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Carpenter S, O'Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell 2024; 187:4429-4430. [PMID: 39019038 PMCID: PMC11337173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
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2
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Depew CE, McSorley SJ. The role of tissue resident memory CD4 T cells in Salmonella infection: Implications for future vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:6426-6433. [PMID: 37739887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections cause a wide range of intestinal and systemic disease that affects global human health. While some vaccines are available, they do not mitigate the impact of Salmonella on endemic areas. Research using Salmonella mouse models has revealed the important role of CD4 T cells and antibody in the development of protective immunity against Salmonella infection. Recent work points to a critical role for hepatic tissue-resident memory lymphocytes in naturally acquired immunity to systemic infection. Thus, understanding the genesis and function of this Salmonella-specific population is an important objective and is the primary focus of this review. Greater understanding of how these memory lymphocytes contribute to bacterial elimination could suggest new approaches to vaccination against an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Walker GT, Gerner RR, Nuccio SP, Raffatellu M. Murine Models of Salmonella Infection. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e824. [PMID: 37478288 PMCID: PMC10372748 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Salmonella enterica encompasses a range of bacterial serovars that cause intestinal inflammation and systemic infections in humans. Mice are a widely used infection model due to their relative simplicity and versatility. Here, we provide standardized protocols for culturing the prolific zoonotic pathogen S. enterica serovar Typhimurium for intragastric inoculation of mice to model colitis or systemic dissemination, along with techniques for direct extraintestinal infection. Furthermore, we present procedures for quantifying pathogen burden and for characterizing the immune response by analyzing tissue pathology, inflammatory markers, and immune cells from intestinal tissues. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Murine colitis model utilizing oral streptomycin pretreatment and oral S. Typhimurium administration Basic Protocol 2: Intraperitoneal injection of S. Typhimurium for modeling extraintestinal infection Support Protocol 1: Preparation of S. Typhimurium inoculum Support Protocol 2: Preparation of mixed S. Typhimurium inoculum for competitive infection Basic Protocol 3: Assessment of S. Typhimurium burden Support Protocol 3: Preservation and pathological assessment of S. Typhimurium-infected tissues Support Protocol 4: Measurement of inflammatory marker expression in intestinal tissues by qPCR Support Protocol 5: Preparation of intestinal content for inflammatory marker quantification by ELISA Support Protocol 6: Immune cell isolation from Salmonella-infected intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T. Walker
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Romana R. Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Technical University Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Freising, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Wang BX, Butler DS, Hamblin M, Monack DM. One species, different diseases: the unique molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of typhoidal Salmonella infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 72:102262. [PMID: 36640585 PMCID: PMC10023398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most widespread bacterial pathogens found worldwide, resulting in approximately 100 million infections and over 200 000 deaths per year. Salmonella isolates, termed 'serovars', can largely be classified as either nontyphoidal or typhoidal Salmonella, which differ in regard to disease manifestation and host tropism. Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes gastroenteritis in many hosts, while typhoidal Salmonella is human-restricted and causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with a mortality rate of up to 30% without treatment. There has been considerable interest in understanding how different Salmonella serovars cause different diseases, but the molecular details that underlie these infections have not yet been fully characterized, especially in the case of typhoidal Salmonella. In this review, we highlight the current state of research into understanding the pathogenesis of both nontyphoidal and typhoidal Salmonella, with a specific interest in serovar-specific traits that allow human-adapted strains of Salmonella to cause enteric fever. Overall, a more detailed molecular understanding of how different Salmonella isolates infect humans will provide critical insights into how we can eradicate these dangerous enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Sc Butler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meagan Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Identification of collaborative cross mouse strains permissive to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:393. [PMID: 36624251 PMCID: PMC9829673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever restricted to humans and does not replicate in commonly used inbred mice. Genetic variation in humans is far greater and more complex than that in a single inbred strain of mice. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a large panel of recombinant inbred strains which has a wider range of genetic diversity than laboratory inbred mouse strains. We found that the CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains are permissive to intraperitoneal but not oral route of S. Typhi infection and show histopathological changes characteristic of human typhoid. These CC strains are immunocompetent, and immunization induces antigen-specific responses that can kill S. Typhi in vitro and control S. Typhi in vivo. Our results indicate that CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains can help identify the genetic basis for typhoid susceptibility, S. Typhi virulence mechanism(s) in vivo, and serve as a preclinical mammalian model system to identify effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.
