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Zhang MH, Scotland BL, Jiao Y, Slaby EM, Truong N, Cottingham AL, Stephanie G, Szeto GL, Pearson RM. Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Utilize B Cells and Dendritic Cells to Elicit Distinct Antigen-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4818-4830. [PMID: 37219857 PMCID: PMC10665545 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are widely studied for treating immune-mediated diseases, and dendritic cells (DCs) are potent APCs that uptake and present antigens (Ags). However, DCs face several challenges that hinder their clinical translation due to their inability to control Ag dosing and low abundance in peripheral blood. B cells are a potential alternative to DCs, but their poor nonspecific Ag uptake capabilities compromise controllable priming of T cells. Here, we developed phospholipid-conjugated Ags (L-Ags) and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (L/P-Ag NPs) as delivery platforms to expand the range of accessible APCs for use in T cell priming. These delivery platforms were evaluated using DCs, CD40-activated B cells, and resting B cells to understand the impacts of various Ag delivery mechanisms for generation of Ag-specific T cell responses. L-Ag delivery (termed depoting) of MHC class I- and II-restricted Ags successfully loaded all APC types in a tunable manner and primed both Ag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Incorporating L-Ags and polymer-conjugated Ags (P-Ag) into NPs can direct Ags to different uptake pathways to engineer the dynamics of presentation and shape T cell responses. DCs were capable of processing and presenting Ag delivered from both L- and P-Ag NPs, yet B cells could only utilize Ag delivered from L-Ag NPs, which led to differential cytokine secretion profiles in coculture studies. Altogether, we show that L-Ags and P-Ags can be rationally paired within a single NP to leverage distinct delivery mechanisms to access multiple Ag processing pathways in two APC types, offering a modular delivery platform for engineering Ag-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
- Co-first authors
| | - Brianna L. Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Co-first authors
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Emily M. Slaby
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Andrea L. Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Georgina Stephanie
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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2
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DeStefano S, Hartigan DR, Josyula A, Faust M, Fertil D, Lokwani R, Ngo TB, Sadtler K. Conserved and tissue-specific immune responses to biologic scaffold implantation. Acta Biomater 2024; 184:68-80. [PMID: 38879103 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Upon implantation into a patient, any biomaterial induces a cascade of immune responses that influences the outcome of that device. This cascade depends upon several factors, including the composition of the material itself and the location in which the material is implanted. There is still significant uncertainty around the role of different tissue microenvironments in the immune response to biomaterials and how that may alter downstream scaffold remodeling and integration. In this study, we present a study evaluating the immune response to decellularized extracellular matrix materials within the intraperitoneal cavity, the subcutaneous space, and in a traumatic skeletal muscle injury microenvironment. All different locations induced robust cellular recruitment, specifically of macrophages and eosinophils. The latter was most prominent in the subcutaneous space. Intraperitoneal implants uniquely recruited B cells that may alter downstream reactivity as adaptive immunity has been strongly implicated in the outcome of scaffold remodeling. These data suggest that the location of tissue implants should be taken together with the composition of the material itself when designing devices for downline therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Different tissue locations have unique immune microenvironments, which can influence the immune response to biomaterial implants. By considering the specific immune profiles of the target tissue, researchers can develop implant materials that promote better integration, reduce complications, and improve the overall outcome of the implantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina DeStefano
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Devon R Hartigan
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aditya Josyula
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mondreakest Faust
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daphna Fertil
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ravi Lokwani
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tran B Ngo
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Martín D, Ordás MC, Morel E, Nuñez-Ortiz N, Díaz-Rosales P, Vicente-Gil S, Zarza C, Jensen L, Tafalla C. Effect of β-glucans on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IgM + B cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109740. [PMID: 38960104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
β-glucans are carbohydrates present in the cell wall of many fungi, which are often used as immunostimulants in feeds for farmed species. Their capacity to activate innate immune responses directly acting on innate cell populations has been widely documented in fish. However, whether they can affect the functionality of adaptive immune cells has been scarcely explored. In this context, in the current work, we have determined the effects of β-glucans on rainbow trout blood IgM+ B cells in the presence or absence of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated to lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), a model antigen. For this, rainbow trout peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with different doses of β-glucans or media alone in the presence or absence of TNP-LPS for 48 h. The size, levels of expression of surface MHC II, antigen processing and phagocytic capacities and proliferation of IgM+ B cells were then studied by flow cytometry. The number of IgM-secreting cells in the cultures was also estimated by ELISpot. β-glucans significantly decreased the levels of surface MHC II expression and the antigen processing capacities of these cells, especially in the presence of TNP-LPS, while they increased their phagocytic activity. On their own, β-glucans slightly activated the proliferation of IgM+ B cells but reduced that induced by TNP-LPS. In contrast, β-glucans significantly increased the number of cells secreting IgM in the cultures. This effect of β-glucans on the IgM-secreting capacity of B cells was also confirmed through a feeding experiment, in which the IgM-secreting capacity of blood leukocytes obtained from fish fed a β-glucan-supplemented diet for one month was compared to that of leukocytes obtained from fish fed a control diet. Altogether, these findings contribute to increase our knowledge regarding the effects of β-glucans on fish adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Ordás
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Morel
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Nuñez-Ortiz
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Vicente-Gil
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Zarza
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, 4016, Stavanger, Norway
| | - L Jensen
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, 4016, Stavanger, Norway
| | - C Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain.
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Chauhan SK, Dunn C, Andresen NK, Røssevold AH, Skorstad G, Sike A, Gilje B, Raj SX, Huse K, Naume B, Kyte JA. Peripheral immune cells in metastatic breast cancer patients display a systemic immunosuppressed signature consistent with chronic inflammation. NPJ Breast Cancer 2024; 10:30. [PMID: 38653982 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-024-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint show some efficacy in metastatic breast cancer (mBC) but are often hindered by immunosuppressive mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for personalized treatments, with peripheral blood monitoring representing a practical alternative to repeated biopsies. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive mass cytometry analysis of peripheral blood immune cells in 104 patients with HER2 negative mBC and 20 healthy donors (HD). We found that mBC patients had significantly elevated monocyte levels and reduced levels of CD4+ T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, when compared to HD. Furthermore, mBC patients had more effector T cells and regulatory T cells, increased expression of immune checkpoints and other activation/exhaustion markers, and a shift to a Th2/Th17 phenotype. Furthermore, T-cell phenotypes identified by mass cytometry correlated with functionality as assessed by IFN-γ production. Additional analysis indicated that previous chemotherapy and CDK4/6 inhibition impacted the numbers and phenotype of immune cells. From 63 of the patients, fresh tumor samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Paired PBMC-tumor analysis showed moderate correlations between peripheral CD4+ T and NK cells with their counterparts in tumors. Further, a CD4+ T cell cluster in PBMCs, that co-expressed multiple checkpoint receptors, was negatively associated with CD4+ T cell tumor infiltration. In conclusion, the identified systemic immune signatures indicate an immune-suppressed environment in mBC patients who had progressed/relapsed on standard treatments, and is consistent with ongoing chronic inflammation. These activated immuno-suppressive mechanisms may be investigated as therapeutic targets, and for use as biomarkers of response or treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claire Dunn
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Kragøe Andresen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Hagen Røssevold
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjertrud Skorstad
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam Sike
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Gilje
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sunil Xavier Raj
- Department of Oncology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Naume
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Amund Kyte
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Gentile S, Sullivan LR, Brooks H, Simeunovic G. A Descriptive, Retrospective Analysis of COVID-19 Passive Antibody Therapy and Its Effects on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients Receiving B-Cell-Depleting Therapies. Diseases 2024; 12:33. [PMID: 38391780 PMCID: PMC10887790 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving B-cell-depleting therapies (BCDT) are at an increased risk for severe COVID-19. Passive antibody therapy (PAT), including COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) and monoclonal antibodies (mAb), may be an effective treatment in this population. Real-world data on PAT effectiveness are limited. To evaluate response to PAT measured through 90-day all-cause morbidity and mortality, we performed a retrospective review of patients who contracted COVID-19 within a year from the last BCDT. From 64 included patients, the majority were Caucasians (95%), female (56%), vaccinated (67%), treated outpatients (64%), with multiple comorbidities. Examined BCDT were rituximab (55%), obinutuzumab (33%), ocrelizumab (11%) and ofatumumab (1%), used for underlying hematological malignancy (HEM) (40%), multiple sclerosis (34%), and rheumatoid arthritis (16%). Of seven deceased patients, three died from COVID-19. All three were elderly males with multiple comorbidities, treated inpatient for severe COVID-19. Four of 41 patients treated as outpatients were hospitalized for non-COVID-19-related reasons. All deceased and hospitalized patients had an underlying HEM. All but one were on rituximab. PAT may be an effective treatment for patients receiving BCDT, especially if given early for non-severe disease. Patients with underlying HEM may be at increased risk for severe disease compared with others receiving the same BCDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Liam R Sullivan
