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Ye D, Zhou S, Dai X, Xu H, Tang Q, Huang H, Bi F. Targeting the MHC-I endosomal-lysosomal trafficking pathway in cancer: From mechanism to immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189161. [PMID: 39096977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has achieved broad applicability and durable clinical responses across cancer types. However, the overall response rate remains suboptimal because some patients do not respond or develop drug resistance. The low infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in the tumor microenvironment due to insufficient antigen presentation is closely related to the innate resistance to ICB. The duration and spatial distribution of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression on the cell surface is critical for the efficient presentation of endogenous tumor antigens and subsequent recognition and clearance by CTLs. Tumor cells reduce the surface expression of MHC-I via multiple mechanisms to impair antigen presentation pathways and evade immunity and/or develop resistance to ICB therapy. As an increasing number of studies have focused on membrane MHC-I trafficking and degradation in tumor cells, which may impact the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. It is necessary to summarize the mechanism regulating membrane MHC-I translocation into the cytoplasm and degradation via the lysosome. We reviewed recent advances in the understanding of endosomal-lysosomal MHC-I transport and highlighted the means exploited by tumor cells to evade detection and clearance by CTLs. We also summarized new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to enhance classical ICB treatment and provide new avenues for optimizing cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ye
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Dai
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Huixi Huang
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Guo C, Li S, Li Y, Huang R, Deng Y. Transcriptome and exosome proteome analyses provide insights into the mantle exosome involved in nacre color formation of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 48:101151. [PMID: 37913699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Color polymorphisms in molluscan shells play an important economic in the aquaculture industry. Among bivalves, shell color diversity can reflect properties such as growth rate and tolerance. In pearl oysters, the nacre color of the donor is closely related to the pearl color. Numerous genes and proteins involved in nacre color formation have been identified within the exosomes of the mantle. In this study, we analyzed the carotenoids present in the mantle of gold- and silver-lipped pearl oysters, identifying capsanthin and xanthophyll as crucial pigments contributing to coloration. Transcriptome analysis of the mantle revealed several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in color formation, including ferric-chelate reductase, mantle genes, and larval shell matrix proteins. We also isolated and identified exosomes from the mantles of both gold- and silver-lipped strains of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, revealing the extracellular transition mechanism of coloration-related proteins. From these exosomes, we obtained a total of 1223 proteins, with 126 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified. These proteins include those associated with carotenoid metabolism and Fe(III) metabolism, such as apolipoproteins, scavenger receptor proteins, β,β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase, ferritin, and ferritin heavy chains. This study may provide a new perspective on the nacre color formation process and the pathways involved in deposition within the pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ziman Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chengao Guo
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Siyao Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Youxi Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Marine Ecology Early Warning and Monitoring Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Francis CR, Bell ML, Skripnichuk MM, Kushner EJ. Arf6 is required for endocytosis and filamentous actin assembly during angiogenesis in vitro. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12831. [PMID: 37750425 PMCID: PMC10688150 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocytosis is a process vital to angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. In pathologies where supraphysiological growth factor signaling underlies disease etiology, such as in diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors, strategies to limit chronic growth factor signaling by way of blunting endocytic processes have been shown to have tremendous clinical value. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that promotes the assembly of actin necessary for clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis. In its absence, growth factor signaling is greatly diminished, which has been shown to ameliorate pathological signaling input in diseased vasculature. However, it is less clear if there are bystander effects related to loss of Arf6 on angiogenic behaviors. Our goal was to provide an analysis of Arf6's function in angiogenic endothelium, focusing on its role in actin and endocytosis as well as sprouting morphogenesis. METHODS Primary endothelial cells were cultured in both 2D and 3D environments. Here, endothelial cells were fixed and stained for various proteins or transfected with fluorescently-tagged constructs for live-cell imaging. RESULTS We found that Arf6 localized to both filamentous actin and sites of endocytosis in two-dimensional culture. Loss of Arf6 distorted both apicobasal polarity and reduced the total cellular filamentous actin content, which may be the primary driver underlying gross sprouting dysmorphogenesis in its absence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that endothelial Arf6 is a potent mediator of both actin regulation and endocytosis and is required for proper sprout formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie L. Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
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Xu R, Wan M, Shi X, Ma S, Zhang L, Yi P, Zhang R. A Rab10-ACAP1-Arf6 GTPases cascade modulates M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor trafficking and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:87. [PMID: 36917255 PMCID: PMC11072986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking processes regulate the G protein-coupled receptor activity. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, but the cellular machineries that control the trafficking of these receptors remain largely elusive. Here, we revealed the role of the small GTPase Rab10 as a negative regulator for the post-activation trafficking of M4 mAChR and the underlying mechanism. We show that constitutively active Rab10 arrests the receptor within Rab5-positive early endosomes and significantly hinders the resensitization of M4-mediated Ca2+ signaling. Mechanistically, M4 binds to Rab10-GTP, which requires the motif 386RKKRQMAA393 (R386-A393) within the third intracellular loop. Moreover, Rab10-GTP inactivates Arf6 by recruiting the Arf6 GTPase-activating protein, ACAP1. Strikingly, deletion of the motif R386-A393 causes M4 to bypass the control by Rab10 and switch to the Rab4-facilitated fast recycling pathway, thus reusing the receptor. Therefore, Rab10 couples the cargo sorting and membrane trafficking regulation through cycle between GTP-bound and GDP-bound state. Our findings suggest a model that Rab10 binds to the M4 like a molecular brake and controls the receptor's transport through endosomes, thus modulating the signaling, and this regulation is specific among the mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Xuemeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Methuosis Contributes to Jaspine-B-Induced Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137257. [PMID: 35806262 PMCID: PMC9267113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methuosis is a type of programmed cell death in which the cytoplasm is occupied by fluid-filled vacuoles that originate from macropinosomes (cytoplasmic vacuolation). A few molecules have been reported to behave as methuosis inducers in cancer cell lines. Jaspine B (JB) is a natural anhydrous sphingolipid (SL) derivative reported to induce cytoplasmic vacuolation and cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. Here, we have investigated the mechanism and signalling pathways involved in the cytotoxicity induced by the natural sphingolipid Jaspine B (JB) in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, which harbor the G12S K-Ras mutant. The effect of JB on inducing cytoplasmic vacuolation and modifying cell viability was determined in A549 cells, as well as in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) lacking either the autophagy-related gene ATG5 or BAX/BAK genes. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry after annexin V/propidium iodide staining, in the presence and absence of z-VAD. Autophagy was monitored by LC3-II/GFP-LC3-II analysis, and autophagic flux experiments using protease inhibitors. Phase contrast, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor cytoplasmic vacuolation and the uptake of Lucifer yellow to assess macropinocyosis. We present evidence that cytoplasmic vacuolation and methuosis are involved in Jaspine B cytotoxicity over A549 cells and that activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could be involved in Jaspine-B-induced vacuolation, independently of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) axis.
