1
|
Veiga RN, de Azevedo ALK, de Oliveira JC, Gradia DF. Targeting EphA2: a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance and drug resistance in cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:479-493. [PMID: 38393661 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) is a vital member of the Eph tyrosine kinase receptor family and has been associated with developmental processes. However, it is often overexpressed in tumors and correlates with cancer progression and worse prognosis due to the activation of its noncanonical signaling pathway. Throughout cancer treatment, the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells is relatively common. Since the early 2000s, researchers have focused on understanding the role of EphA2 in promoting drug resistance in different types of cancer, as well as finding efficient and secure EphA2 inhibitors. In this review, the current knowledge regarding induced resistance by EphA2 in cancer treatment is summarized, and the types of cancer that lead to the most cancer-related deaths are highlighted. Some EphA2 inhibitors were also investigated. Regardless of whether the cancer treatment has reached a drug-resistance stage in EphA2-overexpressing tumors, once EphA2 is involved in cancer progression and aggressiveness, targeting EphA2 is a promising therapeutic strategy, especially in combination with other target-drugs for synergistic effect. For that reason, monoclonal antibodies against EphA2 and inhibitors of this receptor should be investigated for efficacy and drug toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Nasser Veiga
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Luiz Korte de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics and Oncogenetics, Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Rua Coronel Francisco Heráclito Dos Santos, 100, Jardim das AméricasCuritiba, CEP, 81531-980, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kundu S, Nunes L, Adler J, Mathot L, Stoimenov I, Sjöblom T. Recurring EPHB1 mutations in human cancers alter receptor signalling and compartmentalisation of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:354. [PMID: 38102712 PMCID: PMC10722860 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ephrin (EPH) receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis, but the functional understanding of mutations observed in human cancers is limited. We previously demonstrated reduced cell compartmentalisation for somatic EPHB1 mutations found in metastatic colorectal cancer cases. We therefore integrated pan-cancer and pan-EPH mutational data to prioritise recurrent EPHB1 mutations for functional studies to understand their contribution to cancer development and metastasis. METHODS Here, 79,151 somatic mutations in 9,898 samples of 33 different tumour types were analysed with a bioinformatic pipeline to find 3D-mutated cluster pairs and hotspot mutations in EPH receptors. From these, 15 recurring EPHB1 mutations were stably expressed in colorectal cancer followed by confocal microscopy based in vitro compartmentalisation assays and phospho-proteome analysis. RESULTS The 3D-protein structure-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in 63% EPHB1 mutants with compartmentalisation phenotypes vs 43% for hotspot mutations. Whereas the ligand-binding domain mutations C61Y, R90C, and R170W, the fibronectin domain mutation R351L, and the kinase domain mutation D762N displayed reduced to strongly compromised cell compartmentalisation, the kinase domain mutations R743W and G821R enhanced this phenotype. While mutants with reduced compartmentalisation also had reduced ligand induced receptor phosphorylation, the enhanced compartmentalisation was not linked to receptor phosphorylation level. Phosphoproteome mapping pinpointed the PI3K pathway and PIK3C2B phosphorylation in cells harbouring mutants with reduced compartmentalisation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first integrative study of pan-cancer EPH receptor mutations followed by in vitro validation, a robust way to identify cancer-causing mutations, uncovering EPHB1 mutation phenotypes and demonstrating the utility of protein structure-based mutation analysis in characterization of novel cancer genes. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snehangshu Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luís Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucy Mathot
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivaylo Stoimenov
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El Zawily A, Vizeacoumar FS, Dahiya R, Banerjee SL, Bhanumathy KK, Elhasasna H, Hanover G, Sharpe JC, Sanchez MG, Greidanus P, Stacey RG, Moon KM, Alexandrov I, Himanen JP, Nikolov DB, Fonge H, White AP, Foster LJ, Wang B, Toosi BM, Bisson N, Mirzabekov TA, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A. A Multipronged Unbiased Strategy Guides the Development of an Anti-EGFR/EPHA2-Bispecific Antibody for Combination Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2686-2701. [PMID: 36976175 PMCID: PMC10345963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating analyses of pro-oncogenic molecular mechanisms triggered a rapid development of targeted cancer therapies. Although many of these treatments produce impressive initial responses, eventual resistance onset is practically unavoidable. One of the main approaches for preventing this refractory condition relies on the implementation of combination therapies. This includes dual-specificity reagents that affect both of their targets with a high level of selectivity. Unfortunately, selection of target combinations for these treatments is often confounded by limitations in our understanding of tumor biology. Here, we describe and validate a multipronged unbiased strategy for predicting optimal co-targets for bispecific therapeutics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Our strategy integrates ex vivo genome-wide loss-of-function screening, BioID interactome profiling, and gene expression analysis of patient data to identify the best fit co-targets. Final validation of selected target combinations is done in tumorsphere cultures and xenograft models. RESULTS Integration of our experimental approaches unambiguously pointed toward EGFR and EPHA2 tyrosine kinase receptors as molecules of choice for co-targeting in multiple tumor types. Following this lead, we generated a human bispecific anti-EGFR/EPHA2 antibody that, as predicted, very effectively suppresses tumor growth compared with its prototype anti-EGFR therapeutic antibody, cetuximab. CONCLUSIONS Our work not only presents a new bispecific antibody with a high potential for being developed into clinically relevant biologics, but more importantly, successfully validates a novel unbiased strategy for selecting biologically optimal target combinations. This is of a significant translational relevance, as such multifaceted unbiased approaches are likely to augment the development of effective combination therapies for cancer treatment. See related commentary by Kumar, p. 2570.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El Zawily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Renuka Dahiya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sara L. Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, PROTEO and Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hussain Elhasasna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Glinton Hanover
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jessica C. Sharpe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Malkon G. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul Greidanus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R. Greg Stacey
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Juha P. Himanen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aaron P. White
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Behzad M. Toosi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, PROTEO and Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency and Division of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu R, Li Y, Guo Y, Li X, Du S, Liao M, Hou H, Sun H, Zhao S, Su J, Chen X, Yin M. BRD4 inhibitor suppresses melanoma metastasis via the SPINK6/EGFR-EphA2 pathway. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106609. [PMID: 36516883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BET inhibition or BRD4 depletion is a promising and attractive therapy for metastatic melanoma; however, the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we indicated that BET inhibition suppressed melanoma metastasis both in vitro and in vivo and identified a new mechanism by which BET inhibitors suppress melanoma metastasis by blocking the direct interaction of BRD4 and the SPINK6 enhancer. Moreover, we demonstrated that SPINK6 activated the EGFR/EphA2 complex in melanoma and the downstream ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. Thus, these results identified the SPINK6/EGFR-EphA2 axis as a new oncogenic pathway in melanoma metastasis and support the further development of BRD4 inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Songtao Du