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Heather Brooks
- Office of Research and Education, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gordana Simeunovic
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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6
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Gurunathan S, Thangaraj P, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim JH. Nanovaccines: An effective therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115992. [PMID: 38070247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines hold considerable promise for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Nanomedicine offers several strategies for enhancing vaccine effectiveness. In particular, molecular or (sub) cellular vaccines can be delivered to the target lymphoid tissues and cells by nanocarriers and nanoplatforms to increase the potency and durability of antitumor immunity and minimize negative side effects. Nanovaccines use nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers and/or adjuvants, offering the advantages of optimal nanoscale size, high stability, ample antigen loading, high immunogenicity, tunable antigen presentation, increased retention in lymph nodes, and immunity promotion. To induce antitumor immunity, cancer vaccines rely on tumor antigens, which are administered in the form of entire cells, peptides, nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles (EVs), or cell membrane-encapsulated NPs. Ideal cancer vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity while overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression. Herein, we review the key properties of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy and highlight the recent advances in their development based on the structure and composition of various (including synthetic and semi (biogenic) nanocarriers. Moreover, we discuss tumor cell-derived vaccines (including those based on whole-tumor-cell components, EVs, cell membrane-encapsulated NPs, and hybrid membrane-coated NPs), nanovaccine action mechanisms, and the challenges of immunocancer therapy and their translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pratheep Thangaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Blanc-Durand F, Clemence Wei Xian L, Tan DSP. Targeting the immune microenvironment for ovarian cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1328651. [PMID: 38164130 PMCID: PMC10757966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1328651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a breakthrough in cancer therapy by reactivating the antitumor immune response suppressed by tumor cells. However, in the case of OC, these inhibitors have failed to demonstrate significant improvements in patient outcomes, and existing biomarkers have not yet identified promising subgroups. Consequently, there remains a pressing need to understand the interplay between OC tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment to develop effective immunotherapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide an overview of the OC TME and explore its potential as a therapeutic strategy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are major actors in OC TME. Evidence has been accumulating regarding the spontaneous TILS response against OC antigens. Activated T-helpers secrete a wide range of inflammatory cytokines with a supportive action on cytotoxic T-cells. Simultaneously, mature B-cells are recruited and play a significant antitumor role through opsonization of target antigens and T-cell recruitment. Macrophages also form an important subset of innate immunity (M1-macrophages) while participating in the immune-stimulation context. Finally, OC has shown to engage a significant natural-killer-cells immune response, exerting direct cytotoxicity without prior sensitization. Despite this initial cytotoxicity, OC cells develop various strategies to induce an immune-tolerant state. To this end, multiple immunosuppressive molecules are secreted to impair cytotoxic cells, recruit regulatory cells, alter antigen presentation, and effectively evade immune response. Consequently, OC TME is predominantly infiltrated by immunosuppressive cells such as FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells, M2-polarized macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Despite this strong immunosuppressive state, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have failed to improve outcomes. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1, OC expresses multiple other immune checkpoints that contribute to immune evasion, and each representing potential immune targets. Novel immunotherapies are attempting to overcome the immunosuppressive state and induce specific immune responses using antibodies adoptive cell therapy or vaccines. Overall, the OC TME presents both opportunities and obstacles. Immunotherapeutic approaches continue to show promise, and next-generation inhibitors offer exciting opportunities. However, tailoring therapies to individual immune characteristics will be critical for the success of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Blanc-Durand
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Clemence Wei Xian
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David S. P. Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR) and Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Lafuente-Gómez N, de Lázaro I, Dhanjani M, García-Soriano D, Sobral MC, Salas G, Mooney DJ, Somoza Á. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles elicit anti-tumor immunity in a mouse melanoma model. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100817. [PMID: 37822453 PMCID: PMC10562177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to eradicate cancer cells. Particularly, the development of cancer vaccines to induce a potent and sustained antigen-specific T cell response has become a center of attention. Herein, we describe a novel immunotherapy based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) covalently modified with the OVA254-267 antigen and a CpG oligonucleotide via disulfide bonds. The MNP-CpG-COVA significantly enhances dendritic cell activation and CD8+ T cell antitumoral response against B16-OVA melanoma cells in vitro. Notably, the immune response induced by the covalently modified MNP is more potent and sustained over time than that triggered by the free components, highlighting the advantage of nanoformulations in immunotherapies. What is more, the nanoparticles are stable in the blood after in vivo administration and induce potent levels of systemic tumor-specific effector CD8 + T cells. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of covalently functionalized MNP to induce robust immune responses against mouse melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lafuente-Gómez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Irene de Lázaro
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Mónica Dhanjani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - David García-Soriano
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel C. Sobral
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gorka Salas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Unidad de Nanobiotecnología Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - David J. Mooney
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Unidad de Nanobiotecnología Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
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9
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Wang Y, Song Y, He Y, Wang Y, Maurer J, Kiessling F, Lammers T, Wang F, Shi Y. Direct immunoactivation by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2300209. [PMID: 38249990 PMCID: PMC7615547 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating pathogenic substances and malignant cells in the body. For cancer treatment, immunotherapy is becoming the standard treatment for many types of cancer and is often combined with chemotherapy. Although chemotherapeutic agents are often reported to have adverse effects, including immunosuppression, they can also play a positive role in immunotherapy by directly stimulating the immune system. This has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies in the past decades. Chemotherapeutics can activate immune cells through different immune receptors and signaling pathways depending on their chemical structure and formulation. In this review, we summarize and discuss the direct immunoactivation effects of chemotherapeutics and possible mechanisms behind these effects. Finally, we prospect chemo-immunotherapeutic combinations for the more effective and safer treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Wang
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Yiran Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yazhi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Polymer Therapeutics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
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10
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Baudou FG, Gutiérrez JM, Rodríguez JP. Immune response to neurotoxic South American snake venoms. Toxicon 2023; 234:107300. [PMID: 37757959 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp) and coral snakes (Micrurus sp) venoms are characterized by inducing a limited inflammatory innate immune response, in contrast to Bothrops sp snake venoms which exert a prominent inflammatory activity. Some Crotalus durissus spp venoms, in addition, exert immunosuppressive activities that hamper the development of neutralizing antibodies in animals immunized for antivenom production. Micrurus sp venoms are rich in low molecular mass neurotoxins that elicit a limited immune response. These characteristics make it difficult to generate antivenoms of high neutralizing activity. Therefore, the study of the mechanisms operating behind this limited immune response to venoms is relevant from both fundamental and practical perspectives. This review summarizes key aspects of the immune response to these venoms and discusses some pending challenges to further understand these phenomena and to improve antivenom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico G Baudou
- Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu), Depto. de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Grupo de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas en Inmunología y Bioactivos (GIBAIB), Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLu-CONICET, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Pablo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
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11