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved endocytic pathway that mediates the nonselective acquisition of extracellular material via large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes. In addition to other functions, this uptake pathway supports cancer cell metabolism through the uptake of nutrients. Cells harboring oncogene or tumor suppressor mutations are known to display heightened macropinocytosis, which confers to the cancer cells the ability to survive and proliferate despite the nutrient-scarce conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, macropinocytosis is associated with cancer malignancy. Macropinocytic uptake can be induced in cancer cells by different stress stimuli, acting as an adaptive mechanism for the cells to resist stresses in the tumor milieu. Here, we review the cellular stresses that are known to promote macropinocytosis, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Lambies
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cosimo Commisso
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Mishra R, Gupta Y, Ghaley G, Bhowmick NA. Functional Diversity of Macropinocytosis. Subcell Biochem 2022; 98:3-14. [PMID: 35378700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94004-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are capable of internalizing different types of cargo by plasma membrane ruffling and forming vesicles in a process known as endocytosis. The most extensively characterized endocytic pathways are clathrin-coated pits, lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis is unique among all the endocytic processes due to its nonselective internalization of extracellular fluid, solutes, and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes with unique susceptibility toward Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitors. Range of cell types capable of macropinocytosis and known to play important role in different physiological processes, which include antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, migration, and signaling. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis will be helpful in filling the gaps in our knowledge and which can be exploited to develop novel therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we discuss the different molecular mechanisms that initiate the process of macropinocytosis with special emphasis on proteins involved and their diversified role in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Yamini Gupta
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved endocytic pathway that mediates non-selective uptake of extracellular fluid in bulk. Macropinocytosis is initiated by localized polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, which generates plasma membrane protrusions that enclose part of the environment into large endocytic vesicles. From amoebae to mammalian cells, the actin dynamics that drive macropinosome formation are regulated by a conserved set of intracellular signaling proteins including Ras superfamily GTPases and PI3-kinases. In mammalian cells, multiple upstream signaling pathways control activity of these core regulators in response to cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic stimuli. Growth factor signaling pathways play a central role in macropinocytosis induction. In addition, an increasing number of functionally diverse processes has been identified as macropinocytosis regulators, including several nutrient-sensing and developmental signaling pathways. Many of these signaling pathways have proto-oncogenic properties, and their dysregulation drives the high macropinocytic activity that is commonly observed in cancer cells. These regulatory principles illustrate how macropinocytosis is controlled by complex upstream inputs to exert diverse cellular functions in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Gemza A, Barresi C, Proemer J, Hatami J, Lazaridis M, Herbst R. Internalization of Muscle-Specific Kinase Is Increased by Agrin and Independent of Kinase-Activity, Lrp4 and Dynamin. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:780659. [PMID: 35370548 PMCID: PMC8965242 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.780659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase absolutely required for neuromuscular junction formation. MuSK is activated by binding of motor neuron-derived Agrin to low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 (Lrp4), which forms a complex with MuSK. MuSK activation and downstream signaling are critical events during the development of the neuromuscular junction. Receptor tyrosine kinases are commonly internalized upon ligand binding and crosstalk between endocytosis and signaling has been implicated. To extend our knowledge about endocytosis of synaptic proteins and its role during postsynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction, we studied the stability and internalization of Lrp4, MuSK and acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in response to Agrin. We provide evidence that MuSK but not Lrp4 internalization is increased by Agrin stimulation. MuSK kinase-activity is not sufficient to induce MuSK internalization and the absence of Lrp4 has no effect on MuSK endocytosis. Moreover, MuSK internalization and signaling are unaffected by the inhibition of Dynamin suggesting that MuSK endocytosis uses a non-conventional pathway and is not required for MuSK-dependent downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gemza
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cinzia Barresi
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Proemer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Hatami
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarita Lazaridis
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Herbst
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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Gaddam RR, Kim Y, Jacobs JS, Yoon J, Li Q, Cai A, Shankaiahgari H, London B, Irani K, Vikram A. The microRNA-204-5p inhibits APJ signalling and confers resistance to cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e693. [PMID: 35060347 PMCID: PMC8777385 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs regulate cardiac hypertrophy development, which precedes and predicts the risk of heart failure. microRNA-204-5p (miR-204) is well expressed in cardiomyocytes, but its role in developing cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction (CH/CD) remains poorly understood. METHODS We performed RNA-sequencing, echocardiographic, and molecular/morphometric analysis of the heart of mice lacking or overexpressing miR-204 five weeks after trans-aortic constriction (TAC). The neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, H9C2, and HEK293 cells were used to determine the mechanistic role of miR-204. RESULTS The stretch induces miR-204 expression, and miR-204 inhibits the stretch-induced hypertrophic response of H9C2 cells. The mice lacking miR-204 displayed a higher susceptibility to CH/CD during pressure overload, which was reversed by the adeno-associated virus serotype-9-mediated cardioselective miR-204 overexpression. Bioinformatic analysis of the cardiac transcriptomics of miR-204 knockout mice following pressure overload suggested deregulation of apelin-receptor (APJ) signalling. We found that the stretch-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and hypertrophy-related genes expression depend on the APJ, and both of these effects are subject to miR-204 levels. The dynamin inhibitor dynasore inhibited both stretch-induced APJ endocytosis and ERK1/2 activation. In contrast, the miR-204-induced APJ endocytosis was neither inhibited by dynamin inhibitors (dynasore and dyngo) nor associated with ERK1/2 activation. We find that the miR-204 increases the expression of ras-associated binding proteins (e.g., Rab5a, Rab7) that regulate cellular endocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that miR-204 regulates trafficking of APJ and confers resistance to pressure overload-induced CH/CD, and boosting miR-204 can inhibit the development of CH/CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Reddy Gaddam
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Young‐Rae Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Julia S. Jacobs
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Jin‐Young Yoon
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Qiuxia Li
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Angela Cai
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Hamsitha Shankaiahgari
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Barry London
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Department of Internal MedicineCarver College of Medicine University of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
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Abstract
Secretory pore-forming proteins (PFPs) have been identified in organisms from all kingdoms of life. Our studies with the toad species Bombina maxima found an interaction network among aerolysin family PFPs (af-PFPs) and trefoil factors (TFFs). As a toad af-PFP, BmALP1 can be reversibly regulated between active and inactive forms, with its paralog BmALP3 acting as a negative regulator. BmALP1 interacts with BmTFF3 to form a cellular active complex called βγ-CAT. This PFP complex is characterized by acting on endocytic pathways and forming pores on endolysosomes, including stimulating cell macropinocytosis. In addition, cell exocytosis can be induced and/or modulated in the presence of βγ-CAT. Depending on cell contexts and surroundings, these effects can facilitate the toad in material uptake and vesicular transport, while maintaining mucosal barrier function as well as immune defense. Based on experimental evidence, we hereby propose a secretory endolysosome channel (SELC) pathway conducted by a secreted PFP in cell endocytic and exocytic systems, with βγ-CAT being the first example of a SELC protein. With essential roles in cell interactions and environmental adaptations, the proposed SELC protein pathway should be conserved in other living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Balaji S, Terrero D, Tiwari AK, Ashby CR, Raman D. Alternative approaches to overcome chemoresistance to apoptosis in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:91-122. [PMID: 34090621 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is essential for organogenesis and homeostatic maintenance of normal cell populations. Apoptotic stimuli activate the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways to induce cell death due to perturbations in the intracellular and extracellular microenvironments, respectively. In patients with cancer, the induction of apoptosis by anticancer drugs and radiation can produce cancer cell death. However, tumor cells can adapt and become refractory to apoptosis-inducing therapies, resulting in the development of clinical resistance to apoptosis. Drug resistance facilitates the development of aggressive primary tumors that eventually metastasize, leading to therapy failure and mortality. To overcome the resistance to apoptosis to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or targeted therapy, alternative targets of RCD can be induced in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Alternatively, cell death can be independent of apoptosis and this strategy could be utilized to develop novel anti-cancer therapies. This chapter discusses approaches that could be employed to overcome clinical resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnaa Balaji
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States.
