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Lian X, Cheng Y, Kang H. New insights of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the pathological progression of metabolic syndromes. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112018. [PMID: 38588630 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and coronary artery diseases which are grouped as metabolic syndrome. Rather than being a storage for energy, the adipocytes could synthesis and secret diverse hormones and molecules, named as adipokines. Under obese status, the adipocytes are dysfunctional with excessively producing the inflammatory related cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Concerning on the vital role of adipokines, it is proposed that one of the critical pathological factors of obesity is the dysfunctional adipocytic pathways. Among these adipokines, acylation stimulating protein, as an adipokine synthesized by adipocytes during the process of cell differentiation, is shown to activate the metabolism of triglyceride (TG) by regulating the catabolism of glucose and free fatty acid (FFA). Recent attention has paid to explore the underlying mechanism whereby acylation stimulating protein influences the biological function of adipocyte and the pathological development of obesity. In the present review, we summarized the progression of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the physiological and hormonal catabolism which affects fat distribution. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms which acylation stimulating protein regulates the metabolism of adipose tissue and the process of metabolic syndrome were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lian
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiyuan Kang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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2
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Schanzenbacher J, Hendrika Kähler K, Mesler E, Kleingarn M, Marcel Karsten C, Leonard Seiler D. The role of C5a receptors in autoimmunity. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152413. [PMID: 37598588 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune response and plays a vital role in host defense and inflammation. Dysregulation of the complement system, particularly involving the anaphylatoxin C5a and its receptors (C5aR1 and C5aR2), has been linked to several autoimmune diseases, indicating the potential for targeted therapies. C5aR1 and C5aR2 are seven-transmembrane receptors with distinct signaling mechanisms that play both partially overlapping and opposing roles in immunity. Both receptors are expressed on a broad spectrum of immune and non-immune cells and are involved in cellular functions and physiological processes during homeostasis and inflammation. Dysregulated C5a-mediated inflammation contributes to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, antiphospholipid syndrome, and others. Therefore, targeting C5a or its receptors may yield therapeutic innovations in these autoimmune diseases by reducing the recruitment and activation of immune cells that lead to tissue inflammation and injury, thereby exacerbating the autoimmune response. Clinical trials focused on the inhibition of C5 cleavage or the C5a/C5aR1-axis using small molecules or monoclonal antibodies hold promise for bringing novel treatments for autoimmune diseases into practice. However, given the heterogeneous nature of (systemic) autoimmune diseases, there are still several challenges, such as patient selection, optimal dosing, and treatment duration, that require further investigation and development to realize the full therapeutic potential of C5a receptor inhibition, ideally in the context of a personalized medicine approach. Here, we aim to provide a brief overview of the current knowledge on the function of C5a receptors, the involvement of C5a receptors in autoimmune disorders, the molecular mechanisms underlying C5a receptor-mediated autoimmunity, and the potential for targeted therapies to modulate their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Schanzenbacher
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Hendrika Kähler
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evelyn Mesler
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie Kleingarn
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Leonard Seiler
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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3
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Trambas IA, Coughlan MT, Tan SM. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Complement C5a Receptors in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108758. [PMID: 37240105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects 30-40% of patients with diabetes and is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The activation of the complement cascade, a highly conserved element of the innate immune system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. The potent anaphylatoxin C5a is a critical effector of complement-mediated inflammation. Excessive activation of the C5a-signalling axis promotes a potent inflammatory environment and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Conventional renoprotective agents used in the treatment of diabetes do not target the complement system. Mounting preclinical evidence indicates that inhibition of the complement system may prove protective in DKD by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Targeting the C5a-receptor signaling axis is of particular interest, as inhibition at this level attenuates inflammation while preserving the critical immunological defense functions of the complement system. In this review, the important role of the C5a/C5a-receptor axis in the pathogenesis of diabetes and kidney injuries will be discussed, and an overview of the status and mechanisms of action of current complement therapeutics in development will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez A Trambas
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sih Min Tan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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4
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Ren J, Chen L, Chen X, Zhang N, Sun X, Song J. Acylation-stimulating protein and heart failure progression in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 10:492-501. [PMID: 36316820 PMCID: PMC9871714 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous studies suggested that the complement system was critical in the prognosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), generated through the alternate complement pathway, was reported to regulate lipogenesis and triglyceride storage. This study aimed to investigate the role of ASP in predicting adverse cardiac events in an ARVC cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled 111 ARVC patients and 106 healthy volunteers, and measured their plasma ASP levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Plasma ASP levels were significantly higher in the ARVC patients than in the healthy controls (2325.22 ± 20.08 vs. 2189.75 ± 15.55, P < 0.001), with a similar trend observed in the myocardial explant assay. Spearman correlation analysis indicated plasma ASP level associated with cardiac structural (right ventricular internal dimension, P = 0.006) and functional remodelling (left ventricular ejection fraction, P = 0.002) in ARVC patients. The ARVC patients were followed up for an average of 17.79 ± 1.09 months. Heart failure-associated events (HFAEs) were defined as heart transplantation, on a cardiac transplant list, or death due to end-stage heart failure. Plasma ASP levels in patients with HFAEs were significantly higher than in those without clinical events (2486.03 ± 26.70 vs. 2268.83 ± 23.51, P < 0.001) or those with malignant arrhythmic events (2486.03 ± 26.70 vs. 2297.80 ± 60.46, P = 0.008). LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and multivariable Cox regression analyses showed the ASP level (HR = 1.004, 95% CI [1.002,1.006], P = 0.002) was an independent predictor for adverse HFAEs in ARVC patients. The spline-fitting procedure was applied to illustrate the HFAE-free probabilities at different time points. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that plasma ASP may be a useful biomarker in prediction of adverse HF-associated events in ARVC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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5