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Allemailem KS, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Al Abdulmonem W, Moawad AA, Alwanian WM, Almansour NM, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Innovative Strategies of Reprogramming Immune System Cells by Targeting CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome-Editing Tools: A New Era of Cancer Management. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5531-5559. [PMID: 37795042 PMCID: PMC10547015 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s424872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments in the study of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system have revolutionized the art of genome-editing and its applications for cellular differentiation and immune response behavior. This technology has further helped in understanding the mysteries of cancer progression and possible designing of novel antitumor immunotherapies. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing is now often used to engineer universal T-cells, equipped with recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In addition, this technology is used in cytokine stimulation, antibody designing, natural killer (NK) cell transfer, and to overcome immune checkpoints. The innovative potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in preparing the building blocks of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy has opened a new window of antitumor immunotherapy and some of them have gained FDA approval. The manipulation of immunogenetic regulators has opened a new interface for designing, implementation and interpretation of CRISPR/Cas9-based screening in immuno-oncology. Several cancers like lymphoma, melanoma, lung, and liver malignancies have been treated with this strategy, once thought to be impossible. The safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system within the immune cells for the genome-editing strategy is a challenging task which needs to be sorted out for efficient immunotherapy. Several targeting approaches like virus-mediated, electroporation, microinjection and nanoformulation-based methods have been used, but each procedure offers some limitations. Here, we elaborate the recent updates of cancer management through immunotherapy in partnership with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Further, some innovative methods of targeting this genome-editing system within the immune system cells for reprogramming them, as a novel strategy of anticancer immunotherapy is elaborated. In addition, future prospects and clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A Moawad
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Wanian M Alwanian
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahlah Makki Almansour
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Herranz-Jusdado JG, Morel E, Simón R, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. Teleost IgD +IgM - B cells in gills and skin have a plasmablast profile, but functionally and phenotypically differ from IgM +IgD - B cells in these sites. iScience 2023; 26:107434. [PMID: 37593459 PMCID: PMC10428129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most B cells in teleost systemic compartments co-express IgM and IgD on the surface, cells exclusively expressing either of the two Igs are common in fish mucosal tissues, providing us with a unique opportunity to further characterize IgD+IgM- B cells, an intriguing B cell subset. Hence, we compared the phenotype of IgD+IgM- cells to that of IgM+IgD- B cells in rainbow trout gills and skin, also establishing the response of these subsets to immune stimulation. The transcriptional profile and secreting capacity of IgD+IgM- B cells corresponded to that of cells that have started a differentiation program toward plasmablasts, similarly to IgM+IgD- B cells. Yet, IgM+IgD- B cells retained high levels of surface MHC II and antigen-processing abilities, while these were much lower in IgD+IgM- cells, suggesting important differences in their antigen-presenting capacities. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the enigmatic role of IgD in mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Germán Herranz-Jusdado
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos 28130 Madrid, Spain
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13
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DeStefano S, Josyula A, Faust M, Fertil D, Lokwani R, Ngo TB, Sadtler K. Conserved and tissue-specific immune responses to biologic scaffold implantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553390. [PMID: 37814705 PMCID: PMC10560402 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Upon implantation into a patient, any biomaterial induces a cascade of immune responses that influences the outcome of that device. This cascade depends upon several factors, including the composition of the material itself and the location in which the material is implanted. There is still significant uncertainty around the role of different tissue microenvironments in the immune response to biomaterials and how that may alter downstream scaffold remodeling and integration. In this study, we present a study evaluating the immune response to decellularized extracellular matrix materials within the intraperitoneal cavity, the subcutaneous space, and in a traumatic skeletal muscle injury microenvironment. All different locations induced robust cellular recruitment, specifically of macrophages and eosinophils. The latter was most prominent in the subcutaneous space. Intraperitoneal implants uniquely recruited B cells that may alter downstream reactivity as adaptive immunity has been strongly implicated in the outcome of scaffold remodeling. These data suggest that the location of tissue implants should be taken together with the composition of the material itself when designing devices for downline therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina DeStefano
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Aditya Josyula
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Mondreakest Faust
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Daphna Fertil
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Ravi Lokwani
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Tran B. Ngo
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
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14
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Melgoza-González EA, Bustamante-Córdova L, Hernández J. Recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080238. [PMID: 36969203 PMCID: PMC10038197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in antigen targeting in veterinary medicine have gained traction over the years as an alternative approach for diseases that remain a challenge for traditional vaccines. In addition to the nature of the immunogen, antigen-targeting success relies heavily on the chosen receptor for its direct influence on the elicited response that will ensue after antigen uptake. Different approaches using antibodies, natural or synthetic ligands, fused proteins, and DNA vaccines have been explored in various veterinary species, with pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry as the most frequent models. Antigen-presenting cells can be targeted using a generic approach, such as broadly expressed receptors such as MHC-II, CD80/86, CD40, CD83, etc., or focused on specific cell populations such as dendritic cells or macrophages (Langerin, DC-SIGN, XCR1, DC peptides, sialoadhesin, mannose receptors, etc.) with contrasting results. Interestingly, DC peptides show high specificity to DCs, boosting activation, stimulating cellular and humoral responses, and a higher rate of clinical protection. Likewise, MHC-II targeting shows consistent results in enhancing both immune responses; an example of this strategy of targeting is the approved vaccine against the bovine viral diarrhea virus in South America. This significant milestone opens the door to continuing efforts toward antigen-targeting vaccines to benefit animal health. This review discusses the recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine, with a special interest in pigs, sheep, cattle, poultry, and dogs.
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15
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Beckers L, Somers V, Fraussen J. IgD -CD27 - double negative (DN) B cells: Origins and functions in health and disease. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:67-76. [PMID: 36906182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Human B cells can be divided into four main subsets based on differential expression of immunoglobulin (Ig)D and CD27. IgD-CD27- double negative (DN) B cells make up a heterogeneous group of B cells that have first been described in relation to aging and systemic lupus erythematosus but have been mostly disregarded in B cell research. Over the last few years, DN B cells have gained a lot of interest because of their involvement in autoimmune and infectious diseases. DN B cells can be divided into different subsets that originate via different developmental processes and have different functional properties. Further research into the origin and function of different DN subsets is needed to better understand the role of these B cells in normal immune responses and how they could be targeted in specific pathologies. In this review, we give an overview of both phenotypic and functional properties of DN B cells and provide insight into the currently proposed origins of DN B cells. Moreover, their involvement in normal aging and different pathologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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16
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B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011187. [PMID: 36888692 PMCID: PMC9994760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study reveals that in chronic TB, the B cell-deficient μMT strain, relative to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, displays in the lungs lower levels of inflammation that are associated with decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation, diminished Th1 response, and enhanced levels of interleukin (IL)-10. The latter result raises the possibility that B cells may restrict lung expression of IL-10 in chronic TB. These observations are recapitulated in WT mice depleted for B cells using anti-CD20 antibodies. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blockade reverses the phenotypes of decreased inflammation and attenuated CD4+ T cell responses in B cell-depleted mice. Together, these results suggest that in chronic murine TB, B cells, by virtue of their capacity to restrict expression of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive IL-10 in the lungs, promote the development of a robust protective Th1 response, thereby optimizing anti-TB immunity. This vigorous Th1 immunity and restricted IL-10 expression may, however, allow the development of inflammation to a level that can be detrimental to the host. Indeed, decreased lung inflammation observed in chronically infected B cell-deficient mice, which exhibit augmented lung IL-10 levels, is associated with a survival advantage relative to WT animals. Collectively, the results reveal that in chronic murine TB, B cells play a role in modulating the protective Th1 immunity and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response, which results in augmentation of lung inflammation that can be host-detrimental. Intriguingly, in tuberculous human lungs, conspicuous B cell aggregates are present in close proximity to tissue-damaging lesions manifesting necrosis and cavitation, suggesting the possibility that in human TB, B cells may contribute to the development of exacerbated pathology that is known to promote transmission. Since transmission is a major hindrance to TB control, investigating into whether B cells can shape the development of severe pulmonic pathological responses in tuberculous individuals is warranted.