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mengting Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Health Management of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huihui Hou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongyin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei S, Hu W, Feng J, Geng Y. Promotion or remission: a role of noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:150. [PMID: 36131281 PMCID: PMC9490904 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are of great significance for RAS and BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. However, the generation of primary and secondary resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs has become an important factor restricting its efficacy. Recent studies have revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are implicated in anti-EGFR antibodies resistance, affecting the sensitivity of CRC cells to Cetuximab and Panitumumab. This paper briefly reviewed the research advance of the expression, signaling network and functional mechanism of ncRNAs related to anti-EGFR mAbs resistance in CRC, as well as their relationship with clinical prognosis and the possibility of therapeutic targets. In addition, some ncRNAs that are involved in the regulation of signaling pathways or genes related to anti-EGFR resistance, but need to be further verified by resistance experiments were also included in this review, thereby providing more ideas and basis for ncRNAs as CRC prognostic markers and anti-EGFR therapy sensitizers. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Geng
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hunting for Novel Routes in Anticancer Drug Discovery: Peptides against Sam-Sam Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810397. [PMID: 36142306 PMCID: PMC9499636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse protein binding modules, Sam (Sterile alpha motif) domains attract attention due to their versatility. They are present in different organisms and play many functions in physiological and pathological processes by binding multiple partners. The EphA2 receptor contains a Sam domain at the C-terminus (EphA2-Sam) that is able to engage protein regulators of receptor stability (including the lipid phosphatase Ship2 and the adaptor Odin). Ship2 and Odin are recruited by EphA2-Sam through heterotypic Sam-Sam interactions. Ship2 decreases EphA2 endocytosis and consequent degradation, producing chiefly pro-oncogenic outcomes in a cellular milieu. Odin, through its Sam domains, contributes to receptor stability by possibly interfering with ubiquitination. As EphA2 is upregulated in many types of tumors, peptide inhibitors of Sam-Sam interactions by hindering receptor stability could function as anticancer therapeutics. This review describes EphA2-Sam and its interactome from a structural and functional perspective. The diverse design strategies that have thus far been employed to obtain peptides targeting EphA2-mediated Sam-Sam interactions are summarized as well. The generated peptides represent good initial lead compounds, but surely many efforts need to be devoted in the close future to improve interaction affinities towards Sam domains and consequently validate their anticancer properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Oh D, Chen Z, Biswas KH, Bai F, Ong HT, Sheetz MP, Groves JT. Competition for shared downstream signaling molecules establishes indirect negative feedback between EGFR and EphA2. Biophys J 2022; 121:1897-1908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
8
|
Wilson K, Shiuan E, Brantley-Sieders DM. Oncogenic functions and therapeutic targeting of EphA2 in cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2483-2495. [PMID: 33686241 PMCID: PMC8035212 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
More than 25 years of research and preclinical validation have defined EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising molecular target for clinical translation in cancer treatment. Molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological targeting strategies have been extensively tested in vitro and in vivo, and drugs like dasatinib, initially designed to target SRC family kinases, have been found to also target EphA2 activity. Other small molecules, therapeutic targeting antibodies, and peptide-drug conjugates are being tested, and more recently, approaches harnessing antitumor immunity against EphA2-expressing cancer cells have emerged as a promising strategy. This review will summarize preclinical studies supporting the oncogenic role of EphA2 in breast cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma, while delineating the differing roles of canonical and noncanonical EphA2 signaling in each setting. This review also summarizes completed and ongoing clinical trials, highlighting the promise and challenges of targeting EphA2 in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalin Wilson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eileen Shiuan
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cioce M, Fazio VM. EphA2 and EGFR: Friends in Life, Partners in Crime. Can EphA2 Be a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Anti-EGFR Agents? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040700. [PMID: 33572284 PMCID: PMC7915460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptors represent the largest group among Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The Eph/ephrin signaling axis plays center stage during development, and the deep perturbation of signaling consequent to its dysregulation in cancer reveals the multiplicity and complexity underlying its function. In the last decades, they have emerged as key players in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC); however, what causes EphA2 to switch between tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting function is still an active theater of investigation. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding EphA2 function in cancer, with detail on the molecular determinants of the oncogene-tumor suppressor switch function of EphA2. We describe tumor context-specific examples of EphA2 signaling and the emerging role EphA2 plays in supporting cancer-stem-cell-like populations and overcoming therapy-induced stress. In such a frame, we detail the interaction of the EphA2 and EGFR pathway in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. We discuss the contribution of the EphA2 oncogenic signaling to the resistance to EGFR blocking agents, including cetuximab and TKIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cioce
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salem AF, Gambini L, Billet S, Sun Y, Oshiro H, Zhao M, Hoffman RM, Bhowmick NA, Pellecchia M. Prostate Cancer Metastases Are Strongly Inhibited by Agonistic Epha2 Ligands in an Orthotopic Mouse Model. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102854. [PMID: 33023262 PMCID: PMC7600344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We demonstrate that pro-oncogenic EphA2 (ephrin type-A receptor 2) expression is activated in aggressive prostate cancers, and in mouse models of prostate cancers that are treated with enzalutamide. We also demonstrate in mouse models, that agonistic EphA2 targeting agents are very effective in suppressing cell migration and tumor metastases, hence anticipating the possible use of such agents in innovative anti-metastatic therapeutic modalities. Abstract The EphA2 tyrosine kinase receptor is highly expressed in several types of solid tumors. In our recent studies, we targeted EphA2 in pancreatic cancer with agonistic agents and demonstrated that suppression of EphA2 significantly reduced cancer-cell migration in cell-based assays. In the present study, we focused on targeting EphA2 in prostate cancer. While not all prostate cancers express EphA2, we showed that enzalutamide induced EphA2 expression in prostate cancer cells and in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal model, which provides further impetus to target EphA2 in prostate cancer. Western blot studies showed that agonistic dimeric synthetic (135H12) and natural (ephrinA1-Fc) ligands effectively degraded EphA2 receptor in the prostate cancer cell line PC-3. The agents also delayed cell migration of prostate cancer (PC-3) cells, while an in vivo PC-3 orthotopic metastatic nude-mouse model also revealed that administration of ephrinA1-Fc or 135H12 strongly reduced metastases. The present study further validates EphA2 as an important target in metastatic prostate cancer treatment. Our results should incentivize further efforts aimed at developing potent and effective EphA2 synthetic agonistic agents for the treatment of EphA2-driven aggressive metastatic tumors including prostate, pancreatic, and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Salem
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.F.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Luca Gambini
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.F.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Sandrine Billet
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.B.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Yu Sun
- AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow St., San Diego, CA 92111, USA; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (M.Z.); (R.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiromichi Oshiro
- AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow St., San Diego, CA 92111, USA; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (M.Z.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow St., San Diego, CA 92111, USA; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (M.Z.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc., 7917 Ostrow St., San Diego, CA 92111, USA; (Y.S.); (H.O.); (M.Z.); (R.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.B.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.F.S.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-951-8277829
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buckens OJ, El Hassouni B, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. The role of Eph receptors in cancer and how to target them: novel approaches in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:567-582. [PMID: 32348169 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1762566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors are among the largest family of tyrosine kinases that are divided into two classes: EphA and EphB receptors. Over the past two decades, their role in cancer has become more evident. AREAS COVERED There is a need for new anticancer treatments and more insight in the emerging role of Eph receptors in cancer. Molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-tumorigenic effects of Eph receptors could be exploited for future therapeutic strategies. This review describes the variability in expression levels and different effects on oncogenic and tumor suppressive downstream signaling of Eph receptors in various cancer types, and the small molecules, antibodies and peptides that target these receptors. EXPERT OPINION The complexity of Eph signaling is a challenge for the definition of clear targets for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, numerous drugs that target EphA2 and EphB4 are currently in clinical trials. However, some Eph targeted drugs also inhibit other tyrosine kinases, so it is unclear to what extent the targeting of Eph receptors contributes to their efficacy. Future research is warranted for an improved understanding of the full network in which Eph receptors function. This will be critical for the improvement of the anticancer effects of drugs that target the Eph receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Buckens
- Amsterdam University College , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, CCA , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Btissame El Hassouni
- Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, CCA , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, CCA , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza , Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUMC, CCA , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li ZH, Zhou Y, Ding YX, Guo QL, Zhao L. Roles of integrin in tumor development and the target inhibitors. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:241-251. [PMID: 31076128 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrin is a large family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which involves in the interaction of cells/cells and cells/ extracellular matrix (ECM) to mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, etc. In recent years, aberrant expression of integrin has been clearly found in many tumor studies, indicating that integrin is closely related to tumor formation and development. Meanwhile, it has effects on tumor cell differentiation, cell migration, proliferation and tumor neovascularization. The study of drugs targeting integrins is of great significance for the clinical treatment of tumors. Because of its important role in tumorigenesis and development, integrin has become a promising target for the treatment of cancer. This review summarizes the role of integrin in tumor development and the current state of integrin inhibitors to provide a valuable reference for subsequent research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - You-Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Host-directed kinase inhibitors act as novel therapies against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4876. [PMID: 30890742 PMCID: PMC6425000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapeutics are a promising anti-infective strategy against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Repurposing host-targeted drugs approved by the FDA in the US, the MHRA in the UK and/or regulatory equivalents in other countries, is particularly interesting because these drugs are commercially available, safe doses are documented and they have been already approved for other clinical purposes. In this study, we aimed to identify novel therapies against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen that is able to exploit host molecular and metabolic pathways to support its own intracellular survival. We screened 133 host-targeting drugs and found three host-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Ibrutinib, Dasatinib and Crizotinib) that substantially impaired intracellular bacterial survival. We found that Ibrutinib significantly increased host cell viability after S. aureus infection via inhibition of cell invasion and intracellular bacterial proliferation. Using phosphoproteomics data, we propose a putative mechanism of action of Ibrutinib involving several host factors, including EPHA2, C-JUN and NWASP. We confirmed the importance of EPHA2 for staphylococcal infection in an EPHA2-knock-out cell line. Our study serves as an important example of feasibility for identifying host-directed therapeutics as candidates for repurposing.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jimenez L, Yu H, McKenzie AJ, Franklin JL, Patton JG, Liu Q, Weaver AM. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Small and Large Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Reveals Enrichment of Adhesion Proteins in Small EVs. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:947-959. [PMID: 30608700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-cell communication due to their cargo content of proteins, lipids, and RNAs. We previously reported that small EVs (SEVs) called exosomes promote directed and random cell motility, invasion, and serum-independent growth. In contrast, larger EVs (LEVs) were not active in those assays, but might have unique functional properties. In order to identify protein cargos that may contribute to different functions of SEVs and LEVs, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) on EVs isolated from a colon cancer cell line. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that SEVs are enriched in proteins associated with cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix adhesion, exosome biogenesis machinery, and various signaling pathways. In contrast, LEVs are enriched in proteins associated with ribosome and RNA biogenesis, processing, and metabolism. Western blot analysis of EVs purified from two different cancer cell types confirmed the enrichment of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion proteins in SEVs. Consistent with those data, we found that cells exhibit enhanced adhesion to surfaces coated with SEVs compared to an equal protein concentration of LEVs. These data suggest that a major function of SEVs is to promote cellular adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizandra Jimenez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Andrew J McKenzie
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute , Nashville , Tennessee 37203 , United States
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Toyama M, Hamaoka Y, Katoh H. EphA3 is up-regulated by epidermal growth factor and promotes formation of glioblastoma cell aggregates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:715-721. [PMID: 30528229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
