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Basu S, Hassman L, Kodati S, Chu CJ. Intraocular Immune Response in Human Uveitis: Time to Look Beyond Animal Models. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 266:17-25. [PMID: 38703799 PMCID: PMC7616079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current and future approaches to investigating the intraocular immune response in human uveitis. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS Review of currently available methods for investigating the immune response in ocular tissues and fluids in patients with intraocular inflammation/ uveitis. The advantages and disadvantages of human studies have been compared to those of animal models of uveitis. RESULTS Animal models, while being excellent tools for mechanistic studies, do not replicate the clinical and immunologic heterogeneity of human uveitis. Opportunities for immunological studies in human uveitis are mostly limited to histological studies, or sampling of intraocular fluids and peripheral blood. Histopathological studies can be enhanced by revisiting published historical data, tissue repositories, or autopsy specimens. Intraocular fluids can be investigated by a variety of techniques. Among these, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) provide single-cell resolution. While the current technology is costly and labor-intensive, scRNAseq is less limited by the low cellular yield from intraocular fluids and allows unbiased immune profiling enabling discovery of new cellular subsets. Immunological phenotypes uncovered from human data can be further investigated in animal studies. CONCLUSION The diversity of the intraocular immune response in uveitis patients remains challenging but can be studied by multiple techniques including histopathology, flow cytometry, and scRNAseq. Human data can be combined with animal studies for translating uveitis research into novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- From the Saroja A Rao Centre for Uveitis (S.B.), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Lynn Hassman
- UCHealth Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center (L.H.), Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shilpa Kodati
- Kellogg Eye Center (S.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Colin J Chu
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (C.J.C.), Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Wolf J, Chemudupati T, Kumar A, Franco JA, Montague AA, Lin CC, Lee WS, Fisher AC, Goldberg JL, Mruthyunjaya P, Chang RT, Mahajan VB. Using Electronic Health Record Data to Determine the Safety of Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsies for Molecular Analyses. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100517. [PMID: 38881613 PMCID: PMC11179400 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Knowing the surgical safety of anterior chamber liquid biopsies will support the increased use of proteomics and other molecular analyses to better understand disease mechanisms and therapeutic responses in patients and clinical trials. Manual review of operative notes from different surgeons and procedures in electronic health records (EHRs) is cumbersome, but free-text software tools could facilitate efficient searches. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 1418 aqueous humor liquid biopsies from patients undergoing intraocular surgery. Methods Free-text EHR searches were performed using the Stanford Research Repository cohort discovery tool to identify complications associated with anterior chamber paracentesis and subsequent endophthalmitis. Complications of the surgery unrelated to the biopsy were not reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Biopsy-associated intraoperative complications and endophthalmitis. Results A total of 1418 aqueous humor liquid biopsies were performed by 17 experienced surgeons. EHR free-text searches were 100% error-free for surgical complications, >99% for endophthalmitis (<1% false positive), and >93.6% for anesthesia type, requiring manual review for only a limited number of cases. More than 85% of cases were performed under local anesthesia without ocular muscle akinesia. Although the most common indication was cataract (50.1%), other diagnoses included glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, endophthalmitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and uveal melanoma. A 50- to 100-μL sample was collected in all cases using either a 30-gauge needle or a blunt cannula via a paracentesis. The median follow-up was >7 months. There was only one minor complication (0.07%) identified: a case of a small tear in Descemet membrane without long-term sequelae. No other complications occurred, including other corneal injuries, lens or iris trauma, hyphema, or suprachoroidal hemorrhage. There was no case of postoperative endophthalmitis. Conclusions Anterior chamber liquid biopsy during intraocular surgery is a safe procedure and may be considered for large-scale collection of aqueous humor samples for molecular analyses. Free-text EHR searches are an efficient approach to reviewing intraoperative procedures. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Faculty of Medicine, Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teja Chemudupati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Aarushi Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Joel A Franco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Artis A Montague
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Charles C Lin
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Wen-Shin Lee
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - A Caroline Fisher
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Robert T Chang
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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3
