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DePaula-Silva AB. The Contribution of Microglia and Brain-Infiltrating Macrophages to the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases during TMEV Infection of the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38257819 PMCID: PMC10819099 DOI: 10.3390/v16010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with neurotropic viruses induces neuroinflammation and is associated with the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. The activation of the innate and adaptive immune response, including microglial, macrophages, and T and B cells, while required for efficient viral control within the CNS, is also associated with neuropathology. Under healthy conditions, resident microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining CNS homeostasis. However, during pathological events, such as CNS viral infection, microglia become reactive, and immune cells from the periphery infiltrate into the brain, disrupting CNS homeostasis and contributing to disease development. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a neurotropic picornavirus, is used in two distinct mouse models: TMEV-induced demyelination disease (TMEV-IDD) and TMEV-induced seizures, representing mouse models of multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, respectively. These murine models have contributed substantially to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and seizures/epilepsy following viral infection, serving as critical tools for identifying pharmacological targetable pathways to modulate disease development. This review aims to discuss the host-pathogen interaction during a neurotropic picornavirus infection and to shed light on our current understanding of the multifaceted roles played by microglia and macrophages in the context of these two complexes viral-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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2
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Oertel FC, Hastermann M, Paul F. Delimiting MOGAD as a disease entity using translational imaging. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1216477. [PMID: 38333186 PMCID: PMC10851159 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1216477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The first formal consensus diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) were recently proposed. Yet, the distinction of MOGAD-defining characteristics from characteristics of its important differential diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is still obstructed. In preclinical research, MOG antibody-based animal models were used for decades to derive knowledge about MS. In clinical research, people with MOGAD have been combined into cohorts with other diagnoses. Thus, it remains unclear to which extent the generated knowledge is specifically applicable to MOGAD. Translational research can contribute to identifying MOGAD characteristic features by establishing imaging methods and outcome parameters on proven pathophysiological grounds. This article reviews suitable animal models for translational MOGAD research and the current state and prospect of translational imaging in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Cosima Oertel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Sato F, Nakamura Y, Katsuki A, Khadka S, Ahmad I, Omura S, Martinez NE, Tsunoda I. Curdlan, a Microbial β-Glucan, Has Contrasting Effects on Autoimmune and Viral Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:805302. [PMID: 35198458 PMCID: PMC8859099 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.805302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Bacterial and fungal infections have been associated with the development of MS; microbial components that are present in several microbes could contribute to MS pathogenesis. Among such components, curdlan is a microbial 1,3-β-glucan that can stimulate dendritic cells, and enhances T helper (Th) 17 responses. We determined whether curdlan administration could affect two animal models for MS: an autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and a viral model, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). We induced relapsing-remitting EAE by sensitizing SJL/J mice with the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151 peptide and found that curdlan treatment prior to PLP sensitization converted the clinical course of EAE into hyperacute EAE, in which the mice developed a progressive motor paralysis and died within 2 weeks. Curdlan-treated EAE mice had massive infiltration of T cells and neutrophils in the CNS with higher levels of Th17 and Th1 responses, compared with the control EAE mice. On the other hand, in TMEV-IDD, we found that curdlan treatment reduced the clinical scores and axonal degeneration without changes in inflammation or viral persistence in the CNS. In summary, although curdlan administration exacerbated the autoimmune MS model by enhancing inflammatory demyelination, it suppressed the viral MS model with reduced axonal degeneration. Therefore, microbial infections may play contrasting roles in MS depending on its etiology: autoimmunity versus viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Yumina Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoshi Katsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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4
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Preclinical model of multiple sclerosis: Focal, chemical or viral demyelination. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:87-102. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Viral mouse models used to study multiple sclerosis: past and present. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1015-1033. [PMID: 33582855 PMCID: PMC7882042 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetics and environmental factors, such as infections, play a role. Viral infections of mice have been used as model systems to study this demyelinating disease of humans. Three viruses that have long been studied in this capacity are Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and Semliki Forest virus. This review describes the viruses themselves, the infection process, the disease caused by infection and its accompanying pathology, and the model systems and their usefulness in studying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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6