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14
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Takeuchi M, Takeuchi K, Takai T, Yamaguchi R, Furukawa T, Akagi KI, Takeuchi JK. Subcellular localization of glypican-5 is associated with dynamic motility of the human mesenchymal stem cell line U3DT. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0226538. [PMID: 33606708 PMCID: PMC7895401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-5 (GPC5) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) localized to the plasma membrane. We previously reported that in the human mesenchymal stem cell line UE6E7T-3, GPC5 is overexpressed in association with transformation and promotes cell proliferation by acting as a co-receptor for Sonic hedgehog signaling. In this study, we found using immunofluorescence microscopy that in transformed cells (U3DT), GPC5 localized not only at primary cilia on the cell surface, but also at the leading edge of migrating cells, at the intercellular bridge and blebs during cytokinesis, and in extracellular vesicles. In each subcellular region, GPC5 colocalized with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and the small GTPases Rab11 and ARF6, indicating that GPC5 is delivered to these regions by Rab11-associated recycling endosomes. These colocalizations suggest that GPC5 plays an important role in FGF2 stimulation of cell migration, which was abrogated by knockdown of GPC5. Our findings indicate that GPC5 plays a role in regulation of U3DT cell migration and provides several insights into the functions of GPC5 that could be elucidated by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Takeuchi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuko Takeuchi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Takai
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Yamaguchi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Furukawa
- Division of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Akagi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun K. Takeuchi
- Division of Bio-informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Song S, Zhang Y, Ding T, Ji N, Zhao H. The Dual Role of Macropinocytosis in Cancers: Promoting Growth and Inducing Methuosis to Participate in Anticancer Therapies as Targets. Front Oncol 2021; 10:570108. [PMID: 33542897 PMCID: PMC7851083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.570108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an important mechanism of internalizing extracellular materials and dissolved molecules in eukaryotic cells. Macropinocytosis has a dual effect on cancer cells. On the one hand, cells expressing RAS genes (such as K-RAS, H-RAS) under the stress of nutrient deficiency can spontaneously produce constitutive macropinocytosis to promote the growth of cancer cells by internalization of extracellular nutrients (like proteins), receptors, and extracellular vesicles(EVs). On the other hand, abnormal expression of RAS genes and drug treatment (such as MOMIPP) can induce a novel cell death associated with hyperactivated macropinocytosis: methuosis. Based on the dual effect, there is immense potential for designing anticancer therapies that target macropinocytosis in cancer cells. In view of the fact that there has been little review of the dual effect of macropinocytosis in cancer cells, herein, we systematically review the general process of macropinocytosis, its specific manifestation in cancer cells, and its application in cancer treatment, including anticancer drug delivery and destruction of macropinocytosis. This review aims to serve as a reference for studying macropinocytosis in cancers and designing macropinocytosis-targeting anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Mues N, Chu HW. Out-Smarting the Host: Bacteria Maneuvering the Immune Response to Favor Their Survival. Front Immunol 2020; 11:819. [PMID: 32477341 PMCID: PMC7235365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria adapt themselves to various environmental conditions in nature, which can lead to bacterial adaptation and persistence in the host as commensals or pathogens. In healthy individuals, host defense mechanisms prevent the opportunistic bacteria/commensals from becoming a pathological infection. However, certain pathological conditions can impair normal defense barriers leading to bacterial survival and persistence. Under pathological conditions such as chronic lung inflammation, bacteria employ various mechanisms from structural changes to protease secretion to manipulate and evade the host immune response and create a niche permitting commensal bacteria to thrive into infections. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria survive in the host tissues and organs may offer new strategies to overcome persistent bacterial infections. In this review, we will discuss and highlight the complex interactions between airway pathogenic bacteria and immune responses in several major chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Mues
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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17
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Joseph JG, Liu AP. Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900278. [PMID: 32402120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub-micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy-intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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18
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved form of endocytosis that mediates non-selective uptake of extracellular fluid and the solutes contained therein. In mammalian cells, macropinocytosis is initiated by growth factor-mediated activation of the Ras and PI3-kinase signalling pathways. In malignant cells, oncogenic activation of growth factor signalling sustains macropinocytosis cell autonomously. Recent studies of cancer metabolism, discussed here, have begun to define a role for macropinocytosis as a nutrient uptake route. Macropinocytic cancer cells ingest macromolecules in bulk and break them down in the lysosome to support metabolism and macromolecular synthesis. Thereby, macropinocytosis allows cells to tap into the copious nutrient stores of extracellular macromolecules when canonical nutrients are scarce. These findings demonstrate that macropinocytosis promotes metabolic flexibility and resilience, which enables cancer cells to survive and grow in nutrient-poor environments. Implications for physiological roles of growth factor-stimulated macropinocytosis in cell metabolism and its relationship with other nutrient uptake pathways are considered. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Macropinocytosis’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Palm
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
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19
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Yao C, Akakuru OU, Stanciu SG, Hampp N, Jin Y, Zheng J, Chen G, Yang F, Wu A. Effect of elasticity on the phagocytosis of micro/nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2381-2392. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02902h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of investigation methods and frameworks are used to better study the elasticity of various micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) with different properties and to explore the effect of such properties on their interactions with biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Stefan G. Stanciu
- Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Bucharest 060042
- Romania
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps Universität Marburg
- Marburg
- Germany
| | - Yinhua Jin
- HwaMei Hospital
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zheng
- HwaMei Hospital
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Guoping Chen
- HwaMei Hospital
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
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20
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Olayioye MA, Noll B, Hausser A. Spatiotemporal Control of Intracellular Membrane Trafficking by Rho GTPases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121478. [PMID: 31766364 PMCID: PMC6952795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As membrane-associated master regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling, Rho GTPases coordinate a wide range of biological processes such as cell adhesion, motility, and polarity. In the last years, Rho GTPases have also been recognized to control intracellular membrane sorting and trafficking steps directly; however, how Rho GTPase signaling is regulated at endomembranes is still poorly understood. In this review, we will specifically address the local Rho GTPase pools coordinating intracellular membrane trafficking with a focus on the endo- and exocytic pathways. We will further highlight the spatiotemporal molecular regulation of Rho signaling at endomembrane sites through Rho regulatory proteins, the GEFs and GAPs. Finally, we will discuss the contribution of dysregulated Rho signaling emanating from endomembranes to the development and progression of cancer.