EphA3, a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, has been reported to be overexpressed in some human cancers including glioblastoma. Here, we found that expression of EphA3 is up-regulated in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation and promotes formation of cell aggregates in suspension culture of glioblastoma cells. Suppression of EphA3 expression by short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletion inhibited EGF-induced promotion of cell aggregate formation, whereas overexpression of EphA3 promoted formation of cell aggregates in suspension culture. EGF-induced EphA3 expression and promotion of cell aggregate formation required Akt activity. Furthermore, N-cadherin, whose expression was regulated by EGF and EphA3, contributed to the formation of cell aggregates in suspension culture. These results suggest that the regulation of EphA3 expression plays a critical role in glioblastoma cell growth in non-adherent conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuho Hamaoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaplan N, Ventrella R, Peng H, Pal-Ghosh S, Arvanitis C, Rappoport JZ, Mitchell BJ, Stepp MA, Lavker RM, Getsios S. EphA2/Ephrin-A1 Mediate Corneal Epithelial Cell Compartmentalization via ADAM10 Regulation of EGFR Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:393-406. [PMID: 29351356 PMCID: PMC5774870 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Progenitor cells of the limbal epithelium reside in a discrete area peripheral to the more differentiated corneal epithelium and maintain tissue homeostasis. What regulates the limbal-corneal epithelial boundary is a major unanswered question. Ephrin-A1 ligand is enriched in the limbal epithelium, whereas EphA2 receptor is concentrated in the corneal epithelium. This reciprocal pattern led us to assess the role of ephrin-A1 and EphA2 in limbal-corneal epithelial boundary organization. Methods EphA2-expressing corneal epithelial cells engineered to express ephrin-A1 were used to study boundary formation in vitro in a manner that mimicked the relative abundance of these juxtamembrane signaling proteins in the limbal and corneal epithelium in vivo. Interaction of these two distinct cell populations following initial seeding into discrete culture compartments was assessed by live cell imaging. Immunofluoresence and immunoblotting was used to evaluate the contribution of downstream growth factor signaling and cell-cell adhesion systems to boundary formation at sites of heterotypic contact between ephrin-A1 and EphA2 expressing cells. Results Ephrin-A1-expressing cells impeded and reversed the migration of EphA2-expressing corneal epithelial cells upon heterotypic contact formation leading to coordinated migration of the two cell populations in the direction of an ephrin-A1-expressing leading front. Genetic silencing and pharmacologic inhibitor studies demonstrated that the ability of ephrin-A1 to direct migration of EphA2-expressing cells depended on an a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway that limited E-cadherin-mediated adhesion at heterotypic boundaries. Conclusions Ephrin-A1/EphA2 signaling complexes play a key role in limbal-corneal epithelial compartmentalization and the response of these tissues to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Constadina Arvanitis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wierzbicki M, Jaworski S, Kutwin M, Grodzik M, Strojny B, Kurantowicz N, Zdunek K, Chodun R, Chwalibog A, Sawosz E. Diamond, graphite, and graphene oxide nanoparticles decrease migration and invasiveness in glioblastoma cell lines by impairing extracellular adhesion. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7241-7254. [PMID: 29042773 PMCID: PMC5634373 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s146193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly invasive nature of glioblastoma is one of the most significant problems regarding the treatment of this tumor. Diamond nanoparticles (ND), graphite nanoparticles (NG), and graphene oxide nanoplatelets (nGO) have been explored for their biomedical applications, especially for drug delivery. The objective of this research was to assess changes in the adhesion, migration, and invasiveness of two glioblastoma cell lines, U87 and U118, after ND, NG, and nGO treatment. All treatments affected the cell surface structure, adhesion-dependent EGFR/AKT/mTOR, and β-catenin signaling pathways, decreasing the migration and invasiveness of both glioblastoma cell lines. The examined nanoparticles did not show strong toxicity but effectively deregulated cell migration. ND was effectively taken up by cells, whereas nGO and NG strongly interacted with the cell surface. These results indicate that nanoparticles could be used in biomedical applications as a low toxicity active compound for glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Kutwin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Science
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Science
| | - Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Science
| | | | - Krzysztof Zdunek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Chodun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Science
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng T, Wang A, Hu D, Wang Y. Molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis by gene expression profile analysis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4671-4677. [PMID: 28791367 PMCID: PMC5647040 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer‑related mortalities. The present study aimed to uncover the relevant molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and to explore potential biomarkers that may be used for prognosis. Expression profile microarray data GSE8977, which contained 22 stroma samples (15 were from normal breast and 7 were from invasive ductal carcinoma tumor samples), were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Following data preprocessing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected based on analyses conducted using the linear models for microarray analysis package from R and Bioconductor software. The resulting data were used in subsequent function and pathway enrichment analyses, as well as protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network and subnetwork analyses. Transcription factors (TFs) and tumor‑associated genes were also identified among the DEGs. A total of 234 DEGs were identified, which were enriched in immune response, cell differentiation and cell adhesion‑related functions and pathways. Downregulated DEGs included TFs, such as the proto‑oncogene SPI1, pre‑B‑cell leukemia homeobox 3 (PBX3) and lymphoid enhancer‑binding factor 1 (LEF1), as well as tumor suppressors (TSs), such as capping actin protein, gelsolin like (CAPG) and tumor protein p53‑inducible nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1). Upregulated DEGs also included TFs and tumor suppressors, consisting of transcription factor 7‑like 2 (TCF7L2) and pleiomorphic adenoma gene‑like 1 (PLAGL1). DEGs that were identified at the hub nodes in the PPI network and the subnetwork were epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and spleen‑associated tyrosine kinase (SYK), respectively. Several genes crucial in the metastasis of breast cancer were identified, which may serve as potential biomarkers, many of which were associated with cell adhesion, proliferation or immune response, and may influence breast cancer metastasis by regulating these function or pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Zheng
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Hu
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cuyàs E, Queralt B, Martin-Castillo B, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. EphA2 receptor activation with ephrin-A1 ligand restores cetuximab efficacy in NRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:263-270. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
Tanaka T, Yamada H, Kuroki M, Kodama S, Tamura K, Takamatsu Y. A Modified Adenovirus Vector-Mediated Antibody Screening Method Identifies EphA2 as a Cancer Target. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:476-484. [PMID: 28505517 PMCID: PMC5430157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We constructed a genetically modified adenovirus vector incorporating an IgG Fc-binding motif from staphylococcal protein A, Z33 (Adv-FZ33). Adv-FZ33 allows an antibody to redirect the vector to a target molecule on the cell surface. We attempted to search for target antigen candidates and antibodies that allowed highly selective gene transduction into malignant tumors. METHODS: Hybridoma libraries producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were screened that increased transduction efficiency in cancer cell lines after cross-linking with Adv-FZ33. Target antigens of the mAbs were identified by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Of these mAbs, we noted a clone, F2-27, that recognized the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2. Next, we generated an adenovirus vector, Ax3CMTK-FZ33, that expressed a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). The therapeutic efficacy of F2-27–mediated HSV-TK gene transduction, followed by ganciclovir (GCV) administration, was studied in vitro. The inhibitory effect of F2-27 on cancer cell invasion was investigated by a three-dimensional spheroid formation assay. RESULTS: In vitro reporter gene expression after Adv-FZ33 infection via F2-27 was 146 times higher than with control mAb in EphA2-expressing cancer cell lines. F2-27–mediated Ax3CMTK-FZ33 infection induced the HSV-TK gene in an F2-27–dependent manner and had a highly effective cytotoxic effect in a GCV-dependent manner. Additionally, F2-27 independently inhibited migration of EphA2-positive breast cancer cell lines in three-dimensional culture. CONCLUSION: Our modified adenovirus and hybridoma screening system is useful for the development of targeted cancer therapy, and F2-27 has the potential to be an antibody-based therapy for various EphA2-positive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masahide Kuroki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tamura