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17
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Cell Immunotherapy against Melanoma: Clinical Trials Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032413. [PMID: 36768737 PMCID: PMC9916554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant types of cancer, the incidence rate of which grows every year. However, conventional methods of chemo- and radiotherapy do not allow for completely removing neoplasm, resulting in local, regional, and distant relapses. In this case, adjuvant therapy can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence. One of the types of maintenance cancer therapy is cell-based immunotherapy, in which immune cells, such as T-cells, NKT-cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are used to recognize and mobilize the immune system to kill cancer cells. These cells can be isolated from the patient's peripheral blood or biopsy material and genetically modified, cultured ex vivo, following infusion back into the patient for powerful induction of an anti-tumor immune response. In this review, the advantages and problems of the most relevant methods of cell-based therapy and ongoing clinical trials of adjuvant therapy of melanoma are discussed.
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18
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Ayala C, Fishman M, Noyelle M, Bassiri H, Young W. Species Differences in Blood Lymphocyte Responses After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:807-819. [PMID: 36367185 PMCID: PMC10150731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People with spinal cord injury (SCI) get recurrent infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonias, that cause mortality and worsen neurological recovery. Over the past decades, researchers have proposed that post-SCI lymphopenia and decreased lymphocyte function increase susceptibility to infections and worsen neurological outcome in humans, leading to a condition called SCI-induced immune depression syndrome (SCI-IDS). In this review, we explore how SCI affects blood lymphocyte homeostasis and function in humans and rodents. Understanding how SCI affects blood lymphocytes will help the management of recurrent infections in spinal cord injured people and shed light on the clinical translation of findings in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayala
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan Fishman
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Margot Noyelle
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wise Young
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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19
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Steiner P, Arlt E, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Zierler S. TPC Functions in the Immune System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:71-92. [PMID: 36639434 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are novel intracellular cation channels, which play a key role in numerous (patho-)physiological and immunological processes. In this chapter, we focus on their function in immune cells and immune reactions. Therefore, we first give an overview of the cellular immune response and the partaking immune cells. Second, we concentrate on ion channels which in the past have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of immune cells. The main focus is then directed to TPCs, which are primarily located in the membranes of acidic organelles, such as lysosomes or endolysosomes but also certain other vesicles. They regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and thus Ca2+ signaling in immune cells. Due to this important functional role, TPCs are enjoying increasing attention within the field of immunology in the last few decades but are also becoming more pertinent as pharmacological targets for the treatment of pro-inflammatory diseases such as allergic hypersensitivity. However, to uncover the precise molecular mechanism of TPCs in immune cell responses, further molecular, genetic, and ultrastructural investigations on TPCs are necessary, which then may pave the way to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat diseases such as anaphylaxis more specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steiner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Arlt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Oleinika K, Slisere B, Catalán D, Rosser EC. B cell contribution to immunometabolic dysfunction and impaired immune responses in obesity. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:263-272. [PMID: 35960996 PMCID: PMC9384752 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer. It is also linked with more severe complications from infections, including COVID-19, and poor vaccine responses. Chronic, low-grade inflammation and associated immune perturbations play an important role in determining morbidity in people living with obesity. The contribution of B cells to immune dysregulation and meta-inflammation associated with obesity has been documented by studies over the past decade. With a focus on human studies, here we consolidate the observations demonstrating that there is altered B cell subset composition, differentiation, and function both systemically and in the adipose tissue of individuals living with obesity. Finally, we discuss the potential factors that drive B cell dysfunction in obesity and propose a model by which altered B cell subset composition in obesity underlies dysfunctional B cell responses to novel pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Oleinika
- Correspondence: Kristine Oleinika, Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Baiba Slisere
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Joint Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth C Rosser
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH and Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Metabolic signatures of immune cells in chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e40. [PMID: 36268748 PMCID: PMC9884772 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells play a key role in maintaining renal dynamic balance and dealing with renal injury. The physiological and pathological functions of immune cells are intricately connected to their metabolic characteristics. However, immunometabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not fully understood. Pathophysiologically, disruption of kidney immune cells homeostasis causes inflammation and tissue damage via triggering metabolic reprogramming. The diverse metabolic characteristics of immune cells at different stages of CKD are strongly associated with their different pathological effect. In this work, we reviewed the metabolic characteristics of immune cells (macrophages, natural killer cells, T cells, natural killer T cells and B cells) and several non-immune cells, as well as potential treatments targeting immunometabolism in CKD. We attempt to elaborate on the metabolic signatures of immune cells and their intimate correlation with non-immune cells in CKD.
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22
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Garcia SG, Sandoval-Hellín N, Clos-Sansalvador M, Carreras-Planella L, Morón-Font M, Guerrero D, Borràs FE, Franquesa M. Mesenchymal stromal cells induced regulatory B cells are enriched in extracellular matrix genes and IL-10 independent modulators. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957797. [PMID: 36189264 PMCID: PMC9515545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are essential players in tolerance and immune homeostasis. However, lack of specific Breg markers limit their potential in clinical settings. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) modulate B cell responses and are described to induce Breg in vitro. The aim of this work was to characterize MSC induced Breg (iBreg) and identify specific Breg biomarkers by RNAseq. After 7-day coculture with adipose tissue-derived MSC, B cells were enriched in transitional B cell populations, with increased expression and secretion of IL-10 and no TNFα. In addition, iBreg showed potential to modulate T cell proliferation at 2 to 1 cell ratios and their phenotype remained stable for 72h. RNAseq analysis of sorted IL-10 positive and negative iBreg populations identified over 1500 differentially expressed genes (DEG) among both populations. Analysis of biological processes of DEG highlighted an enrichment of immune regulation and extracellular matrix genes in IL-10- iBreg populations, while IL-10+ iBreg DEG were mostly associated with cell activation. This was supported by T cells modulation assays performed in the presence of anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies showing the non-essential role of IL-10 in the immunomodulatory capacity of iBregs on T cells. However, based on RNAseq results we explored the role of TGF-β and found out that it plays a major role on iBreg induction and iBreg immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, we report that MSC induce B cell populations characterized by the generation of extracellular matrix and immune modulation independently of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G. Garcia
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noelia Sandoval-Hellín
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Clos-Sansalvador
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Carreras-Planella
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Morón-Font
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolores Guerrero
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc E. Borràs
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marcella Franquesa, ; Francesc E. Borràs,
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marcella Franquesa, ; Francesc E. Borràs,
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Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
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Intratumoral Niches of B Cells and Follicular Helper T Cells, and the Absence of Regulatory T Cells, Associate with Longer Survival in Early-Stage Oral Tongue Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174298. [PMID: 36077836 PMCID: PMC9454508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the occurrence of clusters between CD20 B cells and CD4 T cells in the invasive margin (IM) can be captured by using the CD20 cluster score, and is positively associated with patient survival. However, the exact contribution of different CD4 T cell subsets, as well as B cell subsets toward patient prognosis is largely unknown. To this end, we studied regulatory T cells ((Treg cells) FOXP3 and CD4), T helper-type 1 cells ((Th1 cells) Tbet and CD4), follicular helper T cells ((Tfh cells) Bcl6 and CD4), B cells (CD20), germinal center B cells ((GC B cells) BCL6 and CD20), and follicular dendritic cells ((fDCs) CD21) for their density, location, and interspacing using multiplex in situ immunofluorescence of 75 treatment-naïve, primary OSCC patients. We observed that Treg, Th1-, Tfh-, and GC B cells, but not fDCs, were abundantly present in the stroma as compared with the tumor, and in the IM as compared with in the center of the tumor. Patients with high CD20 cluster scores had a high density of all three CD4 T cell subsets and GC B cells in the stromal IM as compared with patients with low CD20 cluster scores. Notably, enriched abundance of Tfh cells (HR 0.20, p = 0.04), and diminished abundance of Treg cells (HR 0.10, p = 0.03), together with an overall short distance between Tfh and B cells (HR:0.08, p < 0.01), but not between Treg and B cells (HR 0.43, p = 0.28), were significantly associated with overall survival of patients with OSCC. Our study identified the prognostic value of clusters between CD20 B cells and Tfh cells in the stromal IM of OSCC patients, and enabled an improved understanding of the clinical value of a high CD20 cluster score, which requires validation in larger clinical cohorts.
