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Wang J, Xiang Y, Wu L, Zhang C, Han B, Cheng Y, Tong Y, Yan D, Wang L. The association between inflammatory cytokines and sarcopenia-related traits: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024:10.1038/s41430-024-01486-w. [PMID: 39122802 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is among the most common musculoskeletal illnesses, yet its underlying biochemical mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Identifying the relationship of inflammatory cytokines with sarcopenia components would help understand the etiology of sarcopenia. We performed a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study to explore the causal relationship between 41 inflammatory cytokines and sarcopenia-related traits. METHODS The study was performed in two stages using bidirectional dual-sample Mendelian randomization. We obtained aggregated statistical data on inflammatory factors, low grip strength, and ALM from genome-wide association studies. To explore the causal association between exposure and outcomes, we primarily utilized the inverse variance weighted strategy. Furthermore, we conducted sensitivity analyses through the use of Mendelian randomization (MR) Egger, weighted median and simple mode methods. To evaluate robustness of the results and to identify and adjust for horizontal pleiotropy, we performed the MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test, the MR Egger intercept test, and a leave-one-out analysis. RESULTS The results displayed a potential association between interleukin-10 (OR: 1.046, 95% CI: 1.002-1.093, p = 0.042) and vascular endothelial growth factor (OR: 1.024, 95% CI: 1.001-1.047, p = 0.038) and the risk of low hand-grip strength. Moreover, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (OR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.000-1.019, p = 0.042) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (OR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003-1.017, p = 0.003) were significantly linked to a higher risk of ALM. CONCLUSION We identified a causal relationship between multiple inflammatory factors and sarcopenia-related traits. Our study offers valuable insights into innovative methods for the sarcopenia prevention and treatment by regulating inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Baojuan Han
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 101149, Beijing, China.
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2
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Gouife M, Wang F, Ban Z, Yue X, Jiang J, Xie J. Molecular and functional characterization of two granulocyte colony stimulating factors in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 268:110879. [PMID: 37490965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is a member of the hematopoietic growth factor family that acts primarily on neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Although multiple GCSF genes have been found in teleosts, knowledge of their functions during fish hematopoietic development is still limited. Here, we report for the first time the molecular and functional characterization of two goldfish GCSFs (gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b). The open reading frame (ORF) of the gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b cDNA transcript consisted respectively of 624 bp and 678 bp with its ORF encoding 207 and 225 amino acids (aa), with a 17 aa signal peptide for each gene and a conserved domain of the IL-6 superfamily. Treatment of goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS increased gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b mRNA expression levels, also exposure of HKLs to either heat-killed or live A. hydrophila, induced transcriptional upregulation of gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b levels. Recombinant gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b protein (rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b) induced a dose-dependent production of TNFα and IL-1β from goldfish neutrophils. In vitro experiments showed rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b differentially promoted the proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes in goldfish. Furthermore, treatment of HKLs with rgGCSF-a showed significant upregulation of mRNA levels of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA2, Runx1, MafB, and cMyb, while gfGCSF-b induces not only all four transcriptional factors mentioned above but also CEBPα. Our results indicate that goldfish GCSF-a and GCSF-b are important regulators of neutrophil proliferation and differentiation, which could stimulate different stages and lineages of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China. https://twitter.com/Mouskharim
| | - Feiyang Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Ban
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China.
