752 PMCID: PMC7447103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration or loss of lower motor neurons. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene, which produces the SMN protein, has been identified as a responsible gene for the disease. SMN is ubiquitously expressed in any tissue and may play an important role on the metabolism in the human body. However, no appropriate biomarkers reflecting the alteration in the metabolism in SMA have been identified. METHODS Low-molecular-weight metabolites were extracted from plasma of 20 human infants (9 SMA type 1 patients and 11 controls) and 9 infant mice (5 SMA-model mice, 4 control mice), and derivatized with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide. Finally, the derivatized products were applied to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry apparatus. To confirm the metabolite abnormality in SMA type 1 patients, we performed SMN-silencing experiment using a hepatocyte-derived cell line (HepG2). RESULTS We performed a comprehensive metabolomics analysis of plasma from the patients with SMA type 1 and controls, and found that phosphoethanolamine (PEA) was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. HepG2 experiment also showed that SMN-silencing increased PEA levels. However, comprehensive metabolomics analysis of plasma from SMA-model mice and control mice showed different profile compared to human plasma; there was no increase of PEA even in the SMA-model mice plasma. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that PEA was one of the possible biomarkers of human SMA reflecting metabolic abnormalities due to the SMN protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAWADDAH AR ROCHMAH
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - YOGIK ONKY SILVANA WIJAYA
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - NUR IMMA FATIMAH HARAHAP
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - CHISATO TODE
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - ATSUKO TAKEUCHI
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - KAZUKI OHUCHI
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - MASAMITSU SHIMAZAWA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - HIDEAKI HARA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - MICHINORI FUNATO
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - TOSHIO SAITO
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - KAYOKO SAITO
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - POH SAN LAI
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - HIROYUKI AWANO
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - MASAKAZU SHINOHARA
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - HISAHIDE NISHIO
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - EMMA TABE EKO NIBA
- Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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25
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Yi H, Mu L, Shen C, Kong X, Wang Y, Hou Y, Zhang R. Negative cooperativity between Gemin2 and RNA provides insights into RNA selection and the SMN complex's release in snRNP assembly. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:895-911. [PMID: 31799625 PMCID: PMC6954390 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of snRNP cores, in which seven Sm proteins, D1/D2/F/E/G/D3/B, form a ring around the nonameric Sm site of snRNAs, is the early step of spliceosome formation and essential to eukaryotes. It is mediated by the PMRT5 and SMN complexes sequentially in vivo. SMN deficiency causes neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). How the SMN complex assembles snRNP cores is largely unknown, especially how the SMN complex achieves high RNA assembly specificity and how it is released. Here we show, using crystallographic and biochemical approaches, that Gemin2 of the SMN complex enhances RNA specificity of SmD1/D2/F/E/G via a negative cooperativity between Gemin2 and RNA in binding SmD1/D2/F/E/G. Gemin2, independent of its N-tail, constrains the horseshoe-shaped SmD1/D2/F/E/G from outside in a physiologically relevant, narrow state, enabling high RNA specificity. Moreover, the assembly of RNAs inside widens SmD1/D2/F/E/G, causes the release of Gemin2/SMN allosterically and allows SmD3/B to join. The assembly of SmD3/B further facilitates the release of Gemin2/SMN. This is the first to show negative cooperativity in snRNP assembly, which provides insights into RNA selection and the SMN complex's release. These findings reveal a basic mechanism of snRNP core assembly and facilitate pathogenesis studies of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xi Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rundong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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26
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Kundinger SR, Bishof I, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Seyfried NT. Middle-Down Proteomics Reveals Dense Sites of Methylation and Phosphorylation in Arginine-Rich RNA-Binding Proteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1574-1591. [PMID: 31994892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) within arginine (Arg)-rich RNA-binding proteins, such as phosphorylation and methylation, regulate multiple steps in RNA metabolism. However, the identification of PTMs within Arg-rich domains with complete trypsin digestion is extremely challenging due to the high density of Arg residues within these proteins. Here, we report a middle-down proteomic approach coupled with electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry to map previously unknown sites of phosphorylation and methylation within the Arg-rich domains of U1-70K and structurally similar RNA-binding proteins from nuclear extracts of human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells. Notably, the Arg-rich domains in RNA-binding proteins are densely modified by methylation and phosphorylation compared with the remainder of the proteome, with methylation and phosphorylation favoring RSRS motifs. Although they favor a common motif, analysis of combinatorial PTMs within RSRS motifs indicates that phosphorylation and methylation do not often co-occur, suggesting that they may functionally oppose one another. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation may modify interactions between Arg-rich proteins, as serine-arginine splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) has a stronger association with U1-70K and LUC7L3 upon dephosphorylation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the level of PTMs within Arg-rich domains may be among the highest in the proteome and a possible unexplored regulator of RNA-binding protein interactions.