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Liao YL, Fang YF, Sun JX, Dou GR. Senescent endothelial cells: a potential target for diabetic retinopathy. Angiogenesis 2024:10.1007/s10456-024-09943-7. [PMID: 39215875 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication that results in visual impairment and relevant retinal diseases. Current therapeutic strategies on DR primarily focus on antiangiogenic therapies, which particularly target vascular endothelial growth factor and its related signaling transduction. However, these therapies still have limitations due to the intricate pathogenesis of DR. Emerging studies have shown that premature senescence of endothelial cells (ECs) in a hyperglycemic environment is involved in the disease process of DR and plays multiple roles at different stages. Moreover, these surprising discoveries have driven the development of senotherapeutics and strategies targeting senescent endothelial cells (SECs), which present challenging but promising prospects in DR treatment. In this review, we focus on the inducers and mechanisms of EC senescence in the pathogenesis of DR and summarize the current research advances in the development of senotherapeutics and strategies that target SECs for DR treatment. Herein, we highlight the role played by key factors at different stages of EC senescence, which will be critical for facilitating the development of future innovative treatment strategies that target the different stages of senescence in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lu Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of the Cadet Team 6 of the School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Fan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jia-Xing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Guo-Rui Dou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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4
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Diaz-Torres S, Lee SSY, Ogonowski NS, Mackey DA, MacGregor S, Gharahkhani P, Renteria ME. Macular structural integrity estimates are associated with Parkinson's disease genetic risk. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:130. [PMID: 39135092 PMCID: PMC11320880 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique to measure retinal layer thickness, providing insights into retinal ganglion cell integrity. Studies have shown reduced retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, it is unclear if there is a common genetic overlap between the macula and peripapillary estimates with PD and if the genetic risk of PD is associated with changes in ganglion cell integrity estimates in young adults. METHOD Western Australian young adults underwent OCT imaging. Their pRNFL, GCIPL, and overall retinal thicknesses were recorded, as well as their longitudinal changes between ages 20 and 28. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were estimated for each participant based on genome-wide summary data from the largest PD genome-wide association study conducted to date. We further evaluated whether PD PRS was associated with changes in thickness at a younger age. To evaluate the overlap between retinal integrity estimates and PD, we annotated and prioritised genes using mBAT-combo and performed colocalisation through the GWAS pairwise method and HyPrColoc. We used a multi-omic approach and single-cell expression data of the retina and brain through a Mendelian randomisation framework to evaluate the most likely causal genes. Genes prioritised were analysed for missense variants that could have a pathogenic effect using AlphaMissense. RESULTS We found a significant association between the Parkinson's disease polygenic risk score (PD PRS) and changes in retinal thickness in the macula of young adults assessed at 20 and 28 years of age. Gene-based analysis identified 27 genes common to PD and retinal integrity, with a notable region on chromosome 17. Expression analyses highlighted NSF, CRHR1, and KANSL1 as potential causal genes shared between PD and ganglion cell integrity measures. CRHR1 showed consistent results across multiple omics levels. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that retinal measurements, particularly in young adults, could be a potential marker for PD risk, indicating a genetic overlap between retinal structural integrity and PD. The study highlights specific genes and loci, mainly on chromosome 17, as potential shared etiological factors for PD and retinal changes. Our results highlight the importance of further longitudinal studies to validate retinal structural metrics as early indicators of PD predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Diaz-Torres
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalia S Ogonowski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Miguel E Renteria
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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5
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Hu B, Cui Y, Lee JJ, Ma JX, Duerfeldt AS. Design and Assessment of First-Generation Heterobifunctional PPARα/STING Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1279-1286. [PMID: 39140058 PMCID: PMC11318021 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are prominent causes of blindness in industrialized countries. The complexity of these diseases, involving diverse cell types and pathways that give rise to a multifactorial pathogenesis, complicates drug discovery. As such, therapies exhibiting polypharmacology are expected to improve outcomes through broader disease stage coverage and beneficial spatiotemporal effects. We report herein the first dual modulator of PPARα and STING, two targets tied to disparate pathologies in retinal diseases. Recognizing structural similarities between a reported STING inhibitor SN-013 and our previously described PPARα agonist A229, we designed BH400, which agonizes PPARα (EC50 = 1.2 μM) and inhibits STING (IC50 = 8.1 μM). BH400 demonstrates superior protection over single-target PPARα or STING modulation in microglial and photoreceptor cells. These findings provide compelling evidence for the potential benefit of polypharmacology in common retinal diseases through dual PPARα/STING modulation, motivating further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University
Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Department
of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Julia J. Lee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department
