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Gan WL, Ren X, Ng VHE, Ng L, Song Y, Tano V, Han J, An O, Xie J, Ng BYL, Tay DJT, Tang SJ, Shen H, Khare S, Chong KHC, Young DY, Wu B, DasGupta R, Chen L. Hepatocyte-macrophage crosstalk via the PGRN-EGFR axis modulates ADAR1-mediated immunity in the liver. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114400. [PMID: 38935501 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
ADAR1-mediated RNA editing establishes immune tolerance to endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by preventing its sensing, primarily by MDA5. Although deleting Ifih1 (encoding MDA5) rescues embryonic lethality in ADAR1-deficient mice, they still experience early postnatal death, and removing other MDA5 signaling proteins does not yield the same rescue. Here, we show that ablation of MDA5 in a liver-specific Adar knockout (KO) murine model fails to rescue hepatic abnormalities caused by ADAR1 loss. Ifih1;Adar double KO (dKO) hepatocytes accumulate endogenous dsRNAs, leading to aberrant transition to a highly inflammatory state and recruitment of macrophages into dKO livers. Mechanistically, progranulin (PGRN) appears to mediate ADAR1 deficiency-induced liver pathology, promoting interferon signaling and attracting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)+ macrophages into dKO liver, exacerbating hepatic inflammation. Notably, the PGRN-EGFR crosstalk communication and consequent immune responses are significantly repressed in ADAR1high tumors, revealing that pre-neoplastic or neoplastic cells can exploit ADAR1-dependent immune tolerance to facilitate immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang Gan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Ren
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Hui En Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Larry Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Song
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tano
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinghe Xie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bryan Y L Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daryl Jin Tai Tay
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Jing Tang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haoqing Shen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shruti Khare
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, #02-01, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Han Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Yock Young
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, #02-01, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leilei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Rehwinkel J, Mehdipour P. ADAR1: from basic mechanisms to inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00120-X. [PMID: 39030076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) converts adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, a process known as A-to-I editing. ADAR1 deficiency in humans and mice results in profound inflammatory diseases characterised by the spontaneous induction of innate immunity. In cells lacking ADAR1, unedited RNAs activate RNA sensors. These include melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) that induces the expression of cytokines, particularly type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthase (OAS), and Z-DNA/RNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1). Immunogenic RNAs 'defused' by ADAR1 may include transcripts from repetitive elements and other long duplex RNAs. Here, we review these recent fundamental discoveries and discuss implications for human diseases. Some tumours depend on ADAR1 to escape immune surveillance, opening the possibility of unleashing anticancer therapies with ADAR1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Translational Immune Discovery Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Parinaz Mehdipour
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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3
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404349121. [PMID: 38985764 PMCID: PMC11260138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404349121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus activates type 1 interferon in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with short hairpin RNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the interferon-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with nontargetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant 2-CARD domain-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 (MDA5) filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 (MDA5) and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1 knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes by HIV-1. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 (MDA5), over two orders of magnitude, was revealed by formaldehyde cross-linking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is the innate immune receptor for intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus and that IFIH1 potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1, even in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02142
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA02139
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA02115
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4
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Solotchi M, Patel SS. Proofreading mechanisms of the innate immune receptor RIG-I: distinguishing self and viral RNA. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1131-1148. [PMID: 38884803 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), comprising retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), are pattern recognition receptors belonging to the DExD/H-box RNA helicase family of proteins. RLRs detect viral RNAs in the cytoplasm and respond by initiating a robust antiviral response that up-regulates interferon and cytokine production. RIG-I and MDA5 complement each other by recognizing different RNA features, and LGP2 regulates their activation. RIG-I's multilayered RNA recognition and proofreading mechanisms ensure accurate viral RNA detection while averting harmful responses to host RNAs. RIG-I's C-terminal domain targets 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blunt ends, while an intrinsic gating mechanism prevents the helicase domains from non-specifically engaging with host RNAs. The ATPase and RNA translocation activity of RIG-I adds another layer of selectivity by minimizing the lifetime of RIG-I on non-specific RNAs, preventing off-target activation. The versatility of RIG-I's ATPase function also amplifies downstream signaling by enhancing the signaling domain (CARDs) exposure on 5'-triphosphate dsRNA and promoting oligomerization. In this review, we offer an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms RIG-I uses to facilitate viral RNA sensing and regulate downstream activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Solotchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Smita S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
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5
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Bonhomme D, Poirier EZ. Early signaling pathways in virus-infected cells. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101411. [PMID: 38718574 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Virus infection activates specific pattern recognition receptors and immune signal transduction, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immunity. We describe here the molecular organization of early signaling pathways downstream of viral recognition, including conformational changes, post-translational modifications, formation of oligomers, and generation of small-molecule second messengers. Such molecular organization allows tight regulation of immune signal transduction, characterized by swift but transient responses, nonlinearity, and signal amplification. Pathologies of early immune signaling caused by genomic mutations illustrate the fine regulation of the immune transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Curie, Stem Cell Immunity Lab, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Enzo Z Poirier
- Institut Curie, Stem Cell Immunity Lab, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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6
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Chan YJ, Liu NT, Hsin F, Lu JY, Lin JY, Liu HM. Temporal regulation of MDA5 inactivation by Caspase-3 dependent cleavage of 14-3-3η. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012287. [PMID: 38843304 PMCID: PMC11185488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of type I interferon (IFN) induction versus the virus replication compete, and the result of the competition determines the outcome of the infection. Chaperone proteins that involved in promoting the activation kinetics of PRRs rapidly trigger antiviral innate immunity. We have previously shown that prior to the interaction with MAVS to induce type I IFN, 14-3-3η facilitates the oligomerization and intracellular redistribution of activated MDA5. Here we report that the cleavage of 14-3-3η upon MDA5 activation, and we identified Caspase-3 activated by MDA5-dependent signaling was essential to produce sub-14-3-3η lacking the C-terminal helix (αI) and tail. The cleaved form of 14-3-3η (sub-14-3-3η) could strongly interact with MDA5 but could not support MDA5-dependent type I IFN induction, indicating the opposite functions between the full-length 14-3-3η and sub-14-3-3η. During human coronavirus or enterovirus infections, the accumulation of sub-14-3-3η was observed along with the activation of Caspase-3, suggesting that RNA viruses may antagonize 14-3-3η by promoting the formation of sub-14-3-3η to impair antiviral innate immunity. In conclusion, sub-14-3-3η, which could not promote MDA5 activation, may serve as a negative feedback to return to homeostasis to prevent excessive type I IFN production and unnecessary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jui Chan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fu Hsin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ying Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Helene Minyi Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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7
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Shibata K, Moriizumi H, Onomoto K, Kaneko Y, Miyakawa T, Zenno S, Tanokura M, Yoneyama M, Takahashi T, Ui-Tei K. Caspase-mediated processing of TRBP regulates apoptosis during viral infection. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5209-5225. [PMID: 38636948 PMCID: PMC11109963 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the regulatory mechanism of RNA silencing during viral infection is unclear. TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP) is an enhancer of RNA silencing that induces miRNA maturation by interacting with the ribonuclease Dicer. TRBP interacts with a virus sensor protein, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), in the early stage of viral infection of human cells. Next, it induces apoptosis by inhibiting the maturation of miRNAs, thereby upregulating the expression of apoptosis regulatory genes. In this study, we show that TRBP undergoes a functional conversion in the late stage of viral infection. Viral infection resulted in the activation of caspases that proteolytically processed TRBP into two fragments. The N-terminal fragment did not interact with Dicer but interacted with type I interferon (IFN) signaling modulators, such as protein kinase R (PKR) and LGP2, and induced ER stress. The end results were irreversible apoptosis and suppression of IFN signaling. Our results demonstrate that the processing of TRBP enhances apoptosis, reducing IFN signaling during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Harune Moriizumi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shuhei Zenno