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27
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Lesne A, Baudement MO, Rebouissou C, Forné T. Exploring Mammalian Genome within Phase-Separated Nuclear Bodies: Experimental Methods and Implications for Gene Expression. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E1049. [PMID: 31861077 PMCID: PMC6947181 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of genome organization at the supranucleosomal scale in the control of gene expression is increasingly recognized today. In mammals, Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) and the active/inactive chromosomal compartments are two of the main nuclear structures that contribute to this organization level. However, recent works reviewed here indicate that, at specific loci, chromatin interactions with nuclear bodies could also be crucial to regulate genome functions, in particular transcription. They moreover suggest that these nuclear bodies are membrane-less organelles dynamically self-assembled and disassembled through mechanisms of phase separation. We have recently developed a novel genome-wide experimental method, High-salt Recovered Sequences sequencing (HRS-seq), which allows the identification of chromatin regions associated with large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and nuclear bodies. We argue that the physical nature of such RNP complexes and nuclear bodies appears to be central in their ability to promote efficient interactions between distant genomic regions. The development of novel experimental approaches, including our HRS-seq method, is opening new avenues to understand how self-assembly of phase-separated nuclear bodies possibly contributes to mammalian genome organization and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Lesne
- IGMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (M.-O.B.); (C.R.)
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, LPTMC, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Baudement
- IGMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (M.-O.B.); (C.R.)
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Cosette Rebouissou
- IGMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (M.-O.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Thierry Forné
- IGMM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (M.-O.B.); (C.R.)
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28
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Mabonga L, Kappo AP. The oncogenic potential of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G: a comprehensive and perspective view. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6702-6716. [PMID: 31814883 PMCID: PMC6895504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG), often referred to as Smith protein G (SmG), is an indispensable component in the biogenesis of spliceosomal uridyl-rich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (U snRNPs; U1, U2, U4 and U5), which are precursors of both the major and minor spliceosome. SNRPG has attracted significant attention because of its implicated roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development. Suggestive evidence of its varying expression levels has been reported in different types of cancers, which include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The accumulating evidence suggests that the splicing machinery component plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of cancers. SNRPG has a wide interaction network, and its functions are predominantly mediated by protein-protein interactions (PPIs), making it a promising anti-cancer therapeutic target in PPI-focused drug technology. Understanding its roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development is an indispensable arsenal in the development of molecular-targeted therapies. Several antitumor drugs linked to splicing machinery components have been reported in different types of cancers and some have already entered the clinic. However, targeting SNRPG as a drug development tool has been an overlooked and underdeveloped strategy in cancer therapy. In this article, we present a comprehensive and perspective view on the oncogenic potential of SNRPG in PPI-focused drug discovery.
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Ottesen EW, Singh NN, Luo D, Singh RN. High-affinity RNA targets of the Survival Motor Neuron protein reveal diverse preferences for sequence and structural motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10983-11001. [PMID: 30165668 PMCID: PMC6237763 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is essential for survival of all animal cells. SMN harbors a nucleic acid-binding domain and plays an important role in RNA metabolism. However, the RNA-binding property of SMN is poorly understood. Here we employ iterative in vitro selection and chemical structure probing to identify sequence and structural motif(s) critical for RNA–SMN interactions. Our results reveal that motifs that drive RNA–SMN interactions are diverse and suggest that tight RNA–SMN interaction requires presence of multiple contact sites on the RNA molecule. We performed UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP) to identify cellular RNA targets of SMN in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Results of HITS-CLIP identified a wide variety of targets, including mRNAs coding for ribosome biogenesis and cytoskeleton dynamics. We show critical determinants of ANXA2 mRNA for a direct SMN interaction in vitro. Our data confirms the ability of SMN to discriminate among close RNA sequences, and represent the first validation of a direct interaction of SMN with a cellular RNA target. Our findings suggest direct RNA–SMN interaction as a novel mechanism to initiate the cascade of events leading to the execution of SMN-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Ottesen
- Iowa State University, Biomedical Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Diou Luo
- Iowa State University, Biomedical Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
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A new biomarker candidate for spinal muscular atrophy: Identification of a peripheral blood cell population capable of monitoring the level of survival motor neuron protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201764. [PMID: 30102724 PMCID: PMC6089418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder caused by insufficiency of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Several clinical trials have been conducted with the aim of upregulating the expression of the SMN protein in SMA patients. In order to evaluate the efficiency of these SMN-targeted approaches, it has become necessary to verify SMN protein levels in the cells of SMA patients. Accordingly, we have developed a method allowing the evaluation of the functional SMN protein with < 1.5 mL of peripheral blood using imaging flow cytometry. The expression of SMN protein in CD3+, CD19+, and CD33++ cells obtained from SMA patients, was significantly reduced compared with that in cells from control subjects. In spot analysis of CD33++ cells, the intensities of SMN spots were significantly reduced in SMA subjects, when compared with that in controls. Therefore, SMN spots implied the presence of functional SMN protein in the cell nucleus. To our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate the presence of functional SMN protein in freshly isolated peripheral blood cells. We anticipate that SMN spot analysis will become the primary endpoint assay for the evaluation and monitoring of therapeutic intervention, with SMN serving as a reliable biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in SMA patients.
