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Hartmann AK, Bartneck J, Pielenhofer J, Meiser SL, Arnold-Schild D, Klein M, Stassen M, Schild H, Muth S, Probst HC, Langguth P, Grabbe S, Radsak MP. Optimized dithranol-imiquimod-based transcutaneous immunization enables tumor rejection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238861. [PMID: 37727790 PMCID: PMC10505723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a non-invasive vaccination method promoting strong cellular immune responses, crucial for the immunological rejection of cancer. Previously, we reported on the combined application of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) together with the anti-psoriatic drug dithranol as novel TCI platform DIVA (dithranol/IMQ based vaccination). In extension of this work, we further optimized DIVA in terms of drug dose, application pattern and established a new IMQ formulation. Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated on the ear skin with dithranol and IMQ-containing ointments together with ovalbumin-derived peptides. T cell responses were determined by flow cytometry and IFN-ɤ ELISpot assay, local skin inflammation was characterized by ear swelling. Results Applying the adjuvants on separate skin sites, a reduced number of specific CD8+ T cells with effector function was detectable, indicating that the local concurrence of adjuvants and peptide antigens is required for optimal vaccination. Likewise, changing the order of dithranol and IMQ resulted in an increased skin inflammatory reaction, but lower frequencies of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells indicating that dithranol is essential for superior T cell priming upon DIVA. Dispersing nanocrystalline IMQ in a spreadable formulation (IMI-Sol+) facilitated storage and application rendering comparable immune responses. DIVA applied one or two weeks after the first immunization resulted in a massive increase in antigen-specific T cells and up to a ten-fold increased memory response. Finally, in a prophylactic tumor setting, double but no single DIVA treatment enabled complete control of tumor growth, resulting in full tumor protection. Discussion Taken together, the described optimized transcutaneous vaccination method leads to the generation of a strong cellular immune response enabling the effective control of tumor growth and has the potential for clinical development as a novel non-invasive vaccination method for peptide-based cancer vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- IIIrd Department of Medicine – Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joschka Bartneck
- IIIrd Department of Medicine – Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonas Pielenhofer
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie Luise Meiser
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Danielle Arnold-Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Mainz Research School of Translational Biomedicine (TransMed), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Muth
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Mainz Research School of Translational Biomedicine (TransMed), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P. Radsak
- IIIrd Department of Medicine – Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Mainz Research School of Translational Biomedicine (TransMed), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Ivanova YO, Kostromicheva MM, Ofitserov EN, Koroleva MY. Nanoemulsions with Amaranth and Sea Buckthorn Oils. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Panoutsopoulou E, Zbytovská J, Vávrová K, Paraskevopoulos G. Phospholipid-Based Microemulsions for Cutaneous Imiquimod Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050515. [PMID: 35631342 PMCID: PMC9147306 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Imiquimod (IMQ) is a potent immune response modifier with antiviral and antitumor properties. IMQ’s low aqueous solubility and unsatisfactory cutaneous permeability limit its formulation into effective dosage forms. This work aimed to develop IMQ-loaded microemulsions (MEs) based on phospholipids and oleic acid to improve IMQ penetration into the epidermis. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed, and the microstructure of the formulations was examined by measuring the conductivity values. Selected MEs were characterized and studied for their ability to deliver IMQ into and through ex vivo human skin. ME1 with 1% IMQ (bicontinuous ME with Bingham rheology) delivered similar IMQ quantities to the human epidermis ex vivo as the commercial product while having a 5-fold lower IMQ dose. IMQ was not detected in the acceptor phase after the permeation experiment, suggesting a lower systemic absorption risk than the established product. Infrared spectroscopy of the stratum corneum revealed less ordered and less tightly packed lipids after ME1 application. The ME1-induced barrier disruption recovered within less than 5 h after the formulation removal, as detected by transepidermal water loss measurements. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that phospholipid and oleic acid-based MEs could become a promising alternative for topical IMQ administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panoutsopoulou
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.P.); (K.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Jarmila Zbytovská
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.P.); (K.V.)
| | - Georgios Paraskevopoulos
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (E.P.); (K.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Essential and Carrier Oils as Skin Penetration Enhancers in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oils, including essential oils and their constituents, are widely reported to have penetration enhancement activity and have been incorporated into a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations. This study sought to determine if there is an evidence base for the selection of appropriate oils for particular applications and compare their effectiveness across different formulation types. A systematic review of the data sources, consisting of Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus, was carried out and, following screening and quality assessment, 112 articles were included within the analysis. The research was classified according to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, dosage form, in vitro/in vivo study, carrier material(s), penetration enhancers as essential oils, and other chemical enhancers. The review identified four groups of oils used in the formulation of skin preparations; in order of popularity, these are terpene-type essential oils (63%), fatty acid-containing essential oils (29%) and, finally, 8% of essential oils comprising Vitamin E derivatives and miscellaneous essential oils. It was concluded that terpene essential oils may have benefits over the fatty acid-containing oils, and their incorporation into advanced pharmaceutical formulations such as nanoemulsions, microemulsions, vesicular systems, and transdermal patches makes them an attractive proposition to enhance drug permeation through the skin.