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ui-Tei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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Consalvo CD, Aderounmu AM, Donelick HM, Aruscavage PJ, Eckert DM, Shen PS, Bass BL. Caenorhabditis elegans Dicer acts with the RIG-I-like helicase DRH-1 and RDE-4 to cleave dsRNA. eLife 2024; 13:RP93979. [PMID: 38747717 PMCID: PMC11095941 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates use the endoribonuclease Dicer to cleave viral dsRNA during antiviral defense, while vertebrates use RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), which bind viral dsRNA to trigger an interferon response. While some invertebrate Dicers act alone during antiviral defense, Caenorhabditis elegans Dicer acts in a complex with a dsRNA binding protein called RDE-4, and an RLR ortholog called DRH-1. We used biochemical and structural techniques to provide mechanistic insight into how these proteins function together. We found RDE-4 is important for ATP-independent and ATP-dependent cleavage reactions, while helicase domains of both DCR-1 and DRH-1 contribute to ATP-dependent cleavage. DRH-1 plays the dominant role in ATP hydrolysis, and like mammalian RLRs, has an N-terminal domain that functions in autoinhibition. A cryo-EM structure indicates DRH-1 interacts with DCR-1's helicase domain, suggesting this interaction relieves autoinhibition. Our study unravels the mechanistic basis of the collaboration between two helicases from typically distinct innate immune defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Consalvo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Helen M Donelick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Debra M Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Peter S Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Brenda L Bass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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9
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Mo Y, Ye Y, Peng L, Sun X, Zhong X, Wu R. The central helicase domain holds the major conformational epitopes of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 autoantibodies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1456-1465. [PMID: 37551942 PMCID: PMC11065446 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) serve as a biomarker for DM (dermatomyositis) and indicate a risk factor for interstitial lung disease (ILD). MDA5 is a protein responsible for sensing RNA virus infection and activating signalling pathways against it. However, little is known about the antigen epitopes on MDA5 autoantibodies. We aimed to determine the interaction of the MDA5 autoantibody-antigen epitope. METHODS Cell-based assays (CBAs), immunoprecipitation-immunoblot assays, and various immunoblotting techniques were used in the study. RESULTS We demonstrated that DM patient autoantibodies recognize MDA5 epitopes in a native conformation-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified the central helicase domain (3Hel) formed by Hel1, Hel2i, Hel2, and pincer as the major epitopes. As proof of principle, the purified 3Hel efficiently absorbed MDA5 autoantibodies from patient sera through immunoprecipitation-immunoblot assay. CONCLUSION Our study uncovered the nature of the antigen epitopes on MDA5 and can provide guidance for diagnosis and a targeted therapeutic approach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Mo
- Department of Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhong
- Department of Biotherapy Centre, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Van Gompel E, Demirdal D, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Horuluoglu B, Galindo-Feria A, Wigren E, Gräslund S, De Langhe E, Benveniste O, Notarnicola A, Chemin K, Lundberg IE. Autoantibodies against the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 in patients with dermatomyositis target the helicase domains. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1466-1473. [PMID: 37572295 PMCID: PMC11065437 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical observations in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and autoantibodies against the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) suggest that the autoantibodies contribute to the pathogenesis of MDA5(+) DM. To gain insight into the role of the anti-MDA5 autoantibodies, we aimed to identify their binding sites on the different domains of the MDA5 protein. METHODS We developed an in-house ELISA to assess the reactivity against the MDA5 domains (conformational epitopes) in plasma (n = 8) and serum (n = 24) samples from MDA5(+) patients with varying clinical manifestations and disease outcomes. The reactivities were also assessed using western blot (linearized epitopes). An ELISA-based depletion assay was developed to assess cross-reactivity among the different MDA5 domains. RESULTS All eight plasma samples consistently showed reactivity towards conformational and linearized epitopes on the helicase domains of the MDA5 protein. The ELISA-based depletion assay suggests that anti-MDA5 autoantibodies specifically target each of the three helicase domains. Twenty-two of the 24 serum samples showed reactivity in the in-house ELISA and all 22 displayed reactivity towards the helicase domains of the MDA5 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that the main immunogenic targets of anti-MDA5 autoantibodies from MDA5(+) patients are the helicase domains. Considering that the helicase domains are responsible for the enzymatic activity and subsequent triggering of an inflammatory response, our findings suggest that binding of anti-MDA5 autoantibodies could alter the canonical activity of the MDA5 protein and potentially affect the downstream induction of a pro-inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Van Gompel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deniz Demirdal
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastro, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Begum Horuluoglu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angeles Galindo-Feria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastro, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edvard Wigren
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gräslund
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen De Langhe
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
- Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Neuro-Musculaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Antonella Notarnicola
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastro, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Chemin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastro, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Liu T, Liu S, Rui X, Cao Y, Hecker J, Guo F, Zhang Y, Gong L, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Krishnamoorthyni N, Bates S, Chun S, Boyer N, Xu S, Park JA, Perrella MA, Levy BD, Weiss ST, Mou H, Raby BA, Zhou X. Gasdermin B, an asthma-susceptibility gene, promotes MAVS-TBK1 signalling and airway inflammation. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2301232. [PMID: 38514093 PMCID: PMC11063620 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01232-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory virus-induced inflammation is the leading cause of asthma exacerbation, frequently accompanied by induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). How asthma-susceptibility genes modulate cellular response upon viral infection by fine-tuning ISG induction and subsequent airway inflammation in genetically susceptible asthma patients remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To decipher the functions of gasdermin B (encoded by GSDMB) in respiratory virus-induced lung inflammation. METHODS In two independent cohorts, we analysed expression correlation between GSDMB and ISG s. In human bronchial epithelial cell line or primary bronchial epithelial cells, we generated GSDMB-overexpressing and GSDMB-deficient cells. A series of quantitative PCR, ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the function and mechanism of GSDMB for ISG induction. We also generated a novel transgenic mouse line with inducible expression of human unique GSDMB gene in airway epithelial cells and infected the mice with respiratory syncytial virus to determine the role of GSDMB in respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung inflammation in vivo. RESULTS GSDMB is one of the most significant asthma-susceptibility genes at 17q21 and acts as a novel RNA sensor, promoting mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein (MAVS)-TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) signalling and subsequent inflammation. In airway epithelium, GSDMB is induced by respiratory viral infections. Expression of GSDMB and ISGs significantly correlated in respiratory epithelium from two independent asthma cohorts. Notably, inducible expression of human GSDMB in mouse airway epithelium led to enhanced ISGs induction and increased airway inflammation with mucus hypersecretion upon respiratory syncytial virus infection. CONCLUSIONS GSDMB promotes ISGs expression and airway inflammation upon respiratory virus infection, thereby conferring asthma risk in risk allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xianliang Rui
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ye Cao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Hecker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihan Zhang
- The Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Gong
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihan Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuzhen Yu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthyni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Bates
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung Chun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Boyer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuang Xu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- The Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors jointly conceptualised and supervised this work
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors jointly conceptualised and supervised this work
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12
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Aouadi W, Najburg V, Legendre R, Varet H, Kergoat L, Tangy F, Larrous F, Komarova AV, Bourhy H. Comparative analysis of rabies pathogenic and vaccine strains detection by RIG-I-like receptors. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105321. [PMID: 38461968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a lethal neurotropic virus that causes 60,000 human deaths every year globally. RABV infection is characterized by the suppression of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. However, molecular mechanisms leading to RABV sensing by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) that initiates IFN signaling currently remain elusive. Here, we showed that RABV RNAs are primarily recognized by the RIG-I RLR, resulting in an IFN response in the infected cells, but this response varied according to the type of RABV used. Pathogenic RABV strain RNAs, Tha, were poorly detected in the cytosol by RIG-I and therefore caused a weak antiviral response. However, we revealed a strong IFN activity triggered by the attenuated RABV vaccine strain RNAs, SAD, mediated by RIG-I. We characterized two major 5' copy-back defective interfering (5'cb DI) genomes generated during SAD replication. Furthermore, we identified an interaction between 5'cb DI genomes, and RIG-I correlated with a high stimulation of the type I IFN signaling. This study indicates that wild-type RABV RNAs poorly activate the RIG-I pathway, while the presence of 5'cb DIs in the live-attenuated vaccine strain serves as an intrinsic adjuvant that strengthens its efficiency by enhancing RIG-I detection thus strongly stimulates the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Aouadi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Vaccines-innovation Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Vaccines-innovation Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Interactomics, RNA and Immunity Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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13