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Schäfer N, Grässel S. Involvement of complement peptides C3a and C5a in osteoarthritis pathology. Peptides 2022; 154:170815. [PMID: 35598724 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than 500 million people worldwide and is among the five diseases in Germany causing the highest suffering of the patients and cost for the society. The quality of life of OA patients is severely compromised, and adequate therapy is lacking owing to a knowledge gap that acts as a major barrier to finding safe and effective solutions. Chronic, low-grade inflammation plays a central role in OA pathogenesis and is associated with both OA pain and disease progression. Innate immune pathways, such as the complement- and pattern-recognition receptor pathways, are pivotal to the inflammation in OA and key components of the innate immune system implicated in OA include DAMP-TLR signaling, the complement system, carboxypeptidase B (CPB), and mononuclear cells. Anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are small polypeptides (77 and 74 amino acids, respectively) which are released by proteolytic cleavage of the complement components C3 and C5. The alternative complement pathway seems to play a crucial role in OA pathogenesis as these complement components, mostly C3 and its activation peptide C3a, were detected at high levels in osteoarthritic cartilage, synovial membrane, and cultured chondrocytes. Targeting the complement system by using anti-complement drugs as a therapeutic option bears the risk of major side effects such as increasing the risk of infection, interfering with cell regeneration and metabolism, and suppressing the clearance of immune complexes. Despite those adverse effects, several synthetic complement peptide antagonists show promising effects in ameliorating inflammatory cell responses also in joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schäfer
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Bio Park 1, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Bio Park 1, University of Regensburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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Poursharifi P, Attané C, Mugabo Y, Al-Mass A, Ghosh A, Schmitt C, Zhao S, Guida J, Lussier R, Erb H, Chenier I, Peyot ML, Joly E, Noll C, Carpentier AC, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. Adipose ABHD6 regulates tolerance to cold and thermogenic programs. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140294. [PMID: 33201859 PMCID: PMC7819748 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced energy expenditure in brown (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT) can be therapeutic against metabolic diseases. We examined the thermogenic role of adipose α/β-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6), which hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol (MAG), by employing adipose-specific ABHD6-KO mice. Control and KO mice showed similar phenotypes at room temperature and thermoneutral conditions. However, KO mice were resistant to hypothermia, which can be accounted for by the simultaneously increased lipolysis and lipogenesis of the thermogenic glycerolipid/free fatty acid (GL/FFA) cycle in visceral fat, despite unaltered uncoupling protein 1 expression. Upon cold stress, nuclear 2-MAG levels increased in visceral WAT of the KO mice. Evidence is provided that 2-MAG causes activation of PPARα in white adipocytes, leading to elevated expression and activity of GL/FFA cycle enzymes. In the ABHD6-ablated BAT, glucose and oxidative metabolism were elevated upon cold induction, without changes in GL/FFA cycle and lipid turnover. Moreover, response to in vivo β3-adrenergic stimulation was comparable between KO and control mice. Our data reveal a MAG/PPARα/GL/FFA cycling metabolic signaling network in visceral adipose tissue, which contributes to cold tolerance, and that adipose ABHD6 is a negative modulator of adaptive thermogenesis. Visceral adipose adipose α/β-hydrolase domain 6 regulates cold adaptation and acts as a brake for heat production via the regulation of thermogenic glycerolipid/free fatty acid cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Poursharifi
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Camille Attané
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Mugabo
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anfal Al-Mass
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clémence Schmitt
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julian Guida
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Lussier
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Heidi Erb
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erik Joly
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Corvillo F, Nozal P, López-Lera A, De Miguel MP, Piñero-Fernández JA, De Lucas R, García-Concepción MD, Beato MJ, Araújo-Vilar D, López-Trascasa M. Evidence of ongoing complement activation on adipose tissue from an 11-year-old girl with Barraquer-Simons syndrome. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1439-1444. [PMID: 32890433 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Barraquer-Simons syndrome (BSS), a form of acquired partial lipodystrophy, is a rare condition characterized by gradual loss of adipose tissue from the upper body, keeping intact the white adipose tissue of the lower extremities. The etiology of BSS is not well understood, and clinical follow-up studies have not been assessed in these patients. Moreover, no histological studies have been conducted during the active phase of the disease, and complement system activation products have not been sought in the affected areas. The objective of this work was to analyze the clinical, immunological and histological events in an 11-year-old girl with BSS over a 5-year follow-up period. Clinical data were collected during six regular visits for a time period of 5 years. The circulating levels of C3, C3adesArg (a product released upon C3 activation), C4 and immunoglobulins (Ig) were quantified in serum while fat tissue from lipoatrophic areas was examined by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence approaches. In her regular visits, no clinical or laboratory abnormalities had been observed in the patient, except for the progression of lipoatrophy linked to the C3 hypocomplementemia and the occurrence of C3 nephritic factor. Adipose tissue from the patient showed atrophied and dead adipocytes, an abnormal production of extracellular matrix, and a remarkable accumulation of infiltrating CD68 macrophages and adipocyte precursors (marked by c-Kit positiveness). Simultaneous detection of IgG, C3, C5a and C5b-9 proved the ongoing complement activity and complement-directed injury within the adipose tissue. Our results showed the first evidence that the complement system hyperactivation occurs within the adipose tissue and is linked with fat loss in patients with BSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Corvillo
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U754), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Nozal
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U754), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Immunology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Lera
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U754), Madrid, Spain
| | - María P De Miguel
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raúl De Lucas
- Departments of, Department of, Dermatology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María J Beato
- Department of, Pathology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Araújo-Vilar
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit (U.E.T.eM.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS)-IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Medicine, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Margarita López-Trascasa
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Li XX, Lee JD, Kemper C, Woodruff TM. The Complement Receptor C5aR2: A Powerful Modulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:3339-3348. [PMID: 31160390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation generates the core effector protein C5a, a potent immune molecule that is linked to multiple inflammatory diseases. Two C5a receptors, C5aR1 (C5aR, CD88) and C5aR2 (C5L2, GPR77), mediate the biological activities of C5a. Although C5aR1 has broadly acknowledged proinflammatory roles, C5aR2 remains at the center of controversy, with existing findings supporting both immune-activating and immune-dampening functions. Recent progress has been made toward resolving these issues. Instead of being a pure recycler and sequester of C5a, C5aR2 is capable of mediating its own set of signaling events and through these events exerting significant immunomodulatory effects not only toward C5aR1 but also other pattern recognition receptors and innate immune systems, such as NLRP3 inflammasomes. This review highlights the existing knowns and unknowns concerning C5aR2 and provides a timely update on recent breakthroughs which are expected to have a substantial impact on future fundamental and translational C5aR2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
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9