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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3
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Koni M, Lopatina T, Grange C, Sarcinella A, Cedrino M, Bruno S, Buffolo F, Femminò S, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Circulating extracellular vesicles derived from tumor endothelial cells hijack the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response: Role of mTOR/G-CSF pathway. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106871. [PMID: 37506784 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour-derived extracellular vesicles are supposed to contribute to the spreading of distant metastasis. In this study, we investigated the impact of circulating extracellular vesicles derived from tumour-endothelial cells (TEVs) in the expansion of the metastatic bulk. We focus on the role of immune cells in controlling this process using the 4T1 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) syngeneic model. 4T1 cells were intravenously injected and exposed to circulating TEVs from day 7. The lung, spleen, and bone marrow (BM) were recovered and analysed. We demonstrated that circulating TEVs boost lung metastasis and angiogenesis. FACS and immunohistochemically analyses revealed a significant enrichment of Ly6G+/F4/80+/CD11b+ cells and Ly6G+/F4/80-/CD11b+ in the lung and in the spleen, while Ly6G+/F4/80-/CD11b+ in the BM, indicating the occurrence of a systemic and local immune suppression. TEV immune suppressive properties were further supported by the increased expression of PD-L1, PD-1, and iNOS in the tumour mass. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated an increase of CD11+ cells, PD-L1+ myeloid and cancer cells, upregulation of LAG3, CTLA4 and PD-1 in T-cells, release of ROS and NOS, and impaired T-cell-mediated cytotoxic effect in co-culture of TEVs-preconditioned PBMCs and cancer cells. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) level was increased in vivo, and was involved in reshaping the immune response. Mechanistically, we also found that mTOR enriched TEVs support G-CSF release and trigger the phosphorylation of the S6 (Ser235/236) mTOR downstream target. Overall, we provided evidence that circulating TEVs enriched in mTOR supported G-CSF release thereby granting tumour immune suppression and metastasis outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Koni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tatiana Lopatina
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Buffolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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4
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Fang W, Yang M, Liu M, Jin Y, Wang Y, Yang R, Wang Y, Zhang K, Fu Q. Review on Additives in Hydrogels for 3D Bioprinting of Regenerative Medicine: From Mechanism to Methodology. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1700. [PMID: 37376148 PMCID: PMC10302687 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of biological tissues in medicine is challenging, and 3D bioprinting offers an innovative way to create functional multicellular tissues. One common way in bioprinting is bioink, which is one type of the cell-loaded hydrogel. For clinical application, however, the bioprinting still suffers from satisfactory performance, e.g., in vascularization, effective antibacterial, immunomodulation, and regulation of collagen deposition. Many studies incorporated different bioactive materials into the 3D-printed scaffolds to optimize the bioprinting. Here, we reviewed a variety of additives added to the 3D bioprinting hydrogel. The underlying mechanisms and methodology for biological regeneration are important and will provide a useful basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaile Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 600 Yi-Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; (W.F.); (M.Y.)
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5
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Ray AL, Saunders AS, Nofchissey RA, Reidy MA, Kamal M, Lerner MR, Fung KM, Lang ML, Hanson JA, Guo S, Urdaneta-Perez MG, Lewis SE, Cloyde M, Morris KT. G-CSF Is a Novel Mediator of T-Cell Suppression and an Immunotherapeutic Target for Women with Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2158-2169. [PMID: 36951682 PMCID: PMC10239359 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE G-CSF enhances colon cancer development. This study defines the prevalence and effects of increased G-CSF signaling in human colon cancers and investigates G-CSF inhibition as an immunotherapeutic strategy against metastatic colon cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patient samples were used to evaluate G-CSF and G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) levels by IHC with sera used to measure G-CSF levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to assess the rate of G-CSFR+ T cells and IFNγ responses to chronic ex vivo G-CSF. An immunocompetent mouse model of peritoneal metastasis (MC38 cells in C57Bl/6J) was used to determine the effects of G-CSF inhibition (αG-CSF) on survival and the tumor microenvironment (TME) with flow and mass cytometry. RESULTS In human colon cancer samples, the levels of G-CSF and G-CSFR are higher compared to normal colon tissues from the same patient. High patient serum G-CSF is associated with increases in markers of poor prognosis, (e.g., VEGF, IL6). Circulating T cells from patients express G-CSFR at double the rate of T cells from controls. Prolonged G-CSF exposure decreases T cell IFNγ production. Treatment with αG-CSF shifts both the adaptive and innate compartments of the TME and increases survival (HR, 0.46; P = 0.0237) and tumor T-cell infiltration, activity, and IFNγ response with greater effects in female mice. There is a negative correlation between serum G-CSF levels and tumor-infiltrating T cells in patient samples from women. CONCLUSIONS These findings support G-CSF as an immunotherapeutic target against colon cancer with greater potential benefit in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Ray