of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Adam S. Duerfeldt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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6
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Cvekl A, Vijg J. Aging of the eye: Lessons from cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102407. [PMID: 38977082 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for chronic human diseases, including many eye diseases. Geroscience aims to understand the effects of the aging process on these diseases, including the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie the increased risk of disease over the lifetime. Understanding of the aging eye increases general knowledge of the cellular physiology impacted by aging processes at various biological extremes. Two major diseases, age-related cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are caused by dysfunction of the lens and retina, respectively. Lens transparency and light refraction are mediated by lens fiber cells lacking nuclei and other organelles, which provides a unique opportunity to study a single aging hallmark, i.e., loss of proteostasis, within an environment of limited metabolism. In AMD, local dysfunction of the photoreceptors/retinal pigmented epithelium/Bruch's membrane/choriocapillaris complex in the macula leads to the loss of photoreceptors and eventually loss of central vision, and is driven by nearly all the hallmarks of aging and shares features with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The aging eye can function as a model for studying basic mechanisms of aging and, vice versa, well-defined hallmarks of aging can be used as tools to understand age-related eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Jan Vijg
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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7
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Pallocca M, Betti M, Baldinelli S, Palombo R, Bucci G, Mazzarella L, Tonon G, Ciliberto G. Clinical bioinformatics desiderata for molecular tumor boards. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae447. [PMID: 39297878 PMCID: PMC11411775 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical Bioinformatics is a knowledge framework required to interpret data of medical interest via computational methods. This area became of dramatic importance in precision oncology, fueled by cancer genomic profiling: most definitions of Molecular Tumor Boards require the presence of bioinformaticians. However, all available literature remained rather vague on what are the specific needs in terms of digital tools and expertise to tackle and interpret genomics data to assign novel targeted or biomarker-driven targeted therapies to cancer patients. To fill this gap, in this article, we present a catalog of software families and human skills required for the tumor board bioinformatician, with specific examples of real-world applications associated with each element presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pallocca
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Betti
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Clinical Trial Center, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Baldinelli
- Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Clinical Trial Center, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Palombo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bucci
- Center for OMICS Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, IRCCS IEO - European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS IEO - European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, and Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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8
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Shitara Y, Konno R, Yoshihara M, Kashima K, Ito A, Mukai T, Kimoto G, Kakiuchi S, Ishikawa M, Kakihara T, Nagamatsu T, Takahashi N, Fujishiro J, Kawakami E, Ohara O, Kawashima Y, Watanabe E. Host-derived protein profiles of human neonatal meconium across gestational ages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5543. [PMID: 39019879 PMCID: PMC11255260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Meconium, a non-invasive biomaterial reflecting prenatal substance accumulation, could provide valuable insights into neonatal health. However, the comprehensive protein profile of meconium across gestational ages remains unclear. Here, we conducted an extensive proteomic analysis of first meconium from 259 newborns across varied gestational ages to delineate protein composition and elucidate its relevance to neonatal diseases. The first meconium samples were collected, with the majority obtained before feeding, and the mean time for the first meconium passage from the anus was 11.9 ± 9.47 h. Our analysis revealed 5370 host-derived meconium proteins, which varied depending on sex and gestational age. Specifically, meconium from preterm infants exhibited elevated concentrations of proteins associated with the extracellular matrix. Additionally, the protein profiles of meconium also exhibited unique variations depending on both specific diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases, congenital heart diseases, and maternal conditions. Furthermore, we developed a machine learning model to predict gestational ages using meconium proteins. Our model suggests that newborns with gastrointestinal diseases and congenital heart diseases may have immature gastrointestinal systems. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between clinical parameters and meconium protein composition, offering potential for a novel approach to assess neonatal gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Shitara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Konno
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Mukai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goh Kimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomo Kakihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Fujishiro
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Advanced Data Science Project, RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Watanabe
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Surgery, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan.