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Omura S, Sato F, Park AM, Fujita M, Khadka S, Nakamura Y, Katsuki A, Nishio K, Gavins FNE, Tsunoda I. Bioinformatics Analysis of Gut Microbiota and CNS Transcriptome in Virus-Induced Acute Myelitis and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelination; Potential Association of Distinct Bacteria With CNS IgA Upregulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32733435 PMCID: PMC7358278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections have been associated with acute and chronic inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, e.g., acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and multiple sclerosis (MS), where animal models support the pathogenic roles of viruses. In the spinal cord, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces an AFM-like disease with gray matter inflammation during the acute phase, 1 week post infection (p.i.), and an MS-like disease with white matter inflammation during the chronic phase, 1 month p.i. Although gut microbiota has been proposed to affect immune responses contributing to pathological conditions in remote organs, including the brain pathophysiology, its precise role in neuroinflammatory diseases is unclear. We infected SJL/J mice with TMEV; harvested feces and spinal cords on days 4 (before onset), 7 (acute phase), and 35 (chronic phase) p.i.; and examined fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and CNS transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Although TMEV infection neither decreased microbial diversity nor changed overall microbiome patterns, it increased abundance of individual bacterial genera Marvinbryantia on days 7 and 35 p.i. and Coprococcus on day 35 p.i., whose pattern-matching with CNS transcriptome showed strong correlations: Marvinbryantia with eight T-cell receptor (TCR) genes on day 7 and with seven immunoglobulin (Ig) genes on day 35 p.i.; and Coprococcus with gene expressions of not only TCRs and IgG/IgA, but also major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and complements. The high gene expression of IgA, a component of mucosal immunity, in the CNS was unexpected. However, we observed substantial IgA positive cells and deposition in the CNS, as well as a strong correlation between CNS IgA gene expression and serum anti-TMEV IgA titers. Here, changes in a small number of distinct gut bacteria, but not overall gut microbiota, could affect acute and chronic immune responses, causing AFM- and MS-like lesions in the CNS. Alternatively, activated immune responses would alter the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sundar Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumina Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aoshi Katsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Felicity N. E. Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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7
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Bouin A, Semler BL. Picornavirus Cellular Remodeling: Doubling Down in Response to Viral-Induced Inflammation. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:31-37. [PMID: 32704466 PMCID: PMC7377643 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To highlight recent findings on how picornavirus infections of the airways and cardiac tissues impact cellular inflammation and remodeling events. Recent Findings Recent published work has revealed that although many picornavirus infections appear to be initially asymptomatic, there are significant disease sequelae that result from chronic or persistent infections and the long-term, pathogenic effects on host tissues. Summary Because many acute picornavirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to diagnose these pathologies at the early stages of disease. As a result, we must rely on preventative measures (i.e., vaccination) or discover novel treatments to reverse tissue damage and remodeling in affected individuals. Both of these strategies will require a comprehensive knowledge of virus-and cell-specific replication determinants and how these processes induce pathogenic effects in infected cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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Gerhauser I, Hansmann F, Ciurkiewicz M, Löscher W, Beineke A. Facets of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020448. [PMID: 30669615 PMCID: PMC6358740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a naturally occurring, enteric pathogen of mice is a Cardiovirus of the Picornaviridae family. Low neurovirulent TMEV strains such as BeAn cause a severe demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice following intracerebral infection. Furthermore, TMEV infections of C57BL/6 mice cause acute polioencephalitis initiating a process of epileptogenesis that results in spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures in approximately 50% of affected mice. Moreover, C3H mice develop cardiac lesions after an intraperitoneal high-dose application of TMEV. Consequently, TMEV-induced diseases are widely used as animal models for multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and myocarditis. The present review summarizes morphological lesions and pathogenic mechanisms triggered by TMEV with a special focus on the development of hippocampal degeneration and seizures in C57BL/6 mice as well as demyelination in the spinal cord in SJL mice. Furthermore, a detailed description of innate and adaptive immune responses is given. TMEV studies provide novel insights into the complexity of organ- and mouse strain-specific immunopathology and help to identify factors critical for virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for System Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Omura S, Kawai E, Sato F, Martinez NE, Minagar A, Al-Kofahi M, Yun JW, Cvek U, Trutschl M, Alexander JS, Tsunoda I. Theiler's Virus-Mediated Immunopathology in the CNS and Heart: Roles of Organ-Specific Cytokine and Lymphatic Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2870. [PMID: 30619258 PMCID: PMC6295469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces different diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) and heart, depending on the mouse strains and time course, with cytokines playing key roles for viral clearance and immune-mediated