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Apryl S Saunders
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Robert A Nofchissey
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Megan A Reidy
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Maria Kamal
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Megan R Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua A Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shaoxuan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Maria G Urdaneta-Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Samara E Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Michael Cloyde
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Katherine T Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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6
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Kirkham AM, Bailey AJM, Masurekar A, Shorr R, Bredeson C, Sabloff M, Allan DS. Can GCSF-stimulated donor lymphocyte infusions improve outcomes for relapsed disease following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:3276-3287. [PMID: 36098248 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2118530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) can produce graft-versus tumor effects to treat relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, however, durable responses remain uncommon. A systematic review and meta-analysis are needed to clarify whether DLI collected after stimulation with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF; G-DLI) can improve clinical outcomes. Sixteen studies (4 controlled) involving 585 patients were identified in a systematic search up to 17 September 2020. A meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.94, 95% CI 0.52-1.68, p = 0.82; n = 3 studies) or relapse-related mortality (RR: 0.72, 0.44-1.18, p = 0.19; n = 3 studies) between G-DLI and conventional DLI (C-DLI) groups. G-DLI products had similar mean CD3+ cells compared to C-DLI products, but median CD34+ cells/kg were increased. No improvement in disease progression, complete response rates, or risk of developing GVHD was observed with G-DLI, however, greater non-relapse mortality was observed compared to C-DLI. Alternative approaches to enhancing graft-versus-tumor effects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Kirkham
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adrian J M Bailey
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ashish Masurekar
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Transplant and Cellular Therapy Division, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Risa Shorr
- Medical Information and Learning Services Division, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher Bredeson
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Transplant and Cellular Therapy Division, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mitchell Sabloff
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Leukemia Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David S Allan
- Clinical Epidemiology & Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Transplant and Cellular Therapy Division, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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7
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Zhao X, Peng T, Cao X, Hou Y, Li R, Han T, Fan Z, Zhao M, Chang Y, Chen H, Li C, Huang X. In vivo G-CSF treatment activates the GR-SOCS1 axis to suppress IFN-γ secretion by natural killer cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111342. [PMID: 36103837 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are involved in controlling tumors or microbial infections through the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) inhibits IFN-γ secretion by NK cells, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Here, by comparing the multi-omics profiles of human NK cells before and after in vivo G-CSF treatment, we identify a pathway that is activated in response to G-CSF treatment, which suppresses IFN-γ secretion in NK cells. Specifically, glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) activated by G-CSF inhibit secretion of IFN-γ by promoting interactions between SOCS1 promoters and enhancers, as well as increasing the expression of SOCS1. Experiments in mice confirm that G-CSF treatment significantly downregulates IFN-γ secretion and upregulates GR and SOCS1 expression in NK cells. In addition, GR blockade by the antagonist RU486 significantly reverses the effects of G-CSF, demonstrating that GRs upregulate SOCS1 and inhibit the production of IFN-γ by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunhong Cao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yingping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zeying Fan
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Hebin Chen
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.
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Wen J, Hou B, Lin W, Guo F, Cheng M, Zheng J, He P, Ji W. 3D-printed hydrogel scaffold-loaded granulocyte colony-stimulating factor sustained-release microspheres and their effect on endometrial regeneration. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3346-3358. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00109h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After injury, the endometrium cannot self-repair or regenerate because damages of the basal layer of the uterine, which often lead to intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), which can cause serious problems such...