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6
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Chandra K, Roy Chowdhury A, Chatterjee R, Chakravortty D. GH18 family glycoside hydrolase Chitinase A of Salmonella enhances virulence by facilitating invasion and modulating host immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010407. [PMID: 35482710 PMCID: PMC9049553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that has co-evolved with its host and has also developed various strategies to evade the host immune responses. Salmonella recruits an array of virulence factors to escape from host defense mechanisms. Previously chitinase A (chiA) was found to be upregulated in intracellular Salmonella. Although studies show that several structurally similar chitinases and chitin-binding proteins (CBP) of many human pathogens have a profound role in various aspects of pathogenesis, like adhesion, virulence, and immune evasion, the role of chitinase in the intravacuolar pathogen Salmonella has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we made chromosomal deletions of the chitinase encoding gene (chiA) to study the role of chitinase of Salmonella enterica in the pathogenesis of the serovars, Typhimurium, and Typhi using in vitro cell culture model and two different in vivo hosts. Our data indicate that ChiA removes the terminal sialic acid moiety from the host cell surface, and facilitates the invasion of the pathogen into the epithelial cells. Interestingly we found that the mutant bacteria also quit the Salmonella-containing vacuole and hyper-proliferate in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. Further, we found that ChiA aids in reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the phagocytes, leading to MHCII downregulation followed by suppression of antigen presentation and antibacterial responses. Notably, in the murine host, the mutant shows compromised virulence, leading to immune activation and pathogen clearance. In continuation of the study in C. elegans, Salmonella Typhi ChiA was found to facilitate bacterial attachment to the intestinal epithelium, intestinal colonization, and persistence by downregulating antimicrobial peptides. This study provides new insights on chitinase as an important and novel virulence determinant that helps in immune evasion and increased pathogenesis of Salmonella. Chitinases and chitin-binding proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human pathogens associated with the mucosal barrier. Interestingly, chitinases from the major enteric pathogen, Salmonella enterica, were reported to be upregulated during macrophage and epithelial cell infection. Although Salmonella Chitinase ChiA (encoded by STM14_0022) shares sequence similarity with the pathogenic chitinases, its role as a virulence determinant remained obscured. Here we aim to investigate the role of chitinase in the context of Salmonella pathogenesis using cell culture, mouse, and nematode models. We found that Salmonella requires ChiA to remodel the intestinal epithelium and access the host system. In the phagocytes, chitinase-mediated upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) leads to inhibition of MHC-I bound antigen presentation and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Furthermore, the absence of ChiA impairs bacterial adhesion and colonization in vivo. During the systemic phase in the murine host, Salmonella Typhimurium chitinase prevents immune activation and antimicrobial responses. Additionally, in the Caenorhabditis elegans, Salmonella Typhi chitinase promotes bacterial attachment to the intestinal epithelium and enhances pathogen colonization and persistence in the intestine by downregulating the antimicrobial peptides SPP1 and ABF2. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights into the role of Salmonella chitinase as a novel virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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7
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Inflammatory Monocytes Promote Granuloma-Mediated Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0007022. [PMID: 35311578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00070-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections generally involve a complex balance between protective immunity and immunopathology. We used a murine model to investigate the role of inflammatory monocytes in immunity and host defense against persistent salmonellosis. Mice exhibit increased susceptibility to persistent infection when inflammatory monocytes cannot be recruited into tissues or when they are depleted at specific stages of persistent infection. Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the pathology of persistent salmonellosis and cluster with other cells in pathogen-containing granulomas. Depletion of inflammatory monocytes during the chronic phase of persistent salmonellosis causes regression of already established granulomas with resultant pathogen growth and spread in tissues. Thus, inflammatory monocytes promote granuloma-mediated control of persistent salmonellosis and may be key to uncovering new therapies for granulomatous diseases.
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ISP2825, isolated in 1983 from a Chilean patient, is one of the major S. Typhi strains used for research, along with strains Ty2, CT18, and H58. The complete genome sequence of ISP2825, consisting of a 4,774,014-bp circular chromosome, will help us understand typhoid pathogenesis and evolution.