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Son S, Park M, Kim J, Lee K. ACE mRNA (Additional Chimeric Element incorporated IVT mRNA) for Enhancing Protein Expression by Modulating Immunogenicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307541. [PMID: 38447169 PMCID: PMC11095206 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA)-based therapeutics/vaccines depends on the management of IVT mRNA immunogenicity. IVT mRNA, which is used for intracellular protein translation, often triggers unwanted immune responses, interfering with protein expression and leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the predominant approach for mitigating immune responses involves the incorporation of costly chemically modified nucleotides like pseudouridine (Ψ) or N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) into IVT mRNA, raising concerns about expense and the potential misincorporation of amino acids into chemically modified codon sequences. Here, an Additional Chimeric Element incorporated mRNA (ACE mRNA), a novel approach incorporating two segments within a single IVT mRNA structure, is introduced. The first segment retains conventional IVT mRNA components prepared with unmodified nucleotides, while the second, comprised of RNA/DNA chimeric elements, aims to modulate immunogenicity. Notably, ACE mRNA demonstrates a noteworthy reduction in immunogenicity of unmodified IVT mRNA, concurrently demonstrating enhanced protein expression efficiency. The reduced immune responses are based on the ability of RNA/DNA chimeric elements to restrict retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated immune activation. The developed ACE mRNA shows great potential in modulating the immunogenicity of IVT mRNA without the need for chemically modified nucleotides, thereby advancing the safety and efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Son
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Minsa Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
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14
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Mendoza HG, Beal PA. Structural and functional effects of inosine modification in mRNA. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:512-520. [PMID: 38531652 PMCID: PMC11019749 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079977.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Inosine (I), resulting from the deamination of adenosine (A), is a prominent modification in the human transcriptome. The enzymes responsible for the conversion of adenosine to inosine in human mRNAs are the ADARs (adenosine deaminases acting on RNA). Inosine modification introduces a layer of complexity to mRNA processing and function, as it can impact various aspects of RNA biology, including mRNA stability, splicing, translation, and protein binding. The relevance of this process is emphasized in the growing number of human disorders associated with dysregulated A-to-I editing pathways. Here, we describe the impact of the A-to-I conversion on the structure and stability of duplex RNA and on the consequences of this modification at different locations in mRNAs. Furthermore, we highlight specific open questions regarding the interplay between inosine formation in duplex RNA and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herra G Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Peter A Beal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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15
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Ichimura Y, Konishi R, Shobo M, Tanaka R, Kubota N, Kayama H, Takeda K, Nomura T, Fujimoto M, Okiyama N. Autoimmunity against melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 induces interstitial lung disease mimicking dermatomyositis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313070121. [PMID: 38588434 PMCID: PMC11032490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313070121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis (DM) is characterized by amyopathic DM with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-associated ILD frequently develop rapidly progression and present high mortality rate in the acute phase. Here, we established a murine model of ILD mediated by autoimmunity against MDA5. Mice immunized with recombinant murine MDA5 whole protein, accompanied with complete Freund's adjuvant once a week for four times, developed MDA5-reactive T cells and anti-MDA5 antibodies. After acute lung injury induced by intranasal administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] mimicking viral infection, the MDA5-immunized mice developed fibrotic ILD representing prolonged respiratory inflammation accompanied by fibrotic changes 2 wk after poly (I:C)-administration, while the control mice had quickly and completely recovered from the respiratory inflammation. Treatment with anti-CD4 depleting antibody, but not anti-CD8 depleting antibody, suppressed the severity of MDA5-induced fibrotic ILD. Upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA, which was temporarily observed in poly (I:C)-treated mice, was prolonged in MDA5-immunized mice. Treatment with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody ameliorated the MDA5-induced fibrotic ILD. These results suggested that autoimmunity against MDA5 exacerbates toll-like receptor 3-mediated acute lung injury, and prolongs inflammation resulting in the development of fibrotic ILD. IL-6 may play a key role initiating ILD in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ichimura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo113-8519, Japan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo162-8666, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Risa Konishi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo113-8519, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo113-8519, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8575, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo113-8519, Japan
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16
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Lavelle EC, McEntee CP. Vaccine adjuvants: Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity 2024; 57:772-789. [PMID: 38599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and regulation of dendritic cell activation. Adjuvant-induced activation of innate immunity is achieved via diverse mechanisms: for example, adjuvants can serve as direct ligands for pathogen recognition receptors or as inducers of cell stress and death, leading to the release of immunostimulatory-damage-associated molecular patterns. Adjuvant systems increasingly stimulate multiple innate pathways to induce greater potency. Increased understanding of the principles dictating adjuvant-induced innate immunity will subsequently lead to programming specific types of adaptive immune responses. This tailored optimization is fundamental to next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust and sustained adaptive immune memory across different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Craig P McEntee
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Yoneyama M, Kato H, Fujita T. Physiological functions of RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:731-751. [PMID: 38599168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are crucial for pathogen detection and triggering immune responses and have immense physiological importance. In this review, we first summarize the interferon system and innate immunity, which constitute primary and secondary responses. Next, the molecular structure of RLRs and the mechanism of sensing non-self RNA are described. Usually, self RNA is refractory to the RLR; however, there are underlying host mechanisms that prevent immune reactions. Studies have revealed that the regulatory mechanisms of RLRs involve covalent molecular modifications, association with regulatory factors, and subcellular localization. Viruses have evolved to acquire antagonistic RLR functions to escape the host immune reactions. Finally, the pathologies caused by the malfunction of RLR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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18
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Xu X, Li S, Yu W, Yao S, Fan H, Guo Z. Activation of RIG-I/MDA5 Signaling and Inhibition of CD47-SIRPα Checkpoint with a Dual siRNA-Assembled Nanoadjuvant for Robust Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318544. [PMID: 38194267 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in the anti-tumor immunity as they are responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting tumor antigens to T cells. However, their activation is often limited by the absence of adjuvants and the suppressive effects of immune checkpoints, such as CD47-SIRPα. Herein, we present a nanoadjuvant that is self-assembled from long RNA building blocks generated through rolling circle transcription (RCT) reaction and further modified with cationic liposomes. Owing to the high load of densely packed RNA, this nanoadjuvant could robustly activate RIG-I/MDA5 signaling in APCs, leading to the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward an anti-tumor M1-like phenotype. In addition, with a well-designed template, the generated long RNA from RCT reaction includes two kinds of siRNA targeting both CD47 in tumor cells and SIRPα in APCs. This dual gene silencing results in efficient inhibition of the CD47-SIRPα checkpoint. Collectively, the robust activation of RIG-I/MDA5 signaling and efficient inhibition of CD47-SIRPα checkpoint enhance the phagocytic activity of APCs, which in turn promotes the cross-priming of effector T cells and the activation of anti-tumor immune responses. This study therefore provides a simple and robust RNA nanoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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19
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Singh R, Wu Y, Herrero Del Valle A, Leigh KE, Mong S, Cheng MTK, Ferguson BJ, Modis Y. Contrasting functions of ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 and LGP2 in viral RNA sensing. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105711. [PMID: 38309507 PMCID: PMC10909783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic long dsRNA, among the most potent proinflammatory signals, is recognized by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). MDA5 binds dsRNA cooperatively forming helical filaments. ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 fulfills a proofreading function by promoting dissociation of shorter endogenous dsRNs from MDA5 while allowing longer viral dsRNAs to remain bound leading to activation of interferon-β responses. Here, we show that adjacent MDA5 subunits in MDA5-dsRNA filaments hydrolyze ATP cooperatively, inducing cooperative filament disassembly. Consecutive rounds of ATP hydrolysis amplify the filament footprint, displacing tightly bound proteins from dsRNA. Our electron microscopy and biochemical assays show that LGP2 binds to dsRNA at internal binding sites through noncooperative ATP hydrolysis. Unlike MDA5, LGP2 has low nucleic acid selectivity and can hydrolyze GTP and CTP as well as ATP. Binding of LGP2 to dsRNA promotes nucleation of MDA5 filament assembly resulting in shorter filaments. Molecular modeling identifies an internally bound MDA5-LGP2-RNA complex, with the LGP2 C-terminal tail forming the key contacts with MDA5. These contacts are specifically required for NTP-dependent internal RNA binding. We conclude that NTPase-dependent binding of LGP2 to internal dsRNA sites complements NTPase-independent binding to dsRNA ends, via distinct binding modes, to increase the number and signaling output of MDA5-dsRNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuan Wu