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takamatsu
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Inhibition of radiation-induced glioblastoma invasion by genetic and pharmacological targeting of MDA-9/Syntenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:370-375. [PMID: 28011764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an intractable tumor despite therapeutic advances, principally because of its invasive properties. Radiation is a staple in therapeutic regimens, although cells surviving radiation can become more aggressive and invasive. Subtraction hybridization identified melanoma differentiation-associated gene 9 [MDA-9/Syntenin; syndecan-binding protein (SDCBP)] as a differentially regulated gene associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes in melanoma. MDA-9/Syntenin, a highly conserved double-PDZ domain-containing scaffolding protein, is robustly expressed in human-derived GBM cell lines and patient samples, with expression increasing with tumor grade and correlating with shorter survival times and poorer response to radiotherapy. Knockdown of MDA-9/Syntenin sensitizes GBM cells to radiation, reducing postradiation invasion gains. Radiation induces Src and EGFRvIII signaling, which is abrogated through MDA-9/Syntenin down-regulation. A specific inhibitor of MDA-9/Syntenin activity, PDZ1i (113B7), identified through NMR-guided fragment-based drug design, inhibited MDA-9/Syntenin binding to EGFRvIII, which increased following radiation. Both genetic (shmda-9) and pharmacological (PDZ1i) targeting of MDA-9/Syntenin reduced invasion gains in GBM cells following radiation. Although not affecting normal astrocyte survival when combined with radiation, PDZ1i radiosensitized GBM cells. PDZ1i inhibited crucial GBM signaling involving FAK and mutant EGFR, EGFRvIII, and abrogated gains in secreted proteases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, following radiation. In an in vivo glioma model, PDZ1i resulted in smaller, less invasive tumors and enhanced survival. When combined with radiation, survival gains exceeded radiotherapy alone. MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP) provides a direct target for therapy of aggressive cancers such as GBM, and defined small-molecule inhibitors such as PDZ1i hold promise to advance targeted brain cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
22
|
De Robertis M, Loiacono L, Fusilli C, Poeta ML, Mazza T, Sanchez M, Marchionni L, Signori E, Lamorte G, Vescovi AL, Garcia-Foncillas J, Fazio VM. Dysregulation of EGFR Pathway in EphA2 Cell Subpopulation Significantly Associates with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:159-170. [PMID: 27401248 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE EphA2 receptor is involved in multiple cross-talks with other cellular networks, including EGFR, FAK, and VEGF pathways, with which it collaborates to stimulate cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) EphA2 overexpression has also been correlated to stem-like properties of cells and tumor malignancy. We investigated the molecular cross-talk and miRNAs modulation of the EphA2 and EGFR pathways. We also explored the role of EphA2/EGFR pathway mediators as prognostic factors or predictors of cetuximab benefit in patients with CRC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression analysis was performed in EphA2high cells isolated from CRC of the AOM/DSS murine model by FACS-assisted procedures. Six independent cohorts of patients were stratified by EphA2 expression to determine the potential prognostic role of a EphA2/EGFR signature and its effect on cetuximab treatment response. RESULTS We identified a gene expression pattern (EphA2, Efna1, Egfr, Ptpn12, and Atf2) reflecting the activation of EphA2 and EGFR pathways and a coherent dysregulation of mir-26b and mir-200a. Such a pattern showed prognostic significance in patients with stage I-III CRC, in both univariate and multivariate analysis. In patients with stage IV and WT KRAS, EphA2/Efna1/Egfr gene expression status was significantly associated with poor response to cetuximab treatment. Furthermore, EphA2 and EGFR overexpression showed a combined effect relative to cetuximab resistance, independently from KRAS mutation status. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EphA2/Efna1/Egfr genes, linked to a possible control by miR-200a and miR-26b, could be proposed as novel CRC prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, EphA2 could be linked to a mechanism of resistance to cetuximab alternative to KRAS mutations. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 159-70. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela De Robertis
- Laboratory of Genetic and Clinical Pathology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Loiacono
- Laboratory of Genetic and Clinical Pathology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza," San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Unit of Bioinformatics, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza," San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy
| | - Maria Luana Poeta
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Unit of Bioinformatics, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza," San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Center for Computational Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emanuela Signori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamorte
- IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza," San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy
| | | | - Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, FIIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Laboratory of Genetic and Clinical Pathology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza," San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong JM, Tay FPL, Swa HLF, Gunaratne J, Leung T, Burke B, Manser E. Proximity biotinylation provides insight into the molecular composition of focal adhesions at the nanometer scale. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs4. [PMID: 27303058 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are protein complexes that link metazoan cells to the extracellular matrix through the integrin family of transmembrane proteins. Integrins recruit many proteins to these complexes, referred to as the "adhesome." We used proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) in U2OS osteosarcoma cells to label proteins within 15 to 25 nm of paxillin, a cytoplasmic focal adhesion protein, and kindlin-2, which directly binds β integrins. Using mass spectrometry analysis of the biotinylated proteins, we identified 27 known adhesome proteins and 8 previously unknown components close to paxillin. However, only seven of these proteins interacted directly with paxillin, one of which was the adaptor protein Kank2. The proteins in proximity to β integrin included 15 of the adhesion proteins identified in the paxillin BioID data set. BioID also correctly established kindlin-2 as a cell-cell junction protein. By focusing on this smaller data set, new partners for kindlin-2 were found, namely, the endocytosis-promoting proteins liprin β1 and EFR3A, but, contrary to previous reports, not the filamin-binding protein migfilin. A model adhesome based on both data sets suggests that focal adhesions contain fewer components than previously suspected and that paxillin lies away from the plasma membrane. These data not only illustrate the power of using BioID and stable isotope-labeled mass spectrometry to define macromolecular complexes but also enable the correct identification of therapeutic targets within the adhesome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ming Dong
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Felicia Pei-Ling Tay
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Hannah Lee-Foon Swa
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Thomas Leung
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Brian Burke
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ed Manser
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Proteos Building, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore. Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Haider S, Rahman R, Ghosh S, Pal R. A Copula Based Approach for Design of Multivariate Random Forests for Drug Sensitivity Prediction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144490. [PMID: 26658256 PMCID: PMC4684346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling sensitivity to drugs based on genetic characterizations is a significant challenge in the area of systems medicine. Ensemble based approaches such as Random Forests have been shown to perform well in both individual sensitivity prediction studies and team science based prediction challenges. However, Random Forests generate a deterministic predictive model for each drug based on the genetic characterization of the cell lines and ignores the relationship between different drug sensitivities during model generation. This application motivates the need for generation of multivariate ensemble learning techniques that can increase prediction accuracy and improve variable importance ranking by incorporating the relationships between different output responses. In this article, we propose a novel cost criterion that captures the dissimilarity in the output response structure between the training data and node samples as the difference in the two empirical copulas. We illustrate that copulas are suitable for capturing the multivariate structure of output responses independent of the marginal distributions and the copula based multivariate random forest framework can provide higher accuracy prediction and improved variable selection. The proposed framework has been validated on genomics of drug sensitivity for cancer and cancer cell line encyclopedia database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Haider