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Nanovaccines for Cancer Prevention and Immunotherapy: An Update Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163842. [PMID: 36010836 PMCID: PMC9405528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer vaccines are a promising immunotherapy-based agents used in cancer therapy. However, monotherapy with these vaccines does not have the sufficient effectiveness in clinical settings. To overcome this challenge, researchers designed nanosystems that increase cancer vaccine efficacy and effectiveness by improving the vaccine's half-life and durability, inducing TME reprogram-ming, and enhancing the anti-tumor immunity with minimum toxicity. This review summarized the structure and different types of cancer nanovaccines and their mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of these vaccines are discussed. Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has received more and more attention from cancer researchers over the past few decades. Various methods such as cell therapy, immune checkpoint blockers, and cancer vaccines alone or in combination therapies have achieved relatively satisfactory results in cancer therapy. Among these immunotherapy-based methods, cancer vaccines alone have not yet had the necessary efficacy in the clinic. Therefore, nanomaterials have increased the efficacy and ef-fectiveness of cancer vaccines by increasing their half-life and durability, promoting tumor mi-croenvironment (TME) reprogramming, and enhancing their anti-tumor immunity with minimal toxicity. In this review, according to the latest studies, the structure and different types of nanovaccines, the mechanisms of these vaccines in cancer treatment, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these nanovaccines are discussed.
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Kawaguchi Y, Shimizu T, Ando H, Ishima Y, Ishida T. Development of a Nanocarrier-Based Splenic B Cell-Targeting System for Loading Antigens in Vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:926-933. [PMID: 35786600 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
B cells are types of lymphocytes that are involved in the production of antibodies against pathogens. They also deliver and present antigens for the priming of T cells. Recently, we developed an in vivo splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cell-targeting liposomes decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) containing a hydroxyl-terminus group (HO-PEG-Lip). In an expansion of a previous study, we used HO-PEG-Lip as an in vitro antigen delivery tool to splenic B cells to test the ability of this formulation to overcome the limitations of the poor antigen uptake ability of B cells for implantation. To achieve our purpose, various factors were optimized. These factors include cell number, liposome concentration, pre-opsonization of liposomes, fresh serum concentration, and incubation time, all of which affect the extent of interaction between liposomes and B cells. As a result, we confirmed that the HO-PEG-Lip required incubation at 37 °C for at least 20 min with 50% mouse fresh serum followed by a subsequent incubation at 37 °C for at least another 30 min with splenic B cells. By using such a loading system, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, encapsulated in HO-PEG-Lip could be efficiently loaded into splenic B cells. In addition, HO-PEG-Lip and FITC-labeled OVA encapsulated in HO-PEG-Lip were efficiently associated with MZ-B cells with high levels of complement receptors (CRs) rather than follicular B cells with low levels of CRs. These results propose a novel and useful system to efficiently load antigens into B cells in vitro by taking advantage of complement systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshino Kawaguchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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27
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Wang R, Nakajima-Adachi H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Gu W, Hiraide E, Morinaga M, Nakagawa R, Nakamura S, Takano T, Li X, Saeki M, Kaminuma O, Hiroi T, Uchida K, Motoshima H, Tanokura M, Miyakawa T, Hachimura S. Regulation of Th2 responses by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris YRC3780 alleviates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in the mouse model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Radovani B, Gudelj I. N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893365. [PMID: 35833138 PMCID: PMC9272703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the main feature of many long-term inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. There is a growing number of studies in which alterations of N-glycosylation have been observed in many pathophysiological conditions, yet studies of the underlying mechanisms that precede N-glycome changes are still sparse. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to alter the substrate synthesis pathways as well as the expression of glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of N-glycans. The resulting N-glycosylation changes can further contribute to disease pathogenesis through modulation of various aspects of immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. This review summarizes our current knowledge of inflammation-induced N-glycosylation changes, with a particular focus on specific subsets of immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity and how these changes affect their effector functions, cell interactions, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Radovani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Ivan Gudelj,
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29
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D'Abramo A, Vita S, Maffongelli G, Beccacece A, Agrati C, Cimini E, Colavita F, Giancola ML, Cavasio A, Nicastri E. Clinical Management of Patients With B-Cell Depletion Agents to Treat or Prevent Prolonged and Severe SARS-COV-2 Infection: Defining a Treatment Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911339. [PMID: 35711444 PMCID: PMC9196078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunocompromised patients with B-cell depletion agents are at risk for persistence and/or severe SARS-COV-2 infection. We describe a case series of 21 COVID-19 patients under B cell depletion therapy, mostly treated with a combined therapy based on intravenous remdesevir (RDV) and steroid associated with SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies against Spike glycoprotein and/or hyper-immune convalescent plasma. Methods This is a single-center longitudinal study. We retrospectively enrolled a total number of 21 B-cell depleted consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy, from November 2020 to December 2021. Demographic characteristics, medical history, clinical presentation, treatment, adverse drug reactions, and clinical and virological outcome were collected for all patients. In a subgroup, we explore immune T cells activation, T cells specific anti-SARS-COV-2 response, and neutralizing antibodies. Results Twenty-one inpatients with B-cell depletion and SARS-COV-2 infection were enrolled. A median of 1 B cells/mm3 was detected. Eighteen patients presented hypogammaglobulinemia. All patients presented interstitial pneumonia treated with intravenous RDV and steroids. Sixteen patients were treated with monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, four patients were treated with SARS-CoV-2 hyper-immune convalescent plasma infusion, and three patients received both treatments. A variable kinetic of T cell activation returning to normal levels at Day 30 after immunotherapy infusion was observed. All treated patients recovered. Conclusion In COVID-19 immunosuppressed subjects, it is mandatory to establish a prompt, effective, and combined multi-target therapy including oxygen, antiviral, steroid, and antibody-based therapeutics, tailored to the patient’s clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D'Abramo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Maffongelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cavasio
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Valeff NJ, Ventimiglia MS, Dibo M, Markert UR, Jensen F. Splenic B1 B Cells Acquire a Proliferative and Anti-Inflamatory Profile During Pregnancy in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873493. [PMID: 35572585 PMCID: PMC9095819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are a heterogeneous cell population with differential ontogeny, anatomical location, and functions. B1 B cells are a distinct subpopulation characterized by their unique capacity of self-renewal, the production of large quantities of IL-10, and the ability to secrete protective, anti-inflammatory natural antibodies (NAbs), presumably upon down-regulation of CD1d expression. Although natural antibodies are thought to be protective, due to their polyreactivity, their participation in certain autoimmune diseases has been suggested. In the context of pregnancy, the role of B1 B cells has been discussed controversially. While in human pregnancies B1 B cells and natural/polyreactive antibodies they produce are involved in the development of preeclampsia, in mice they promote healthy gestation and fetal protection. In this work, we aimed to functionally characterize the splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy in mice. Functional enrichment analysis using only up-regulated transcripts from a transcriptomic profile performed on total splenic B cells from pregnant compared to non-pregnant mice showed augmented cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. Proliferation studies by flow cytometry showed augmented Ki-67 proliferation marker expression and percentages of B1 B cells. Furthermore, B1 B cells produced higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of TNF-α leading to an increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio and showing an immunoregulatory phenotype. Finally, we observed lower expression of CD1d on B1 B cells, suggesting a higher capacity to produce NAbs in the context of pregnancy. In summary, our results showed not only an expanded and proliferative splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy but also the acquisition of immunomodulatory capacities suggesting its critical role in the intricate process of pregnancy tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin J Valeff
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Ventimiglia
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Dibo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Federico Jensen
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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Hypoxia as a Modulator of Inflammation and Immune Response in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092291. [PMID: 35565420 PMCID: PMC9099524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A clear association between hypoxia and cancer has heretofore been established; however, it has not been completely developed. In this sense, the understanding of the tumoral microenvironment is critical to dissect the complexity of cancer, including the reduction in oxygen distribution inside the tumoral mass, defined as tumoral hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia not only influences the tumoral cells but also the surrounding cells, including those related to the inflammatory processes. In this review, we analyze the participation of HIF, NF-κB, and STAT signaling pathways as the main components that interconnect hypoxia and immune response and how they modulate tumoral growth. In addition, we closely examine the participation of the immune cells and how they are affected by hypoxia, the effects of the progression of cancer, and some innovative applications that take advantage of this knowledge, to suggest potential therapies. Therefore, we contribute to the understanding of the complexity of cancer to propose innovative therapeutic strategies in the future.