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21
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Koppel N, Friese MB, Cardasis HL, Neubert TA, Burden SJ. Vezatin is required for the maturation of the neuromuscular synapse. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2571-2583. [PMID: 31411944 PMCID: PMC6740198 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-06-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key genes, such as Agrin, Lrp4, and MuSK, are required for the initial formation, subsequent maturation, and long-term stabilization of mammalian neuromuscular synapses. Additional molecules are thought to function selectively during the evolution and stabilization of these synapses, but these molecular players are largely unknown. Here, we used mass spectrometry to identify vezatin, a two-pass transmembrane protein, as an acetylcholine receptor (AChR)–associated protein, and we provide evidence that vezatin binds directly to AChRs. We show that vezatin is dispensable for the formation of synapses but plays a later role in the emergence of a topologically complex and branched shape of the synapse, as well as the stabilization of AChRs. In addition, neuromuscular synapses in vezatin mutant mice display premature signs of deterioration, normally found only during aging. Thus, vezatin has a selective role in the structural elaboration and postnatal maturation of murine neuromuscular synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Koppel
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Matthew B Friese
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Helene L Cardasis
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Steven J Burden
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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22
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Myasthenia Gravis: Pathogenic Effects of Autoantibodies on Neuromuscular Architecture. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070671. [PMID: 31269763 PMCID: PMC6678492 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Autoantibodies target key molecules at the NMJ, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4), that lead by a range of different pathogenic mechanisms to altered tissue architecture and reduced densities or functionality of AChRs, reduced neuromuscular transmission, and therefore a severe fatigable skeletal muscle weakness. In this review, we give an overview of the history and clinical aspects of MG, with a focus on the structure and function of myasthenic autoantigens at the NMJ and how they are affected by the autoantibodies' pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, we give a short overview of the cells that are implicated in the production of the autoantibodies and briefly discuss diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies.
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23
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an actin-driven form of clathrin-independent endocytosis that generates an enlarged structure, the macropinosome. Although many studies focus on signaling molecules and phosphoinositides involved in initiating macropinocytosis, the commitment to forming a macropinosome and the handling of that membrane have not been studied in detail. Here we show in HT1080 cells, a human fibrosarcoma cell line, a requirement for microtubules, dynein, the JIP3 microtubule motor scaffold protein, and Arf6, a JIP3 interacting protein, for the formation and inward movement of the macropinosome. While actin and myosin II also play critical roles in the formation of ruffling membrane, microtubules provide an important tract for initiation, sealing, and transport of the macropinosome through the actin- and myosin-rich lamellar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Williamson
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and.,Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and
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24
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Xiao L, Liu D, Zuo S, Zhu X, Wang Y, Dong C. Urea-modulated UT-B urea transporter internalization is clathrin- and caveolae-dependent in infantile hemangioma-derived vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:5128-5136. [PMID: 30367514 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the manner of urea-modulated UT-B urea transporter (UT) internalization in infantile hemangioma-derived vascular endothelial cells (HemECs). The immunohistochemistry assay was performed to identify infancy hemangioma-derived endothelial cell line (XPTS-1) cells. Cell toxicity was detected with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were measured to analyze the expression of UT-B. UT-B internalization was observed by confocal microscopy. The clathrin inhibitor chlorpromazine (CPZ) and caveolin endocytic disrupter methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) were used in XPTS-1 cells transfected with UT-B-GFP to repress endocytosis. Urea-promoted UT-B expression in a concentration-dependent manner in an infantile XPTS-1 cell line. CPZ and MβCD significantly inhibited UT-B protein internalization. The pretreatment of UT-B-GFP cells with adaptor protein2 (AP2)-μ2-siRNA and caveolin-siRNA significantly inhibited UT-B protein internalization. Our findings suggested that urea-mediated UT-B UT internalization is clathrin and caveolae dependent in infantile HemECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dakan Liu
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Song Zuo
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhu
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changxian Dong
- Department of Hemangioma, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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25
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Mathew MP, Donaldson JG. Glycosylation and glycan interactions can serve as extracellular machinery facilitating clathrin-independent endocytosis. Traffic 2019; 20:295-300. [PMID: 30706592 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) which is well characterized and understood, little is known about the regulation and machinery underlying clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). There is also a wide variation in the requirements each individual CIE cargo has for its internalization. Recent studies have shown that CIE is affected by glycosylation and glycan interactions. We briefly review these studies and explore how these studies mesh with one another. We then discuss what this sensitivity to glycan interactions could indicate for the regulation of CIE. We address the spectrum of responses CIE has been shown to have with respect to changes in glycan interactions and attempt to reconcile disparate observations onto a shared conceptual landscape. We focus on the mechanisms by which cells can alter the glycan interactions at the plasma membrane and propose that glycosylation and glycan interactions could provide cells with a tool box with which cells can manipulate CIE. Altered glycosylation is often associated with a number of diseases and we discuss how under different disease settings, glycosylation-based modulation of CIE could play a role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P Mathew
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Sakai R, Fukuda R, Unida S, Aki M, Ono Y, Endo A, Kusumi S, Koga D, Fukushima T, Komada M, Okiyoneda T. The integral function of the endocytic recycling compartment is regulated by RFFL-mediated ubiquitylation of Rab11 effectors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228007. [PMID: 30659120 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking is regulated by ubiquitylation (also known as ubiquitination) of cargoes and endocytic machineries. The role of ubiquitylation in lysosomal delivery has been well documented, but its role in the recycling pathway is largely unknown. Here, we report that the ubiquitin (Ub) ligase RFFL regulates ubiquitylation of endocytic recycling regulators. An RFFL dominant-negative (DN) mutant induced clustering of endocytic recycling compartments (ERCs) and delayed endocytic cargo recycling without affecting lysosomal traffic. A BioID RFFL interactome analysis revealed that RFFL interacts with the Rab11 effectors EHD1, MICALL1 and class I Rab11-FIPs. The RFFL DN mutant strongly captured these Rab11 effectors and inhibited their ubiquitylation. The prolonged interaction of RFFL with Rab11 effectors was sufficient to induce the clustered ERC phenotype and to delay cargo recycling. RFFL directly ubiquitylates these Rab11 effectors in vitro, but RFFL knockout (KO) only reduced the ubiquitylation of Rab11-FIP1. RFFL KO had a minimal effect on the ubiquitylation of EHD1, MICALL1, and Rab11-FIP2, and failed to delay transferrin recycling. These results suggest that multiple Ub ligases including RFFL regulate the ubiquitylation of Rab11 effectors, determining the integral function of the ERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fukuda
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Shin Unida
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Misaki Aki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuji Ono
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kusumi
- Division of Morphological Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okiyoneda
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a mechanism of fluid-phase endocytosis that functions in the nonspecific internalization of extracellular fluid. This uptake pathway has specialized roles in different cell types and organisms, and its importance has recently been established in several diseases, including cancer. In cancer, macropinocytosis is stimulated by oncogenes, such as Ras, and macropinocytic cargo is targeted to lysosomes for degradation, providing a catabolic route for tumor cells to obtain amino acids from the tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe a protocol to employ fluorescently labeled dextran molecules in order to visualize and quantify the extent of macropinocytosis in pancreatic tumors. Multiple samples can be processed in parallel by this method, and the protocol can be easily customized for pancreatic tumor tissue isolated from subcutaneous, orthotopic and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), or human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Lee
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Basheer Alas
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cosimo Commisso