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raziur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Souparno Ghosh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ranadip Pal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rhoda K, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Potential nanotechnologies and molecular targets in the quest for efficient chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:613-34. [PMID: 25300775 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.970162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer, considered one of the most fatal gynecological cancers, goes largely undiagnosed until metastasis presents itself, usually once the patient is in the final stages and thus, too late for worthwhile therapy. Targeting this elusive disease in its early stages would improve the outcome for most patients, while the information generated thereof would increase the possibility of preventative mechanisms of therapy. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various molecular targets as possible moieties to be incorporated in a holistic drug delivery system or the more aptly termed 'theranostic' system. These molecular targets can be used for targeting, visualizing, diagnosing, and ultimately, treating ovarian cancer in its entirety. Currently implemented nanoframeworks, such as nanomicelles and nanoliposomes, are described and the effectiveness of nanostructures in tumor targeting, treatment functions, and overcoming the drug resistance challenge is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Novel nanotechnology strategies such as the development of nanoframeworks decorated with targeted ligands of a molecular nature may provide an efficient chemotherapy, especially when instituted in combination with imaging, diagnostic, and ultimately, therapeutic moieties. An imperative aspect of utilizing nanotechnology in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the flexibility of the drug delivery system and its ability to overcome standard obstacles such as: i) successfully treating the desired cells through direct targeting; ii) reducing toxicity levels of treatment by achieving direct targeting; and iii) delivery of targeted therapy using an efficient vehicle that is exceptionally degradable in response to a particular stimulus. The targeting of ovarian cancer in its early stages using imaging and diagnostic nanotechnology is an area that can be improved upon by combining therapeutic moieties with molecular biomarkers. The nanotechnology and molecular markers mentioned in this review have generally been used for either imaging or diagnostics, and have not yet been successfully implemented into bi-functional tools, which it is hoped, should eventually include a therapeutic aspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Rhoda
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 , South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hwang JY. Consideration of EphA2 in relation to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in uterine endometrial cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2014; 25:155. [PMID: 24761220 PMCID: PMC3996266 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2014.25.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang WN, Zhu XL, Teng YC. Reply to JY Hwang. J Gynecol Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2014.25.2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ning Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin-Cheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Li RX, Chen ZH, Chen ZK. The role of EPH receptors in cancer-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 33:231-40. [PMID: 24103789 PMCID: PMC4026543 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (EPH) receptors are considered the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and play key roles in physiological and pathologic processes in development and disease. EPH receptors are often overexpressed in human malignancies and are associated with poor prognosis. However, the functions of EPH receptors in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remain largely unknown. This review depicts the relationship between EPH receptors and the EMT marker E-cadherin as well as the crosstalk between EPH receptors and the signaling pathways involved EMT. Further discussion is focused on the clinical significance of EPH receptors as candidates for targeting in cancer therapeutics. Finally, we summarize how targeted inhibition of both EPH receptors and EMT-related signaling pathways represents a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Prognostic significance of combinations of RNA-dependent protein kinase and EphA2 biomarkers for NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8:301-8. [PMID: 23370317 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318282def7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an independent prognostic variable in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the current study, we investigated the correlation between PKR and 25 other biomarkers for NSCLC, identified the markers that could further improve the prognostic significance of PKR and elucidated the mechanisms of interaction between these markers and PKR. METHODS Tissue microarray samples obtained from 218 patients with lung cancer were stained with an anti-PKR antibody and antibodies against 25 biomarkers. Immunohistochemical expression was scored and used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The interaction between PKR and EphA2 in NSCLC cell lines was examined. RESULTS We found that PKR was associated with EphA2 and that the prognostic information regarding NSCLC provided by the combination of PKR and EphA2 (P/E) was significantly more accurate than that provided by either marker alone. The 5-year overall survival rate in patients with PKR/EphA2 (20%) was significantly lower than that of patients with PKR/EphA2 (74%), patients with PKR/EphA2 (55%), and patients with PKR/EphA2 (55%) (p < 0.0001). We also found that the PKR:EphA2 (P/E) ratio was significantly associated with prognosis (p < 0.0001). Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses revealed that this P/E combination or ratio was an independent predictor of overall survival. In addition, induction of PKR expression reduced EphA2 protein expression levels in NSCLC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS PKR/EphA2 is a significant predictor of prognosis for NSCLC. PKR/EphA2 may be a promising approach to improving screening efficiency and predicting prognosis in patients with NSCLC.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cui XD, Lee MJ, Kim JH, Hao PP, Liu L, Yu GR, Kim DG. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Raf/Pyk2 by growth factor-mediated Eph receptor 2 (EphA2) is required for cholangiocarcinoma growth and metastasis. Hepatology 2013; 57:2248-60. [PMID: 23315987 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor 2 (EphA2) overexpression is frequently accompanied by the loss of its cognate ligand during tumor progression. However, the molecular mechanism of this ligand-independent promotion of tumor by EphA2 remains unclear in highly malignant and fatal cholangiocarcinoma (CC). We examined the biological role of EphA2 in tumor growth and metastasis in CC tissues and cells according to the degree of differentiation and we explored the downstream signaling pathways of EphA2. Growth factor-mediated EphA2 overexpression itself leads to the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways through ligand-independent activation of EphA2 (phosphorylation of S897). An in vitro soft agar assay and in vivo orthotopic or subcutaneous tumor model showed that EphA2 enhanced colony formation and accelerated tumor growth, and which seemed to be mainly associated with Akt (T308)/mTORC1 activation. Aberrant expression and activation of EphA2 was also associated with poorer differentiation and higher metastatic ability. Enhanced metastatic ability was also observed in an orthotopic tumor model or lung metastasis model, correlating with Pyk2(Y402)/c-Src/ERK activation in addition to activation of the canonical Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. The mTORC1 and Raf/Pyk2 pathways also appeared to affect each other. These results suggest that growth factor-mediated EphA2 might be involved in tumor growth and metastasis through activation of the mTORC1 and Raf/Pyk2 pathways. Therapeutic strategies that target EphA2 and its downstream effectors may be useful to control CC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:2248-2260).