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Lackner I, Weber B, Baur M, Fois G, Gebhard F, Pfeifer R, Cinelli P, Halvachizadeh S, Lipiski M, Cesarovic N, Schrezenmeier H, Huber-Lang M, Pape HC, Kalbitz M. Complement Activation and Organ Damage After Trauma-Differential Immune Response Based on Surgical Treatment Strategy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:64. [PMID: 32117238 PMCID: PMC7025487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The complement system is part of the innate immunity, is activated immediately after trauma and is associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, multiple organ failure, and with death of multiply injured patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the complement activation in multiply injured pigs as well as its effects on the heart in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the impact of reamed vs. non-reamed intramedullary nailing was examined with regard to the complement activation after multiple trauma in pigs. Materials and Methods: Male pigs received multiple trauma, followed by femoral nailing with/without prior conventional reaming. Systemic complement hemolytic activity (CH-50 and AH-50) as well as the local cardiac expression of C3a receptor, C5a receptors1/2, and the deposition of the fragments C3b/iC3b/C3c was determined in vivo after trauma. Human cardiomyocytes were exposed to C3a or C5a and analyzed regarding calcium signaling and mitochondrial respiration. Results: Systemic complement activation increased within 6 h after trauma and was mediated via the classical and the alternative pathway. Furthermore, complement activation correlated with invasiveness of fracture treatment. The expression of receptors for complement activation were altered locally in vivo in left ventricles. C3a and C5a acted detrimentally on human cardiomyocytes by affecting their functionality and their mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Conclusion: After multiple trauma, an early activation of the complement system is triggered, affecting the heart in vivo as well as in vitro, leading to complement-induced cardiac dysfunction. The intensity of complement activation after multiple trauma might correlate with the invasiveness of fracture treatment. Reaming of the femoral canal might contribute to an enhanced “second hit” response after trauma. Consequently, the choice of fracture treatment might imply the clinical outcome of the critically injured patients and might be therefore crucial for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lackner
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Baur
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Miriam Lipiski
- Department of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm and Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical- and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Saleh J, Al-Maqbali M, Abdel-Hadi D. Role of Complement and Complement-Related Adipokines in Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Fat Storage. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1411-1429. [PMID: 31688967 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue releases many cytokines and inflammatory factors described as adipokines. In obesity, adipokines released from expanding adipose tissue are implicated in disease progression and metabolic dysfunction. However, mechanisms controlling the progression of adiposity and metabolic complications are not fully understood. It has been suggested that expanding fat mass and sustained release of inflammatory adipokines in adipose tissue lead to hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cellular damage. These changes trigger an immune response involving infiltration of adipose tissue with immune cells, complement activation and generation of factors involved in opsonization and clearance of damaged cells. Abundant evidence now indicates that adipose tissue is an active secretory source of complement and complement-related adipokines that, in addition to their inflammatory role, contribute to the regulation of metabolic function. This article highlights advances in knowledge regarding the role of these adipokines in energy regulation of adipose tissue through modulating lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. Several adipokines will be discussed including adipsin, Factor H, properdin, C3a, Acylation-Stimulating Protein, C1q/TNF-related proteins, and response gene to complement-32 (RGC-32). Interactions between these factors will be described considering their immune-metabolic roles in the adipose tissue microenvironment and their potential contribution to progression of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction. The differential expression and the role of complement factors in gender-related fat partitioning will also be addressed. Identifying lipogenic adipokines and their specific autocrine/paracrine roles may provide means for adipose-tissue-targeted therapeutic interventions that may disrupt the vicious circle of adiposity and disease progression. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1411-1429, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muna Al-Maqbali
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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11
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Peterson KR, Gutierrez DA, Kikuchi T, Anderson-Baucum EK, Winn NC, Shuey MM, Bolus WR, McGuinness OP, Hasty AH. Impaired insulin signaling in the B10.D2- Hc0 H2d H2- T18c/oSnJ mouse model of complement factor 5 deficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E200-E211. [PMID: 31084499 PMCID: PMC6732470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00042.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the chemoattractant potential of complement factor 5 (C5) and its increased expression in adipose tissue (AT) of obese mice, we determined whether this protein of the innate immune system impacts insulin action. C5 control (C5cont) and spontaneously C5-deficient (C5def, B10.D2-Hc0 H2d H2-T18c/oSnJ) mice were placed on low- and high-fat diets to investigate their inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes. Adenoviral delivery was used to evaluate the effects of exogenous C5 on systemic metabolism. C5def mice gained less weight than controls while fed a high-fat diet, accompanied by reduced AT inflammation, liver mass, and liver triglyceride content. Despite these beneficial metabolic effects, C5def mice demonstrated severe glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance, as well as impaired insulin signaling in liver and AT. C5def mice also exhibited decreased expression of insulin receptor (INSR) gene and protein, as well as improper processing of pro-INSR. These changes were not due to the C5 deficiency alone as other C5-deficient models did not recapitulate the INSR processing defect; rather, in addition to the mutation in the C5 gene, whole genome sequencing revealed an intronic 31-bp deletion in the Insr gene in the B10.D2-Hc0 H2d H2-T18c/oSnJ model. Irrespective of the genetic defect, adenoviral delivery of C5 improved insulin sensitivity in both C5cont and C5def mice, indicating an insulin-sensitizing function of C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dario A Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
- Investigational Biology, Merck Exploratory Science Center , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Takuya Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Emily K Anderson-Baucum
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megan M Shuey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William R Bolus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Zhang XY, Liu Y, He T, Yang TT, Wu J, Cianflone K, Lu HL. Anaphylatoxin C5a induces inflammation and reduces insulin sensitivity by activating TLR4/NF-kB/PI3K signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:955-964. [PMID: 29710512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity closely correlates with metaflammation and characterizes with systemic-chronic-low inflammation. This study aims to evaluate effects of C5a on the inflammatory response and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced to the mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Then, 3T3-L1 were intervened with anaphylatoxin C5a, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and C5a + LPS, respectively. Levels of Omentin, Chemerin, Vaspin and Apelin 12 in supernatants of medium were examined using ELISA. C5L2, C5a receptor (C5aR), I kappa B (IkB), IkB kinase (IKK), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, PI3 K, p-PI3 K and β-actin were examined using RT-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. C5L2-C5aR colocalization was identified using immunofluorescence double label. NF-kB expression or activity was evaluated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), dual luciferase assay and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were also evaluated. Results showed that C5a intervention significantly enhanced inflammatory molecule levels in supernatants of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. IKK inflammatory signaling pathway participated in C5a induced inflammation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. C5a triggered the colocalization of C5L2 and C5aR and activated the NF-kB inflammatory signaling pathway. C5a intervention in 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased the glucose uptake and resulted in reduction of insulin sensitivity. Insulin signaling pathway participated in C5a caused insulin sensitivity reduction. C5a intervention triggered the phosphorylation of PI3 K. In conclusion anaphylatoxin C5a induced inflammatory response by activating TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway and generating C5L2-C5aR dimer, and caused insulin sensitivity reduction by activating PI3 K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- K. Cianflone. Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, QC, G1V4G5, Canada