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Zobel M, Disanza A, Senic-Matuglia F, Franco M, Colaluca IN, Confalonieri S, Bisi S, Barbieri E, Caldieri G, Sigismund S, Pece S, Chavrier P, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. A NUMB-EFA6B-ARF6 recycling route controls apically restricted cell protrusions and mesenchymal motility. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3161-3182. [PMID: 30061108 PMCID: PMC6123001 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocytic protein NUMB has been implicated in the control of various polarized cellular processes, including the acquisition of mesenchymal migratory traits through molecular mechanisms that have only been partially defined. Here, we report that NUMB is a negative regulator of a specialized set of understudied, apically restricted, actin-based protrusions, the circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), induced by either PDGF or HGF stimulation. Through its PTB domain, NUMB binds directly to an N-terminal NPLF motif of the ARF6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, EFA6B, and promotes its exchange activity in vitro. In cells, a NUMB-EFA6B-ARF6 axis regulates the recycling of the actin regulatory cargo RAC1 and is critical for the formation of CDRs that mark the acquisition of a mesenchymal mode of motility. Consistently, loss of NUMB promotes HGF-induced cell migration and invasion. Thus, NUMB negatively controls membrane protrusions and the acquisition of mesenchymal migratory traits by modulating EFA6B-ARF6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zobel
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michel Franco
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | | | - Sara Bisi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Barbieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusi Caldieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 144, Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Team, Paris, France
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Vogt S, Stadlmayr G, Stadlbauer K, Sádio F, Andorfer P, Grillari J, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G. Stabilization of the CD81 Large Extracellular Loop with De Novo Disulfide Bonds Improves Its Amenability for Peptide Grafting. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E138. [PMID: 30150531 PMCID: PMC6160918 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspan proteins are significantly enriched in the membranes of exosomal vesicles (EVs) and their extracellular domains are attractive targets for engineering towards specific antigen recognition units. To enhance the tolerance of a tetraspanin fold to modification, we achieved significant thermal stabilization of the human CD81 large extracellular loop (hCD81 LEL) via de novo disulfide bonds. The best mutants were shown to exhibit a positive shift in the melting temperature (Tm) of up to 25 °C. The combination of two most potent disulfide bonds connecting different strands of the protein resulted in a mutant with a Tm of 109 °C, 43 °C over the Tm of the wild-type hCD81 LEL. A peptide sequence binding to the human transferrin receptor (hTfr) was engrafted into the D-segment of the hCD81 LEL, resulting in a mutant that still exhibited a compact fold. Grafting of the same peptide sequence between helices A and B resulted in a molecule with an aberrant profile in size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which could be improved by a de novo cysteine bond connecting both helices. Both peptide-grafted proteins showed an enhanced internalization into the cell line SK-BR3, which strongly overexpresses hTfr. In summary, the tetraspan LEL fold could be stabilized to enhance its amenability for engineering into a more versatile protein scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- acib GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Stadlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Flávio Sádio
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Andorfer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria;.
- Evercyte GmbH, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
| | - Florian Rüker
- acib GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- acib GmbH (Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapeutics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Hung WT, Navakanitworakul R, Khan T, Zhang P, Davis JS, McGinnis LK, Christenson LK. Stage-specific follicular extracellular vesicle uptake and regulation of bovine granulosa cell proliferation. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:644-655. [PMID: 29025042 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular fluid within ovarian antral follicles contains numerous factors, which influence the development of a healthy oocyte including nucleic acids, steroids, proteins, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Current evidence indicates that follicular EVs promote changes in cellular gene expression and support cumulus-oocyte complex expansion in vitro. In this study, we found EVs from different sized follicles differentially stimulate granulosa cell proliferation and this could be explained by both the differential contents associated, on or within the vesicles and by the preferential uptake of EVs dependent on follicle size from which they were isolated. Antibody array and inhibitor studies indicated that the Src, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways mediate the stimulatory effects of EVs on granulosa cell proliferation. This study demonstrates for the first time that EVs isolated from follicular fluid are capable of stimulating granulosa cell proliferation and that this stimulatory response is associated with the size of antral follicle from which the EVs originated. The study further also provides the first evidence that vesicles released by small antral follicles are preferentially taken up when compared to those isolated from large follicles, suggesting that vesicular surface proteins change during follicular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Hung
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Raphatphorn Navakanitworakul
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Tarique Khan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lynda K McGinnis
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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31
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Finicle BT, Ramirez MU, Liu G, Selwan EM, McCracken AN, Yu J, Joo Y, Nguyen J, Ou K, Roy SG, Mendoza VD, Corrales DV, Edinger AL. Sphingolipids inhibit endosomal recycling of nutrient transporters by inactivating ARF6. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213314. [PMID: 29848659 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous sphingolipids (ceramide) and related synthetic molecules (FTY720, SH-BC-893) reduce nutrient access by decreasing cell surface expression of a subset of nutrient transporter proteins. Here, we report that these sphingolipids disrupt endocytic recycling by inactivating the small GTPase ARF6. Consistent with reported roles for ARF6 in maintaining the tubular recycling endosome, MICAL-L1-positive tubules were lost from sphingolipid-treated cells. We propose that ARF6 inactivation may occur downstream of PP2A activation since: (1) sphingolipids that fail to activate PP2A did not reduce ARF6-GTP levels; (2) a structurally unrelated PP2A activator disrupted tubular recycling endosome morphology and transporter localization; and (3) overexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of the ARF6 GEF GRP1 prevented nutrient transporter loss. ARF6 inhibition alone was not toxic; however, the ARF6 inhibitors SecinH3 and NAV2729 dramatically enhanced the killing of cancer cells by SH-BC-893 without increasing toxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that ARF6 inactivation contributes to the anti-neoplastic actions of sphingolipids. Taken together, these studies provide mechanistic insight into how ceramide and sphingolipid-like molecules limit nutrient access and suppress tumor cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Finicle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Manuel U Ramirez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Selwan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alison N McCracken
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yoosun Joo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jannett Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Ou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Saurabh Ghosh Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Victor D Mendoza
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dania Virginia Corrales
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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32
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Mathew MP, Donaldson JG. Distinct cargo-specific response landscapes underpin the complex and nuanced role of galectin-glycan interactions in clathrin-independent endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7222-7237. [PMID: 29581232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) is a form of endocytosis that lacks a defined cytoplasmic machinery. Here, we asked whether glycan interactions, acting from the outside, could be a part of that endocytic machinery. We show that the perturbation of global cellular patterns of protein glycosylation by modulation of metabolic flux affects CIE. Interestingly, these changes in glycosylation had cargo-specific effects. For example, in HeLa cells, GlcNAc treatment, which increases glycan branching, increased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) internalization but inhibited CIE of the glycoprotein CD59 molecule (CD59). The effects of knocking down the expression of galectin 3, a carbohydrate-binding protein and an important player in galectin-glycan interactions, were also cargo-specific and stimulated CD59 uptake. By contrast, inhibition of all galectin-glycan interactions by lactose inhibited CIE of both MHCI and CD59. None of these treatments affected clathrin-mediated endocytosis, implying that glycosylation changes specifically affect CIE. We also found that the galectin lattice tailors membrane fluidity and cell spreading. Furthermore, changes in membrane dynamics mediated by the galectin lattice affected macropinocytosis, an altered form of CIE, in HT1080 cells. Our results suggest that glycans play an important and nuanced role in CIE, with each cargo being affected uniquely by alterations in galectin and glycan profiles and their interactions. We conclude that galectin-driven effects exist on a continuum from stimulatory to inhibitory, with distinct CIE cargo proteins having unique response landscapes and with different cell types starting at different positions on these conceptual landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P Mathew
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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33