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dan Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zozulya SA, Udovichenko IP. [Eph family receptors as therapeutic targets]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:267-79. [PMID: 22997698 DOI: 10.1134/s106816201203017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy is currently a commonly accepted and rapidly developing approach in oncology and other pathologies linked to aberrant neovascularization. Discovery and validation of additional molecular targets in angiogenesis is needed due to the limitations of the existing clinical therapeutics inhibiting activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. A brief review of normal and pathological biological functions of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands is presented, and the approaches to developing therapeutics with anti- and pro-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity based on selective molecular modulation of Eph-ephrin signaling pairs are discussed. Functional roles of Eph-kinases and ephrins in such mechanisms of cancerogenesis as cell proliferation and invasion are also addressed.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on intercellular communication throughout the different stages of their transformation and progression into metastasis. They do so by co-opting different processes such as cell-cell junctions, growth factors, receptors, and vesicular release. Initially characterized in neuronal and vascular tissues, Ephs and Ephrins, the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprised of two classes (i.e., A and B types), is increasingly scrutinized by cancer researchers. These proteins possess the particular features of both the receptors and ligands being membrane-bound which, via mandatory direct cell-cell interactions, undergo a bidirectional signal transduction initiated from both the receptor and the ligand. Following cell-cell interactions, Ephs/Ephrins behave as guidance molecules which trigger both repulsive and attractive signals, so as to direct the movement of cells through their immediate microenvironment. They also direct processes which include sorting and positioning and cytoskeleton rearrangements, thus making them perfect candidates for the control of the metastatic process. In fact, the role of Ephs and Ephrins in cancer progression has been demonstrated for many of the family members and they, surprisingly, have both tumor promoter and suppressor functions in different cellular contexts. They are also able to coordinate between multiple processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and invasion. This review is an attempt to summarize the data available on these Ephs/Ephrins' biological functions which contribute to the onset of aggressive cancers. I will also provide an overview of the factors which could explain the functional differences demonstrated by Ephs and Ephrins at different stages of tumor progression and whose elucidation is warranted for any future therapeutic targeting of this signaling pathway in cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sikkema AH, den Dunnen WF, Hulleman E, van Vuurden DG, Garcia-Manero G, Yang H, Scherpen FJ, Kampen KR, Hoving EW, Kamps WA, Diks SH, Peppelenbosch MP, de Bont ES. EphB2 activity plays a pivotal role in pediatric medulloblastoma cell adhesion and invasion. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1125-35. [PMID: 22723427 PMCID: PMC3424207 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in various types of key cancer-enhancing processes, like migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. In medulloblastoma, invading tumor cells characteristically lead to early recurrence and a decreased prognosis. Based on kinase-activity profiling data published recently, we hypothesized a key role for the Eph/ephrin signaling system in medulloblastoma invasion. In primary medulloblastoma samples, a significantly higher expression of EphB2 and the ligand ephrin-B1 was observed compared with normal cerebellum. Furthermore, medulloblastoma cell lines showed high expression of EphA2, EphB2, and EphB4. Stimulation of medulloblastoma cells with ephrin-B1 resulted in a marked decrease in in vitro cell adhesion and an increase in the invasion capacity of cells expressing high levels of EphB2. The cell lines that showed an ephrin-B1-induced phenotype possessed increased levels of phosphorylated EphB2 and, to a lesser extent, EphB4 after stimulation. Knockdown of EphB2 expression by short hairpin RNA completely abolished ephrin ligand-induced effects on adhesion and migration. Analysis of signal transduction identified p38, Erk, and mTOR as downstream signaling mediators potentially inducing the ephrin-B1 phenotype. In conclusion, the observed deregulation of Eph/ephrin expression in medulloblastoma enhances the invasive phenotype, suggesting a potential role in local tumor cell invasion and the formation of metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eveline S.J.M. de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands (A.H.S., F.J.G.S., K.R.K., W.A.K., S.H.D., E.S.J.M.B.); Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands (W.F.A.D.); Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.H., D.G.V.); Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas, USA (G.G.-M., H.Y.); Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands (E.W.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, L-459, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nievergall E, Lackmann M, Janes PW. Eph-dependent cell-cell adhesion and segregation in development and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1813-42. [PMID: 22204021 PMCID: PMC11114713 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies attest to essential roles for Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands in controlling cell positioning and tissue patterning during normal and oncogenic development. These studies suggest multiple, sometimes contradictory, functions of Eph-ephrin signalling, which under different conditions can promote either spreading and cell-cell adhesion or cytoskeletal collapse, cell rounding, de-adhesion and cell-cell segregation. A principle determinant of the balance between these two opposing responses is the degree of receptor/ligand clustering and activation. This equilibrium is likely altered in cancers and modulated by somatic mutations of key Eph family members that have emerged as candidate cancer markers in recent profiling studies. In addition, cross-talk amongst Ephs and with other signalling pathways significantly modulates cell-cell adhesion, both between and within Eph- and ephrin-expressing cell populations. This review summarises our current understanding of how Eph receptors control cell adhesion and morphology, and presents examples demonstrating the importance of these events in normal development and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nievergall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- Present Address: Haematology Department, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Peter W. Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Foveau B, Boulay G, Pinte S, Van Rechem C, Rood BR, Leprince D. The receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is a direct target gene of hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:5366-78. [PMID: 22184117 PMCID: PMC3285316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1), which encodes a transcriptional repressor, is epigenetically silenced in many human tumors. Here, we show that ectopic expression of HIC1 in the highly malignant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line severely impairs cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. In parallel, infection of breast cancer cell lines with a retrovirus expressing HIC1 also induces decreased mRNA and protein expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA2. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and sequential ChIP experiments demonstrate that endogenous HIC1 proteins are bound, together with the MTA1 corepressor, to the EphA2 promoter in WI38 cells. Taken together, our results identify EphA2 as a new direct target gene of HIC1. Finally, we observe that inactivation of endogenous HIC1 through RNA interference in normal breast epithelial cells results in the up-regulation of EphA2 and is correlated with increased cellular migration. To conclude, our results involve the tumor suppressor HIC1 in the transcriptional regulation of the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA2, whose ligand ephrin-A1 is also a HIC1 target gene. Thus, loss of the regulation of this Eph pathway through HIC1 epigenetic silencing could be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of epithelial cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Foveau
- From the CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université de Lille 1-Université de Lille 2, 59021 Lille Cedex, France and