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9
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Immune Modulatory Effects of Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on Human Monocytes. BIOLOGICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ingesting probiotics contributes to the development of a healthy microflora in the GIT with established benefits to human health. Some of these beneficial effects may be through the modulation of the immune system. In addition, probiotics have become more common in the treatment of many inflammatory and immune disorders. Here, we demonstrate a range of immune modulating effects of Streptococcus thermophilus by human monocytes, including decreased mRNA expression of IL-1R, IL-18, IFNαR1, IFNγR1, CCL2, CCR5, TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-6, TLR-8, CD14, CD86, CD4, ITGAM, LYZ, TYK2, IFNR1, IRAK-1, NOD2, MYD88, SLC11A1, and increased expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, IFNγ, TNFα, CSF-2. The routine administration of Streptococcus thermophilus in fermented dairy products and their consumption may be beneficial to the treatment/management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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10
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Mouchemore KA, Anderson RL. Immunomodulatory effects of G-CSF in cancer: Therapeutic implications. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101512. [PMID: 34763974 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have reported a pro-tumour role for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that is predominantly mediated by neutrophils and MDSCs, the major G-CSF receptor expressing populations. In the presence of G-CSF (either tumour-derived or exogenous) these myeloid populations commonly exhibit a T cell suppressive phenotype. However, the direct effects of this cytokine on other immune lineages, such as T and NK cells, are not as well established. Herein we discuss the most recent data relating to the effect of G-CSF on the major immune populations, exclusively in the context of cancer. Recent publications have drawn attention to the other tumour-promoting effects of G-CSF on myeloid cells, including NETosis, promotion of cancer stemness and skewed differentiation of bone marrow progenitors towards myelopoiesis. Although G-CSF is safely and commonly used as a supportive therapy to prevent or treat chemotherapy-associated neutropenia in cancer patients, we also discuss the potential impacts of G-CSF on other anti-cancer treatments. Importantly, considerations for immune checkpoint blockade are highlighted, as many publications report a T cell suppressive effect of G-CSF that may diminish the effectiveness of this immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Mouchemore
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Zhu H, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Ye Y, Hu X, Gu L, Xiong X. Inflammation-Mediated Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652647. [PMID: 33967696 PMCID: PMC8096981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world, but the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS) is not completely clear and treatments are limited. Mounting evidence indicate that neovascularization is a critical defensive reaction to hypoxia that modulates the process of long-term neurologic recovery after IS. Angiogenesis is a complex process in which the original endothelial cells in blood vessels are differentiated, proliferated, migrated, and finally remolded into new blood vessels. Many immune cells and cytokines, as well as growth factors, are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Inflammatory cells can affect endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and activation by secreting a variety of cytokines via various inflammation-relative signaling pathways and thus participate in the process of angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, this review aimed to discuss the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis in IS and to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Karagiannidis I, Salataj E, Said Abu Egal E, Beswick EJ. G-CSF in tumors: Aggressiveness, tumor microenvironment and immune cell regulation. Cytokine 2021; 142:155479. [PMID: 33677228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine most well-known for maturation and mobilization of bone marrow neutrophils. Although it is used therapeutically to treat chemotherapy induced neutropenia, it is also highly expressed in some tumors. Case reports suggest that tumors expressing high levels of G-CSF are aggressive, more difficult to treat, and present with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Research on this topic suggests that G-CSF has tumor-promoting effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. G-CSF has a direct effect on tumor cells to promote tumor stem cell longevity and overall tumor cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, it may promote pro-tumorigenic immune cell phenotypes such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells. Overall, the literature suggests a plethora of pro-tumorigenic activity that should be balanced with the therapeutic use. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple complex roles of G-CSF and G-CSFR in tumors and their microenvironment and discuss how clinical advances and strategies may open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karagiannidis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Eralda Salataj
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States.
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Colony-stimulating factor 3 signaling in colon and rectal cancers: Immune response and CMS classification in TCGA data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247233. [PMID: 33606788 PMCID: PMC7895368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The mechanisms underlying CRC development, progression, and resistance to treatment are complex and not fully understood. The immune response in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to play a significant role in many cancers, including colorectal cancer. Colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) has been associated with changes to the immune environment in colorectal cancer animal models. We hypothesized that CSF3 signaling would correlate with pro-tumor tumor microenvironment changes associated with immune infiltrate and response. We utilized publicly available datasets to guide future mechanistic studies of the role CSF3 and its receptor (CSF3R) play in colorectal cancer development and progression. Here, we use bioinformatics data and mRNA from patients with colon (n = 242) or rectal (n = 92) cancers, obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas Firehose Legacy dataset. We examined correlations of CSF3 and CSF3R expression with patient demographics, tumor stage and consensus molecular subtype classification. Gene expression correlations, cell type enrichment, Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data scores and Gene Ontology were used to analyze expression of receptor and ligand, tumor microenvironment infiltration of immune cells, and alterations in biological pathways. We found that CSF3 and CSF3R expression is highest in consensus molecular subtype 1 and consensus molecular subtype 4. Ligand and receptor expression are also correlated with changes in T cell and macrophage signatures. CSF3R significantly correlates with a large number of genes that are associated with poor colorectal cancer prognosis.