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Salmonella Persistence and Host Immunity Are Dictated by the Anatomical Microenvironment. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00026-20. [PMID: 32393507 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00026-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Salmonella is able to evade the immune system and persist within the host. In some cases, these persistent infections are asymptomatic for long periods and represent a significant public health hazard because the hosts are potential chronic carriers, yet the mechanisms that control persistence are incompletely understood. Using a mouse model of chronic typhoid fever combined with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers to interrogate endogenous, Salmonella-specific CD4+ helper T cells, we show that certain host microenvironments may favorably contribute to a pathogen's ability to persist in vivo We demonstrate that the environment in the hepatobiliary system may contribute to the persistence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium through liver-resident immunoregulatory CD4+ helper T cells, alternatively activated macrophages, and impaired bactericidal activity. This contrasts with lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, where these same cells appear to have a greater capacity for bacterial killing, which may contribute to control of bacteria in these organs. We also found that, following an extended period of infection of more than 2 years, the liver appeared to be the only site that harbored Salmonella bacteria. This work establishes a potential role for nonlymphoid organ immunity in regulating chronic bacterial infections and provides further evidence for the hepatobiliary system as the site of chronic Salmonella infection.
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Mukhopadhyay D, Arranz-Solís D, Saeij JPJ. Toxoplasma GRA15 and GRA24 are important activators of the host innate immune response in the absence of TLR11. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008586. [PMID: 32453782 PMCID: PMC7274473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine innate immune response against Toxoplasma gondii is predominated by the interaction of TLR11/12 with Toxoplasma profilin. However, mice lacking Tlr11 or humans, who do not have functional TLR11 or TLR12, still elicit a strong innate immune response upon Toxoplasma infection. The parasite factors that determine this immune response are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated two dense granule proteins (GRAs) secreted by Toxoplasma, GRA15 and GRA24, for their role in stimulating the innate immune response in Tlr11-/- mice and in human cells, which naturally lack TLR11/TLR12. Our results show that GRA15 and GRA24 synergistically shape the early immune response and parasite virulence in Tlr11-/- mice, with GRA15 as the predominant effector. Nevertheless, acute virulence in Tlr11-/- mice is still dominated by allelic combinations of ROP18 and ROP5, which are effectors that determine evasion of the immunity-related GTPases. In human macrophages, GRA15 and GRA24 play a major role in the induction of IL12, IL18 and IL1β secretion. We further show that GRA15/GRA24-mediated IL12, IL18 and IL1β secretion activates IFNγ secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which controls Toxoplasma proliferation. Taken together, our study demonstrates the important role of GRA15 and GRA24 in activating the innate immune response in hosts lacking TLR11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Arranz-Solís
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pore D, Hoque KM, Chakrabarti MK. Animal models in advancement of research in enteric diseases. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Rapid Bladder Interleukin-10 Synthesis in Response to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Is Part of a Defense Strategy Triggered by the Major Bacterial Flagellar Filament FliC and Contingent on TLR5. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00545-19. [PMID: 31776239 PMCID: PMC6881718 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00545-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 is part of the immune response to urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coli, and it is important in the early control of infection in the bladder. Defining the mechanism of engagement of the immune system by the bacteria that enables the protective IL-10 response is critical to exploring how we might exploit this mechanism for new infection control strategies. In this study, we reveal part of the bacterial flagellar apparatus (FliC) is an important component that is sensed by and responsible for induction of IL-10 in the response to UPEC. We show this response occurs in a TLR5-dependent manner. Using infection prevention and control trials in mice infected with E. coli, this study also provides evidence that purified FliC might be of value in novel approaches for the treatment of UTI or in preventing infection by exploiting the FliC-triggered bladder transcriptome. Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) engages interleukin-10 (IL-10) as an early innate immune response to regulate inflammation and promote the control of bladder infection. However, the mechanism of engagement of innate immunity by UPEC that leads to elicitation of IL-10 in the bladder is unknown. Here, we identify the major UPEC flagellar filament, FliC, as a key bacterial component sensed by the bladder innate immune system responsible for the induction of IL-10 synthesis. IL-10 responses of human as well as mouse bladder epithelial cell-monocyte cocultures were triggered by flagella of three major UPEC representative strains, CFT073, UTI89, and EC958. FliC purified to homogeneity induced IL-10 in vitro and in vivo as well as other functionally related cytokines, including IL-6. The genome-wide innate immunological context of FliC-induced IL-10 in the bladder was defined using RNA sequencing that revealed a network of transcriptional and antibacterial defenses comprising 1,400 genes that were induced by FliC. Of the FliC-responsive bladder transcriptome, altered expression of il10 and 808 additional genes were dependent on Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), according to analysis of TLR5-deficient mice. Examination of the potential of FliC and associated innate immune signature in the bladder to boost host defense, based on prophylactic or therapeutic administration to mice, revealed significant benefits for the control of UPEC. We conclude that detection of FliC through TLR5 triggers rapid IL-10 synthesis in the bladder, and FliC represents a potential immune modulator that might offer benefit for the treatment or prevention of UPEC UTI. IMPORTANCE Interleukin-10 is part of the immune response to urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coli, and it is important in the early control of infection in the bladder. Defining the mechanism of engagement of the immune system by the bacteria that enables the protective IL-10 response is critical to exploring how we might exploit this mechanism for new infection control strategies. In this study, we reveal part of the bacterial flagellar apparatus (FliC) is an important component that is sensed by and responsible for induction of IL-10 in the response to UPEC. We show this response occurs in a TLR5-dependent manner. Using infection prevention and control trials in mice infected with E. coli, this study also provides evidence that purified FliC might be of value in novel approaches for the treatment of UTI or in preventing infection by exploiting the FliC-triggered bladder transcriptome.