| | - Gaylor Boulay
- From the CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université de Lille 1-Université de Lille 2, 59021 Lille Cedex, France and
| | - Sébastien Pinte
- From the CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université de Lille 1-Université de Lille 2, 59021 Lille Cedex, France and
| | - Capucine Van Rechem
- From the CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université de Lille 1-Université de Lille 2, 59021 Lille Cedex, France and
| | - Brian R. Rood
- the Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20010-2970
| | - Dominique Leprince
- From the CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS-Institut Pasteur de Lille-Université de Lille 1-Université de Lille 2, 59021 Lille Cedex, France and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Concepts and consequences of Eph receptor clustering. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:43-50. [PMID: 22261642 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric receptor-ligand complexes between interacting Eph and ephrin-expressing cells are regarded as dynamic intercellular signalling scaffolds that control cell-to-cell contact: the resulting Eph-ephrin signalling clusters function as positional cues that facilitate cell navigation and tissue patterning during normal and oncogenic development. The considerable complexity of this task, coordinating a multitude of cell movements and cellular interactions, is achieved by accurate translation of spatial information from Eph and ephrin expression gradients into fine-tuned changes in cell-cell adhesion and position. Here we review emerging evidence suggesting that the required combinatorial diversity is not only achieved by the large number of possible Eph-ephrin interactions and selective use of Eph forward and ephrin reverse signals, but in particular through the composition and signal capacity of Eph-ephrin clusters, which is adjusted dynamically to reflect overall Eph and ephrin surface densities on interacting cells. Fine-tuning is provided through multi-layered cluster assembly, where homo- and heterotypic Eph and ephrin interactions define the composition - whilst intracellular signalling feedbacks determine the size and lifetime - of signalling clusters.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang TH, Chang JL, Ho JY, Wu HC, Chen TC. EphrinA5 suppresses colon cancer development by negatively regulating epidermal growth factor receptor stability. FEBS J 2011; 279:251-63. [PMID: 22074469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common human cancers worldwide. Owing to its aggressiveness and lethality, it is necessary to determine the mechanisms regulating the carcinogenesis of colon cancer. EphrinA5 has been reported to act as a putative tumor suppressor in glioma; however, little is known concerning the role of this protein in the context of colon cancer. To elucidate the biological significance of ephrinA5 in colon cancer, we examined ephrinA5 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression profiles in both colon cancer and normal tissues, using immunohistochemistry on a 96-spot tissue microarray. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were performed on the human colon cancer cell lines SW480 and WiDr to determine the biological effects of ephrinA5 in relation to cell proliferation, survival, and migration. It was found that ephrinA5 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in colon cancer as compared with normal colon tissue specimens. EphrinA5 expression was also negatively associated with tumor differentiation and clinical stage. In colon cancer cell line models, ephrinA5 exerted an inhibitory effect on EGFR by promoting c-Cbl-mediated EGFR ubiquitination and degradation. EphrinA5 did not affect the transcriptional regulation of EGFR mRNA expression in colon cancer cells. Expression of ephrinA5 suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and chemotherapeutic resistance. In conclusion, ephrinA5 inhibited colon cancer progression by promoting c-Cbl-mediated EGFR degradation. Our findings identify a novel mechanism that could be utilized to improve the therapeutic efficiency of EGFR-targeting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ephs and ephrins in cancer: ephrin-A1 signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 23:109-15. [PMID: 22040911 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin-A1 and its primary receptor, EphA2, are involved in numerous physiological processes and have been intensely studied for their roles in malignancy. Ephrin-Eph signalling is complex on its own and is also cell-type dependent, making elucidation of the exact role of ephrin-A1 in neoplasia challenging. Multiple oncogenic signalling pathways, such as MAP/ERK and PI3K are affected by ephrin-A1, and in some cases evidence suggests the promotion of a specific pathway in one cell or cancer type and inhibition of the same pathway in another type of cell or cancer. Ephrin-A1 also plays an integral role in angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization. Until recently, studies investigating ephrins focused on the ligands as GPI-anchored proteins that required membrane anchoring or artificial clustering for Eph receptor activation. However, recent studies have demonstrated a functional role for soluble, monomeric ephrin-A1. This review will focus on various forms of ephrin-A1-specific signalling in human malignancy.
Collapse
|
40
|
Eph/ephrin signaling in epidermal differentiation and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 23:92-101. [PMID: 22040910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases mediate cell-cell communication by interacting with ephrin ligands residing on adjacent cell surfaces. In doing so, these juxtamembrane signaling complexes provide important contextual information about the cellular microenvironment that helps orchestrate tissue morphogenesis and maintain homeostasis. Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in various aspects of mammalian skin physiology, with several members of this large family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands present in the epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and underlying dermis. This review focuses on the emerging role of Eph receptors and ephrins in epidermal keratinocytes where they can modulate proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. The activation of Eph receptors by ephrins at sites of cell-cell contact also appears to play a key role in the maturation of intercellular junctional complexes as keratinocytes move out of the basal layer and differentiate in the suprabasal layers of this stratified, squamous epithelium. Furthermore, alterations in the epidermal Eph/ephrin axis have been associated with cutaneous malignancy, wound healing defects and inflammatory skin conditions. These collective observations suggest that the Eph/ephrin cell-cell communication pathway may be amenable to therapeutic intervention for the purpose of restoring epidermal tissue homeostasis and integrity in dermatological disorders.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tandon M, Vemula SV, Mittal SK. Emerging strategies for EphA2 receptor targeting for cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:31-51. [PMID: 21142802 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.538682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD High mortality rates with cancers warrant further development of earlier diagnostics and better treatment strategies. Membrane-bound erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor tyrosine kinase class A2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in breast, prostate, urinary bladder, skin, lung, ovary and brain cancers. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW EphA2 overexpression in cancers, its signaling mechanisms and strategies to target its deregulation. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN High EphA2 expression in cancer cells is correlated with a poor prognosis associated with recurrence due to enhanced metastasis. Interaction of the EphA2 receptor with its ligand (e.g., ephrinA1) triggers events that are deregulated and implicated in carcinogenesis. EphrinA1-independent oncogenic activity and ephrinA1-dependent tumor suppressor roles for EphA2 are described. Molecular interactions of EphA2 with signaling proteins are associated with the modulation of cytoskeleton dynamics, cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and metastasis. The deregulated signaling by EphA2 and its involvement in oncogenesis provide multiple avenues for the rational design of intervention approaches. TAKE HOME MESSAGE EphA2 has been tested as a drug target using multiple approaches such as agonist antibodies, RNA interference, immunotherapy, virus vector-mediated gene transfer, small-molecule inhibitors and nanoparticles. With over a decade of research, encouraging results with targeting of EphA2 expression in various pre-clinical cancer models necessitate further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Bindley Bioscience Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|