| | - Hui-Ling Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Piao C, Zhang WM, Li TT, Zhang CC, Qiu S, Liu Y, Liu S, Jin M, Jia LX, Song WC, Du J. Complement 5a stimulates macrophage polarization and contributes to tumor metastases of colon cancer. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:127-138. [PMID: 29551360 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cells such as macrophages can play a pro-tumorigenic role in the tumor stroma. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) generally display an M2 phenotype with tumor-promoting activity; however, the mechanisms regulating the TAM phenotype remain unclear. Complement 5a (C5a) is a cytokine-like polypeptide that is generated during complement system activation and is known to promote tumor growth. Herein, we investigated the role of C5a on macrophage polarization in colon cancer metastasis in mice. We found that deficiency of the C5a receptor (C5aR) severely impairs the metastatic ability of implanted colon cancer cells. C5aR was expressed on TAMs, which exhibited an M2-like functional profile in colon cancer liver metastatic lesions. Furthermore, C5a mediated macrophage polarization and this process relied substantially on activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Finally, analysis of human colon carcinoma indicated that C5aR expression is negatively associated with tumor differentiation grade. Our results demonstrate that C5aR has a central role in regulating the M2 phenotype of TAMs, which in turn, contributes to hepatic metastasis of colon cancer through NF-κB signaling. C5a is a potential novel marker for cancer prognosis and drugs targeting complement system activation, specifically the C5aR pathway, may offer new therapeutic opportunities for colon cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Piao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Mei Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tao-Tao Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shulan Qiu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sa Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Li-Xin Jia
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing collaborative innovative research center for cardiovascular diseases, Beijing 100029, China.
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Kalbitz M, Schwarz S, Weber B, Bosch B, Pressmar J, Hoenes FM, Braun CK, Horst K, Simon TP, Pfeifer R, Störmann P, Hummler H, Gebhard F, Pape HC, Huber-Lang M, Hildebrand F. Cardiac Depression in Pigs after Multiple Trauma - Characterization of Posttraumatic Structural and Functional Alterations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17861. [PMID: 29259232 PMCID: PMC5736586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between cardiac depression and morphological and immunological alterations in cardiac tissue after multiple trauma. However, the mechanistic basis of depressed cardiac function after trauma is still elusive. In a porcine polytrauma model including blunt chest trauma, liver laceration, femur fracture and haemorrhage serial trans-thoracic echocardiography was performed and correlated with cellular cardiac injury as well as with the occurrence of extracellular histones in serum. Postmortem analysis of heart tissue was performed 72 h after trauma. Ejection fraction and shortening fraction of the left ventricle were significantly impaired between 4 and 27 h after trauma. H-FABP, troponin I and extracellular histones were elevated early after trauma and returned to baseline after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, increased nitrotyrosine and Il-1β generation and apoptosis were identified in cardiac tissue after trauma. Main structural findings revealed alteration of connexin 43 (Cx43) and co-translocation of Cx43 and zonula occludens 1 to the cytosol, reduction of α-actinin and increase of desmin in cardiomyocytes after trauma. The cellular and subcellular events demonstrated in this report may for the first time explain molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac dysfunction after multiple trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - S Schwarz
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Bosch
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Pressmar
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F M Hoenes
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - C K Braun
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Horst
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T P Simon
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Störmann
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H Hummler
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H C Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Kalbitz M, Amann EM, Bosch B, Palmer A, Schultze A, Pressmar J, Weber B, Wepler M, Gebhard F, Schrezenmeier H, Brenner R, Huber-Lang M. Experimental blunt chest trauma-induced myocardial inflammation and alteration of gap-junction protein connexin 43. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187270. [PMID: 29121655 PMCID: PMC5679619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe blunt chest trauma in humans is associated with high mortality rates. Whereas lung tissue damage and lung inflammation after blunt chest trauma have extensively been investigated, the traumatic and posttraumatic effects on the heart remain poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to define cardiac injury patterns in an experimental blunt chest trauma model in rats. METHODS Experimental blunt chest trauma was induced by a blast wave in rats, with subsequent analysis of its effects on the heart. The animals were subjected either to a sham or trauma procedure. Systemic markers for cardiac injury were determined after 24 h and 5 days. Postmortem analysis of heart tissue addressed structural injury and inflammation 24 h and 5 days after trauma. RESULTS Plasma levels of extracellular histones were elevated 24 h and 5 days after blunt chest trauma compared to sham-treated animals. In the heart, up-regulation of interleukin-1β 24 h after trauma and increased myeloperoxidase activity 24 h and 5 days after trauma were accompanied by reduced complement C5a receptor-1 expression 24 h after trauma. Histological analysis revealed extravasation of erythrocytes and immunohistochemical analysis alteration of the pattern of the gap-junction protein connexin 43. Furthermore, a slight reduction of α-actinin and desmin expression in cardiac tissue was found after trauma together with a minor increase in sarcoplasmatic/endoplasmatic reticlulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA) expression. CONCLUSIONS The clinically highly relevant rat model of blast wave-induced blunt chest trauma is associated with cardiac inflammation and structural alterations in cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisa Maria Amann
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg–Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Belinda Bosch
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Palmer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Schultze
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Pressmar
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institute of Anaesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg–Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Brenner
- Division of Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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16
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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17
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Novel insights into the expression pattern of anaphylatoxin receptors in mice and men. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:44-58. [PMID: 28600003 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxins (AT) C3a and C5a play important roles as mediators of inflammation. Further, they regulate and control multiple innate and adaptive immune responses through binding and activation of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors, i.e. C3a receptor (C3aR), C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and C5a receptor 2 (C5aR2), although the latter lacks important sequence motifs for G protein-coupling. Based on their pleiotropic functions, they contribute not only to tissue homeostasis but drive, perpetuate and resolve immune responses in many inflammatory diseases including infections, malignancies, autoimmune as well as allergic diseases. During the past few years, transcriptome expression data provided detailed insights into AT receptor tissue mRNA expression. In contrast, our understanding of cellular AT receptor expression in human and mouse tissues under steady and inflammatory conditions is still sketchy. Ligand binding studies, flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analyses convincingly demonstrated tissue-specific C5aR1 expression in various cells of myeloid origin. However, a detailed map for C3aR or C5aR2 expression in human or mouse tissue cells is still lacking. Also, reports about AT expression in lymphoid cells is still controversial. To understand the multiple roles of the ATs in the innate and adaptive immune networks, a detailed understanding of their receptor expression in health and disease is required. Recent findings obtained with novel GFP or tdTomato AT-receptor knock-in mice provide detailed insights into their expression pattern in tissue immune and stroma cells. Here, we will provide an update about our current knowledge of AT receptor expression pattern in humans and mice.