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Jojoba Oil: An Updated Comprehensive Review on Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Uses, and Toxicity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111711. [PMID: 34073772 PMCID: PMC8197201 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jojoba is a widely used medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. Its seeds and oil have a long history of use in folklore to treat various ailments, such as skin and scalp disorders, superficial wounds, sore throat, obesity, and cancer; for improvement of liver functions, enhancement of immunity, and promotion of hair growth. Extensive studies on Jojoba oil showed a wide range of pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne and antipsoriasis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. In addition, Jojoba oil is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in cosmetics for topical, transdermal, and parenteral preparations. Jojoba oil also holds value in the industry as an anti-rodent, insecticides, lubricant, surfactant, and a source for the production of bioenergy. Jojoba oil is considered among the top-ranked oils due to its wax, which constitutes about 98% (mainly wax esters, few free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons). In addition, sterols and vitamins with few triglyceride esters, flavonoids, phenolic and cyanogenic compounds are also present. The present review represents an updated literature survey about the chemical composition of jojoba oil, its physical properties, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and toxicity.
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Kim SY, Kim S, Kim JE, Lee SN, Shin IW, Shin HS, Jin SM, Noh YW, Kang YJ, Kim YS, Kang TH, Park YM, Lim YT. Lyophilizable and Multifaceted Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Agonist-Loaded Nanoemulsion for the Reprogramming of Tumor Microenvironments and Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12671-12686. [PMID: 31589013 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The low therapeutic efficacy of current cancer immunotherapy is related to nonimmunogenic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TMEs). To overcome these limitations, both the immune priming of antitumoral lymphocytes and the reprogramming of immunosuppressive factors in TMEs are essential. Here, we suggest a nanoemulsion (NE)-based immunotherapeutic platform that can not only modulate tumor-induced suppression but also induce an effective cell-mediated immune response for T cell proliferation. Multifunctional NEs can be fabricated by integrating the efficacy of NEs as delivery systems and the multifaceted immunomodulation characteristics (i.e., immunostimulation and reprogramming of immunosuppression) of small molecule-based Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists. Local in situ vaccination of melanoma and cervical tumor models with tumor antigens (protein and peptide) adjuvanted with NE loaded with TLR7/8 agonists [NE (TLR7/8a)] induced the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells, infiltration of lymphocytes, and polarization of tumor-associated M2 macrophages, which resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival in both primary and rechallenged tumor models. Antibody-depletion experiments also suggested that macrophages, type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β), CD8+ T cells, and NK1.1+ cells contributed to the antitumor effect of NE (TLR7/8a). The combination of antitumoral lymphocytes and reprogramming of immunosuppressive TMEs induced by NE (TLR7/8a) treatment evoked a synergistic antitumor immune response with immune checkpoint blockade therapy (anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Nam Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Il Woo Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sik Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woock Noh
- New Drug Development Center , Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , 123 Osongsaengmyeong-ro , Cheongju , Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Kang
- New Drug Development Center , Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , 123 Osongsaengmyeong-ro , Cheongju , Chungcheongbuk-do 28160 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seob Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Konkuk University , 268 Chungwondae-ro , Chungju , Chungcheongbuk-do 27478 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Konkuk University , 268 Chungwondae-ro , Chungju , Chungcheongbuk-do 27478 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Konkuk University , 268 Chungwondae-ro , Chungju , Chungcheongbuk-do 27478 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , 2066 Seobu-ro , Jangan-gu, Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea