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9
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Rojas-Carabali W, Cifuentes-González C, Gutierrez-Sinisterra L, Heng LY, Tsui E, Gangaputra S, Sadda S, Nguyen QD, Kempen JH, Pavesio CE, Gupta V, Raman R, Miao C, Lee B, de-la-Torre A, Agrawal R. Managing a patient with uveitis in the era of artificial intelligence: Current approaches, emerging trends, and future perspectives. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2024; 13:100082. [PMID: 39019261 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with healthcare has opened new avenues for diagnosing, treating, and managing medical conditions with remarkable precision. Uveitis, a diverse group of rare eye conditions characterized by inflammation of the uveal tract, exemplifies the complexities in ophthalmology due to its varied causes, clinical presentations, and responses to treatments. Uveitis, if not managed promptly and effectively, can lead to significant visual impairment. However, its management requires specialized knowledge, which is often lacking, particularly in regions with limited access to health services. AI's capabilities in pattern recognition, data analysis, and predictive modelling offer significant potential to revolutionize uveitis management. AI can classify disease etiologies, analyze multimodal imaging data, predict outcomes, and identify new therapeutic targets. However, transforming these AI models into clinical applications and meeting patient expectations involves overcoming challenges like acquiring extensive, annotated datasets, ensuring algorithmic transparency, and validating these models in real-world settings. This review delves into the complexities of uveitis and the current AI landscape, discussing the development, opportunities, and challenges of AI from theoretical models to bedside application. It also examines the epidemiology of uveitis, the global shortage of uveitis specialists, and the disease's socioeconomic impacts, underlining the critical need for AI-driven approaches. Furthermore, it explores the integration of AI in diagnostic imaging and future directions in ophthalmology, aiming to highlight emerging trends that could transform management of a patient with uveitis and suggesting collaborative efforts to enhance AI applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rojas-Carabali
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Singapore.
| | - Carlos Cifuentes-González
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Singapore.
| | - Laura Gutierrez-Sinisterra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Singapore.
| | - Lim Yuan Heng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Edmund Tsui
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sapna Gangaputra
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Srinivas Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School; and Schepens Eye Research Institute; Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Myungsung Medical College/MCM Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA.
| | | | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post, graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
| | - Chunyan Miao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Bernett Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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10
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McKay DM, Defaye M, Rajeev S, MacNaughton WK, Nasser Y, Sharkey KA. Neuroimmunophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G712-G725. [PMID: 38626403 PMCID: PMC11376980 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Gut physiology is the epicenter of a web of internal communication systems (i.e., neural, immune, hormonal) mediated by cell-cell contacts, soluble factors, and external influences, such as the microbiome, diet, and the physical environment. Together these provide the signals that shape enteric homeostasis and, when they go awry, lead to disease. Faced with the seemingly paradoxical tasks of nutrient uptake (digestion) and retarding pathogen invasion (host defense), the gut integrates interactions between a variety of cells and signaling molecules to keep the host nourished and protected from pathogens. When the system fails, the outcome can be acute or chronic disease, often labeled as "idiopathic" in nature (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease). Here we underscore the importance of a holistic approach to gut physiology, placing an emphasis on intercellular connectedness, using enteric neuroimmunophysiology as the paradigm. The goal of this opinion piece is to acknowledge the pace of change brought to our field via single-cell and -omic methodologies and other techniques such as cell lineage tracing, transgenic animal models, methods for culturing patient tissue, and advanced imaging. We identify gaps in the field and hope to inspire and challenge colleagues to take up the mantle and advance awareness of the subtleties, intricacies, and nuances of intestinal physiology in health and disease by defining communication pathways between gut resident cells, those recruited from the circulation, and "external" influences such as the central nervous system and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manon Defaye
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sruthi Rajeev
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Chen Y, Ye Z, Chen H, Li Z. Breaking Barriers: Nanomedicine-Based Drug Delivery for Cataract Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4021-4040. [PMID: 38736657 PMCID: PMC11086653 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cataract is a leading cause of blindness globally, and its surgical treatment poses a significant burden on global healthcare. Pharmacologic therapies, including antioxidants and protein aggregation reversal agents, have attracted great attention in the treatment of cataracts in recent years. Due to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye, the effectiveness of traditional eye drops for delivering drugs topically to the lens is hindered. The advancements in nanomedicine present novel and promising strategies for addressing challenges in drug delivery to the lens, including the development of nanoparticle formulations that can improve drug penetration into the anterior segment and enable sustained release of medications. This review introduces various cutting-edge drug delivery systems for cataract treatment, highlighting their physicochemical properties and surface engineering for optimal design, thus providing impetus for further innovative research and potential clinical applications of anti-cataract drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixu Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Wu L, An J, Li X, Tao Q, Liu Z, Zhang K, Zhou L, Zhang X. Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor in Idiopathic Uveitis and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18643-18653. [PMID: 38680323 PMCID: PMC11044210 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic uveitis (IU) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome are common types of uveitis. However, the exact pathological mechanisms of IU and VKH remain unclear. Proteomic analysis of aqueous humor (AH), the most easily accessible intraocular fluid and a key site of uveitis development, may reveal potential biomarkers and elucidate uveitis pathogenesis. In this study, 44 AH samples, including 12 IU cases, 16 VKH cases, and 16 controls, were subjected to label-free quantitative proteomic analysis. We identified 557 proteins from a comprehensive spectral library of 634 proteins across all samples. The AH proteomic profiles of the IU and VKH groups were different from those of the control group. Differential analysis revealed a shared pattern of extracellular matrix disruption and downregulation of retinal cellular proteins in the IU and VKH groups. Enrichment analysis revealed a protein composition indicative of inflammation in the AH of the IU and VKH groups but not in that of the control group. In the IU and VKH groups, innate immunity played an important role, as indicated by complement cascade activation and overexpression of innate immune cell markers. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), an efficient and robust machine learning algorithm, was subsequently used to screen potential biomarkers for classifying the IU, VKH, and control groups. Transferrin and complement factor B were deemed the most important and represent a promising biomarker panel. These proteins were validated by high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (HR-MRM) in an independent validation cohort. A classification decision tree was subsequently built for the diagnosis. Our findings further the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in IU and VKH and facilitate the development of potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Wu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
- Beijing
Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xueru Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qingqin Tao
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Shanxi
Eye Hospital, Taiyuan 030002, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The
Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center