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Adipocyte-Macrophage Cross-Talk in Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:327-343. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kolev M, Kemper C. Keeping It All Going-Complement Meets Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28149297 PMCID: PMC5241319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionary old and crucial component of innate immunity, which is key to the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was initially discovered as a liver-derived sentinel system circulating in serum, the lymph, and interstitial fluids that mediate the opsonization and lytic killing of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the initiation of the general inflammatory responses. Although work performed specifically in the last five decades identified complement also as a critical instructor of adaptive immunity—indicating that complement’s function is likely broader than initially anticipated—the dominant opinion among researchers and clinicians was that the key complement functions were in principle defined. However, there is now a growing realization that complement activity goes well beyond “classic” immune functions and that this system is also required for normal (neuronal) development and activity and general cell and tissue integrity and homeostasis. Furthermore, the recent discovery that complement activation is not confined to the extracellular space but occurs within cells led to the surprising understanding that complement is involved in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, particularly those of metabolic nature—mostly via novel crosstalks between complement and intracellular sensor, and effector, pathways that had been overlooked because of their spatial separation. These paradigm shifts in the field led to a renaissance in complement research and provide new platforms to now better understand the molecular pathways underlying the wide-reaching effects of complement functions in immunity and beyond. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement’s emerging relationship with the cellular metabolism machinery with a focus on the functional differences between serum-circulating versus intracellularly active complement during normal cell survival and induction of effector functions. We will also discuss how taking a closer look into the evolution of key complement components not only made the functional connection between complement and metabolism rather “predictable” but how it may also give clues for the discovery of additional roles for complement in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Pundir P, MacDonald CA, Kulka M. The Novel Receptor C5aR2 Is Required for C5a-Mediated Human Mast Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Proinflammatory Mediator Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2774-87. [PMID: 26283482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
C5a generated during complement activation possesses proinflammatory and immunoregulatory properties critical for the development and modulation of allergic immune responses. In immune cells, C5a mediates its effects through binding to two G protein-coupled receptors, C5aR1 and C5aR2. Mast cells are key effectors in allergic reactions, and decades of research have suggested that the majority of C5a effects on mast cells are mediated through C5aR1, whereas the expression and function of C5aR2 have not been explored. We demonstrated that the human mast cell line Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 (LAD2) expresses surface C5aR2 but not C5aR1, whereas CD34(+) cell-derived primary mast cells do not express surface C5aR1 or C5aR2. Stem cell factor and IL-4 upregulated C5aR2 expression on LAD2 cells. Furthermore, C5a caused internalization of LAD2 cell-surface C5aR2. We therefore used LAD2 cells as a model to study C5a/C5aR2-induced biological responses and signaling in human mast cells. We found that whereas C5a was unable to induce degranulation, it stimulated GM-CSF, TNF, CXCL10, and CCL2 production. C5a caused ERK phosphorylation, a signaling molecule important in cytokine and chemokine generation. In addition, C5a stimulated adhesion and chemotaxis of mast cells. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, and small interfering RNA against β-arrestin-2 blocked C5a-induced adhesion. Silencing of C5aR2 using lentiviral short hairpin RNA rendered the cells unresponsive to C5a-induced adhesion, chemotaxis, and mediator release, as well as ERK phosphorylation. Overall, this study reveals a novel role for C5aR2 in C5a-mediated activation of mast cells and demonstrates that C5aR2 ligation initiates a β-arrestin-2-, PI3K-, and ERK-dependent signaling pathway in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pundir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Clayton A MacDonald
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada; and
| | - Marianna Kulka
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada; and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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21
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Selle J, Asare Y, Köhncke J, Alampour-Rajabi S, Shagdarsuren G, Klos A, Weber C, Jankowski J, Shagdarsuren E. Atheroprotective role of C5ar2 deficiency in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:848-58. [PMID: 26084965 DOI: 10.1160/th14-12-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherogenic processes and vascular remodelling after arterial injury are controlled and driven by a plethora of factors amongst which the activation of the complement system is pivotal. Recently, we reported a clear correlation between high expressions of the second receptor for complement anaphylatoxin C5a, the C5a receptor-like 2 (C5L2, C5aR2), with high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques. This prompted us to speculate that C5aR2 might have a functional role in atherosclerosis. We, therefore, investigated the role of C5aR2 in atherosclerosis and vascular remodelling. Here, we demonstrate that C5ar2 deletion, in atherosclerosis-prone mice, attenuates atherosclerotic as well as neointimal plaque formation, reduces macrophages and CD3+ T cells and induces features of plaque stability, as analysed by histomorphometry and quantitative immunohistochemistry. As a possible underlying mechanism, C5ar2-deficient plaques showed significantly reduced expression of C5a receptor (C5ar1), Tnf-α as well as Vcam-1, as determined by qPCR and quantitative immunohistochemistry. In addition, in vitro mechanistic studies revealed a reduction of these pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in C5ar2-deficient macrophages. Finally, blocking C5ar1 with antagonist JPE1375, in C5ar2(-/-)/Apoe(-/-) mice, led to a further reduction in neointimal plaque formation with reduced inflammation. In conclusion, C5ar2 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis and neointimal plaque formation after arterial injury. This identifies C5aR2 as a promising target to reduce atherosclerosis and restenosis after vascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erdenechimeg Shagdarsuren
- Erdenechimeg Shagdarsuren, MD, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Tel.: +49 241 8036584, Fax: +49 241 8082703, E-mail:
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22
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Merle NS, Church SE, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement System Part I - Molecular Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:262. [PMID: 26082779 PMCID: PMC4451739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a complex innate immune surveillance system, playing a key role in defense against pathogens and in host homeostasis. The complement system is initiated by conformational changes in recognition molecular complexes upon sensing danger signals. The subsequent cascade of enzymatic reactions is tightly regulated to assure that complement is activated only at specific locations requiring defense against pathogens, thus avoiding host tissue damage. Here, we discuss the recent advances describing the molecular and structural basis of activation and regulation of the complement pathways and their implication on physiology and pathology. This article will review the mechanisms of activation of alternative, classical, and lectin pathways, the formation of C3 and C5 convertases, the action of anaphylatoxins, and the membrane-attack-complex. We will also discuss the importance of structure-function relationships using the example of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Lastly, we will discuss the development and benefits of therapies using complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Church
- UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Integrative Cancer Immunology Team, INSERM , Paris , France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France
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23