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Bialojan A, Sohl J, Rausch J, Aranda Lopez P, Denny M, Langguth P, Hartmann AK, Yagita H, Probst HC, Schild H, Radsak MP. Transcutaneous immunization with CD40 ligation boosts cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated antitumor immunity independent of CD4 helper cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:2083-2094. [PMID: 31393597 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel vaccination strategy that utilizes skin-associated lymphatic tissue to induce immune responses. Employing T-cell epitopes and the TLR7 agonist imiquimod onto intact skin mounts strong primary, but limited memory CTL responses. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel imiquimod-containing vaccination platform (IMI-Sol) rendering superior primary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. However, it has been unclear whether IMI-Sol per se is restricted in terms of memory formation and tumor protection. In our present work, we demonstrate that the combined administration of IMI-Sol and CD40 ligation unleashes fullblown specific T-cell responses in the priming and memory phase, strongly enhancing antitumor protection in mice. Interestingly, these effects were entirely CD4+ T cell independent, bypassing the necessity of helper T cells. Moreover, blockade of CD70 in vivo abrogated the boosting effect of CD40 ligation, indicating that the adjuvant effect of CD40 in TCI is mediated via CD70 on professional APCs. Furthermore, this work highlights the so far underappreciated importance of the CD70/CD27 interaction as a promising adjuvant target in TCI. Summing up, we demonstrate that the novel formulation IMI-Sol represents a powerful vaccination platform when applied in combination with sufficient adjuvant thereby overcoming current limitations of TCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bialojan
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Sohl
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Rausch
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pamela Aranda Lopez
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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de Matos SP, Teixeira HF, de Lima ÁAN, Veiga-Junior VF, Koester LS. Essential Oils and Isolated Terpenes in Nanosystems Designed for Topical Administration: A Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040138. [PMID: 30959802 PMCID: PMC6523335 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are natural products with a complex composition. Terpenes are the most common class of chemical compounds present in essential oils. Terpenes and the essential oils containing them are widely used and investigated by their pharmacological properties and permeation-enhancing ability. However, many terpenes and essential oils are sensitive to environmental conditions, undergoing volatilization and chemical degradation. In order to overcome the chemical instability of some isolated terpenes and essential oils, the encapsulation of these compounds in nanostructured systems (polymeric, lipidic, or molecular complexes) has been employed. In addition, nanoencapsulation can be of interest for pharmaceutical applications due to its capacity to improve the bioavailability and allow the controlled release of drugs. Topical drug administration is a convenient and non-invasive administration route for both local and systemic drug delivery. The present review focuses on describing the current status of research concerning nanostructured delivery systems containing isolated terpenes and/or essential oils designed for topical administration and on discussing the use of terpenes and essential oils either for their biological activities or as permeation enhancers in pharmaceutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila P de Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Helder F Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Ádley A N de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Valdir F Veiga-Junior
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça Gen. Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Letícia S Koester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
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Caimi AT, Altube MJ, de Farias MA, Portugal RV, Perez AP, Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Novel imiquimod nanovesicles for topical vaccination. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 174:536-543. [PMID: 30500742 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of needle and pain free noninvasive immunization procedures is a top priority for public health agencies. In this work the topical adjuvant activity of the immunomodulator imiquimod (IMQ) carried by ultradeformable archaeosomes (UDA2) (nanovesicles containing sn-2,3 ether linked phytanyl saturated archaeolipids) was surveyed and compared with that of ultradeformable liposomes lacking archaeolipids (UDL2) and free IMQ, using the model antigen ovalbumin and a seasonal influenza vaccine in Balb/c mice. UDA2 (250 ± 94 nm, -26 ± 4 mV Z potential) induced higher IMQ accumulation in human skin and higher production of TNF-α and IL-6 by macrophages and keratinocytes than free IMQ and UDL2. Mixed with ovalbumin, UDA2 was more efficient at generating cellular response, as measured by an increase in serum IgG2a and INF-γ production by splenocytes, compared with free IMQ and UDL2. Moreover, mixed with a seasonal influenza vaccine UDA2 produced same IgG titers and IgG2a/IgG1 isotypes ratio (≈1) than the subcutaneously administered influenza vaccine. Topical UDA2 however, induced highest stimulation index and INF-γ levels by splenocytes. UDA2 might be a promising adjuvant for topical immunization, since it produced cell-biased systemic response with ≈ 13-fold lower IMQ dose than the delivered as the commercial IMQ cream, Aldara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Tatiana Caimi
- Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Maria Julia Altube
- Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Alexandre de Farias
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Villares Portugal
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Perez
- Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina.