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13
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Vijayan A, Rumbo M, Carnoy C, Sirard JC. Compartmentalized Antimicrobial Defenses in Response to Flagellin. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:423-435. [PMID: 29173868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motility is often a pathogenicity determinant of bacteria targeting mucosal tissues. Flagella constitute the machinery that propels bacteria into appropriate niches. Besides motility, the structural component, flagellin, which forms the flagella, targets Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) to activate innate immunity. The compartmentalization of flagellin-mediated immunity and the contribution of epithelial cells and dendritic cells in detecting flagellin within luminal and basal sides are highlighted here, respectively. While a direct stimulation of the epithelium mainly results in recruitment of immune cells and production of antimicrobial molecules, TLR5 engagement on parenchymal dendritic cells can contribute to the stimulation of innate lymphocytes such as type 3 innate lymphoid cells, as well as T helper cells. This review, therefore, illustrates how the innate and adaptive immunity to flagellin are differentially regulated by the epithelium and the dendritic cells in response to pathogens that either colonize or invade mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Vijayan
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - CONICET - National Universtity of La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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14
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Kurtz JR, Goggins JA, McLachlan JB. Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:42-50. [PMID: 28720334 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Additionally, Salmonella bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid or subvert immunity to its own benefit and often the anatomical location of infection plays a role in both the immune response and bacterial fate. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the immune system and Salmonella, while discussing how different host and bacterial factors influence the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - J Alan Goggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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15
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Chong A, Lee S, Yang YA, Song J. The Role of Typhoid Toxin in Salmonella Typhi Virulence
. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:283-290. [PMID: 28656014 PMCID: PMC5482304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Unlike many of the nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars such as S. Typhimurium that cause restricted gastroenteritis, Salmonella Typhi is unique in that it causes life-threatening typhoid fever in humans. Despite the vast difference in disease outcomes that S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium cause in humans, there are few genomic regions that are unique to S. Typhi. Of these regions, the most notable is the small locus encoding typhoid toxin, an AB toxin that has several distinct characteristics that contribute to S. Typhi's pathogenicity. As a result, typhoid toxin and its role in S. Typhi virulence have been studied in an effort to gain insight into potential treatment and prevention strategies. Given the rise of multidrug-resistant strains, research in this area has become increasingly important. This article discusses the current understanding of typhoid toxin and potential directions for future research endeavors in order to better understand the contribution of typhoid toxin to S. Typhi virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Chong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sohyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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16
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Fowler CC, Chang SJ, Gao X, Geiger T, Stack G, Galán JE. Emerging insights into the biology of typhoid toxin. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 35:70-77. [PMID: 28213043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is a unique A2B5 exotoxin and an important virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. In the decade since its initial discovery, great strides have been made in deciphering the unusual biological program of this toxin, which is fundamentally different from related toxins in many ways. Purified typhoid toxin administered to laboratory animals causes many of the symptoms of typhoid fever, suggesting that typhoid toxin is a central factor in this disease. Further advances in understanding the biology of this toxin will help guide the development of badly needed diagnostics and therapeutic interventions that target this toxin to detect, prevent or treat typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Fowler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States
| | - Shu-Jung Chang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States
| | - Tobias Geiger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, United States.
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17
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Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:746-56. [PMID: 27413068 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00258-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
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