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Jiang D, Zou X, Zhang C, Chen J, Li Z, Wang Y, Deng Z, Wang L, Chen S. Gemin5 plays a role in unassembled-U1 snRNA disposal in SMN-deficient cells. FEBS Lett 2018. [PMID: 29537490 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gemin5 acts as a U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-binding protein in U1 small nuclear ribonucleic protein (snRNP) biogenesis. Here, we report a role for Gemin5 in unassembled U1 snRNP disposal under survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein-deficient conditions. We demonstrate that non-Sm protein-associated U1 snRNA and U1A are enriched in cytoplasmic granules and colocalize to P bodies in SMN-deficient cells. Immunoprecipitation assays show increased associations of the U1 snRNP component U1A with P body components and Gemin5 in SMN-deficient cells. More importantly, Gemin5 knockdown eliminates the unassembled U1 snRNP granules and rescues U1 snRNA levels in SMN-deficient cells. Taken together, our study provides direct evidence that Gemin5 is involved in unassembled-U1 snRNA disposal under conditions of SMN deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
- Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yunfu Wang
- Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Liangrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
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Abstract
Gemin3, also known as DDX20 or DP103, is a DEAD-box RNA helicase which is involved in more than one cellular process. Though RNA unwinding has been determined in vitro, it is surprisingly not required for all of its activities in cellular metabolism. Gemin3 is an essential gene, present in Amoeba and Metazoa. The highly conserved N-terminus hosts the helicase core, formed of the helicase- and DEAD-domains, which, based on crystal structure determination, have key roles in RNA binding. The C-terminus of Gemin3 is highly divergent between species and serves as the interaction site for several accessory factors that could recruit Gemin3 to its target substrates and/or modulate its function. This review article focuses on the known roles of Gemin3, first as a core member of the survival motor neuron (SMN) complex, in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis. Although mechanistic details are lacking, a critical function for Gemin3 in this pathway is supported by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. Gene expression activities of Gemin3 are next underscored, mainly messenger ribonucleoprotein trafficking, gene silencing via microRNA processing, and transcriptional regulation. The involvement of Gemin3 in abnormal cell signal transduction pathways involving p53 and NF-κB is also highlighted. Finally, the clinical implications of Gemin3 deregulation are discussed including links to spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cancer. Impressive progress made over the past two decades since the discovery of Gemin3 bodes well for further work that refines the mechanism(s) underpinning its multiple activities.
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Lafarga V, Tapia O, Sharma S, Bengoechea R, Stoecklin G, Lafarga M, Berciano MT. CBP-mediated SMN acetylation modulates Cajal body biogenesis and the cytoplasmic targeting of SMN. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:527-546. [PMID: 28879433 PMCID: PMC11105684 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein plays an essential role in the biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNPs and the molecular assembly of Cajal bodies (CBs). Deletion of or mutations in the SMN1 gene cause spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with degeneration and loss of motor neurons. Reduced SMN levels in SMA lead to deficient snRNP biogenesis with consequent splicing pathology. Here, we demonstrate that SMN is a novel and specific target of the acetyltransferase CBP (CREB-binding protein). Furthermore, we identify lysine (K) 119 as the main acetylation site in SMN. Importantly, SMN acetylation enhances its cytoplasmic localization, causes depletion of CBs, and reduces the accumulation of snRNPs in nuclear speckles. In contrast, the acetylation-deficient SMNK119R mutant promotes formation of CBs and a novel category of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies enriched in this protein. Acetylation increases the half-life of SMN protein, reduces its cytoplasmic diffusion rate and modifies its interactome. Hence, SMN acetylation leads to its dysfunction, which explains the ineffectiveness of HDAC (histone deacetylases) inhibitors in SMA therapy despite their potential to increase SMN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Lafarga
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability, "Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas" (CNIO), 28024, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Tapia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, "Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas" (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rocio Bengoechea
- Department of Neurology, The Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, School of Medicine of Washington University, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, "Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas" (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria T Berciano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, "Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas" (CIBERNED), University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39011, Santander, Spain.