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Merle NS, Noe R, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement System Part II: Role in Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:257. [PMID: 26074922 PMCID: PMC4443744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has been considered for a long time as a simple lytic cascade, aimed to kill bacteria infecting the host organism. Nowadays, this vision has changed and it is well accepted that complement is a complex innate immune surveillance system, playing a key role in host homeostasis, inflammation, and in the defense against pathogens. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the role of complement in physiology and pathology. It starts with a description of complement contribution to the normal physiology (homeostasis) of a healthy organism, including the silent clearance of apoptotic cells and maintenance of cell survival. In pathology, complement can be a friend or a foe. It acts as a friend in the defense against pathogens, by inducing opsonization and a direct killing by C5b–9 membrane attack complex and by triggering inflammatory responses with the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Opsonization plays also a major role in the mounting of an adaptive immune response, involving antigen presenting cells, T-, and B-lymphocytes. Nevertheless, it can be also an enemy, when pathogens hijack complement regulators to protect themselves from the immune system. Inadequate complement activation becomes a disease cause, as in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 glomerulopathies, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Age-related macular degeneration and cancer will be described as examples showing that complement contributes to a large variety of conditions, far exceeding the classical examples of diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Finally, we discuss complement as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Remi Noe
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) , Paris , France
| | - Lise Halbwachs-Mecarelli
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
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24
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Barbu A, Hamad OA, Lind L, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B. The role of complement factor C3 in lipid metabolism. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:101-7. [PMID: 25746915 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant reports have shown that there is a strong relationship between C3 and C3a-desArg levels, adipose tissue, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The data indicate that complement components, particularly C3, are involved in lipid metabolism. The C3 fragment, C3a-desArg, functions as a hormone that has insulin-like effects and facilitates triglyceride metabolism. Adipose tissue produces and regulates the levels of complement components, which promotes generation of inflammatory initiators such as the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. The anaphylatoxins trigger a cyto/chemokine response in proportion to the amount of adipose tissue present, and induce inflammation and mediate metabolic effects such as insulin resistance. These observations support the concept that complement is an important participant in lipid metabolism and in obesity, contributing to the metabolic syndrome and to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Barbu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Osama A Hamad
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Liu Y, Fisette A, Lapointe M, Cianflone K. C5L2 Deficiency Enhances Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice. Chin Med 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2015.61007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Perino A, Pols TWH, Nomura M, Stein S, Pellicciari R, Schoonjans K. TGR5 reduces macrophage migration through mTOR-induced C/EBPβ differential translation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5424-36. [PMID: 25365223 DOI: 10.1172/jci76289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-responsive G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is involved in several metabolic processes, and recent studies suggest that TGR5 activation may promote pathways that are protective against diet-induced diabetes. Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-specific TGR5 signaling in protecting adipose tissue from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Examination of adipose tissue from obese mice lacking macrophage Tgr5 revealed enhanced inflammation, increased chemokine expression, and higher macrophage numbers compared with control obese animals. Moreover, macrophage-specific deletion of Tgr5 exacerbated insulin resistance in obese animals. Conversely, pharmacological activation of TGR5 markedly decreased LPS-induced chemokine expression in primary macrophages. This reduction was mediated by AKT-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1, which in turn induced the differential translation of the dominant-negative C/EBPβ isoform, liver inhibitory protein (LIP). Overall, these studies reveal a signaling pathway downstream of TGR5 that modulates chemokine expression in response to high-fat diet and suggest that targeting this pathway has the potential to be therapeutically exploited for prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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27
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Vijayan S, Asare Y, Grommes J, Soehnlein O, Lutgens E, Shagdarsuren G, Togtokh A, Jacobs MJ, Fischer JW, Bernhagen J, Weber C, Schober A, Shagdarsuren E. High expression of C5L2 correlates with high proinflammatory cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2123-33. [PMID: 24819959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement anaphylatoxin C5a functions through its two receptors, C5aR (CD88) and C5a receptor-like 2 (C5L2). Their role in atherosclerosis is incompletely understood. We, therefore, analyzed C5aR and probed the yet unknown expression and function of C5L2 in human atherogenesis. Human atherosclerotic plaques obtained by endarterectomy were staged and analyzed for C5L2 and C5aR by IHC and quantitative real-time PCR. C5L2-expressing cells in plaques were mostly macrophages, less neutrophils and endothelial cells, as determined by double immunostaining. Although early influx of C5aR(+) cells was detected, C5L2 levels increased with lesion complexity and colocalized with C5aR and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Gene expression of C5L2 and C5aR showed similar trends, such as the receptor-expressing cells. The expression of C5L2 in advanced lesions correlated with increased levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in plaques. Furthermore, in vitro experiments in macrophages from wild-type and C5l2- and C5ar-deficient mice corroborated the contributing role of C5l2 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-pretreated C5a-induced cytokine expression, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, C5l2- and C5ar-deficient peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed less arrest on tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated mouse endothelial cells in vitro when compared with wild-type controls. Taken together, prominent C5L2 expression in advanced atherosclerotic stages directly correlates with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This might indicate a proinflammatory role of C5L2 in atherosclerosis that needs to be pursued in the future by applying in vivo mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Vijayan
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yaw Asare
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Grommes
- European Vascular Centre Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gansuvd Shagdarsuren
- Department of Nephrology, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ariunaa Togtokh
- Department of Nephrology, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Michael J Jacobs
- European Vascular Centre Aachen-Maastricht, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; August-Lenz-Stiftung at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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C5a2 can modulate ERK1/2 signaling in macrophages via heteromer formation with C5a1 and β-arrestin recruitment. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:631-9. [PMID: 24777312 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a major component of our innate immune system, in which the complement proteins C5a and C5a-des Arg bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors: namely, the C5a receptor (C5a1) and C5a receptor like-2 receptor (C5a2, formerly called C5L2). Recently, it has been demonstrated that C5a, but not C5a-des Arg, upregulates heteromer formation between C5a1 and C5a2, leading to an increase in IL-10 release from human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). A bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay was used to assess the recruitment of β-arrestins by C5a and C5a-des Arg at the C5a1 and C5a2 receptors. C5a demonstrated elevated β-arrestin 2 recruitment levels in comparison with C5a-des Arg, whereas no significant difference was observed at C5a2. A constitutive complex that formed between β-arrestin 2 and C5a2 accounted for half of the BRET signal observed. Interestingly, both C5a and C5a-des Arg exhibited higher potency for β-arrestin 2 recruitment via C5a2, indicating preference for C5a2 over C5a1. When C5a was tested in a functional ERK1/2 assay in HMDMs, inhibition of ERK1/2 was observed only at concentrations at or above the EC50 for heteromer formation. This suggested that increased recruitment of the β-arrestin-C5a2 complex at these C5a concentrations might have an inhibitory role on C5a1 signaling through ERK1/2. An improved understanding of C5a2 modulation of signaling in acute inflammation could be of benefit in the development of ligands for conditions such as sepsis.