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Tebar F, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. GTPases Rac1 and Ras Signaling from Endosomes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:65-105. [PMID: 30097772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic compartment is not only the functional continuity of the plasma membrane but consists of a diverse collection of intracellular heterogeneous complex structures that transport, amplify, sustain, and/or sort signaling molecules. Over the years, it has become evident that early, late, and recycling endosomes represent an interconnected vesicular-tubular network able to form signaling platforms that dynamically and efficiently translate extracellular signals into biological outcome. Cell activation, differentiation, migration, death, and survival are some of the endpoints of endosomal signaling. Hence, to understand the role of the endosomal system in signal transduction in space and time, it is therefore necessary to dissect and identify the plethora of decoders that are operational in the different steps along the endocytic pathway. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of spatiotemporal signaling in cells, considering endosomes as central platforms, in which several small GTPases proteins of the Ras superfamily, in particular Ras and Rac1, actively participate to control cellular processes like proliferation and cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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34
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Abstract
Cross-presentation of internalized antigens by dendritic cells requires efficient delivery of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to peptide-loading compartments. Strong evidence suggests that such loading can occur outside of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, the trafficking pathways and sources of class I molecules involved are poorly understood. Examination of non-professional, non-phagocytic cells has revealed a clathrin-independent, Arf6-dependent recycling pathway likely traveled by internalized optimally loaded (closed) class I molecules. Some closed and all open MHC class I molecules travel to late endosomes to be degraded but might also partly be re-loaded with peptides and recycled. Studies of viral interference revealed pathways in which class I molecules are directed to degradation in lysosomes upon ubiquitination at the surface, or upon AP-1 and HIV-nef-dependent misrouting from the Golgi network to lysosomes. While many observations made in non-professional cells remain to be re-examined in dendritic cells, available evidence suggests that both recycling and neo-synthesized class I molecules can be loaded with cross-presented peptides. Recycling molecules can be recruited to phagosomes triggered by innate signals such as TLR4 ligands, and may therefore specialize in loading with phagocytosed antigens. In contrast, AP-1-dependent accumulation at, or trafficking through, a Golgi compartment of newly synthesized molecules appears to be important for cross-presentation of soluble proteins and possibly of long peptides that are processed in the so-called vacuolar pathway. However, significant cell biological work will be required to confirm this or any other model and to integrate knowledge on MHC class I biochemistry and trafficking in models of CD8(+) T-cell priming by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité 8253, Paris, France
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35
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Grossmann AH, Zhao H, Jenkins N, Zhu W, Richards JR, Yoo JH, Winter JM, Rich B, Mleynek TM, Li DY, Odelberg SJ. The small GTPase ARF6 regulates protein trafficking to control cellular function during development and in disease. Small GTPases 2016; 10:1-12. [PMID: 28001501 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1259710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the small GTPase ARF6 has been implicated in promoting several pathological processes related to vascular instability and tumor formation, growth, and metastasis. ARF6 also plays a vital role during embryonic development. Recent studies have suggested that ARF6 carries out these disparate functions primarily by controlling protein trafficking within the cell. ARF6 helps direct proteins to intracellular or extracellular locations where they function in normal cellular responses during development and in pathological processes later in life. This transport of proteins is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms, including endocytosis and recycling, microvesicle release, and as yet uncharacterized processes. This Commentary will explore the functions of ARF6, while focusing on the role of this small GTPase in development and postnatal physiology, regulating barrier function and diseases associated with its loss, and tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie H Grossmann
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pathology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,c ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Helong Zhao
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Noah Jenkins
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jackson R Richards
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Bianca Rich
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Tara M Mleynek
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,f Department of Human Genetics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,g Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , China.,h Department of Cardiology , VA Salt Lake City Health Care System , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,i Navigen Inc. , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Shannon J Odelberg
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,j Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Unravelling the Mechanism of TrkA-Induced Cell Death by Macropinocytosis in Medulloblastoma Daoy Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2596-611. [PMID: 27503856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00255-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a normal cellular process by which cells internalize extracellular fluids and nutrients from their environment and is one strategy that Ras-transformed pancreatic cancer cells use to increase uptake of amino acids to meet the needs of rapid growth. Paradoxically, in non-Ras transformed medulloblastoma brain tumors, we have shown that expression and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA overactivates macropinocytosis, resulting in the catastrophic disintegration of the cell membrane and in tumor cell death. The molecular basis of this uncontrolled form of macropinocytosis has not been previously understood. Here, we demonstrate that the overactivation of macropinocytosis is caused by the simultaneous activation of two TrkA-mediated pathways: (i) inhibition of RhoB via phosphorylation at Ser(185) by casein kinase 1, which relieves actin stress fibers, and (ii) FRS2-scaffolded Src and H-Ras activation of RhoA, which stimulate actin reorganization and the formation of lamellipodia. Since catastrophic macropinocytosis results in brain tumor cell death, improved understanding of the mechanisms involved will facilitate future efforts to reprogram tumors, even those resistant to apoptosis, to die.
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Ha KD, Bidlingmaier SM, Liu B. Macropinocytosis Exploitation by Cancers and Cancer Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2016; 7:381. [PMID: 27672367 PMCID: PMC5018483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis has long been known as a primary method for cellular intake of fluid-phase and membrane-bound bulk cargo. This review seeks to re-examine the latest studies to emphasize how cancers exploit macropinocytosis to further their tumorigenesis, including details in how macropinocytosis can be adapted to serve diverse functions. Furthermore, this review will also cover the latest endeavors in targeting macropinocytosis as an avenue for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Ha
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Bidlingmaier
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ehrlich M. Endocytosis and trafficking of BMP receptors: Regulatory mechanisms for fine-tuning the signaling response in different cellular contexts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:35-42. [PMID: 26776724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors is regulated at multiple levels in order to ensure proper interpretation of BMP stimuli in different cellular settings. As with other signaling receptors, regulation of the amount of exposed and signaling-competent BMP receptors at the plasma-membrane is predicted to be a key mechanism in governing their signaling output. Currently, the endocytosis of BMP receptors is thought to resemble that of the structurally related transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, as BMP receptors are constitutively internalized (independently of ligand binding), with moderate kinetics, and mostly via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Also similar to TGF-β receptors, BMP receptors are able to signal from the plasma membrane, while internalization to endosomes may have a signal modulating effect. When at the plasma membrane, BMP receptors localize to different membrane domains including cholesterol rich domains and caveolae, suggesting a complex interplay between membrane distribution and internalization. An additional layer of complexity stems from the putative regulatory influence on the signaling and trafficking of BMP receptors exerted by ligand traps and/or co-receptors. Furthermore, the trafficking and signaling of BMP receptors are subject to alterations in cellular context. For example, genetic diseases involving changes in the expression of auxiliary factors of endocytic pathways hamper retrograde BMP signals in neurons, and perturb the regulation of synapse formation. This review summarizes current understanding of the trafficking of BMP receptors and discusses the role of trafficking in regulation of BMP signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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39
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Feng D, Li Q, Yu H, Zhao X, Kong L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Characterized by Shell Colors: Identification of Genetic Bases Potentially Involved in Pigmentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145257. [PMID: 26693729 PMCID: PMC4691203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shell color polymorphisms of Mollusca have contributed to development of evolutionary biology and population genetics, while the genetic bases and molecular mechanisms underlying shell pigmentation are poorly understood. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is one of the most important farmed oysters worldwide. Through successive family selection, four shell color variants (white, golden, black and partially pigmented) of C. gigas have been developed. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of shell coloration in C. gigas and facilitate the selection of elite oyster lines with desired coloration patterns, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the four shell color variants by RNA-seq. RESULTS Digital gene expression generated over fifteen million reads per sample, producing expression data for 28,027 genes. A total number of 2,645 DEGs were identified from pair-wise comparisons, of which 432, 91, 43 and 39 genes specially were up-regulated in white, black, golden and partially pigmented shell of C. gigas, respectively. Three genes of Abca1, Abca3 and Abcb1 which belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters super-families were significantly associated with white shell formation. A tyrosinase transcript (CGI_10008737) represented consistent up-regulated pattern with golden coloration. We proposed that white shell variant of C. gigas could employ "endocytosis" to down-regulate notch level and to prevent shell pigmentation. CONCLUSION This study discovered some potential shell coloration genes and related molecular mechanisms by the RNA-seq, which would provide foundational information to further study on shell coloration and assist in selective breeding in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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40