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Gruss OJ, Meduri R, Schilling M, Fischer U. UsnRNP biogenesis: mechanisms and regulation. Chromosoma 2017; 126:577-593. [PMID: 28766049 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes composed of proteins or proteins and nucleic acids rather than individual macromolecules mediate many cellular activities. Maintenance of these activities is essential for cell viability and requires the coordinated production of the individual complex components as well as their faithful incorporation into functional entities. Failure of complex assembly may have fatal consequences and can cause severe diseases. While many macromolecular complexes can form spontaneously in vitro, they often require aid from assembly factors including assembly chaperones in the crowded cellular environment. The assembly of RNA protein complexes implicated in the maturation of pre-mRNAs (termed UsnRNPs) has proven to be a paradigm to understand the action of assembly factors and chaperones. UsnRNPs are assembled by factors united in protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)- and survival motor neuron (SMN)-complexes, which act sequentially in the UsnRNP production line. While the PRMT5-complex pre-arranges specific sets of proteins into stable intermediates, the SMN complex displaces assembly factors from these intermediates and unites them with UsnRNA to form the assembled RNP. Despite advanced mechanistic understanding of UsnRNP assembly, our knowledge of regulatory features of this essential and ubiquitous cellular function remains remarkably incomplete. One may argue that the process operates as a default biosynthesis pathway and does not require sophisticated regulatory cues. Simple theoretical considerations and a number of experimental data, however, indicate that regulation of UsnRNP assembly most likely happens at multiple levels. This review will not only summarize how individual components of this assembly line act mechanistically but also why, how, and when the UsnRNP workflow might be regulated by means of posttranslational modification in response to cellular signaling cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Gruss
- Department of Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Rajyalakshmi Meduri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schilling
- Department of Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Hosseinibarkooie S, Schneider S, Wirth B. Advances in understanding the role of disease-associated proteins in spinal muscular atrophy. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017. [PMID: 28635376 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1345631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by alpha motor neuron loss in the spinal cord due to reduced survival motor neuron (SMN) protein level. While the genetic basis of SMA is well described, the specific molecular pathway underlying SMA is still not fully understood. Areas covered: This review discusses the recent advancements in understanding the molecular pathways in SMA using different omics approaches and genetic modifiers identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. The findings that are summarized in this article were deduced from original articles and reviews with a particular focus on the latest advancements in the field. Expert commentary: The identification of genetic modifiers such as PLS3 and NCALD in humans or of SMA modulators such as Elavl4 (HuD), Copa, Uba1, Mapk10 (Jnk3), Nrxn2 and Tmem41b (Stasimon) in various SMA animal models improved our knowledge of impaired cellular pathways in SMA. Inspiration from modifier genes and their functions in motor neuron and neuromuscular junctions may open a new avenue for future SMA combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c Institute for Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Svenja Schneider
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c Institute for Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- a Institute of Human Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c Institute for Genetics , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,d Center for Rare Diseases Cologne , University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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36
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Prusty AB, Meduri R, Prusty BK, Vanselow J, Schlosser A, Fischer U. Impaired spliceosomal UsnRNP assembly leads to Sm mRNA down-regulation and Sm protein degradation. J Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28637748 PMCID: PMC5551706 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular spliceosomal UsnRNP assembly is assisted by the PRMT5 and SMN complexes. Prusty et al. demonstrate that perturbations in the assembly machinery of UsnRNPs trigger complex cellular responses, using ribosomes, exosome-mediated RNA degradation, and autophagy to prevent Sm protein aggregation. Specialized assembly factors facilitate the formation of many macromolecular complexes in vivo. The formation of Sm core structures of spliceosomal U-rich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (UsnRNPs) requires assembly factors united in protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and survival motor neuron (SMN) complexes. We demonstrate that perturbations of this assembly machinery trigger complex cellular responses that prevent aggregation of unassembled Sm proteins. Inactivation of the SMN complex results in the initial tailback of Sm proteins on the PRMT5 complex, followed by down-regulation of their encoding mRNAs. In contrast, reduction of pICln, a PRMT5 complex subunit, leads to the retention of newly synthesized Sm proteins on ribosomes and their subsequent lysosomal degradation. Overexpression of Sm proteins under these conditions results in a surplus of Sm proteins over pICln, promoting their aggregation. Our studies identify an elaborate safeguarding system that prevents individual Sm proteins from aggregating, contributing to cellular UsnRNP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajyalakshmi Meduri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh Kumar Prusty