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Chaldakov GN, Fiore M, Ghenev PI, Beltowski J, Ranćić G, Tunçel N, Aloe L. Triactome: neuro-immune-adipose interactions. Implication in vascular biology. Front Immunol 2014; 5:130. [PMID: 24782857 PMCID: PMC3986561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the precise interactions of nerves, immune cells, and adipose tissue account for cardiovascular and metabolic biology is a central aim of biomedical research at present. A long standing paradigm holds that the vascular wall is composed of three concentric tissue coats (tunicae): intima, media, and adventitia. However, large- and medium-sized arteries, where usually atherosclerotic lesions develop, are consistently surrounded by periadventitial adipose tissue (PAAT), we recently designated tunica adiposa (in brief, adiposa like intima, media, and adventitia). Today, atherosclerosis is considered an immune-mediated inflammatory disease featured by endothelial dysfunction/intimal thickening, medial atrophy, and adventitial lesions associated with adipose dysfunction, whereas hypertension is characterized by hyperinnervation-associated medial thickening due to smooth muscle cell hypertrophy/hyperplasia. PAAT expansion is associated with increased infiltration of immune cells, both adipocytes and immunocytes secreting pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory (metabotrophic) signaling proteins collectively dubbed adipokines. However, the role of vascular nerves and their interactions with immune cells and paracrine adipose tissue is not yet evaluated in such an integrated way. The present review attempts to briefly highlight the findings in basic and translational sciences in this area focusing on neuro-immune-adipose interactions, herein referred to as triactome. Triactome-targeted pharmacology may provide a novel therapeutic approach in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Nikov Chaldakov
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter I. Ghenev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Jerzy Beltowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gorana Ranćić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University Medical Faculty, Niš, Serbia
| | - Neşe Tunçel
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Eskişehir University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Luigi Aloe
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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30
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Anderson-Baucum EK, Major AS, Hasty AH. A possible secondary immune response in adipose tissue during weight cycling: The ups and downs of yo-yo dieting. Adipocyte 2014; 3:141-5. [PMID: 24719788 PMCID: PMC3979879 DOI: 10.4161/adip.27556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of immunometabolism is burgeoning, with hundreds of papers published on the topic each year. Our understanding of the contribution of immune cells to metabolic regulation has expanded from a simple idea of innate immune cells, such as macrophages, altering adipose tissue function in obesity, to an awareness of the complex role of adaptive immunity in many different organ systems. Recent findings have clearly demonstrated the presence of adaptive lymphocytes, such as T and B cells, in adipose tissue. Furthermore, these data demonstrated T-cell accumulation and limited T-cell receptor repertoire diversity in obese adipose tissue, indicating that an antigen-specific immune response may occur within this tissue. In a recently published paper, we reported that a mouse model of weight cycling resulted in increased T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue. In the current commentary, we discuss the possibility that this increase in adipose tissue T-cell number could represent a local secondary immune response to self-antigens exposed in adipose tissue during obesity. If further experimentation indicates that this hypothesis is true, these data will fortify the concept that obesity is a complex immune-mediated disease and would emphasize the importance of designing therapies to maintain weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy S Major
- Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, TN USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, TN USA
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31
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C5L2 is required for C5a-triggered receptor internalization and ERK signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1409-19. [PMID: 24631530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C5L2 is a receptor that binds to C5a and belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors, but its role in physiological C5a-mediated responses remains under debate. Here we show that, like the canonical C5a receptor C5aR, C5L2 plays a pro-inflammatory role in a murine model of acute experimental colitis. We demonstrate that C5L2 physically interacts with C5aR and is required for optimal C5a-mediated C5aR internalization and associated ERK activation. Abrogation of C5a-induced receptor internalization by treatment with the dynamin inhibitor dynasore(TM) impaired C5a-induced MEK and ERK signaling. Although the presence of C5aR alone was sufficient to recruit the scaffold protein β-arrestin1 to the cell membrane in response to C5a stimulation, it was inadequate to mediate AP2 recruitment and subsequent C5aR internalization. Expression of C5L2 allowed normal internalization of C5aR in response to C5a stimulation, followed by normal ERK signaling. Thus, our work reveals an essential role for C5L2 in C5a-triggered, AP2-dependent C5aR internalization and downstream ERK signaling.