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Herrero Del Valle
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kendra E Leigh
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sai Mong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T K Cheng
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Yuan X, Shi J, Peng Z, Peng L, Zhou S, Wu C, Zhao J, Xu D, Li M, Wang Q, Zeng X. Global trends in research of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5: a bibliometric analysis from 2002 to 2022. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:1111-1126. [PMID: 38182800 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), as a cytoplasmic sensor for viral double-stranded RNAs, has received increasing attention in recent years. Although considerable headway has been made on the functional role of MDA5 in antiviral immunity and autoimmune disease, the available literature is insufficient to assess the vast field. METHODS This study performed a bibliometric analysis to investigate current hotspots in the global scientific output of MDA5 over the past two decades. Related publications and recorded information from 2002 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database were retrieved. VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for quantitative evaluation and visualization. RESULTS A total of 2267 original articles and reviews were obtained, and the annual number of publications related to MDA5 was increasing rapidly. China has published the most papers, while the USA was the most influential country with the most citations and the highest H-index. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and the Journal of Virology were the most prolific research affiliation, funding source, and journal, respectively. Fujita T (Kyoto University) was the most productive author with the highest H-index and had close cooperation with Kato H and Yoneyama M. The keywords "RIG-I," "MDA5," "innate immunity," "double-stranded-RNA," and "recognition" had the highest frequency, while "dermatomyositis" as well as "autoantibody" seemed to be the emerging hotspots. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively demonstrated the research frontiers of MDA5 and will provide a useful resource for scholars to conduct future decisions. KEY POINTS We conducted the first in-depth survey of the research frontiers on melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) over the past two decades via bibliometric analysis. We found that many early breakthroughs have been made in the mechanism of MDA5-mediated antiviral immune responses, and the role of MDA5 in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases has raised the recent concern. We identified that the virus infection-associated pathogenesis and effective therapeutic strategy of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis will remain the hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Beijing, China.
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21
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Zeng Q, Cao J, Xie F, Zhu L, Wu X, Hu X, Chen Z, Chen X, Li X, Chiang CM, Wu H. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated chicken prmt5 gene knockout and its critical role in interferon regulation. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103344. [PMID: 38277892 PMCID: PMC10840345 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a type II arginine methyltransferase, controls arginine dimethylation of a variety of substrates. While many papers have reported the function of mammalian PRMT5, it remains unclear how PRMT5 functions in chicken cells. In this study, we found that chicken (ch) PRMT5 is widely expressed in a variety of chicken tissues and is distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Ectopic expression of chPRMT5 significantly suppresses chIFN-β activation induced by chMDA5. In addition, a prmt5 gene-deficient DF-1 cell line was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. In comparison with the wild-type cells, the prmt5-/- DF-1 cells displays normal morphology and maintain proliferative capacity. Luciferase reporter assay and overexpression showed that prmt5-/- DF-1 cells had increased IFN-β production. With identified chicken PRMT5 and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout performed in DF-1 cells, we uncovered a functional link of chPRMT5 in suppression of IFN-β production and interferon-stimulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Hu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang, 330045, P.R. China.
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22
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Takahashi Ueda M. Retrotransposon-derived transcripts and their functions in immunity and disease. Genes Genet Syst 2024; 98:305-319. [PMID: 38199240 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.23-00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons, which account for approximately 42% of the human genome, have been increasingly recognized as "non-self" pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) due to their virus-like sequences. In abnormal conditions such as cancer and viral infections, retrotransposons that are aberrantly expressed due to impaired epigenetic suppression display PAMPs, leading to their recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system and triggering inflammation. This viral mimicry mechanism has been observed in various human diseases, including aging and autoimmune disorders. However, recent evidence suggests that retrotransposons possess highly regulated immune reactivity and play important roles in the development and function of the immune system. In this review, I discuss a wide range of retrotransposon-derived transcripts, their role as targets in immune recognition, and the diseases associated with retrotransposon activity. Furthermore, I explore the implications of chimeric transcripts formed between retrotransposons and known gene mRNAs, which have been previously underestimated, for the increase of immune-related gene isoforms and their influence on immune function. Retrotransposon-derived transcripts have profound and multifaceted effects on immune system function. The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide a better understanding of the complex relationship between retrotransposon transcripts and immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahoko Takahashi Ueda
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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23
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Cui JZ, Chew ZH, Lim LHK. New insights into nucleic acid sensor AIM2: The potential benefit in targeted therapy for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107079. [PMID: 38272334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The AIM2 inflammasome represents a multifaceted oligomeric protein complex within the innate immune system, with the capacity to perceive double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and engage in diverse physiological reactions and disease contexts, including cancer. While originally conceived as a discerning DNA sensor, AIM2 has demonstrated its capability to discern various nucleic acid variations, encompassing RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids. Through its interaction with nucleic acids, AIM2 orchestrates the assembly of a complex involving multiple proteins, aptly named the AIM2 inflammasome, which facilitates the enzymatic cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines, namely pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. This process, in turn, underpins its pivotal biological role. In this review, we provide a systematic summary and discussion of the latest advancements in AIM2 sensing various types of nucleic acids. Additionally, we discuss the modulation of AIM2 activation, which can cause cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Finally, we fully illustrate the evidence for the dual role of AIM2 in different cancer types, including both anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic functions. Considering the above information, we uncover the therapeutic promise of modulating the AIM2 inflammasome in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhou Cui
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS-Cambridge Immunophenotyping Centre, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Consalvo CD, Aderounmu AM, Donelick HM, Aruscavage PJ, Eckert DM, Shen PS, Bass BL. C. elegans Dicer acts with the RIG-I-like helicase DRH-1 and RDE-4 to cleave dsRNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.21.558868. [PMID: 37790392 PMCID: PMC10542151 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates use the endoribonuclease Dicer to cleave viral dsRNA during antiviral defense, while vertebrates use RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), which bind viral dsRNA to trigger an interferon response. While some invertebrate Dicers act alone during antiviral defense, C. elegans Dicer acts in a complex with a dsRNA binding protein called RDE-4, and an RLR ortholog called DRH-1. We used biochemical and structural techniques to provide mechanistic insight into how these proteins function together. We found RDE-4 is important for ATP-independent and ATP-dependent cleavage reactions, while helicase domains of both DCR-1 and DRH-1 contribute to ATP-dependent cleavage. DRH-1 plays the dominant role in ATP hydrolysis, and like mammalian RLRs, has an N-terminal domain that functions in autoinhibition. A cryo-EM structure indicates DRH-1 interacts with DCR-1's helicase domain, suggesting this interaction relieves autoinhibition. Our study unravels the mechanistic basis of the collaboration between two helicases from typically distinct innate immune defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adedeji M. Aderounmu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Helen M. Donelick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- These authors contributed equally
| | - P. Joe Aruscavage
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Debra M. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Peter S. Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Brenda L. Bass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Lead Contact
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25
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Meulewaeter S, Zhang Y, Wadhwa A, Fox K, Lentacker I, Harder KW, Cullis PR, De Smedt SC, Cheng MHY, Verbeke R. Considerations on the Design of Lipid-based mRNA Vaccines Against Cancer. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168385. [PMID: 38065276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the last decades, mRNA vaccines have been developed as a cancer immunotherapeutic and the technology recently gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent promising results obtained from clinical trials investigating lipid-based mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy further highlighted the potential of this therapy. Interestingly, while the technologies being used in authorized mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 are relatively similar, mRNA vaccines in clinical development for cancer vaccination show marked differences in mRNA modification, lipid carrier, and administration route. In this review, we describe findings on how these factors can impact the potency of mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy and provide insights into the complex interplay between them. We discuss how lipid carrier composition can affect passive targeting to immune cells to improve the efficacy and safety of mRNA vaccines. Finally, we summarize strategies that are established or still being explored to improve the efficacy of mRNA cancer vaccines and include next-generation vaccines that are on the horizon in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Meulewaeter