for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment
and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical
Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical
University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School
of Optometry, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology,
and Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for
Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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13
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Bhardwaj S, Bulluss M, D'Aubeterre A, Derakhshani A, Penner R, Mahajan M, Mahajan VB, Dufour A. Integrating the analysis of human biopsies using post-translational modifications proteomics. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4979. [PMID: 38533548 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Proteome diversities and their biological functions are significantly amplified by post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Shotgun proteomics, which does not typically survey PTMs, provides an incomplete picture of the complexity of human biopsies in health and disease. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomic techniques that enrich and study PTMs are helping to uncover molecular detail from the cellular level to system-wide functions, including how the microbiome impacts human diseases. Protein heterogeneity and disease complexity are challenging factors that make it difficult to characterize and treat disease. The search for clinical biomarkers to characterize disease mechanisms and complexity related to patient diagnoses and treatment has proven challenging. Knowledge of PTMs is fundamentally lacking. Characterization of complex human samples that clarify the role of PTMs and the microbiome in human diseases will result in new discoveries. This review highlights the key role of proteomic techniques used to characterize unknown biological functions of PTMs derived from complex human biopsies. Through the integration of diverse methods used to profile PTMs, this review explores the genetic regulation of proteoforms, cells of origin expressing specific proteins, and several bioactive PTMs and their subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Bhardwaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitchell Bulluss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana D'Aubeterre
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Regan Penner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Williams BL, Zouache MA, Seager NA, Pappas CM, Liu J, Anstadt RA, Hubbard WC, Thomas J, Hageman JL, Mohler J, Richards BT, Hageman GS. Levels of the HtrA1 Protein in Serum and Vitreous Humor Are Independent of Genetic Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration at the 10q26 Locus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:34. [PMID: 38648039 PMCID: PMC11044837 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if levels of the HtrA1 protein in serum or vitreous humor are influenced by genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at the 10q26 locus, age, sex, AMD status, and/or AMD disease severity, and, therefore, to determine the contribution of systemic and ocular HtrA1 to the AMD disease process. Methods A custom-made sandwich ELISA assay (SCTM ELISA) for detection of the HtrA1 protein was designed and compared with three commercial assays (R&D Systems, MyBiosource 1 and MyBiosource 2) using 65 serum samples. Concentrations of HtrA1 were thereafter determined in serum and vitreous samples collected from 248 individuals and 145 human donor eyes, respectively. Results The SCTM ELISA demonstrated high specificity, good recovery, and parallelism within its linear detection range and performed comparably to the R&D Systems assay. In contrast, we were unable to demonstrate the specificity of the two assays from MyBioSource using either recombinant or native HtrA1. Analyses of concentrations obtained using the validated SCTM assay revealed that genetic risk at the 10q26 locus, age, sex, or AMD status are not significantly associated with altered levels of the HtrA1 protein in serum or in vitreous humor (P > 0.05). Conclusions HtrA1 levels in serum and vitreous do not reflect the risk for AMD associated with the 10q26 locus or disease status. Localized alteration in HTRA1 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium, rather than systemic changes in HtrA1, is the most likely driver of elevated risk for developing AMD among individuals with risk variants at the 10q26 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Williams
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Moussa A. Zouache
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Nathan A. Seager
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Chris M. Pappas
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Robert A. Anstadt
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - William C. Hubbard
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Julie Thomas
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jill L. Hageman
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jennifer Mohler
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Burt T. Richards
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Gregory S. Hageman
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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15