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Theron AJ, Steel HC, Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Contrasting Immunopathogenic and Therapeutic Roles of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110406. [PMID: 33233675 PMCID: PMC7699711 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are particularly adept at exploiting the immunosuppressive potential of neutrophils as a strategy to achieve uncontrolled proliferation and spread. Recruitment of neutrophils, particularly those of an immature phenotype, known as granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, is achieved via the production of tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and neutrophil-selective chemokines. This is not the only mechanism by which G-CSF contributes to tumor-mediated immunosuppression. In this context, the G-CSF receptor is expressed on various cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems and is associated with induction of T cell polarization towards the Th2 and regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotypes. In contrast to the potentially adverse effects of sustained, endogenous production of G-CSF by tumor cells, stringently controlled prophylactic administration of recombinant (r) G-CSF is now a widely practiced strategy in medical oncology to prevent, and in some cases treat, chemotherapy-induced severe neutropenia. Following an overview of the synthesis, structure and function of G-CSF and its receptor, the remainder of this review is focused on: (i) effects of G-CSF on the cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems; (ii) mechanisms by which this cytokine promotes tumor progression and invasion; and (iii) current clinical applications and potential risks of the use of rG-CSF in medical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J. Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (B.L.R.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-319-2355
| | - Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (B.L.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Bernardo L. Rapoport
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (B.L.R.); (R.A.)
- The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.C.S.); (B.L.R.); (R.A.)
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Seledtsov VI, von Delwig A. Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:323-342. [PMID: 32981358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1828338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is able to exert both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Immunotherapeutic technologies aim to enhance immune-based anti-tumor activity and (or) weaken tumor-protective immunity. AREAS COVERED Cancer vaccination, antibody (Ab)-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-based checkpoint molecule inhibition, Ab-based immunostimulation, cytokine therapy, oncoviral therapy, drug-mediated immunostimulation, exovesicular therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurohormonal immunorehabilitation, metabolic therapy, as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy, could be coherently used to synergize and amplify each other in achieving robust anti-cancer responses in cancer patients. Tumor-specific immunotherapy applied at early stages is capable of eliminating remaining tumor cells after surgery, thus preventing the development of minimal residual disease. Patients with advanced disease stages could benefit from combined immunotherapy, which would be aimed at providing tumor cell/mass dormancy. Traditional therapeutic anti-cancer interventions (chemoradiotherapy, hyperthermia, anti-hormonal therapy) could significantly enhance tumor sensitivity to anti-cancer immunotherapy. It is important that lower-dose (metronomic) chemotherapy regimens, which are well-tolerated by normal cells, could advance immune-mediated control over tumor growth. EXPERT OPINION We envisage that combined immunotherapy regimens in the context of traditional treatment could become the mainstream modality for treating cancers in all phases of the tumorigenesis. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer treatment could be monitored by the following blood parameters: C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Seledtsov
- Center for Integral Immunotherapy, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexei von Delwig
- Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Seledtsov VI, Malashchenko VV, Meniailo ME, Atochin DN, Seledtsova GV, Schepetkin IA. Inhibitory effect of IQ-1S, a selective c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, on phenotypical and cytokine-producing characteristics in human macrophages and T-cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 878:173116. [PMID: 32315671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a critical mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) implicated in inflammatory processes, with IQ-1S (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime sodium salt) being a high-affinity JNK inhibitor with pronounced anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we studied direct effects of IQ-1S on phenotypical and cytokine-producing characteristics of activated human monocytes/macrophages and T cells in vitro. Purified monocyte/macrophage cells were activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml) for 24 h, while T cells were activated by particles conjugated with antibodies (Abs) against human CD2, CD3, and CD28 for 48 h. Treatment with IQ-1S (0.5-25 μМ) in the presence of LPS reduced percentages of CD197 (CCR7)-positive cells in macrophage cultures, without affecting CD16+ (FcγRIII, low-affinity Fc-receptor), CD119+ (interferon-γ receptor 1), and CD124+ (IL-4 receptor α-subunit) cells. In addition, IQ-1S reduced production of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 in macrophage cultures. In activated T cell cultures, IQ-1S decreased CD25+ cell numbers in both CD4-positive and CD4-negative T cell compartments. Central memory СD45RA-/СD197+ and effector memory СD45RA-/СD197- T cells were more sensitive to IQ-1S-mediated suppression, as compared to naïve СD45RA+/СD197+ and terminally-differentiated effector СD45RA+/СD197- T cells. IQ-1S also suppressed T-cell cytokine production (IL-2, interferon-ɣ, IL-4, and IL-10). Collectively, the results suggest that both human macrophage and T cells could be immediate cell targets for IQ-1S-based anti-inflammatory immunotherapy. IQ-1S-mediated suppressive effects were unlikely to be associated with macrophage/T helper polariation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Seledtsov
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia; Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, LT-06118, Lithuania.