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Vanselow
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany .,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Abstract
In this Perspective, Wahl and Fischer discuss three studies that have now provided insights into how an assembly factor specifically recognizes substrate RNA molecules and enables their usage for assembly of Sm-class uridine-rich small nuclear RNA–protein complexes. Macromolecular complexes, rather than individual biopolymers, perform many cellular activities. Faithful assembly of these complexes in vivo is therefore a vital challenge of all cells, and its failure can have fatal consequences. To form functional complexes, cells use elaborate measures to select the “right” components and combine them into working entities. How assembly is achieved at the molecular level is unclear in many cases. Three groups (Jin and colleagues, pp. 2391–2403; Xu and colleagues, pp. 2376–2390; and Tang and colleagues in Cell Research) have now provided insights into how an assembly factor specifically recognizes substrate RNA molecules and enables their usage for assembly of Sm-class uridine-rich small nuclear RNA–protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C Wahl
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.,Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Lanfranco M, Vassallo N, Cauchi RJ. Spinal Muscular Atrophy: From Defective Chaperoning of snRNP Assembly to Neuromuscular Dysfunction. Front Mol Biosci 2017. [PMID: 28642865 PMCID: PMC5463183 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder that results from decreased levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN is part of a multiprotein complex that also includes Gemins 2–8 and Unrip. The SMN-Gemins complex cooperates with the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) complex, whose constituents include WD45, PRMT5 and pICln. Both complexes function as molecular chaperones, interacting with and assisting in the assembly of an Sm protein core onto small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) to generate small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are the operating components of the spliceosome. Molecular and structural studies have refined our knowledge of the key events taking place within the crowded environment of cells and the numerous precautions undertaken to ensure the faithful assembly of snRNPs. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether a loss of chaperoning in snRNP assembly, considered as a “housekeeping” activity, is responsible for the selective neuromuscular phenotype in SMA. This review thus shines light on in vivo studies that point toward disturbances in snRNP assembly and the consequential transcriptome abnormalities as the primary drivers of the progressive neuromuscular degeneration underpinning the disease. Disruption of U1 snRNP or snRNP assembly factors other than SMN induces phenotypes that mirror aspects of SMN deficiency, and splicing defects, described in numerous SMA models, can lead to a DNA damage and stress response that compromises the survival of the motor system. Restoring the correct chaperoning of snRNP assembly is therefore predicted to enhance the benefit of SMA therapeutic modalities based on augmenting SMN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Lanfranco
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of MaltaMsida, Malta.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR 5535, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
| | - Ruben J Cauchi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of MaltaMsida, Malta
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Raimer AC, Gray KM, Matera AG. SMN - A chaperone for nuclear RNP social occasions? RNA Biol 2017; 14:701-711. [PMID: 27648855 PMCID: PMC5519234 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1236168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic SMN is diffusely localized in large oligomeric complexes with core member proteins, called Gemins. Biochemical and cell biological studies have demonstrated that the SMN complex is required for the cytoplasmic assembly and nuclear transport of Sm-class ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Nuclear SMN accumulates with spliceosomal small nuclear (sn)RNPs in Cajal bodies, sub-domains involved in multiple facets of snRNP maturation. Thus, the SMN complex forms stable associations with both nuclear and cytoplasmic snRNPs, and plays a critical role in their biogenesis. In this review, we focus on potential functions of the nuclear SMN complex, with particular emphasis on its role within the Cajal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Raimer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Gray
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A. Gregory Matera
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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40