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Abishek Wadhwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Fox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kenneth W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miffy H Y Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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26
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Lee KY, Craig C, Patel SS. Unraveling blunt-end RNA binding and ATPase-driven translocation activities of the RIG-I family helicase LGP2. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:355-369. [PMID: 38015453 PMCID: PMC10783506 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I family helicases, comprising RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, are cytoplasmic RNA sensors that trigger an antiviral immune response by specifically recognizing foreign RNAs. While LGP2 lacks the signaling domain necessary for immune activation, it plays a vital role in regulating the RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this regulation by examining the oligomeric state, RNA binding specificity, and translocation activity of human LGP2 and the impact of ATPase activity. We show that LGP2, like RIG-I, prefers binding blunt-ended double-stranded (ds) RNAs over internal dsRNA regions or RNA overhangs and associates with blunt-ends faster than with overhangs. Unlike RIG-I, a 5'-triphosphate (5'ppp), Cap0, or Cap1 RNA-end does not influence LGP2's RNA binding affinity. LGP2 hydrolyzes ATP in the presence of RNA but at a 5-10 fold slower rate than RIG-I. Nevertheless, LGP2 uses its ATPase activity to translocate and displace biotin-streptavidin interactions. This activity is significantly hindered by a methylated RNA patch, particularly on the 3'-strand, suggesting a 3'-strand tracking mechanism like RIG-I. The preference of LGP2 for blunt-end RNA binding, its insensitivity to Cap0/Cap1 modification, and its translocation/protein displacement ability have substantial implications for how LGP2 regulates the RNA sensing process by MDA5/RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, 08854, USA
| | - Candice Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, 08854, USA
| | - Smita S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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27
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Chio CC, Chan HW, Chen SH, Huang HI. Enterovirus D68 vRNA induces type III IFN production via MDA5. Virus Res 2024; 339:199284. [PMID: 38040125 PMCID: PMC10704515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) primarily spreads through the respiratory tract and causes respiratory symptoms in children and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Type III interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in inhibiting viral growth in respiratory epithelial cells. However, the mechanism by which EV-D68 induces type III IFN production is not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that EV-D68 infection stimulates Calu-3 cells to secrete IFN-λ. The transfection of EV-D68 viral RNA (vRNA) stimulated IFN-λ via MDA5. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that EV-D68 infection also induces MDA5-IRF3/IRF7-mediated IFN-λ. In addition, we discovered that EV-D68 infection downregulated MDA5 expression. Knockdown of MDA5 increased EV-D68 replication in Calu-3 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3 proteins effectively inhibit EV-D68 infection in respiratory epithelial cells. In summary, our study shows that EV-D68 induces type III IFN production via the activated MDA5-IRF3/IRF7 pathway and that type III IFNs inhibit EV-D68 replication in Calu-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chong Chio
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hio-Wai Chan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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28
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567619. [PMID: 38014177 PMCID: PMC10680824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 viremia and prevents progression to AIDS. Nonetheless, chronic inflammation is a common problem for people living with HIV-1 on ART. One possible cause of inflammation is ongoing transcription from HIV-1 proviruses, whether or not the sequences are competent for replication. Previous work has shown that intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, activates type 1 interferon. This activation required HIV-1 rev and was blocked by the XPO1 (CRM1)-inhibitor leptomycin. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with shRNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with non-targetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant inhibitory CARD-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS, are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1-knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 was revealed by formaldehyde crosslinking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is required for innate immune activation by intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus, and potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Duan X, Boo ZZ, Chua SL, Chong KHC, Long Z, Yang R, Zhou Y, Janela B, Chotirmall SH, Ginhoux F, Hu Q, Wu B, Yang L. A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Regulated Protease Inhibits Host Immune Responses by Cleaving Death Domains of Innate Immune Adaptors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304891. [PMID: 37870218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune adaptor proteins are critical components of the innate immune system that propagate pro-inflammatory responses from their upstream receptors, and lead to pathogen clearance from the host. Bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to survive inside host cells without triggering the innate immune surveillance in ways that are still not fully understood. Here, it is reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces its quorum sensing mechanism after macrophage engulfment. Further investigation of its secretome identified a quorum sensing regulated product, LasB, is responsible for innate immune suppression depending on the MyD88-mediated signaling. Moreover, it is showed that this specific type of pathogen-mediated innate immune suppression is due to the enzymatic digestion of the death domains of the innate immune adaptors, mainly MyD88, and attributed to LasB's large substrate binding groove. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the secretion of LasB from P. aeruginosa directly contributed to MyD88 degradation within macrophages. Hence, it is discovered an example of bacterial quorum sensing-regulated cellular innate immune suppression by direct cleavage of immune adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhi Boo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kelvin Han Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Ziqi Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Renliang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Yachun Zhou
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Haresh Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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30
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Kong LZ, Kim SM, Wang C, Lee SY, Oh SC, Lee S, Jo S, Kim TD. Understanding nucleic acid sensing and its therapeutic applications. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2320-2331. [PMID: 37945923 PMCID: PMC10689850 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing is involved in viral infections, immune response-related diseases, and therapeutics. Based on the composition of nucleic acids, nucleic acid sensors are defined as DNA or RNA sensors. Pathogen-associated nucleic acids are recognized by membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce innate immune-mediated antiviral responses. PRR activation is tightly regulated to eliminate infections and prevent abnormal or excessive immune responses. Nucleic acid sensing is an essential mechanism in tumor immunotherapy and gene therapies that target cancer and infectious diseases through genetically engineered immune cells or therapeutic nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing supports immune cells in priming desirable immune responses during tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensing affects the efficiency of gene therapy by inhibiting translation. Suppression of innate immunity induced by nucleic acid sensing through small-molecule inhibitors, virus-derived proteins, and chemical modifications offers a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the mechanisms and regulation of nucleic acid sensing, specifically covering recent advances. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss recent research progress regarding the different effects of nucleic acid sensing on therapeutic efficacy. This study provides insights for the application of nucleic acid sensing in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zu Kong
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunli Wang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yun Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Chan Oh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seona Jo
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Bullen CK, Singh AK, Krug S, Lun S, Thakur P, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. MDA5 RNA-sensing pathway activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes innate immune subversion and pathogen survival. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166242. [PMID: 37725440 PMCID: PMC10619499 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cytosolic sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) RNA by the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family perturbs innate immune control within macrophages; however, a distinct role of MDA5, a member of the RLR family, in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. To further define the role of MDA5 in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, we evaluated M. tuberculosis intracellular growth and innate immune responses in WT and Mda5-/- macrophages. Transfection of M. tuberculosis RNA strongly induced proinflammatory cytokine production in WT macrophages, which was abrogated in Mda5-/- macrophages. M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages induced MDA5 protein expression, accompanied by an increase in MDA5 activation as assessed by multimer formation. IFN-γ-primed Mda5-/- macrophages effectively contained intracellular M. tuberculosis proliferation to a markedly greater degree than WT macrophages. Further comparisons of WT versus Mda5-/- macrophages revealed that during M. tuberculosis infection MDA5 contributed to IL-1β production and inflammasome activation and that loss of MDA5 led to a substantial increase in autophagy. In the mouse TB model, loss of MDA5 conferred host survival benefits with a concomitant reduction in M. tuberculosis bacillary burden. These data reveal that loss of MDA5 is host protective during M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that M. tuberculosis exploits MDA5 to subvert immune containment.