| | - Vladimir V Malashchenko
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia
| | - Maksim E Meniailo
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Galina V Seledtsova
- Laboratory for Cellular Technologies, Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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L. Salem M, A. Abdul B E, A. Zidan AA, M. Elghara R. Stem Cell Mobilization with G-CSF and Cyclophosphamide Ameliorated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Wistar Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.223.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Zhang H, Sun L, Gao W, Xiong Y, Ma A, Liu X, Shen L, Li Q, Yang H. Manipulation of macrophage polarization by peptide-coated gold nanoparticles and its protective effects on acute lung injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:38. [PMID: 32101146 PMCID: PMC7045427 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage polarization and reprogramming in the lung play a critical role in the initiation, development and progression of acute lung injury (ALI). Regulating the activation and differentiation of pulmonary macrophages may provide a potential therapeutic strategy to treat ALI. We previously developed a novel class of anti-inflammatory nanoparticles (P12) that can potently inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in macrophages. These bioactive nanodevices were made of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) coated with hexapeptides to not only ensure their physiological stability but also enable GNPs with TLR inhibitory activity. Results In this study, using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI mouse model, we showed that P12 was able to alleviate lung inflammation and damage through reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the lung. These results prompted us to investigate possible macrophage polarization by P12. We first confirmed that P12 primarily targeted macrophages in the lung to exert anti-inflammatory activity. We then showed that P12 could drive the polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Interestingly, in the ALI mouse model, P12 was able to increase the alveolar M2 macrophages and reduce both the alveolar and interstitial M1 macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues. Conclusion This study demonstrated that peptide-coated GNPs could induce M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo to effectively regulate lung inflammation, protect lung from injuries and promote inflammation resolution. The ability of regulating macrophage polarization together with TLR inhibition made such a bioactive nanodevice a new generation of potent therapeutics to treat ALI.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liya Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Aying Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiali Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Dargahi N, Johnson J, Apostolopoulos V. Streptococcus thermophilus alters the expression of genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228531. [PMID: 32045425 PMCID: PMC7012395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of probiotics contributes to a healthy microbiome of the GIT leading to many health benefits. They also contribute to the modulation of the immune system and are becoming popular for the treatment of a number of immune and inflammatory diseases. The main objective of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties of Streptococcus thermophilus. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and assessed modifications in the mRNA expression of their genes related to innate and adaptive immune system. Our results showed strong immune modulatory effects of S. thermophilus 285 to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an array of anti-inflammatory properties. S. thermophilus 285 reduced mRNA expression in a number of inflammatory immune mediators and markers, and upregulated a few of immune markers. S. thermophilus is used in the dairy industry, survives during cold storage, tolerates well upon ingesting, and their consumption may have beneficial effects with potential implications in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tague LK, Scozzi D, Wallendorf M, Gage BF, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Byers D, Hachem R, Gelman AE. Lung transplant outcomes are influenced by severity of neutropenia and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:250-261. [PMID: 31452317 PMCID: PMC6940547 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although neutropenia is a common complication after lung transplant, its relationship with recipient outcomes remains understudied. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 228 adult lung transplant recipients between 2008 and 2013 to assess the association of neutropenia and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) treatment with outcomes. Neutropenia was categorized as mild (absolute neutrophil count 1000-1499), moderate (500-999), or severe (<500) and as a time-varying continuous variable. Associations with survival, acute rejection, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) were assessed with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression. GCSF therapy impact on survival, CLAD, and acute rejection development was analyzed by propensity score matching. Of 228 patients, 101 (42.1%) developed neutropenia. Recipients with severe neutropenia had higher mortality rates than those of recipients with no (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-8.41, P = .040), mild (aHR 14.508, 95% CI 1.58-13.34, P = .018), or moderate (aHR 3.27, 95% CI 0.89-12.01, P = .074) neutropenia. Surprisingly, GCSF treatment was associated with a higher risk for CLAD in mildly neutropenic patients (aHR 3.49, 95% CI 0.93-13.04, P = .063), although it did decrease death risk in severely neutropenic patients (aHR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.88, P = .031). Taken together, our data point to an important relationship between neutropenia severity and GCSF treatment in lung transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laneshia K. Tague