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Parra FL, Caimi AT, Altube MJ, Cargnelutti DE, Vermeulen ME, de Farias MA, Portugal RV, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Make It Simple: (SR-A1+TLR7) Macrophage Targeted NANOarchaeosomes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:163. [PMID: 30460231 PMCID: PMC6232313 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhalophilic archaebacteria exclusively produce sn2,3 diphytanylglycerol diether archaeolipids, unique structures absent in bacteria and eukaryotes. Nanovesicles made of archaeolipids known as nanoarchaeosomes (nanoARC), possess highly stable bilayers, some of them displaying specific targeting ability. Here we hypothesize that nanoARC made from Halorubrum tebenquichense archaebacteria, may constitute efficient carriers for the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ). NanoARC-IMQ takes advantage of the intense interaction between IMQ and the highly disordered, poorly fluid branched archaeolipid bilayers, rich in archaeol analog of methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP-Me), a natural ligand of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1). This approach lacks complex manufacture steps required for bilayers labeling, enabling future analytical characterization, batch reproducibility, and adaptation to higher scale production. SR-A1 mediated internalization of particulate material is mostly targeted to macrophages and is extensive because it is not submitted to a negative feedback. A massive and selective intracellular delivery of IMQ may concentrate its effect specifically into the endosomes, where the TLR7 is expressed, magnifying its immunogenicity, at the same time reducing its systemic bioavailability, and therefore it's in vivo adverse effects. NanoARC-IMQ (600-900 nm diameter oligolamellar vesicles of ~-43 mV Z potential) were heavily loaded with IMQ at ~44 μg IMQ/mg phospholipids [~20 folds higher than the non-SR-A1 ligand soyPC liposomes loaded with IMQ (LIPO-IMQ)]. In vitro, nanoARC-IMQ induced higher TNF-α and IL-6 secretion by J774A1 macrophages compared to same dose of IMQ and same lipid dose of LIPO-IMQ. In vivo, 3 subcutaneous doses of nanoARC-IMQ+ 10 μg total leishmania antigens (TLA) at 50 μg IMQ per Balb/C mice, induced more pronounced DTH response, accompanied by a nearly 2 orders higher antigen-specific systemic IgG titers than IMQ+TLA and LIPO-IMQ. The isotype ratio of nanoARC-IMQ+TLA remained ~0.5 indicating, the same as IMQ+TLA, a Th2 biased response distinguished by a pronounced increase in antibody titers, without negative effects on splenocytes lymphoproliferation, with a potential CD8+LT induction 10 days after the last dose. Overall, this first approach showed that highly SR-A1 mediated internalization of heavily loaded nanoARC-IMQ, magnified the effect of IMQ on TLR7 expressing macrophages, leading to a more intense in vivo immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Leonel Parra
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Ayelen Tatiana Caimi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Maria Julia Altube
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Diego Esteban Cargnelutti
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Mendoza, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Mónica Elba Vermeulen
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Nanomedicine Research & Development Center, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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11
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Iqbal B, Ali J, Baboota S. Recent advances and development in epidermal and dermal drug deposition enhancement technology. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:646-660. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Babar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi India
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12
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Rausch J, Lopez PA, Bialojan A, Denny M, Langguth P, Probst HC, Schild H, Radsak MP. Combined immunotherapy: CTLA-4 blockade potentiates anti-tumor response induced by transcutaneous immunization. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:300-306. [PMID: 28666747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal application of the Toll Like Receptor 7 agonist imiquimod and a T-cell peptide epitope (transcutaneous immunization, TCI) mediates systemic peptide-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses and leads to tumor protection in a prophylactic tumor setting. However, it does not accomplish memory formation or permanent defiance of tumors in a therapeutic set-up. As a distinct immunologic approach, CTLA-4 blockade augments systemic immune responses and has shown long-lasting effects in preclinical experiments as well as in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE The study investigates the vaccination capacity of TCI in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4 in matters of primary response, memory formation and tumor protection and characterizes the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS After performing TCI with IMI-Sol (containing 5% Imiquimod) and the model epitope SIINFEKL, 6-8 week old C57BL/6 mice received anti-CTLA-4 antibody either s.c or i.p. The CTL responses and frequency of peptide specific CD8+ T-cells were then evaluated on day 8. To determine anti-tumor effects, a therapeutic tumor challenge with B16 OVA melanoma was performed. RESULTS The combination of s.c. anti-CTLA-4 antibody and TCI leads to an enhanced systemic cytotoxic response, to memory formation and allows significantly improved survival in a tumor setting with B16 OVA melanoma. Towards the mechanism, we show that in this vaccination protocol the CTLA-4 antibody acts mainly Treg-independent. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the combination of TCI with IMI-Sol and anti-CTLA-4 can confer potent immune responses and tumor-protection. These results might contribute to the development of advanced vaccination approaches targeting tumors or persistent infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Aminoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Imiquimod
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/mortality
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/mortality
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/antagonists & inhibitors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rausch