pathology (immunopathology). In SJL/J mice, TMEV infection causes chronic TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) in the spinal cord about 1 month post-inoculation (p.i.). Unlike other immunopathology models, both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can play dual roles in TMEV-IDD. Pro-inflammatory cytokines play beneficial roles in viral clearance while they are also detrimental in immune-mediated demyelination. Anti-inflammatory cytokines suppress not only protective anti-viral immune responses but also detrimental autoreactive immune responses. Conversely, in C3H mice, TMEV infection induces a non-CNS disease, myocarditis, with three distinctive phases: phase I, viral pathology with interferon and chemokine responses; phase II, immunopathology mediated by acquired immune responses; and phase III, cardiac fibrosis. Although the exact mechanism(s) by which a single virus, TMEV, induces these different diseases in different organs is unclear, our bioinformatics approaches, especially principal component analysis (PCA) of transcriptome data, allow us to identify the key factors contributing to organ-specific immunopathology. The PCA demonstrated that in vitro infection of a cardiomyocyte cell line reproduced the transcriptome profile of phase I in TMEV-induced myocarditis; distinct interferon/chemokine-related responses were induced in vitro in TMEV-infected cardiomyocytes, but not in infected neuronal cells. In addition, the PCA of the in vivo CNS transcriptome data showed that decreased lymphatic marker expressions were weakly associated with inflammation in TMEV infection. Here, dysfunction of lymphatic vessels is shown to potentially contribute to immunopathology by delaying the clearance of cytokines and immune cells from the inflammatory site, although this can also confine the virus at these sites, preventing virus spread via lymphatic vessels. On the other hand, in the heart, dysfunction of lymphatics was associated with reduced lymphatic muscle contractility provoked by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, TMEV infection may induce different patterns of cytokine expressions as well as lymphatic vessel dysfunction by rather different mechanisms between the CNS and heart, which might explain observed patterns of organ-specific immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Eiichiro Kawai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Al-Kofahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Winny Yun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Urska Cvek
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Marjan Trutschl
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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10
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Al-Kofahi M, Omura S, Tsunoda I, Sato F, Becker F, Gavins FNE, Woolard MD, Pattillo C, Zawieja D, Muthuchamy M, Gashev A, Shihab I, Ghoweba M, Von der Weid PY, Wang Y, Alexander JS. IL-1β reduces cardiac lymphatic muscle contraction via COX-2 and PGE 2 induction: Potential role in myocarditis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1591-1600. [PMID: 30257377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphatic vessels in myocarditis is largely unknown, while it has been shown to play a key role in other inflammatory diseases. We aimed to investigate the role of lymphatic vessels in myocarditis using in vivo model induced with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and in vitro model with rat cardiac lymphatic muscle cells (RCLMC). In the TMEV model, we found that upregulation of a set of inflammatory mediator genes, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand COX-2 were associated with disease activity. Thus, using in vitro collagen gel contraction assays, we decided to clarify the role(s) of these mediators by testing contractility of RCLMC in response to IL-1β and TNF-α individually and in combination, in the presence or absence of: IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra); cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors inhibitors (TFAP, diclofenac and DuP-697). IL-1β impaired RCLMC contractility dose-dependently, while co-incubation with both IL-1β and TNF-α exhibited synergistic effects in decreasing RCLMC contractility with increased COX-2 expression. Anakinra maintained RCLMC contractility; Anakinra blocked the mobilization of COX-2 induced by IL-1β with or without TNF-α. COX-2 inhibition blocked the IL-1β-mediated decrease in RCLMC contractility. Mechanistically, we found that IL-1β increased prostaglandin (PG) E2 release dose-dependently, while Anakinra blocked IL-1β mediated PGE2 release. Using prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) receptor antagonist, we demonstrated that EP4 receptor blockade maintained RCLMC contractility following IL-1β exposure. Our results indicate that IL-1β reduces RCLMC contractility via COX-2/PGE2 signaling with synergistic cooperation by TNF-α. These pathways may help provoke inflammatory mediator accumulation within the heart, driving progression from acute myocarditis into dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Kofahi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Felix Becker
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - David Zawieja
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Israa Shihab
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States
| | - Mohamed Ghoweba
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States
| | | | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, United States
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
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11
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Omura S, Sato F, Martinez NE, Range T, Ekshyyan L, Minagar A, Alexander JS, Tsunoda I. Immunoregulation of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease by glatiramer acetate without suppression of antiviral immune responses. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1279-1284. [PMID: 29362931 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While most disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) regulate multiple sclerosis (MS) by suppressing inflammation, they can potentially suppress antiviral immunity, causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The DMD glatiramer acetate (GA) has been used for MS patients who are at high risk of PML. We investigated whether GA is safe for use in viral infections by using a model of MS induced by infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Treatment of TMEV-infected mice with GA neither enhanced viral loads nor suppressed antiviral immune responses, while it resulted in an increase in the Foxp3/Il17a ratio and IL-4/IL-10 production. This is the first study to suggest that GA could be safe for MS patients with a proven viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Tierra Range