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Li W. How do SMA-linked mutations of SMN1 lead to structural/functional deficiency of the SMA protein? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178519. [PMID: 28570645 PMCID: PMC5453535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease with dysfunctional α-motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. SMA is caused by loss (∼95% of SMA cases) or mutation (∼5% of SMA cases) of the survival motor neuron 1 gene SMN1. As the product of SMN1, SMN is a component of the SMN complex, and is also involved in the biosynthesis of the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which play critical roles in pre-mRNA splicing in the pathogenesis of SMA. To investigate how SMA-linked mutations of SMN1 lead to structural/functional deficiency of SMN, a set of computational analysis of SMN-related structures were conducted and are described in this article. Of extraordinary interest, the structural analysis highlights three SMN residues (Asp44, Glu134 and Gln136) with SMA-linked missense mutations, which cause disruptions of electrostatic interactions for Asp44, Glu134 and Gln136, and result in three functionally deficient SMA-linked SMN mutants, Asp44Val, Glu134Lys and Gln136Glu. From the computational analysis, it is also possible that SMN’s Lys45 and Asp36 act as two electrostatic clips at the SMN-Gemin2 complex structure interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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41
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Gribling-Burrer AS, Leichter M, Wurth L, Huttin A, Schlotter F, Troffer-Charlier N, Cura V, Barkats M, Cavarelli J, Massenet S, Allmang C. SECIS-binding protein 2 interacts with the SMN complex and the methylosome for selenoprotein mRNP assembly and translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:5399-5413. [PMID: 28115638 PMCID: PMC5605228 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein synthesis requires the co-translational recoding of a UGASec codon. This process involves an RNA structural element, called Selenocysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS) and the SECIS binding protein 2 (SBP2). Several selenoprotein mRNAs undergo unusual cap hypermethylation by the trimethylguanosine synthase 1 (Tgs1), which is recruited by the ubiquitous Survival of MotoNeurons (SMN) protein. SMN, the protein involved in spinal muscular atrophy, is part of a chaperone complex that collaborates with the methylosome for RNP assembly. Here, we analyze the role of individual SMN and methylosome components in selenoprotein mRNP assembly and translation. We show that SBP2 interacts directly with four proteins of the SMN complex and the methylosome core proteins. Nevertheless, SBP2 is not a methylation substrate of the methylosome. We found that both SMN and methylosome complexes are required for efficient translation of the selenoprotein GPx1 in vivo. We establish that the steady-state level of several selenoprotein mRNAs, major regulators of oxidative stress damage in neurons, is specifically reduced in the spinal cord of SMN-deficient mice and that cap hypermethylation of GPx1 mRNA is affected. Altogether we identified a new function of the SMN complex and the methylosome in selenoprotein mRNP assembly and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gribling-Burrer
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Leichter
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Wurth
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Huttin
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7365, Faculté de Médecine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Florence Schlotter
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7365, Faculté de Médecine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Troffer-Charlier
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Cura
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Martine Barkats
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMRS 974, INSERM, FRE3617, Institut de Myologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Séverine Massenet
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7365, Faculté de Médecine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Christine Allmang
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel : +33 3 88 41 70 80; Fax : +33 3 88 60 22 18;
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Han L, Marcus E, D'Silva S, Phizicky EM. S. cerevisiae Trm140 has two recognition modes for 3-methylcytidine modification of the anticodon loop of tRNA substrates. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:406-419. [PMID: 28003514 PMCID: PMC5311504 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059667.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The 3-methylcytidine (m3C) modification is ubiquitous in eukaryotic tRNA, widely found at C32 in the anticodon loop of tRNAThr, tRNASer, and some tRNAArg species, as well as in the variable loop (V-loop) of certain tRNASer species. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, formation of m3C32 requires Trm140 for six tRNA substrates, including three tRNAThr species and three tRNASer species, whereas in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, two Trm140 homologs are used, one for tRNAThr and one for tRNASer The occurrence of a single Trm140 homolog is conserved broadly among Ascomycota, whereas multiple Trm140-related homologs are found in metazoans and other fungi. We investigate here how S. cerevisiae Trm140 protein recognizes its six tRNA substrates. We show that Trm140 has two modes of tRNA substrate recognition. Trm140 recognizes G35-U36-t6A37 of the anticodon loop of tRNAThr substrates, and this sequence is an identity element because it can be used to direct m3C modification of tRNAPhe However, Trm140 recognition of tRNASer substrates is different, since their anticodons do not share G35-U36 and do not have any nucleotides in common. Rather, specificity of Trm140 for tRNASer is achieved by seryl-tRNA synthetase and the distinctive tRNASer V-loop, as well as by t6A37 and i6A37 We provide evidence that all of these components are important in vivo and that seryl-tRNA synthetase greatly stimulates m3C modification of tRNASer(CGA) and tRNASer(UGA) in vitro. In addition, our results show that Trm140 binding is a significant driving force for tRNA modification and suggest separate contributions from each recognition element for the modification.