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32
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Busse M, Langwisch S, Tedford K, Fischer KD, Zenclussen AC. Maternal B cell signaling orchestrates fetal development in mice. Development 2022; 149:272200. [PMID: 34528666 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B cell participation in early embryo/fetal development and the underlying molecular pathways have not been explored. To understand whether maternal B cell absence or impaired signaling interferes with placental and fetal growth, we paired CD19-deficient (CD19-/-) mice, females with B cell-specific MyD88 (BMyD88-/-) or IL10 (BIL10-/-) deficiency as well as wild-type and MyD88-/- controls on C57Bl/6 background with BALB/c males. Pregnancies were followed by ultrasound and Doppler measurements. Implantation number was reduced in BMyD88-/- and MyD88-/- mice. Loss of MyD88 or B cell-specific deletion of MyD88 or IL10 resulted in decreased implantation areas at gestational day (gd) 5, gd8 and gd10, accompanied by reduced placental thickness, diameter and areas at gd10. Uterine artery resistance was enhanced in BIL10-/- dams at gd10. Challenge with 0.4 mg lipopolysaccharide/kg bodyweight at gd16 revealed that BMyD88-/-, BIL10-/- and CD19-/- mothers delivered preterm, whereas controls maintained their pregnancy. B cell-specific MyD88 and IL10 expression is essential for appropriate in utero development. IL10+B cells are involved in uterine blood flow regulation during pregnancy. Finally, B cell-specific CD19, MyD88 and IL10 expression influences susceptibility towards preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Busse
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39108, Germany
| | - Stefanie Langwisch
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39108, Germany
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39112, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39112, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39108, Germany.,Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany.,Perinatal Research Group, Saxonian Incubator for Translation, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Dual Effect of Immune Cells within Tumour Microenvironment: Pro- and Anti-Tumour Effects and Their Triggers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071681. [PMID: 35406451 PMCID: PMC8996887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our body is constantly exposed to pathogens or external threats, but with the immune response that our body can develop, we can fight off and defeat possible attacks or infections. Nevertheless, sometimes this threat comes from an internal factor. Situations such as the existence of a tumour also cause our immune system (IS) to be put on alert. Indeed, the link between immunology and cancer is evident these days, with IS being used as one of the important targets for treating cancer. Our IS is able to eliminate those abnormal or damaged cells found in our body, preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells that can lead to cancer. However, in several cases, tumour cells can escape from the IS. It has been observed that immune cells, the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, fat cells and various molecules could support tumour growth and development. Thus, the developing tumour receives structural support, irrigation and energy, among other resources, making its survival and progression possible. All these components that accompany and help the tumour to survive and to grow are called the tumour microenvironment (TME). Given the importance of its presence in the tumour development process, this review will focus on one of the components of the TME: immune cells. Immune cells can support anti-tumour immune response protecting us against tumour cells; nevertheless, they can also behave as pro-tumoural cells, thus promoting tumour progression and survival. In this review, the anti-tumour and pro-tumour immunity of several immune cells will be discussed. In addition, the TME influence on this dual effect will be also analysed.
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dos Passos Junior RR, Bomfim GF, Giachini FR, Tostes RC, Lima VV. O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Modification: Linking Hypertension and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852115. [PMID: 35371030 PMCID: PMC8967968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins dynamically regulates protein function, localization, stability, and interactions. This post-translational modification is intimately linked to cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. An increasing number of studies suggest that components of innate and adaptive immunity, active players in the pathophysiology of hypertension, are targets for O-GlcNAcylation. In this review, we highlight the potential roles of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system and discuss how those immune targets of O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Rodrigues dos Passos Junior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Victor Vitorino Lima,
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Tang X, Ma X, Cao J, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. The Influence of Temperature on the Antiviral Response of mIgM+ B Lymphocytes Against Hirame Novirhabdovirus in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:802638. [PMID: 35197977 PMCID: PMC8858815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) is an ongoing threat to the aquaculture industry. The water temperature for the onset of HIRRV is below 15°C, the peak is about 10°C, but no mortality is observed over 20°C. Previous studies found the positive signal of matrix protein of HIRRV (HIRRV-M) was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of viral-infected flounder. Flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that HIRRV-M was detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes in viral-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C, and 22% mIgM+ B lymphocytes are infected at 10°C while 13% are infected at 20°C, indicating that HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Absolute quantitative RT-PCR showed that the viral copies in mIgM+ B lymphocytes were significantly increased at 24 h post infection (hpi) both at 10°C and 20°C, but the viral copies in 10°C infection group were significantly higher than that in 20°C infection group at 72 hpi and 96 hpi. Furthermore, the B lymphocytes were sorted from HIRRV-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C for RNA-seq. The results showed that the differentially expression genes in mIgM+ B lymphocyte of healthy flounder at 10°C and 20°C were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways. Lipid metabolism and Amino acid metabolism were enhanced at 10°C, while Glucose metabolism was enhanced at 20°C. In contrast, HIRRV infection at 10°C induced the up-regulation of the Complement and coagulation cascades, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, Platelets activation, Leukocyte transendothelial migration and Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathways at 72 hpi. HIRRV infection at 20°C induced the up-regulation of the Antigen processing and presentation pathway at 72 hpi. Subsequently, the temporal expression patterns of 16 genes involved in Antigen processing and presentation pathway were investigated by qRT-PCR, and results showed that the pathway was significantly activated by HIRRV infection at 20°C but inhibited at 10°C. In conclusion, HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes and elicit differential immune response under 10°C and 20°C, which provide a deep insight into the antiviral response in mIgM+ B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinbiao Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Zhan,
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Ercoli G, Ramos‐Sevillano E, Pearce E, Ragab S, Goldblatt D, Weckbecker G, Brown JS. Maintained partial protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae despite B-cell depletion in mice vaccinated with a pneumococcal glycoconjugate vaccine. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1366. [PMID: 35003749 PMCID: PMC8715227 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy rapidly depletes > 95% of CD20+ B cells from the circulation. B-cell depletion is an effective treatment for autoimmune disease and B-cell malignancies but also increases the risk of respiratory tract infections. This effect on adaptive immunity could be countered by vaccination. We have used mouse models to investigate the effects of B-cell depletion on pneumococcal vaccination, including protection against infection and timing of vaccination in relation to B-cell depletion. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice were B-cell depleted using anti-CD20 antibody and immunized with two doses of Prevnar-13 vaccine either before or after anti-CD20 treatment. B-cell repertoire and Streptococcus pneumoniae-specific IgG levels were measured using whole-cell ELISA and flow cytometry antibody-binding assay. Protection induced by vaccination was assessed by challenging the mice using a S. pneumoniae pneumonia model. RESULTS Antibody responses to S. pneumoniae were largely preserved in mice B-cell depleted after vaccination resulting in full protection against pneumococcal infections. In contrast, mice vaccinated with Prevnar-13 while B cells were depleted (with > 90% reduction in B-cell numbers) had decreased circulating anti-S. pneumoniae IgG and IgM levels (measured using ELISA and flow cytometry antibody binding assays). However, some antibody responses were maintained, and, although vaccine-induced protection against S. pneumoniae infection was impaired, septicaemia was still prevented in 50% of challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that although vaccine efficacy during periods of profound B-cell depletion was impaired some protective efficacy was preserved, suggesting that vaccination remains beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercoli
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue RepairUCL RespiratoryDivision of MedicineUniversity College Medical SchoolRayne InstituteLondonUK
| | - Elisa Ramos‐Sevillano
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue RepairUCL RespiratoryDivision of MedicineUniversity College Medical SchoolRayne InstituteLondonUK
| | - Emma Pearce
- Department of ImmunobiologyUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthNIHR Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Sara Ragab
- Department of ImmunobiologyUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthNIHR Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Department of ImmunobiologyUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthNIHR Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | | | - Jeremy S Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue RepairUCL RespiratoryDivision of MedicineUniversity College Medical SchoolRayne InstituteLondonUK