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Lesya Ekshyyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA. .,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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12
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Smith HK, Omura S, Vital SA, Becker F, Senchenkova EY, Kaur G, Tsunoda I, Peirce SM, Gavins FNE. Metallothionein I as a direct link between therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cerebral protection in stroke. FASEB J 2017; 32:2381-2394. [PMID: 29269399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700746r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke continues to be a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, yet effective treatments are lacking. Previous studies have indicated that stem-cell transplantation could be an effective treatment. However, little is known about the direct impact of transplanted cells on injured brain tissue. We wanted to help fill this knowledge gap and investigated effects of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) on the cerebral microcirculation after ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). Treatment of HSPCs in I/RI for up to 2 wk after cerebral I/RI led to decreased mortality rate, decreased infarct volume, improved functional outcome, reduced microglial activation, and reduced cerebral leukocyte adhesion. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses showed transplanted HSPCs emigrate preferentially into ischemic cortex brain parenchyma. We isolated migrated HSPCs from the brain; using RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptome, we found metallothionein (MT, particularly MT-I) transcripts were dramatically up-regulated. Finally, to confirm the significance of MT, we exogenously administered MT-I after cerebral I/RI and found that it produced neuroprotection in a manner similar to HSPC treatment. These findings provide novel evidence that the mechanism through which HSPCs promote repair after stroke maybe via direct action of HSPC-derived MT-I and could therefore be exploited as a useful therapeutic strategy for stroke.-Smith, H. K., Omura, S., Vital, S. A., Becker, F., Senchenkova, E. Y., Kaur, G., Tsunoda, I., Peirce, S. M., Gavins, F. N. E. Metallothionein I as a direct link between therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cerebral protection in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shantel A Vital
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Felix Becker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department for General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Elena Y Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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13
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Sato F, Kawai E, Martinez NE, Omura S, Park AM, Takahashi S, Yoh K, Tsunoda I. T-bet, but not Gata3, overexpression is detrimental in a neurotropic viral infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10496. [PMID: 28874814 PMCID: PMC5585213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection in mice induces inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system. Although C57BL/6 mice normally resistant to TMEV infection with viral clearance, we have previously demonstrated that RORγt-transgenic (tg) C57BL/6 mice, which have Th17-biased responses due to RORγt overexpression in T cells, became susceptible to TMEV infection with viral persistence. Here, using T-bet-tg C57BL/6 mice and Gata3-tg C57BL/6 mice, we demonstrated that overexpression of T-bet, but not Gata3, in T cells was detrimental in TMEV infection. Unexpectedly, T-bet-tg mice died 2 to 3 weeks after infection due to failure of viral clearance. Here, TMEV infection induced splenic T cell depletion, which was associated with lower anti-viral antibody and T cell responses. In contrast, Gata3-tg mice remained resistant, while Gata3-tg mice had lower IFN-γ and higher IL-4 production with increased anti-viral IgG1 responses. Thus, our data identify how overexpression of T-bet and Gata3 in T cells alters anti-viral immunity and confers susceptibility to TMEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Eiichiro Kawai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,International Institute for Investigative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keigyou Yoh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology (CMTV), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. .,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport (LSUHSC-S), 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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14
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Tsunoda I, Sato F, Omura S, Fujita M, Sakiyama N, Park AM. Three immune-mediated disease models induced by Theiler's virus: Multiple sclerosis, seizures and myocarditis. CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL NEUROIMMUNOLOGY 2016; 7:330-345. [PMID: 28603559 PMCID: PMC5464738 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection has been used as a viral model for multiple sclerosis (MS), as TMEV can induce chronic inflammatory demyelinating lesions with viral persistence in the spinal cord of SJL/J mice. In contrast, when C57BL/6 mice are infected with TMEV, the mice can clear the virus from the central nervous system (CNS), without viral persistence or demyelination, but develop seizures and hippocampal sclerosis, which has been used as a viral model for seizures/epilepsy. In the two TMEV-induced CNS disease models, not only viral infection, but also immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis. Interestingly, acquired immunity plays an effector role in the MS model, whereas innate immunity appears to contribute to the development of seizures. Recently, we have established the third TMEV-induced disease model, a mouse model for viral myocarditis, using C3H mice. TMEV-induced myocarditis is a triphasic disease, which mimics human myocarditis; phase I, mediated by viral replication in the heart and innate immunity; phase II, mediated by acquired immunity; and phase III, resulted from cardiac fibrosis. The genetic susceptibility to the aforementioned three models (MS, seizures and myocarditis) differs among mouse strains. We have compared and contrasted the three models induced by one single pathogen, TMEV, particularly in regard to the roles of T helper cells and natural killer T cells, which will give an insight into how interactions between the immune system and the host's genetic background determine the tissue tropism of virus and the development of virus-induced organ-specific immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Namie Sakiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ah-Mee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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15