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Brian F. Gage
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery and Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ramsey Hachem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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21
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Dubois J, Pizzorno A, Cavanagh MH, Padey B, Nicolas de Lamballerie C, Uyar O, Venable MC, Carbonneau J, Traversier A, Julien T, Lavigne S, Couture C, Lina B, Hamelin MÈ, Terrier O, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Strain-Dependent Impact of G and SH Deletions Provide New Insights for Live-Attenuated HMPV Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040164. [PMID: 31671656 PMCID: PMC6963613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major pediatric respiratory pathogen with currently no specific treatment or licensed vaccine. Different strategies to prevent this infection have been evaluated, including live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) based on SH and/or G protein deletions. This approach showed promising outcomes but has not been evaluated further using different viral strains. In that regard, we previously showed that different HMPV strains harbor distinct in vitro fusogenic and in vivo pathogenic phenotypes, possibly influencing the selection of vaccine strains. In this study, we investigated the putative contribution of the low conserved SH or G accessory proteins in such strain-dependent phenotypes and generated recombinant wild type (WT) and SH- or G-deleted viruses derived from two different patient-derived HMPV strains, A1/C-85473 and B2/CAN98-75. The ΔSH and ΔG deletions led to different strain-specific phenotypes in both LLC-MK2 cell and reconstituted human airway epithelium models. More interestingly, the ΔG-85473 and especially ΔSH-C-85473 recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against HMPV challenge and induced immunogenicity against a heterologous strain. In conclusion, our results show that the viral genetic backbone should be considered in the design of live-attenuated HMPV vaccines, and that a SH-deleted virus based on the A1/C-85473 HMPV strain could be a promising LAV candidate as it is both attenuated and protective in mice while being efficiently produced in a cell-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dubois
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Cavanagh
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Blandine Padey
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Claire Nicolas de Lamballerie
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Olus Uyar
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Marie-Christine Venable
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Thomas Julien
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Christian Couture
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des virus Influenza, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France.
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Olivier Terrier
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine-VirPath team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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G-CSF-induced aortitis: Two cases and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:615-620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Du HH, Huang HQ, Si KW, Dai HF, Hu YH. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Immunoregulatory property and anti-infectious function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:27-34. [PMID: 30910614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) is a key regulator of neutrophil production, and plays a vital role in immune response of mammals and teleost against pathogen. Sequences of GCSF were identified in several teleost species, however, the function and activity of GCSF in teleost remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the biological activity and the immunomodulatory property of a GCSF homologue, PoGCSF, from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Structural analysis showed that PoGCSF possesses conserved structural characteristics of GCSF proteins, including a signal peptide and a typical IL-6 domain. The expression of PoGCSF was upregulated in a time-dependent manner by extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens and viral pathogen. Different expression patterns were exhibited in response to the infection of different types of microbial pathogens in different immune tissues. Recombinant PoGCSF increased the capability of host cells to defense against pathogen infection and enhanced the expression of immune related genes. The knockdown of PoGCSF attenuated the ability of host cells to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. In vivo results showed that overexpression of PoGCSF promoted the host defense against invading pathogenic microorganism. Collectively, this study is the first report about the immunoregulatory property and anti-infectious immunity of GCSF in teleost. These findings suggested that PoGCSF serves as an immune-related cytokine and plays an important role in the immune defense system of Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-He Du