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Wang J, Yang J, Kopeček J. Nanomedicines in B cell-targeting therapies. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:1-19. [PMID: 34687954 PMCID: PMC8678319 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells play multiple roles in immune responses related to autoimmune diseases as well as different types of cancers. As such, strategies focused on B cell targeting attracted wide interest and developed intensively. There are several common mechanisms various B cell targeting therapies have relied on, including direct B cell depletion, modulation of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, targeting B cell survival factors, targeting the B cell and T cell costimulation, and immune checkpoint blockade. Nanocarriers, used as drug delivery vehicles, possess numerous advantages to low molecular weight drugs, reducing drug toxicity, enhancing blood circulation time, as well as augmenting targeting efficacy and improving therapeutic effect. Herein, we review the commonly used targets involved in B cell targeting approaches and the utilization of various nanocarriers as B cell-targeted delivery vehicles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As B cells are engaged significantly in the development of many kinds of diseases, utilization of nanomedicines in B cell depletion therapies have been rapidly developed. Although numerous studies focused on B cell targeting have already been done, there are still various potential receptors awaiting further investigation. This review summarizes the most relevant studies that utilized nanotechnologies associated with different B cell depletion approaches, providing a useful tool for selection of receptors, agents and/or nanocarriers matching specific diseases. Along with uncovering new targets in the function map of B cells, there will be a growing number of candidates that can benefit from nanoscale drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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38
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Furlan A, Forner G, Cipriani L, Vian E, Rigoli R, Gherlinzoni F, Scotton P. COVID-19 in B Cell-Depleted Patients After Rituximab: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763412. [PMID: 34804051 PMCID: PMC8595333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-targeting strategies such as rituximab are widely used in B cell hematologic malignancies, rheumatologic and musculoskeletal diseases and a variety of autoimmune disorders. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how exposure to anti-CD20 treatment profoundly affects B cell functions involved in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and significantly impacts on the clinical and serological course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, long term immunity and vaccine responses. The data presented here suggest that the effects of B cell-depleting agents on adaptive immunity should be taken into account for the proper selection and interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and to guide appropriate therapeutic approaches and protective measures. Combination therapeutic strategies including immunotherapy in association with prolonged antiviral treatment may play a decisive role in the setting of B cell immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Furlan
- Hematology Unit, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Gabriella Forner
- Infectious Disease Unit, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ludovica Cipriani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Elisa Vian
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
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39
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Shi Y. PLAN B for immunotherapy: Promoting and leveraging anti-tumor B cell immunity. J Control Release 2021; 339:156-163. [PMID: 34563591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current immuno-oncology primarily focuses on adaptive cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. The other important lymphocytes, B cells, are largely ignored in cancer immunotherapy. B cells are generally considered to be responsible for humoral immune response to viral and bacterial infections. The role of B cells in cancer immunity has long been under debate. Recently, increasing evidence from both preclinical and clinical research has shown that B cells can also induce potent anti-cancer immunity, via humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet it is unclear how to efficiently integrate B cell immunity in cancer immunotherapy. In the current perspective, anti-tumor immunity of B cells is discussed regarding antibody production, antigen presentation, cytokine release and contribution to intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures. Afterwards, immunosuppressive regulatory phenotypes of B cells are summarized. Furthermore, strategies to activate and modulate B cells using nanomedicines and biomaterials are discussed. This article provides a unique perspective on "PLAN B" (promoting and leveraging anti-tumor B cell immunity) using nanomedicines and biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy. This is envisaged to form a new research direction with the potential to reach the next breakthrough in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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40
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Zeng W, Liu G, Luan Q, Yang C, Li S, Yu X, Su L. B-Cell Deficiency Exacerbates Inflammation and Bone Loss in Ligature-Induced Experimental Periodontitis in Mice. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5367-5380. [PMID: 34703274 PMCID: PMC8526950 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s330875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent chronic oral infectious diseases in humans, is induced by the breakdown in the balance between the biofilm and host immune system. Previous studies have shown the presence of large numbers of B cells in periodontitis lesions, implicating that B lymphocytes play a predominant role during the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the role of all B cells in the initiation of periodontitis. Methods Experimental periodontitis was induced in B cell-deficient (CD19Cre) mice and wild-type (WT) control mice by 5-0 silk ligation around the maxillary second molar. Four weeks after ligation, alveolar bone loss was determined by micro-computed tomography. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin in periodontal lesions were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Lymphocyte populations in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen and among the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by flow cytometry. Results B-cell deficiency resulted in increased severity of alveolar bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis, which was associated with increased osteoclast activity and upregulated RANKL expression in the periodontal lesions. In addition, gingiva cytokine expression profiles were shifted to T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 in the CD19Cre mice with ligature-induced periodontitis compared with WT mice. In addition, a reduced CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was observed in the CD19Cre mice. Conclusion B-cell deficiency exacerbates the inflammation and alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice, implicating that B cells may overall play a protective role in the initiation of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Zeng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxian Luan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Su
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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41
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Rezwan T, Luo D, Tettelin H, Sztein MB. B Cells Control Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Responses to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Infection Through the CD85j HLA-G Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728685. [PMID: 34659215 PMCID: PMC8517411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like population of T cells that display a TCR Vα7.2+ CD161+ phenotype and are restricted by the nonclassical MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). Although B cells control MAIT cell development and function, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their interaction(s). Here, we report, for the first time, that during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) infection, HLA-G expression on B cells downregulates IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. In contrast, blocking HLA-G expression on S. Typhi-infected B cells increases IFN-γ production by MAIT cells. After interacting with MAIT cells, kinetic studies show that B cells upregulate HLA-G expression and downregulate the inhibitory HLA-G receptor CD85j on MAIT cells resulting in their loss. These results provide a new role for HLA-G as a negative feedback loop by which B cells control MAIT cell responses to antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tasmia Rezwan
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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42
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Michelchen S, Micheel B, Hanack K. In vitro immunization approach to generate specific murine monoclonal IgG antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113149. [PMID: 34560072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Generating a monoclonal antibody to date is a time intense process that requires immunization of laboratory animals. The transfer of the humoral immune response into in vitro settings enables a shortening of this process and circumvents the necessity of in vivo immunization. However, to orchestrate the complex interplay of dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes in vitro is very challenging. We therefore aimed for a simplified approach focusing on the protagonist of antibody production: the B lymphocyte. We activated purified murine B lymphocytes alone in vitro by using combinations of antigen and stimuli. We were able to induce a specific antibody response within ten days of culture against a viral coat protein as model antigen. Antibodies were of both IgM and IgG subclass. The stimulated B lymphocytes were transformed into permanently antibody-producing hybridomas by cell fusion technology. We furthermore used this method to induce a specific antibody response against L. pneumophilain vitro. We thus established a useful and effective in vitro protocol to generate monoclonal antibodies. By overcoming the necessity of in vivo immunization this protocol may be the first step towards a universal strategy to generate antibodies from various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Michelchen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Micheel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Katja Hanack
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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43
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Boyko AN, Smirnova NF, Shchukin IA, Guseva ME, Volkov AI. [Ofatumumab - a new drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:37-43. [PMID: 34387444 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently anti-B-cell therapy has been increasingly integrated into the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review is devoted to ofatumumab, a new drug of this line. Ofatumumab, an all-human monoclonal antibody used to treat chronic leukemia, binds to a different region than the binding site of other CD20 antibodies, including both a small and large loop in the CD20 receptor structure. This monoclonal antibody provides favorable results for MS by reducing the frequency of exacerbations and the risk of disability progression, significantly more pronounced when compared with teriflunomide. The drug can be used in patients with active relapsing MS and SPMS with exacerbations, with the ineffectiveness of first-line drugs as one of the options for second-line therapy, in patients with highly active MS, especially with a high risk of PML (transfer from natalizumab), as well as if there are difficulties in organizing intravenous courses in day hospitals (produced as outpatient injections).