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Sachdeva MM, Lee Y, Unlu EK, Koseoglu ND, Cha E, Wang J, Prescott CR, Eghrari AO, Na CH. Tandem Mass Tag LC-MS/MS of Aqueous Humor From Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Without Retinopathy Reveals Early Dysregulation of Synaptic Proteins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:16. [PMID: 38470329 PMCID: PMC10939138 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose An early neurodegenerative component of diabetic retinal disease (DRD) that precedes the vascular findings of clinically diagnosed diabetic retinopathy (DR) is increasingly being recognized. However, the relevant molecular mechanisms and biomarkers for early DRD are poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to uncover novel potential mediators of early diabetic retinal neuronal dysfunction through analysis of the aqueous fluid proteome in preclinical DR. Methods Aqueous fluid was collected from subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) but no clinical DR and from nondiabetic controls undergoing routine cataract surgery. Preoperative spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the macula was obtained. Tandem mass tag LC-MS/MS was performed to identify proteins differentially present in diabetic and control aqueous fluid, and proteins with >50% change and P < 0.05 were considered significant. Selected results were validated with western blot of human aqueous fluid samples. Results We identified decreased levels of proteins implicated in neuronal synapse formation and increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the aqueous fluid from patients with type 2 DM but no DR compared with controls. Of the differentially present synaptic proteins that we identified and confirmed with western blot, the majority have not previously been linked with DRD. Conclusions The proteomic profile of aqueous fluid from individuals with type 2 DM but no DR suggests that retinal neuronal dysfunction and inflammation represent very early events in the pathophysiology of DRD. These findings support the concept that diabetic retinal neurodegeneration precedes vascular pathology and reveal novel potential mediators and/or biomarkers warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira M. Sachdeva
- Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yoonjung Lee
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eda K. Unlu
- Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Neslihan D. Koseoglu
- Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eumee Cha
- Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Christina R. Prescott
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Allen O. Eghrari
- Cornea Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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16
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Wolf J, Franco JA, Yip R, Dabaja MZ, Velez G, Liu F, Bassuk AG, Mruthyunjaya P, Dufour A, Mahajan VB. Liquid Biopsy Proteomics in Ophthalmology. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:511-522. [PMID: 38171013 PMCID: PMC10845144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Minimally invasive liquid biopsies from the eye capture locally enriched fluids that contain thousands of proteins from highly specialized ocular cell types, presenting a promising alternative to solid tissue biopsies. The advantages of liquid biopsies include sampling the eye without causing irreversible functional damage, potentially better reflecting tissue heterogeneity, collecting samples in an outpatient setting, monitoring therapeutic response with sequential sampling, and even allowing examination of disease mechanisms at the cell level in living humans, an approach that we refer to as TEMPO (Tracing Expression of Multiple Protein Origins). Liquid biopsy proteomics has the potential to transform molecular diagnostics and prognostics and to assess disease mechanisms and personalized therapeutic strategies in individual patients. This review addresses opportunities, challenges, and future directions of high-resolution liquid biopsy proteomics in ophthalmology, with particular emphasis on the large-scale collection of high-quality samples, cutting edge proteomics technology, and artificial intelligence-supported data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Molecular
Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Joel A. Franco
- Molecular
Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Rui Yip
- Molecular
Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Mohamed Ziad Dabaja
- Departments
of Physiology and Pharmacology & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Cumming School of Medicine, University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Molecular
Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department
of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments
of Physiology and Pharmacology & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Cumming School of Medicine, University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Molecular
Surgery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California 94303, United States
- Veterans
Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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17
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Muniyandi A, Jensen NR, Devanathan N, Dimaras H, Corson TW. The Potential of Aqueous Humor Sampling in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38180770 PMCID: PMC10774694 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare malignant tumor that arises in the developing retina in one or both eyes of children. Pathogenic variants of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene drive the majority of germline and sporadic RB tumors. Considering the risk of tumor spread, the biopsy of RB tumor tissue is contraindicated. Advancement of chemotherapy has led to preservation of more eye globes. However, this has reduced access to tumor material from enucleation specimens. Recently, liquid biopsy of aqueous humor (AH) has advanced the RB tumor- or eye-specific genetic analysis. In particular, nucleic acid analysis of AH demonstrates the genomic copy number profiles and RB1 pathogenic variants akin to that of enucleated RB eye tissue. This advance reduces the previous limitation that genetic assessment of the primary tumor could be done only after enucleation of the eye. Additionally, nucleic acid evaluation of AH allows the exploration of the genomic landscape of RB tumors at diagnosis and during and after treatment. This review explores how AH sampling and AH nucleic acid analysis in RB patients assist in diagnosis, prognosis, and comprehending the pathophysiology of RB, which will ultimately benefit individualized treatment decisions to carefully manage this ocular cancer in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbukkarasi Muniyandi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Nathan R. Jensen
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Nirupama Devanathan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Division of Clinical Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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