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MESH Headings
- Anticodon/chemistry
- Anticodon/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Cytidine/genetics
- Cytidine/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Domains
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Phe/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Ser/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Ser/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Ser/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Thr/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Thr/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Thr/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
- Substrate Specificity
- tRNA Methyltransferases/genetics
- tRNA Methyltransferases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Erin Marcus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Sonia D'Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Eric M Phizicky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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43
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Schwer B, Roth AJ, Shuman S. Will the circle be unbroken: specific mutations in the yeast Sm protein ring expose a requirement for assembly factor Brr1, a homolog of Gemin2. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:420-430. [PMID: 27974620 PMCID: PMC5311505 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059881.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A seven-subunit Sm protein ring assembles around specific U-rich RNA segments of the U1, U2, U4, and U5 snRNPs that direct pre-mRNA splicing. Using human snRNP crystal structures to guide mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we gained new insights into structure-function relationships of the SmD1 and SmD2 subunits. Of 18 conserved amino acids comprising their RNA-binding sites or intersubunit interfaces, only Arg88 in SmD1 and Arg97 in SmD2 were essential for growth. Tests for genetic interactions with non-Sm splicing factors identified benign mutations of SmD1 (N37A, R88K, R93A) and SmD2 (R49A, N66A, R97K, D99A) that were synthetically lethal with null alleles of U2 snRNP subunits Lea1 and/or Msl1. Tests of 264 pairwise combinations of SmD1 and SmD2 alleles with each other and with a collection of SmG, SmE, SmF, SmB, and SmD3 alleles revealed 92 instances of inter-Sm synthetic lethality. We leveraged the Sm mutant collection to illuminate the function of the yeast Sm assembly factor Brr1 and its relationship to the metazoan Sm assembly factor Gemin2. Mutations in the adjacent SmE (K83A), SmF (K32A, F33A, R74K), SmD2 (R49A, N66A, E74A, R97K, D99A), and SmD1 (E18A, N37A) subunits-but none in the SmG, SmD3, and SmB subunits-were synthetically lethal with brr1Δ. Using complementation of brr1Δ lethality in two Sm mutant backgrounds as an in vivo assay of Brr1 activity, we identified as essential an N-terminal segment of Brr1 (amino acids 24-47) corresponding to the Gemin2 α1 helix that interacts with SmF and a Brr1 C-terminal peptide (336QKDLIE341) that, in Gemin2, interacts with SmD2.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Lethal
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Humans
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry
- RNA, Small Nuclear/genetics
- RNA, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spliceosomes/genetics
- Spliceosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Schwer
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Allen J Roth
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Stewart Shuman
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
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44
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Singh RN, Howell MD, Ottesen EW, Singh NN. Diverse role of survival motor neuron protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:299-315. [PMID: 28095296 PMCID: PMC5325804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein is required for the survival of all organisms of the animal kingdom. SMN impacts various aspects of RNA metabolism through the formation and/or interaction with ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. SMN regulates biogenesis of small nuclear RNPs, small nucleolar RNPs, small Cajal body-associated RNPs, signal recognition particles and telomerase. SMN also plays an important role in DNA repair, transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, histone mRNA processing, translation, selenoprotein synthesis, macromolecular trafficking, stress granule formation, cell signaling and cytoskeleton maintenance. The tissue-specific requirement of SMN is dictated by the variety and the abundance of its interacting partners. Reduced expression of SMN causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA displays a broad spectrum ranging from embryonic lethality to an adult onset. Aberrant expression and/or localization of SMN has also been associated with male infertility, inclusion body myositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a summary of various SMN functions with implications to a better understanding of SMA and other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Matthew D Howell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Eric W Ottesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Natalia N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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45
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Jin W, Wang Y, Liu CP, Yang N, Jin M, Cong Y, Wang M, Xu RM. Structural basis for snRNA recognition by the double-WD40 repeat domain of Gemin5. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2391-2403. [PMID: 27881601 PMCID: PMC5131779 DOI: 10.1101/gad.291377.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoparticle (snRNP) core requires the participation of the multisubunit SMN (survival of motor neuron) complex, which contains SMN and several Gemin proteins. The SMN and Gemin2 subunits directly bind Sm proteins, and Gemin5 is required for snRNP biogenesis and has been implicated in snRNA recognition. The RNA sequence required for snRNP assembly includes the Sm site and an adjacent 3' stem-loop, but a precise understanding of Gemin5's RNA-binding specificity is lacking. Here we show that the N-terminal half of Gemin5, which is composed of two juxtaposed seven-bladed WD40 repeat domains, recognizes the Sm site. The tandem WD40 repeat domains are rigidly held together to form a contiguous RNA-binding surface. RNA-contacting residues are located mostly on loops between β strands on the apical surface of the WD40 domains. Structural and biochemical analyses show that base-stacking interactions involving four aromatic residues and hydrogen bonding by a pair of arginines are crucial for specific recognition of the Sm sequence. We also show that an adenine immediately 5' to the Sm site is required for efficient binding and that Gemin5 can bind short RNA oligos in an alternative mode. Our results provide mechanistic understandings of Gemin5's snRNA-binding specificity as well as valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of RNA binding by WD40 repeat proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Jin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao-Pei Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yao Cong