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32
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Mughal F, Caetano-Anollés G. Evolution of Intrinsic Disorder in Protein Loops. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2055. [PMID: 37895436 PMCID: PMC10608553 DOI: 10.3390/life13102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder accounts for the flexibility of protein loops, molecular building blocks that are largely responsible for the processes and molecular functions of the living world. While loops likely represent early structural forms that served as intermediates in the emergence of protein structural domains, their origin and evolution remain poorly understood. Here, we conduct a phylogenomic survey of disorder in loop prototypes sourced from the ArchDB classification. Tracing prototypes associated with protein fold families along an evolutionary chronology revealed that ancient prototypes tended to be more disordered than their derived counterparts, with ordered prototypes developing later in evolution. This highlights the central evolutionary role of disorder and flexibility. While mean disorder increased with time, a minority of ordered prototypes exist that emerged early in evolutionary history, possibly driven by the need to preserve specific molecular functions. We also revealed the percolation of evolutionary constraints from higher to lower levels of organization. Percolation resulted in trade-offs between flexibility and rigidity that impacted prototype structure and geometry. Our findings provide a deep evolutionary view of the link between structure, disorder, flexibility, and function, as well as insights into the evolutionary role of intrinsic disorder in loops and their contribution to protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fizza Mughal
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- C.R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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33
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Shao Q, Fu F, Zhu P, Yu X, Wang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Wang H, Yan Y, Cheng Y, Sun J. Pigeon MDA5 inhibits viral replication by triggering antiviral innate immunity. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102954. [PMID: 37556982 PMCID: PMC10433235 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeons are considered less susceptible, and display few or no clinical signs to infection with avian influenza virus (AIV). Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), an important mediator in innate immunity, has been linked to the virus resistance. In this study, the pigeon MDA5 (piMDA5) was cloned. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of MDA5 is highly conserved among species while the N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is variable. Upon infection with Newcastle diseases virus (NDV) and AIV, piMDA5 was upregulated in both pigeons and pigeon embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs). Further study found that overexpression of piMDA5 mediated the activation of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) while inhibiting NDV replication. Conversely, the knockdown of piMDA5 promoted NDV replication. Additionally, CARD was found to be essential for the activation of IFN-β by piMDA5. Furthermore, pigeon MDA5, chicken MDA5, and human MDA5 differ in inhibiting viral replication and inducing ISGs expression. These findings suggest that MDA5 contributes to suppressing viral replication by activating the IFN signal pathway in pigeons. This study provides valuable insight into the role of MDA5 in pigeons and a better understanding of the conserved role of MDA5 in innate immunity during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyu Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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34
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Bohnsack KE, Yi S, Venus S, Jankowsky E, Bohnsack MT. Cellular functions of eukaryotic RNA helicases and their links to human diseases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:749-769. [PMID: 37474727 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA helicases are highly conserved proteins that use nucleoside triphosphates to bind or remodel RNA, RNA-protein complexes or both. RNA helicases are classified into the DEAD-box, DEAH/RHA, Ski2-like, Upf1-like and RIG-I families, and are the largest class of enzymes active in eukaryotic RNA metabolism - virtually all aspects of gene expression and its regulation involve RNA helicases. Mutation and dysregulation of these enzymes have been linked to a multitude of diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. In this Review, we discuss the regulation and functional mechanisms of RNA helicases and their roles in eukaryotic RNA metabolism, including in transcription regulation, pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome assembly, translation and RNA decay. We highlight intriguing models that link helicase structure, mechanisms of function (such as local strand unwinding, translocation, winching, RNA clamping and displacing RNA-binding proteins) and biological roles, including emerging connections between RNA helicases and cellular condensates formed through liquid-liquid phase separation. We also discuss associations of RNA helicases with human diseases and recent efforts towards the design of small-molecule inhibitors of these pivotal regulators of eukaryotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Soon Yi
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Venus
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Markus T Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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35
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Marek J, Hanesch L, Krabbe T, El Khawanky N, Heidegger S, Altomonte J. Oncolytic virotherapy with chimeric VSV-NDV synergistically supports RIG-I-dependent checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:117-131. [PMID: 37654972 PMCID: PMC10465858 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complexities of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its correlation with responsiveness to immunotherapy has become a main focus in overcoming resistance to such treatments. Targeting tumor-intrinsic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), a sensor for viral RNA, was shown to transform the TME from an immunogenically "cold" state to an inflamed, "hot" lesion, which we demonstrated previously to be a crucial mediator of the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). In this study, we focus on the chimeric oncolytic virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-Newcastle disease virus (NDV), comprised of genetic components of VSV and NDV, and we investigate its utility to support tumor-intrinsic RIG-I-dependent therapy with anti-CTLA-4. Overall, we demonstrate that treatment with VSV-NDV efficiently delays tumor growth and significantly prolongs survival in a murine model of malignant melanoma, which was further enhanced in combination with anti-CTLA-4. Although the direct oncolytic and pro-inflammatory effects of VSV-NDV therapy were independent of RIG-I activation, the synergism with anti-CTLA-4 therapy and associated activation of tumor-specific T cells was critically dependent on active RIG-I signaling in tumor cells. This work highlights the therapeutic value of utilizing an immune-stimulatory oncolytic virus to sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Marek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Hanesch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Krabbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heidegger
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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36
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Yadav R, Li QZ, Huang H, Bridges SL, Kahlenberg JM, Stecenko AA, Rada B. Cystic fibrosis autoantibody signatures associate with Staphylococcus aureus lung infection or cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151422. [PMID: 37767091 PMCID: PMC10519797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by persistent inflammation and infections and chronic inflammatory diseases are often accompanied by autoimmunity, autoimmune reactivity in CF has not been studied in depth. Methods In this work we undertook an unbiased approach to explore the systemic autoantibody repertoire in CF using autoantibody microarrays. Results and discussion Our results show higher levels of several new autoantibodies in the blood of people with CF (PwCF) compared to control subjects. Some of these are IgA autoantibodies targeting neutrophil components or autoantigens linked to neutrophil-mediated tissue damage in CF. We also found that people with CF with higher systemic IgM autoantibody levels have lower prevalence of S. aureus infection. On the other hand, IgM autoantibody levels in S. aureus-infected PwCF correlate with lung disease severity. Diabetic PwCF have significantly higher levels of IgA autoantibodies in their circulation compared to nondiabetic PwCF and several of their IgM autoantibodies associate with worse lung disease. In contrast, in nondiabetic PwCF blood levels of IgA autoantibodies correlate with lung disease. We have also identified other autoantibodies in CF that associate with P. aeruginosa airway infection. In summary, we have identified several new autoantibodies and associations of autoantibody signatures with specific clinical features in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hanwen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - S. Louis Bridges
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Division of Rheumatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Arlene A. Stecenko
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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37
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Dai K, Xu Y, Yang Y, Shen J, Liu X, Tu X, Yu L, Qi X, Li J, Wang L, Zuo X, Liu Y, Yan H, Fan C, Yao G. Edge Length-Programmed Single-Stranded RNA Origami for Predictive Innate Immune Activation and Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17112-17124. [PMID: 37498993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Ligands targeting nucleic acid-sensing receptors activate the innate immune system and play a critical role in antiviral and antitumoral therapy. However, ligand design for in situ stability, targeted delivery, and predictive immunogenicity is largely hampered by the sophisticated mechanism of the nucleic acid-sensing process. Here, we utilize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) origami with precise structural designability as nucleic acid sensor-based ligands to achieve improved biostability, organelle-level targeting, and predictive immunogenicity. The natural ssRNAs self-fold into compact nanoparticles with defined shapes and morphologies and exhibit resistance against RNase digestion in vitro and prolonged retention in macrophage endolysosomes. We find that programming the edge length of ssRNA origami can precisely regulate the degree of macrophage activation via a toll-like receptor-dependent pathway. Further, we demonstrate that the ssRNA origami-based ligand elicits an anti-tumoral immune response of macrophages and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment and retards tumor growth in the mouse pancreatic tumor model. Our ssRNA origami strategy utilizes structured RNA ligands to achieve predictive immune activation, providing a new solution for nucleic acid sensor-based ligand design and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyi Tu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Lu Yu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaodong Qi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangbao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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38
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Straub S, Sampaio NG. Activation of cytosolic RNA sensors by endogenous ligands: roles in disease pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1092790. [PMID: 37292201 PMCID: PMC10244536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of infection is a central and critical component of our innate immune system. Mammalian cells have developed specialized receptors that detect RNA with unusual structures or of foreign origin - a hallmark of many virus infections. Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses and an antiviral state. However, it is increasingly appreciated that these RNA sensors can also be activated in the absence of infection, and that this 'self-activation' can be pathogenic and promote disease. Here, we review recent discoveries in sterile activation of the cytosolic innate immune receptors that bind RNA. We focus on new aspects of endogenous ligand recognition uncovered in these studies, and their roles in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Straub