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FTY720 (Gilenya) treatment prevents spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic HLA-DQ8-BALB/c mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:353-61. [PMID: 27288745 PMCID: PMC5372700 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is often caused by viral infections, it frequently involves autoimmune mechanisms associated with particular HLA-DR and DQ alleles. Our homozygous HLA-DQ8Ab(0) transgenic mice in the BALB/c background (HLA-DQ8(BALB/c)-Tg) developed early and progressive fatal heart failure from 4 to 5 weeks of age. Clinical signs of the disease included cyanotic eyes, tachycardia with dyspnea (from pale to cyanotic limbs), and terminal whole body edema. Sick mice had extremely dilated hearts, enlarged liver and spleen, and pleural/peritoneal effusion. Histology of the heart showed extensive heart muscle destruction with signs of fibrosis. The autoimmune nature of the disease was shown by high titers of antimyosin antibodies in the sera and IgG deposits in sick heart muscles, as well as focal neutrophil, T cell, and macrophage infiltration of the heart muscle. The sera of the sick mice showed a granular staining pattern on sections of healthy heart muscle. Quantitative analyses of DCM-specific gene expression studies revealed that sets of genes are involved in inflammation, hypoxia, and fibrosis. Treatment with FTY720 (Fingolimod/Gilenya) protected animals from the development of cardiomyopathy. HLA-DQ8(BALB/c)-Tg mice represent a spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis model that may provide a useful tool for studying the autoimmune mechanism of DCM and testing immunosuppressive drugs.
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16
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Bröer S, Käufer C, Haist V, Li L, Gerhauser I, Anjum M, Bankstahl M, Baumgärtner W, Löscher W. Brain inflammation, neurodegeneration and seizure development following picornavirus infection markedly differ among virus and mouse strains and substrains. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:57-74. [PMID: 26892877 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infections, particularly those caused by viruses, are among the main causes of acquired epilepsy, but the mechanisms causing epileptogenesis are only poorly understood. As a consequence, no treatment exists for preventing epilepsy in patients at risk. Animal models are useful to study epileptogenesis after virus-induced encephalitis and how to interfere with this process, but most viruses that cause encephalitis in rodents are associated with high mortality, so that the processes leading to epilepsy cannot be investigated. Recently, intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in C57BL/6 (B6) mice was reported to induce early seizures and epilepsy and it was proposed that the TMEV mouse model represents the first virus infection-driven animal model of epilepsy. In the present study, we characterized this model in two B6 substrains and seizure-resistant SJL/J mice by using three TMEV (sub)strains (BeAn-1, BeAn-2, DA). The idea behind this approach was to study what is and what is not necessary for development of acute and late seizures after brain infection in mice. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine which virus-induced brain alterations are associated with seizure development. In B6 mice infected with different TMEV virus (sub)strains, the severity of hippocampal neurodegeneration, amount of MAC3-positive microglia/macrophages, and expression of the interferon-inducible antiviral effector ISG15 were almost perfect at discriminating seizing from non-seizing B6 mice, whereas T-lymphocyte brain infiltration was not found to be a crucial factor. However, intense microglia/macrophage activation and some hippocampal damage were also observed in SJL/J mice. Overall, the TMEV model provides a unique platform to study virus and host factors in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Bröer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Haist
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany
| | - Lin Li
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany
| | - Muneeb Anjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany.
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17
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Sato F, Omura S, Jaffe S, Tsunoda I. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150304 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800763-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the precise etiology of MS remains unclear, CD4+ T cells have been proposed to play not only effector but also regulatory roles in MS. CD4+ T cells can be divided into four subsets: pro-inflammatory helper T (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The roles of CD4+ T cells in MS have been clarified by either “loss-of-function” or “gain-of-function” methods, which have been carried out mainly in autoimmune and viral models of MS: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, respectively. Observations in MS patients were consistent with the mechanisms found in the MS models, that is, increased pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 activity is associated with disease exacerbation, while anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and Tregs appear to play a protective role.
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