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology of the FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Smirnova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology of the FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Shchukin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology of the FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - M E Guseva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Volkov
- Federal Center for Brain and Neurotechnology of the FMBA, Moscow, Russia
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44
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Margoni M, Preziosa P, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Anti-CD20 therapies for multiple sclerosis: current status and future perspectives. J Neurol 2021; 269:1316-1334. [PMID: 34382120 PMCID: PMC8356891 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), often characterized by the accumulation of irreversible clinical disability over time. During last years, there has been a dramatic evolution in several key concepts of immune pathophysiology of MS and in the treatment of this disease. The demonstration of the strong efficacy and good safety profile of selective B-cell-depleting therapies (such as anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies) has significantly expanded the therapeutic scenario for both relapsing and progressive MS patients with the identification of a new therapeutic target. The key role of B cells in triggering MS disease has been also pointed out, determining a shift from the traditional view of MS activity as largely being ‘T-cell mediated’ to the notion that MS-related pathological processes involve bi-directional interactions between several immune cell types, including B cells, both in the periphery and in the CNS. This review provides an updated overview of the involvement of B cells in the immune pathophysiology and pathology of MS. We summarize the rationale regarding the use of anti-CD20 therapies and the results of the main randomized controlled trials and observational studies investigating the efficacy and safety profile of rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and ublituximab. Suggestions regarding vaccinations and management of MS patients during COVID-19 pandemic with anti-CD20 therapies are also discussed. Finally, therapies under investigation and future perspectives of anti-CD20 therapies are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Margoni
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Center of the Veneto Region, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital-School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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45
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Abstract
The humoral immune response and antibody-mediated functions of B cells during viral infections are well described. However, we have limited understanding of antibody-independent B cell functions, such as cytokine production and antigen presentation, in acute and chronic viral infections and their role in protection and/or immunopathogenesis. Here, we summarize the current literature on these antibody-independent B cell functions and identify remaining knowledge gaps. B cell subsets produce anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects during viral clearance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells also play an important role in immune regulation/shaping of the developing adaptive immune responses. Since B cells primarily express TLR7 and TLR9, we specifically discuss the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated B cell responses to viral infections and their role in augmenting adaptive immunity through enhanced cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert TLR signaling and additional stimulation via B cell receptor (BCR) may be required to overcome the defective TLR response in B cells. To conclude, antibody-independent B cell functions seem to have an important role in regulating both acute and chronic viral infections and may form the basis for novel therapeutic approaches in treatment of viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Izabela Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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46
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Leong TL, Bryant VL. B cells in lung cancer-not just a bystander cell: a literature review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2830-2841. [PMID: 34295681 PMCID: PMC8264333 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic lung cancer represents a significant global issue where it is responsible for the most cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Treatment for advanced lung cancer has undergone a series of paradigm shifts from chemotherapy to targeted molecular agents to the most recent immunotherapy strategies. The most successful of the latter involves antibodies that block inhibitory receptors on tumor infiltrating T cells, thereby enhancing T cell activity against tumor cells. However, only a subset of patients demonstrate durable responses to these drugs and treatment resistance is common. Emerging evidence suggests that a critical role exists for B cells as more than a bystander immune cell in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, this role is likely context-specific where B cells comprise distinct subtypes with unique effector functions that may result in anti- or pro-tumor effects. As such, the balance between various B cell subtypes affects the net B cell impact upon tumor immunity. To date, the factors needed to polarize B cell function toward anti-tumor activity are unclear. Understanding B cell biology in the lung cancer setting will help redefine and refine treatment strategies to augment anti-tumor immunity. This article presents a review of the literature describing the current knowledge of the development and function of B cells, and explores their role in lung cancer and potential as an immunotherapeutic strategy and as a predictive marker for response to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Leong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Effects of Chemotherapy Agents on Circulating Leukocyte Populations: Potential Implications for the Success of CAR-T Cell Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092225. [PMID: 34066414 PMCID: PMC8124952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CAR-T cell therapy is a new approach to cancer treatment that is based on manipulating a patient’s own T cells such that they become able to seek and destroy cancer cells in a highly specific manner. This approach is showing remarkable efficacy in treating some types of blood cancers but so far has been much less effective against solid cancers. Here, we review the diverse effects of chemotherapy agents on circulating leukocyte populations and find that, despite some negative effects over the short term, chemotherapy can favourably modulate the immune systems of cancer patients over the longer term. Since blood is the starting material for CAR-T cell production, we propose that these effects could significantly influence the success of manufacturing, and anti-cancer activity, of CAR-T cells. Thus, if timed correctly, chemotherapy-induced changes to circulating immune cells could allow CAR-T cells to unleash more effective anti-tumour responses. Abstract Adoptive T-cell therapy using autologous T cells genetically modified to express cancer-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has emerged as a novel approach for cancer treatment. CAR-T cell therapy has been approved in several major jurisdictions for treating refractory or relapsed cases of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, in solid cancer patients, several clinical studies of CAR-T cell therapy have demonstrated minimal therapeutic effects, thus encouraging interest in better integrating CAR-T cells with other treatments such as conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Increasing evidence shows that not only do chemotherapy drugs have tumoricidal effects, but also significantly modulate the immune system. Here, we discuss immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy drugs on circulating leukocyte populations, including their ability to enhance cytotoxic effects and preserve the frequency of CD8+ T cells and to deplete immunosuppressive populations including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. By modulating the abundance and phenotype of leukocytes in the blood (the ‘raw material’ for CAR-T cell manufacturing), we propose that prior chemotherapy could facilitate production of the most effective CAR-T cell products. Further research is required to directly test this concept and identify strategies for the optimal integration of CAR-T cell therapies with cytotoxic chemotherapy for solid cancers.
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48
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Economopoulou P, Kotsantis I, Psyrri A. B cells and their role in shaping the immune response in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:723-726. [PMID: 33910385 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Economopoulou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsantis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Simón R, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. The Ancient Cytokine BAFF- and APRIL-like Molecule Regulates the Functionality of Teleost IgM + B Cells Similarly to BAFF and APRIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1765-1775. [PMID: 33762323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily (TNFSF) members, such as BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), emerged in vertebrates as key regulators of B cell homeostasis and activation. Many cartilaginous and teleost fish contain an additional gene, designated as BAFF- and APRIL-like molecule (BALM), of unknown function and lost in tetrapods. In this study, we have performed a wide characterization of the functions of BALM on naive B cells for the first time, to our knowledge, in teleosts using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. Similar to BAFF and APRIL, BALM increased the survival and promoted the proliferation of peripheral blood IgM+ B cells and cooperated with BCR cross-linking to increase the proliferation rate of IgM+ B cells. BALM also seemed to be a differentiating factor for trout IgM+ B cells, as it increased IgM secretion and increased cell size. Additionally, BALM appeared to increase the Ag-presenting properties of IgM+ B cells, augmenting MHC class II surface expression and upregulating the phagocytic capacity of these cells. Finally, the fact that there was no synergy between BALM and BAFF/APRIL in any of these functions strongly suggests that BALM signals through the same receptors as BAFF and APRIL to carry out its functions. This hypothesis was further supported in competitive BALM binding assays. The results presented provide relevant information for understanding how these TNFSF members cooperate in teleost fish to regulate B cell functionality, helping us to interpret the evolutionary relations between molecules of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Pathogen Dose in Animal Models of Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections and the Potential Impact on Studies of the Immune Response. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030275. [PMID: 33804381 PMCID: PMC7999429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever viruses come from a wide range of virus families and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Animal models of infection with a number of these viruses have contributed to our knowledge of their pathogenesis and have been crucial for the development of therapeutics and vaccines that have been approved for human use. Most of these models use artificially high doses of virus, ensuring lethality in pre-clinical drug development studies. However, this can have a significant effect on the immune response generated. Here I discuss how the dose of antigen or pathogen is a critical determinant of immune responses and suggest that the current study of viruses in animal models should take this into account when developing and studying animal models of disease. This can have implications for determination of immune correlates of protection against disease as well as informing relevant vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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