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia G. Sampaio
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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39
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Park JW, Tyl MD, Cristea IM. Orchestration of Mitochondrial Function and Remodeling by Post-Translational Modifications Provide Insight into Mechanisms of Viral Infection. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050869. [PMID: 37238738 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondria structure and function is at the core of numerous viral infections. Acting in support of the host or of virus replication, mitochondria regulation facilitates control of energy metabolism, apoptosis, and immune signaling. Accumulating studies have pointed to post-translational modification (PTM) of mitochondrial proteins as a critical component of such regulatory mechanisms. Mitochondrial PTMs have been implicated in the pathology of several diseases and emerging evidence is starting to highlight essential roles in the context of viral infections. Here, we provide an overview of the growing arsenal of PTMs decorating mitochondrial proteins and their possible contribution to the infection-induced modulation of bioenergetics, apoptosis, and immune responses. We further consider links between PTM changes and mitochondrial structure remodeling, as well as the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial PTM regulation. Finally, we highlight some of the methods, including mass spectrometry-based analyses, available for the identification, prioritization, and mechanistic interrogation of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woo Park
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew D Tyl
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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40
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Zheng J, Shi W, Yang Z, Chen J, Qi A, Yang Y, Deng Y, Yang D, Song N, Song B, Luo D. RIG-I-like receptors: Molecular mechanism of activation and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:1-74. [PMID: 37453753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During RNA viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize the intracellular pathogenic RNA species derived from viral replication and activate antiviral innate immune response by stimulating type 1 interferon expression. Three RLR members, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 are homologous and belong to a subgroup of superfamily 2 Helicase/ATPase that is preferably activated by double-stranded RNA. RLRs are significantly different in gene architecture, RNA ligand preference, activation, and molecular functions. As switchable macromolecular sensors, RLRs' activities are tightly regulated by RNA ligands, ATP, posttranslational modifications, and cellular cofactors. We provide a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the RLRs and summarize the molecular understanding of sensing and signaling events during the RLR activation process. The key roles RLR signaling play in both anti-infection and immune disease conditions highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting this important molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjia Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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41
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Decombe A, El Kazzi P, Decroly E. Interplay of RNA 2'-O-methylations with viral replication. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101302. [PMID: 36764118 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral RNAs (vRNAs) are decorated by post-transcriptional modifications, including methylation of nucleotides. Methylations regulate biological functions linked to the sequence, structure, and protein interactome of RNA. Several RNA viruses were found to harbor 2'-O-methylations, affecting the ribose moiety of RNA. This mark was initially shown to target the first and second nucleotides of the 5'-end cap structure of mRNA. More recently, nucleotides within vRNA were also reported to carry 2'-O-methylations. The consequences of such methylations are still puzzling since they were associated with both proviral and antiviral effects. Here, we focus on the mechanisms governing vRNA 2'-O-methylation and we explore the possible roles of this epitranscriptomic modification for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Decombe
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Priscila El Kazzi
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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42
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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IFN-Induced PARPs—Sensors of Foreign Nucleic Acids? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030457. [PMID: 36986379 PMCID: PMC10057411 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have developed different strategies to cope with viral infections. Key to initiating a defense response against viruses is the ability to distinguish foreign molecules from their own. One central mechanism is the perception of foreign nucleic acids by host proteins which, in turn, initiate an efficient immune response. Nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors have evolved, each targeting specific features to discriminate viral from host RNA. These are complemented by several RNA-binding proteins that assist in sensing of foreign RNAs. There is increasing evidence that the interferon-inducible ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs; PARP9—PARP15) contribute to immune defense and attenuation of viruses. However, their activation, subsequent targets, and precise mechanisms of interference with viruses and their propagation are still largely unknown. Best known for its antiviral activities and its role as RNA sensor is PARP13. In addition, PARP9 has been recently described as sensor for viral RNA. Here we will discuss recent findings suggesting that some PARPs function in antiviral innate immunity. We expand on these findings and integrate this information into a concept that outlines how the different PARPs might function as sensors of foreign RNA. We speculate about possible consequences of RNA binding with regard to the catalytic activities of PARPs, substrate specificity and signaling, which together result in antiviral activities.
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44
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Nakahama T, Kawahara Y. The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1: a regulatory hub that tunes multiple dsRNA-sensing pathways. Int Immunol 2023; 35:123-133. [PMID: 36469491 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an RNA-editing enzyme that catalyzes adenosine-to-inosine conversions in double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). In mammals, ADAR1 is composed of two isoforms: a nuclear short p110 isoform and a cytoplasmic long p150 isoform. Whereas both isoforms contain right-handed dsRNA-binding and deaminase domains, ADAR1 p150 harbors a Zα domain that binds to left-handed dsRNAs, termed Z-RNAs. Myeloma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) sensing of endogenous dsRNAs as non-self leads to the induction of type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, but recent studies revealed that ADAR1 p150-mediated RNA editing, but not ADAR1 p110, prevents this MDA5-mediated sensing. ADAR1 p150-specific RNA-editing sites are present and at least a Zα domain-Z-RNA interaction is required for this specificity. Mutations in the ADAR1 gene cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an infant encephalopathy with type I IFN overproduction. Insertion of a point mutation in the Zα domain of the Adar1 gene induces AGS-like encephalopathy in mice, which is rescued by concurrent deletion of MDA5. This finding indicates that impaired ADAR1 p150-mediated RNA-editing is a mechanism underlying AGS caused by an ADAR1 mutation. ADAR1 p150 also prevents ZBP1 sensing of endogenous Z-RNA, which leads to programmed cell death, via the Zα domain and its RNA-editing activity. Furthermore, ADAR1 prevents protein kinase R (PKR) sensing of endogenous right-handed dsRNAs, which leads to translational shutdown and growth arrest. Thus, ADAR1 acts as a regulatory hub that blocks sensing of endogenous dsRNAs as non-self by multiple sensor proteins, both in RNA editing-dependent and -independent manners, and is a potential therapeutic target for diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Nakahama
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division and RNA Frontier Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawahara
- Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division and RNA Frontier Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Lee CW, KC M, Ngunjiri JM, Ghorbani A, Lee K. TLR3 and MDA5 Knockout DF-1 cells Enhance Replication of Avian Orthoavulavirus 1. Avian Dis 2023; 67:94-101. [PMID: 37140117 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the essential role of innate immunity in defining the outcome of viral infections, the roles played by different components of the avian innate immune system are poorly delineated. Here, we investigated the potential implication of avian toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 (TLR3) and melanoma differentiation-associated (MDA) gene 5 (MDA5) receptors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in induction of the interferon pathway and avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1) replication in chicken-origin DF-1 fibroblast cells. TLR3 and MDA5 knockout (KO) DF-1 cells were generated using our avian-specific CRISPR/Cas9 system and stimulated with a synthetic dsRNA ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or infected with AOAV-1 (previously known as Newcastle disease virus). Poly(I:C) treatment in cell culture media resulted in significant upregulation of interferon (IFN)α, IFNβ, and Mx1 gene expression in wild type (WT) DF-1 cells but not in TLR3-MDA5 double KO cells. Interestingly, poly(I:C) treatment induced rapid cell degeneration in WT and MDA5 KO cells, but not in TLR3 knockout or TRL3-MDA5 double knockout (DKO) cells, directly linking poly(I:C)-induced cell degeneration to TLR3-mediated host response. The double knockout cells supported significantly higher replication of AOAV-1 virus than did the WT cells. However, no correlation between the level of virus replication and type I IFN response was observed. Our study suggests that innate immune response is host- and pathogen specific, and further investigation is needed to understand the relevance of dsRNA receptor-mediated immune responses in viral replication and pathogenesis in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Mahesh KC
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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TRAF3 activates STING-mediated suppression of EV-A71 and target of viral evasion. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 36823147 PMCID: PMC9950063 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1-3 STING (Stimulator of interferon genes), a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells, mediates cGAS (Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered that human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner. EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells. However, during EV-A71 infection, cGAS-STING activation was attenuated. EV-A71 proteins were screened and the viral protease 2Apro had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation. We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2Apro. Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2Apro. TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, we found that 2Apro protease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation. Furthermore, EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation. The viral protease 2Apro from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation. As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication, blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.