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Lysosomal cysteine peptidases – Molecules signaling tumor cell death and survival. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Zachova K, Krupka M, Raska M. Antigen Cross-Presentation and Heat Shock Protein-Based Vaccines. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xie S, Bahl K, Reinecke JB, Hammond GRV, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. The endocytic recycling compartment maintains cargo segregation acquired upon exit from the sorting endosome. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:108-26. [PMID: 26510502 PMCID: PMC4694750 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) is a series of perinuclear tubular and vesicular membranes that regulates recycling to the plasma membrane. Despite evidence that cargo is sorted at the early/sorting endosome (SE), whether cargo mixes downstream at the ERC or remains segregated is an unanswered question. Here we use three-dimensional (3D) structured illumination microscopy and dual-channel and 3D direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) to obtain new information about ERC morphology and cargo segregation. We show that cargo internalized either via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or independently of clathrin (CIE) remains segregated in the ERC, likely on distinct carriers. This suggests that no further sorting occurs upon cargo exit from SE. Moreover, 3D dSTORM data support a model in which some but not all ERC vesicles are tethered by contiguous "membrane bridges." Furthermore, tubular recycling endosomes preferentially traffic CIE cargo and may originate from SE membranes. These findings support a significantly altered model for endocytic recycling in mammalian cells in which sorting occurs in peripheral endosomes and segregation is maintained at the ERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Kriti Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - James B Reinecke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870
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Wu B, Wang Y, Yang XM, Xu BQ, Feng F, Wang B, Liang Q, Li Y, Zhou Y, Jiang JL, Chen ZN. Basigin-mediated redistribution of CD98 promotes cell spreading and tumorigenicity in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:110. [PMID: 26437640 PMCID: PMC4594993 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated endocytosis of membrane proteins contributes significantly to several hallmarks of cancer. Basigin can enhance cancer progression, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. CD98 promotes cell spreading and tumorigenicity by triggering integrin clustering and enhancing cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. The endocytosis and recyle of basigin and CD98 might play critical roles in cancer. Methods The role of CD98 was confirmed in liver cancer cells by cell spreading in vitro and tumorigenicity by nude mice xenograft tumor assay in vivo; membrane expression of basigin and CD98 in SMMC-7721 was measured by FCAS; pull down and SPR analysis were uses to reveal the direct association between basigin and CD98; DsRed1 tagged CD98 was blocked in the cytoplasm in K7721 (whose basigin was knockn out) and had a well colocalization with ER and Rab5a positive recycling endosomes under co-focal; finally, by FRET imaging and FCAS we observed the internalization of basigin and CD98 was flotillin-1-regulated, and their recycle at early steps was Arf6-mediated. Results Basigin and CD98 were highly expressed and co-localized on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell membrane; basigin can directly bind to CD98, mediating CD98 redistribution on the HCC cell membrane and activating the downstream integrin signaling pathway. Internalization of basigin and CD98 was flotillin-1 regulated the and their recycling was mediated by Arf6. This recycling process for basigin and CD98 promotes cell spreading and tumor growth in liver cancer xenografts. Conclusion Basigin, as a redistribution chaperone of CD98, plays a critical role in promoting cell spreading and the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0226-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Min Yang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Bao-Qing Xu
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Feng
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Liang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Li
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Li Jiang
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Cell Engineering Research Centre & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China.
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Salem JC, Reviriego-Mendoza MM, Santy LC. ARF-GEF cytohesin-2/ARNO regulates R-Ras and α5-integrin recycling through an EHD1-positive compartment. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4265-79. [PMID: 26378252 PMCID: PMC4642859 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
R-Ras and cytohesin-2/ARNO coordinate in the control of epithelial cell adhesion, but the mechanism has been unclear. Cytohesin-2/ARNO regulates traffic through an EHD1-positive recycling compartment. Inhibition of cytohesin-2/ARNO activity traps R-Ras and integrins within the EHD1 compartment and impairs adhesion and spreading. When expressed in epithelial cells, cytohesin-2/ARNO, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARF small GTPases, causes a robust migration response. Recent evidence suggests that cytohesin-2/ARNO acts downstream of small the GTPase R-Ras to promote spreading and migration. We hypothesized that cytohesin-2/ARNO could transmit R-Ras signals by regulating the recycling of R-Ras through ARF activation. We found that Eps15-homology domain 1 (EHD1), a protein that associates with the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), colocalizes with active R-Ras in transiently expressed HeLa cells. In addition, we show that EHD1-positive recycling endosomes are a novel compartment for cytohesin-2/ARNO. Knockdown or expression of GEF-inactive (E156K) cytohesin-2/ARNO causes R-Ras to accumulate on recycling endosomes containing EHD1 and inhibits cell spreading. E156K-ARNO also causes a reduction in focal adhesion size and number. Finally, we demonstrate that R-Ras/ARNO signaling is required for recycling of α5-integrin and R-Ras to the plasma membrane. These data establish a role for cytohesin-2/ARNO as a regulator of R-Ras and integrin recycling and suggest that ARF-regulated trafficking of R-Ras is required for R-Ras–dependent effects on spreading and adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Salem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Marta M Reviriego-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lorraine C Santy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Wang L, Li H, Lv X, Chen T, Li R, Xue Y, Jiang J, Jin B, Baluška F, Šamaj J, Wang X, Lin J. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the BRI1 Receptor and its Regulation by Membrane Microdomains in Living Arabidopsis Cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1334-49. [PMID: 25896454 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The major brassinosteroid (BR) receptor of Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) plays fundamental roles in BR signaling, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of BR on BRI1 internalization and assembly state remain unclear. Here, we applied variable angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy to analyze the dynamics of GFP-tagged BRI1. We found that, in response to BR, the degree of co-localization of BRI1-GFP with AtFlot1-mCherry increased, and especially BR stimulated the membrane microdomain-associated pathway of BRI1 internalization. We also verified these observations in endocytosis-defective chc2-1 mutants and the AtFlot1 amiRNA 15-5 lines. Furthermore, examination of the phosphorylation status of bri1-EMS-suppressor 1 and measurement of BR-responsive gene expression revealed that membrane microdomains affect BR signaling. These results suggest that BR promotes the partitioning of BRI1 into functional membrane microdomains to activate BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Tang W, Tam JHK, Seah C, Chiu J, Tyrer A, Cregan SP, Meakin SO, Pasternak SH. Arf6 controls beta-amyloid production by regulating macropinocytosis of the Amyloid Precursor Protein to lysosomes. Mol Brain 2015; 8:41. [PMID: 26170135 PMCID: PMC4501290 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of Beta-Amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Aβ peptides are generated by cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by the β − and γ − secretase enzymes. Although this process is tightly linked to the internalization of cell surface APP, the compartments responsible are not well defined. We have found that APP can be rapidly internalized from the cell surface to lysosomes, bypassing early and late endosomes. Here we show by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy that this pathway is mediated by macropinocytosis. APP internalization is enhanced by antibody binding/crosslinking of APP suggesting that APP may function as a receptor. Furthermore, a dominant negative mutant of Arf6 blocks direct transport of APP to lysosomes, but does not affect classical endocytosis to endosomes. Arf6 expression increases through the hippocampus with the development of Alzheimer’s disease, being expressed mostly in the CA1 and CA2 regions in normal individuals but spreading through the CA3 and CA4 regions in individuals with pathologically diagnosed AD. Disruption of lysosomal transport of APP reduces both Aβ40 and Aβ42 production by more than 30 %. Our findings suggest that the lysosome is an important site for Aβ production and that altering APP trafficking represents a viable strategy to reduce Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Tang
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Joshua H K Tam
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Claudia Seah
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada.