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hui-Qin Huang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Kai-Wei Si
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
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24
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Seledtsov VI, Malashchenko VV, Gazatova ND, Meniailo ME, Morozova EM, Seledtsova GV. Directs effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on adaptive immunogenesis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2903-2909. [PMID: 31063025 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1614396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We studied direct effects of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on phenotypical characteristics and cytokine-production of non-activated and activated human monocytes/macrophages (Mc/Mphs) and T cells.Methods: Purified Mc/Mphs were activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml) for 24 h, while T cells were activated by particles conjugated and antibodies (Abs) against human CD2, CD3, and CD28 for 48 h.Results: GM-CSF treatment (0.01-10 ng/ml) was shown to reduce percentages of CD197 (CCR7)-positive cells in non-activated Mph cultures, without affecting significantly CD14+ (LPS co-receptor), CD16+ (FcγRIII, low-affinity Fc-receptor), CD119+ (interferon-gamma receptor 1), and CD124+ (IL4 receptor α-subunit) cells. In addition, GM-CSF reduced relative numbers of CD197+ cells, as well as CD14+, CD16+, and CD119+ cells in activated Mph cultures without affecting CD124+ cell distribution. GM-CSF at the highest dose of 10 ng/ml enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 (but not IL-1β and IL-10) production in activated Mc/Mphs. In activated T cell cultures, GM-CSF at 0.1-1.0 ng/ml augmented CD38+ cell numbers in naïve СD45RA+/СD197+ and central memory СD45RA-/СD197+ cell subsets, with no effect on effector СD45RA-/СD197- and terminally differentiated effector СD45RA+/СD197- cells. GM-CSF at a low dose (0.01 ng/ml) down-regulated INF-γ production, while at a high dosage (10.0 ng/ml) up-regulated IL-2 and IL-4 production.Conclusion: In general, the results suggest that GM-CSF is able to facilitate the implication of both Mph and T cells in the adaptive immunogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir V Malashchenko
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Natalja D Gazatova
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Maksim E Meniailo
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Morozova
- Center for Medical Biotechnologies, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Galina V Seledtsova
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnologies, Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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25
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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26
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Neto NIP, Murari ASDP, Oyama LM, Otoch JP, Alcântara PSM, Tokeshi F, Figuerêdo RG, Alves MJ, Lima JDCC, Matos-Neto EMD, Seelaender M, Oller do Nascimento CM. Peritumoural adipose tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with tumoural growth factors in cancer cachexia patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:1101-1108. [PMID: 30284380 PMCID: PMC6240753 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome, often irreversible, that affects patients with cancer influenced, in part, by the inflammatory condition. Peritumoural adipose tissue produces adipokines and angiogenic, apoptotic, and growth factors; given the possible crosstalk between the peritumoural adipose tissue and tumour, these may play an important role in cancer biology and carcinogenesis. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors produced by peritumoural adipose tissue in a cohort of 16 colorectal cancer patients with either weight-stable cancer (WSC; n = 7) or CC (n = 9). The study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee (972.914). Samples of peritumoural adipose tissue were analysed for concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, STAT-1, STAT-3, RANTES, IL-1Ra, IP-10, IL-15, MCP-1, IFN-α, GCSF, FADD, and TGF-β. The cytokines and proteins were measured using Multiplex. Correlations between the proteins and cytokines were evaluated. RESULTS TNF-α, STAT-1, and FADD, a factor involved in apoptosis, were significantly higher in CC group than in the WSC group. In the peritumoural adipose tissue of the CC group, RANTES showed a significant positive correlation with IL-1Ra and IP-10 and a negative correlation with IFN-α; and GCSF showed significant negative correlations with IL-1Ra, IP-10, IL-15, and MCP-1 and a positive correlation with IFN-α. In the peritumoural adipose tissue of the WSC group, no significant correlations were detected between RANTES, GCSF, IL-3, FADD, and STAT-1 and the cytokines/chemokines analysed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways were altered in peritumoural adipose tissue in CC. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines were correlated with growth factors in the peritumoural adipose tissue of cachectic patients, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines modulated the proliferative environment closely linked to the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Inácio Pinto Neto
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Pinhata Otoch
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Galvão Figuerêdo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Joana Alves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marilia Seelaender
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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