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pamela Aranda Lopez
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ariane Bialojan
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Lopez PA, Denny M, Hartmann AK, Alflen A, Probst HC, von Stebut E, Tenzer S, Schild H, Stassen M, Langguth P, Radsak MP. Transcutaneous immunization with a novel imiquimod nanoemulsion induces superior T cell responses and virus protection. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:252-259. [PMID: 28655469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel vaccination strategy utilizing the skin associated lymphatic tissue to induce immune responses. TCI using a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope and the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist imiquimod mounts strong CTL responses by activation and maturation of skin-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their migration to lymph nodes. However, TCI based on the commercial formulation Aldara only induces transient CTL responses that needs further improvement for the induction of durable therapeutic immune responses. OBJECTIVE Therefore we aimed to develop a novel imiquimod solid nanoemulsion (IMI-Sol) for TCI with superior vaccination properties suited to induce high quality T cell responses for enhanced protection against infections. METHODS TCI was performed by applying a MHC class I or II restricted epitope along with IMI-Sol or Aldara (each containing 5% Imiquimod) on the shaved dorsum of C57BL/6, IL-1R, Myd88, Tlr7 or Ccr7 deficient mice. T cell responses as well as DC migration upon TCI were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. To determine in vivo efficacy of TCI induced immune responses, CTL responses and frequency of peptide specific T cells were evaluated on day 8 or 35 post vaccination and protection in a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model was assessed. RESULTS TCI with the imiquimod formulation IMI-Sol displayed equal skin penetration of imiquimod compared to Aldara, but elicited superior CD8+ as well as CD4+ T cell responses. The induction of T-cell responses induced by IMI-Sol TCI was dependent on the TLR7/MyD88 pathway and independent of IL-1R. IMI-Sol TCI activated skin-derived DCs in skin-draining lymph nodes more efficiently compared to Aldara leading to enhanced protection in a LCMV infection model. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that IMI-Sol TCI can overcome current limitations of previous imiquimod based TCI approaches opening new perspectives for transcutaneous vaccination strategies and allowing the use of this enhanced cutaneous drug-delivery system to be tailored for the improved prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Aranda Lopez
- Third Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Alflen
- Third Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Su R, Fan W, Yu Q, Dong X, Qi J, Zhu Q, Zhao W, Wu W, Chen Z, Li Y, Lu Y. Size-dependent penetration of nanoemulsions into epidermis and hair follicles: implications for transdermal delivery and immunization. Oncotarget 2017; 8:38214-38226. [PMID: 28465469 PMCID: PMC5503527 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions have been widely applied to dermal and transdermal drug delivery. However, whether and to what depth the integral nanoemulsions can permeate into the skin is not fully understood. In this study, an environment-responsive dye, P4, was loaded into nanoemulsions to track the transdermal translocation of the nanocarriers, while coumarin-6 was embedded to represent the cargoes. Particle size has great effects on the transdermal transportation of nanoemulsions. Integral nanoemulsions with particle size of 80 nm can diffuse into but not penetrate the viable epidermis. Instead, these nanoemulsions can efficiently fill the whole hair follicle canals and reach as deep as 588 μm underneath the dermal surfaces. The cargos are released from the nanoemulsions and diffuse into the surrounding dermal tissues. On the contrary, big nanoemulsions, with mean particle size of 500 nm, cannot penetrate the stratum corneum and can only migrate along the hair follicle canals. Nanoemulsions with median size, e.g. 200 nm, show moderate transdermal permeation effects among the three-size nanoemulsions. In addition, colocalization between nanoemulsions and immunofluorescence labeled antigen-presenting cells was observed in the epidermis and the hair follicles, implying possible capture of nanoemulsions by these cells. In conclusion, nanoemulsions are advantageous for transdermal delivery and potential in transcutaneous immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wufa Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Qin Yu
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P.R. China
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Ye Li
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE and PLA, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
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15
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Waisman A, Hövelmeyer N, Diefenbach A, Schuppan D, Reddehase MJ, Kleinert H, Kaina B, Grabbe S, Galle PR, Theobald M, Zipp F, Sahin U, Türeci Ö, Kreiter S, Langguth P, Decker H, van Zandbergen G, Schild H. Past, present and future of immunology in Mainz. Cell Immunol 2016; 308:1-6. [PMID: 27719802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Waisman
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Translational Immunology (TIM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathhias J Reddehase
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kleinert
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Medicine III - Hematology, Medical Oncology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Universitäres Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Öslem Türeci
- Cluster for Individualized Immune Intervention (Ci3), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Mainz, Germany; Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT), Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics at the Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz Decker
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biophysics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), Langen, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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