| | - Justin Chiu
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Andrea Tyrer
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Sean P Cregan
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Susan O Meakin
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Role of plasma-membrane-bound sialidase NEU3 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Biochem J 2015; 470:131-44. [PMID: 26251452 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids mainly expressed at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Sialidase NEU3 is a key enzyme in the catabolism of gangliosides with its up-regulation having been observed in human cancer cells. In the case of CME (clathrin-mediated endocytosis), although this has been widely studied, the role of NEU3 and gangliosides in this cellular process has not yet been established. In the present study, we found an increased internalization of Tf (transferrin), the archetypical cargo for CME, in cells expressing complex gangliosides with high levels of sialylation. The ectopic expression of NEU3 led to a drastic decrease in Tf endocytosis, suggesting the participation of gangliosides in this process. However, the reduction in Tf endocytosis caused by NEU3 was still observed in glycosphingolipid-depleted cells, indicating that NEU3 could operate in a way that is independent of its action on gangliosides. Additionally, internalization of α2-macroglobulin and low-density lipoprotein, other typical ligands in CME, was also decreased in NEU3-expressing cells. In contrast, internalization of cholera toxin β-subunit, which is endocytosed by both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms, remained unaltered. Kinetic assays revealed that NEU3 caused a reduction in the sorting of endocytosed Tf to early and recycling endosomes, with the Tf binding at the cell surface being also reduced. NEU3-expressing cells showed an altered subcellular distribution of clathrin adaptor AP-2 (adaptor protein 2), but did not reveal any changes in the membrane distribution of clathrin, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or caveolin-1. Overall, these results suggest a specific and novel role of NEU3 in CME.
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48
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Posor Y, Eichhorn-Grünig M, Haucke V. Phosphoinositides in endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:794-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zheng N, Jeyifous O, Munro C, Montgomery JM, Green WN. Synaptic activity regulates AMPA receptor trafficking through different recycling pathways. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25970033 PMCID: PMC4451724 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in glutamatergic synaptic strength in brain are dependent on AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) recycling, which is assumed to occur through a single local pathway. In this study, we present evidence that AMPAR recycling occurs through different pathways regulated by synaptic activity. Without synaptic stimulation, most AMPARs recycled in dynamin-independent endosomes containing the GTPase, Arf6. Few AMPARs recycled in dynamin-dependent endosomes labeled by transferrin receptors (TfRs). AMPAR recycling was blocked by alterations in the GTPase, TC10, which co-localized with Arf6 endosomes. TC10 mutants that reduced AMPAR recycling had no effect on increased AMPAR levels with long-term potentiation (LTP) and little effect on decreased AMPAR levels with long-term depression. However, internalized AMPAR levels in TfR-containing recycling endosomes increased after LTP, indicating increased AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway with synaptic plasticity. LTP-induced AMPAR endocytosis is inconsistent with local recycling as a source of increased surface receptors, suggesting AMPARs are trafficked from other sites. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06878.001 Cells called neurons transmit information around the brain in the form of electrical signals. At a junction between two neurons—called a synapse—an electrical signal triggers the release of small molecules called neurotransmitters. These molecules travel across the gap between the two neurons and trigger a new electrical signal in the second neuron. Memories can be stored in synapses: high levels of activity can ‘strengthen’ the synapse, which increases the transfer of information between the neurons. In many synapses, a molecule called glutamate is the neurotransmitter. Proteins called AMPARs, which are found on the surface of the neuron, can detect glutamate and transmit the signal along the second neuron. The strength of synapses is controlled by changes in AMPAR levels through ‘recycling’, where AMPAR proteins are removed from synapses, internalized and later returned to synapses. It was thought that AMPARs are recycled via just one pathway at synapses. However, the amount of recycling is much higher when the synapses are active and it is not clear how this works. Now, Zheng et al. have used fluorescent tags to track the recycling of AMPARs in synapses from rats under a microscope. The experiments show that when the synapses are not active, most AMPARs are recycled via a pathway marked by a protein called Arf6. However, when the synapses are active, most AMPAR is recycled via a different route marked by so-called ‘transferrin receptor’ proteins. The experiments also reveal that a protein called TC10 is involved in recycling AMPARs alongside Arf6, but is not required for recycling when the synapses are active and being strengthened. Unexpectedly, AMPAR internalization—via the process involving transferrin receptors—increases during synapse strengthening. This suggests that some of the extra AMPAR proteins sent to the membrane have come from other parts of the neuron away from the synapse. Zheng et al.'s findings provide evidence that AMPARs are recycled through different routes depending on the activity of the synapse. The next challenge will be to directly test whether AMPARs are transported from other parts of the neuron to the strengthened synapse and to understand how this works. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06878.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Okunola Jeyifous
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Charlotte Munro
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - William N Green
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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50
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Day CA, Baetz NW, Copeland CA, Kraft LJ, Han B, Tiwari A, Drake KR, De Luca H, Chinnapen DJF, Davidson MW, Holmes RK, Jobling MG, Schroer TA, Lencer WI, Kenworthy AK. Microtubule motors power plasma membrane tubulation in clathrin-independent endocytosis. Traffic 2015; 16:572-90. [PMID: 25690058 PMCID: PMC4440230 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How the plasma membrane is bent to accommodate clathrin-independent endocytosis remains uncertain. Recent studies suggest Shiga and cholera toxin induce membrane curvature required for their uptake into clathrin-independent carriers by binding and cross-linking multiple copies of their glycosphingolipid receptors on the plasma membrane. But it remains unclear if toxin-induced sphingolipid crosslinking provides sufficient mechanical force for deforming the plasma membrane, or if host cell factors also contribute to this process. To test this, we imaged the uptake of cholera toxin B-subunit into surface-derived tubular invaginations. We found that cholera toxin mutants that bind to only one glycosphingolipid receptor accumulated in tubules, and that toxin binding was entirely dispensable for membrane tubulations to form. Unexpectedly, the driving force for tubule extension was supplied by the combination of microtubules, dynein and dynactin, thus defining a novel mechanism for generating membrane curvature during clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Day
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Current address: Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas W Baetz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Courtney A Copeland
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lewis J Kraft
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Drake
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heidi De Luca
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Randall K Holmes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael G Jobling
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Trina A Schroer
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- GI Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Epithelial Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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