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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46
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Tseng YT, Chen CS, Jong YJ, Chang FR, Lo YC. Loganin possesses neuroprotective properties, restores SMN protein and activates protein synthesis positive regulator Akt/mTOR in experimental models of spinal muscular atrophy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Schwer B, Kruchten J, Shuman S. Structure-function analysis and genetic interactions of the SmG, SmE, and SmF subunits of the yeast Sm protein ring. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:1320-8. [PMID: 27417296 PMCID: PMC4986888 DOI: 10.1261/rna.057448.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A seven-subunit Sm protein ring forms a core scaffold of the U1, U2, U4, and U5 snRNPs that direct pre-mRNA splicing. Using human snRNP structures to guide mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we gained new insights into structure-function relationships of the SmG, SmE, and SmF subunits. An alanine scan of 19 conserved amino acids of these three proteins, comprising the Sm RNA binding sites or inter-subunit interfaces, revealed that, with the exception of Arg74 in SmF, none are essential for yeast growth. Yet, for SmG, SmE, and SmF, as for many components of the yeast spliceosome, the effects of perturbing protein-RNA and protein-protein interactions are masked by built-in functional redundancies of the splicing machine. For example, tests for genetic interactions with non-Sm splicing factors showed that many benign mutations of SmG, SmE, and SmF (and of SmB and SmD3) were synthetically lethal with null alleles of U2 snRNP subunits Lea1 and Msl1. Tests of pairwise combinations of SmG, SmE, SmF, SmB, and SmD3 alleles highlighted the inherent redundancies within the Sm ring, whereby simultaneous mutations of the RNA binding sites of any two of the Sm subunits are lethal. Our results suggest that six intact RNA binding sites in the Sm ring suffice for function but five sites may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Schwer
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Joshua Kruchten
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Stewart Shuman
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
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48
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Seo J, Singh NN, Ottesen EW, Lee BM, Singh RN. A novel human-specific splice isoform alters the critical C-terminus of Survival Motor Neuron protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30778. [PMID: 27481219 PMCID: PMC4969610 DOI: 10.1038/srep30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic disease of children and infants, is caused by mutations or deletions of Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMN2, a nearly identical copy of SMN1, fails to compensate for the loss of SMN1 due to skipping of exon 7. SMN2 predominantly produces SMNΔ7, an unstable protein. Here we report exon 6B, a novel exon, generated by exonization of an intronic Alu-like sequence of SMN. We validate the expression of exon 6B-containing transcripts SMN6B and SMN6BΔ7 in human tissues and cell lines. We confirm generation of SMN6B transcripts from both SMN1 and SMN2. We detect expression of SMN6B protein using antibodies raised against a unique polypeptide encoded by exon 6B. We analyze RNA-Seq data to show that hnRNP C is a potential regulator of SMN6B expression and demonstrate that SMN6B is a substrate of nonsense-mediated decay. We show interaction of SMN6B with Gemin2, a critical SMN-interacting protein. We demonstrate that SMN6B is more stable than SMNΔ7 and localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Our finding expands the diversity of transcripts generated from human SMN genes and reveals a novel protein isoform predicted to be stably expressed during conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Natalia N. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Eric W. Ottesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Brian M. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Center for Advanced Host Defenses, Immunobiotics & Translational Comparative Medicine (CAHDIT), Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ravindra N. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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49
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Borg RM, Fenech Salerno B, Vassallo N, Bordonne R, Cauchi RJ. Disruption of snRNP biogenesis factors Tgs1 and pICln induces phenotypes that mirror aspects of SMN-Gemins complex perturbation in Drosophila, providing new insights into spinal muscular atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:245-58. [PMID: 27388936 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular disorder, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), results from insufficient levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Together with Gemins 2-8 and Unrip, SMN forms the large macromolecular SMN-Gemins complex, which is known to be indispensable for chaperoning the assembly of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). It remains unclear whether disruption of this function is responsible for the selective neuromuscular degeneration in SMA. In the present study, we first show that loss of wmd, the Drosophila Unrip orthologue, has a negative impact on the motor system. However, due to lack of a functional relationship between wmd/Unrip and Gemin3, it is likely that Unrip joined the SMN-Gemins complex only recently in evolution. Second, we uncover that disruption of either Tgs1 or pICln, two cardinal players in snRNP biogenesis, results in viability and motor phenotypes that closely resemble those previously uncovered on loss of the constituent members of the SMN-Gemins complex. Interestingly, overexpression of both factors leads to motor dysfunction in Drosophila, a situation analogous to that of Gemin2. Toxicity is conserved in the yeast S. pombe where pICln overexpression induces a surplus of Sm proteins in the cytoplasm, indicating that a block in snRNP biogenesis is partly responsible for this phenotype. Importantly, we show a strong functional relationship and a physical interaction between Gemin3 and either Tgs1 or pICln. We propose that snRNP biogenesis is the pathway connecting the SMN-Gemins complex to a functional neuromuscular system, and its disturbance most likely leads to the motor dysfunction that is typical in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Borg
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5535, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Benji Fenech Salerno
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Rémy Bordonne
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5535, Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Ruben J Cauchi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
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50
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