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Miyamoto M, Himeda T, Ishihara K, Okuwa T, Kobayashi D, Nameta M, Karasawa Y, Chunhaphinyokul B, Yoshida Y, Tanaka N, Higuchi M, Komuro A. Theilovirus 3C Protease Cleaves the C-Terminal Domain of the Innate Immune RNA Sensor, Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5, and Impairs Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated IFN Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:335-347. [PMID: 36525065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), has pivotal roles in innate immune responses against many positive-stranded RNA viruses, including picornavirus and coronavirus. Upon engagement with dsRNA derived from viral infection, MDA5 initiates coordinated signal transduction leading to type I IFN induction to restrict viral replication. In this study, we describe a targeted cleavage events of MDA5 by the 3C protease from Theilovirus. Upon ectopic expression of theilovirus 3C protease from Saffold virus or Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus but not encephalomyocarditis virus, fragments of cleaved MDA5 were observed in a dose-dependent manner. When enzymatically inactive Theilovirus 3C protease was expressed, MDA5 cleavage was completely abrogated. Mass spectrometric analysis identified two cleavage sites at the C terminus of MDA5, cleaving off one of the RNA-binding domains. The same cleavage pattern was observed during Theilovirus infection. The cleavage of MDA5 by Theilovirus protease impaired ATP hydrolysis, RNA binding, and filament assembly on RNA, resulting in dysfunction of MDA5 as an innate immune RNA sensor for IFN induction. Furthermore, the cleavage-resistant MDA5 mutant against the 3C protease showed an enhanced IFN response during Saffold virus infection, indicating that Theilovirus has a strategy to circumvent the antiviral immune response by cleaving MDA5 using 3C protease. In summary, these data suggest MDA5 cleavage by 3C protease as a novel immune evasive strategy of Theilovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ishihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Omics Unit, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nameta
- Electron Microscope Core Facility, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yu Karasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Benyapa Chunhaphinyokul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Komuro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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48
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Potential health risks of mRNA-based vaccine therapy: A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2023; 171:111015. [PMID: 36718314 PMCID: PMC9876036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of synthetic mRNA were proposed more than 30 years ago, and are currently the basis of one of the vaccine platforms used at a massive scale as part of the public health strategy to get COVID-19 under control. To date, there are no published studies on the biodistribution, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, translation rates, functional half-life and inactivation kinetics of synthetic mRNA, rates and duration of vaccine-induced antigen expression in different cell types. Furthermore, despite the assumption that there is no possibility of genomic integration of therapeutic synthetic mRNA, only one recent study has examined interactions between vaccine mRNA and the genome of transfected cells, and reported that an endogenous retrotransposon, LINE-1 is unsilenced following mRNA entry to the cell, leading to reverse transcription of full length vaccine mRNA sequences, and nuclear entry. This finding should be a major safety concern, given the possibility of synthetic mRNA-driven epigenetic and genomic modifications arising. We propose that in susceptible individuals, cytosolic clearance of nucleotide modified synthetic (nms-mRNAs) is impeded. Sustained presence of nms-mRNA in the cytoplasm deregulates and activates endogenous transposable elements (TEs), causing some of the mRNA copies to be reverse transcribed. The cytosolic accumulation of the nms-mRNA and the reverse transcribed cDNA molecules activates RNA and DNA sensory pathways. Their concurrent activation initiates a synchronized innate response against non-self nucleic acids, prompting type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production which, if unregulated, leads to autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions, while activated TEs increase the risk of insertional mutagenesis of the reverse transcribed molecules, which can disrupt coding regions, enhance the risk of mutations in tumour suppressor genes, and lead to sustained DNA damage. Susceptible individuals would then expectedly have an increased risk of DNA damage, chronic autoinflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. In light of the current mass administration of nms-mRNA vaccines, it is essential and urgent to fully understand the intracellular cascades initiated by cellular uptake of synthetic mRNA and the consequences of these molecular events.
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49
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Iwama RE, Moran Y. Origins and diversification of animal innate immune responses against viral infections. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:182-193. [PMID: 36635343 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immune systems are of pivotal importance to any living organism on Earth, as they protect the organism against deleterious effects of viral infections. Though the current knowledge about these systems is still biased towards the immune response in vertebrates, some studies have focused on the identification and characterization of components of invertebrate antiviral immune systems. Two classic model organisms, the insect Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, were instrumental in the discovery of several important components of the innate immune system, such as the Toll-like receptors and the RNA interference pathway. However, these two model organisms provide only a limited view of the evolutionary history of the immune system, as they both are ecdysozoan protostomes. Recent functional studies in non-classic models such as unicellular holozoans (for example, choanoflagellates), lophotrochozoans (for example, oysters) and cnidarians (for example, sea anemones) have added crucial information for understanding the evolution of antiviral systems, as they revealed unexpected ancestral complexity. This Review aims to summarize this information and present the ancestral nature of the antiviral immune response in animals. We also discuss lineage-specific adaptations and future perspectives for the comparative study of the innate immune system that are essential for understanding its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Iwama
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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50
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Scrima N, Le Bars R, Nevers Q, Glon D, Chevreux G, Civas A, Blondel D, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Gaudin Y. Rabies virus P protein binds to TBK1 and interferes with the formation of innate immunity-related liquid condensates. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111949. [PMID: 36640307 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses must overcome the interferon-mediated antiviral response to replicate and propagate into their host. Rabies virus (RABV) phosphoprotein P is known to inhibit interferon induction. Here, using a global mass spectrometry approach, we show that RABV P binds to TBK1, a kinase located at the crossroads of many interferon induction pathways, resulting in innate immunity inhibition. Mutations of TBK1 phosphorylation sites abolish P binding. Importantly, we demonstrate that upon RABV infection or detection of dsRNA by innate immunity sensors, TBK1 and its adaptor proteins NAP1 and SINTBAD form dynamic cytoplasmic condensates that have liquid properties. These condensates can form larger aggregates having ring-like structures in which NAP1 and TBK1 exhibit locally restricted movement. P binding to TBK1 interferes with the formation of these structures. This work demonstrates that proteins of the signaling pathway leading to interferon induction transiently form liquid organelles that can be targeted by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Scrima
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Romain Le Bars
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Damien Glon
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ahmet Civas
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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