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32
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Poursharifi P, Lapointe M, Fisette A, Lu H, Roy C, Munkonda MN, Fairlie DP, Cianflone K. C5aR and C5L2 act in concert to balance immunometabolism in adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:325-333. [PMID: 24397921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that the immunometabolic receptors; C5aR and C5L2, constitutively self-associate into homo-/heterodimers and that acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) or C5a treatment of adipocytes increased their colocalization. The present study evaluates the C5aR contribution in adipocytes to the metabolic and immune responses elicited by ligand stimulation. The effects of C5a, ASP, and insulin on cytokine production, triglyceride synthesis (TGS), and key signaling pathways were evaluated in isolated primary adipocytes and cultured 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes. In addition, mRNA expression of IRS1 and PGC1α was compared in adipose tissue samples from WT vs. C5aRKO mice. Both C5a and ASP directly increased MCP-1 (238±4%; P<0.001, and 377±2% vs. basal 100%; P<0.001, respectively) and KC (413±11%; P<0.001, and 529±16%; P<0.001 vs. basal 100%, respectively) secretion, TGS (131±1%; P<0.001, and 152±6%; P<0.001, vs. basal 100% respectively), and Akt/NFκB phosphorylation pathways in adipocytes. However, in C5aRKO adipocytes, C5a effects were disrupted, while stimulatory effects of ASP were mostly maintained. Addition of C5a completely blocked ASP signaling and activity in both C5aRKO and WT adipocytes as well as 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, C5aRKO adipocytes revealed impaired insulin stimulation of cytokine production, with partial impairment of signaling and TGS stimulation, consistent with decreased IRS1 and PGC1α mRNA expression in adipose tissue. These observations indicate the importance of C5aR in adipose tissue metabolism and immunity, which may be regulated through heterodimerization with C5L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Poursharifi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Huiling Lu
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Roy
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mercedes Nancy Munkonda
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Association of immune and metabolic receptors C5aR and C5L2 with adiposity in women. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:413921. [PMID: 24523571 PMCID: PMC3913464 DOI: 10.1155/2014/413921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue receptors C5aR and C5L2 and their heterodimerization/functionality and interaction with ligands C5a and acylation stimulating protein (ASP) have been evaluated in cell and rodent studies. Their contribution to obesity factors in humans remains unclear. We hypothesized that C5a receptors, classically required for host defense, are also associated with adiposity. Anthropometry and fasting blood parameters were measured in 136 women divided by body mass index (BMI): normal/overweight (≤30 kg/m(2); n = 34), obese I (≤45 kg/m(2); n = 33), obese II (≤51 kg/m(2); n = 33), and obese III (≤80 kg/m(2); n = 36). Subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue C5aR and C5L2 expression were analysed. C5L2 expression was comparable between subcutaneous and omental across all BMI groups. Plasma ASP and ASP/omental C5L2 expression increased with BMI (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, resp.). While plasma C5a was unchanged, C5aR expression decreased with increasing BMI in subcutaneous and omental tissues (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, resp.), with subcutaneous omental depots. Omental C5L2/C5aR ratio increased with BMI (P < 0.01) with correlations between C5L2/C5aR and waist circumference, HDL-C, and adiponectin. Tissue and BMI differences in receptors and ligands, particularly in omental, suggest relationship to metabolic disturbances and highlight adipose-immune interactions.
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Rezvani R, Smith J, Lapointe M, Marceau P, Tchernof A, Cianflone K. Complement receptors C5aR and C5L2 are associated with metabolic profile, sex hormones, and liver enzymes in obese women pre- and postbariatric surgery. J Obes 2014; 2014:383102. [PMID: 24796007 PMCID: PMC3984800 DOI: 10.1155/2014/383102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with metabolic dysfunction with sex differences and chronic, low-grade inflammation.We proposed that hepatic expression of immune complement C3 related receptors (C3aR, C5aR, and C5L2) would be associated with pre- or postmenopausal status and metabolic profile in severely obese women. We hypothesized that C5L2/C5aR ratio, potentially influencing the ASP/C5L2 metabolic versus C5a/C5aR immune response, would predict metabolic profiles after weight loss surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting plasma (hormone, lipid, and enzyme analysis) and liver biopsies (RT-PCR gene expression) were obtained from 91 women during surgery. RESULTS Hepatic C5L2 mRNA expression was elevated in pre- versus postmenopausal women (P < 0.01) and correlated positively with circulating estradiol, estrone, ApoB, ApoA1, ApoA1/B, waist circumference, age, and LDL-C (all P < 0.05).While plasma ASP was lower in pre- versus postmenopausal women (P < 0.01), the hepatic C5L2/C5aR mRNA ratio was increased (P < 0.001) and correlated positively with estrone (P < 0.01) and estradiol (P < 0.001) and negatively with circulating ApoB and liver enzymes ALT, AST, and GGT (all P < 0.05). Over 12 months postoperatively, liver enzymes in low C5L2/C5aR mRNA ratio group remained higher (ALP and ALT, P < 0.05, AST and GGT, P < 0.001 2-way-ANOVA). CONCLUSION C5L2-C5aR association with other mediators including estrogens may contribute to hepatic metabolic and inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezvani
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Jessica Smith
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Marc Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Picard Marceau
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Andre Tchernof
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Y4332, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
- *Katherine Cianflone:
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Kemper C, Köhl J. Novel roles for complement receptors in T cell regulation and beyond. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:181-90. [PMID: 23796748 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptors are expressed on cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system. They play important roles in pathogen and danger sensing as they translate the information gathered by complement fluid phase sensors into cellular responses. Further, they control complement activation on viable and apoptotic host cells, clearance of immune complexes and mediate opsonophagocytosis. More recently, evidence has accumulated that complement receptors form a complex network with other innate receptors systems such as the Toll-like receptors, the Notch signaling system, IgG Fc receptors and C-type lectin receptors contributing to the benefit and burden of innate and adaptive immune responses in autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as in cancer and transplantation. Here, we will discuss recent developments and emerging concepts of complement receptor activation and regulation with a particular focus on the differentiation, maintenance and contraction of effector and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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Klos A, Wende E, Wareham KJ, Monk PN. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXVII. Complement peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:500-43. [PMID: 23383423 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the complement cascade, a cornerstone of the innate immune response, produces a number of small (74-77 amino acid) fragments, originally termed anaphylatoxins, that are potent chemoattractants and secretagogues that act on a wide variety of cell types. These fragments, C5a, C4a, and C3a, participate at all levels of the immune response and are also involved in other processes such as neural development and organ regeneration. Their primary function, however, is in inflammation, so they are important targets for the development of antiinflammatory therapies. Only three receptors for complement peptides have been found, but there are no satisfactory antagonists as yet, despite intensive investigation. In humans, there is a single receptor for C3a (C3a receptor), no known receptor for C4a, and two receptors for C5a (C5a₁ receptor and C5a₂ receptor). The most recently characterized receptor, the C5a₂ receptor (previously known as C5L2 or GPR77), has been regarded as a passive binding protein, but signaling activities are now ascribed to it, so we propose that it be formally identified as a receptor and be given a name to reflect this. Here, we describe the complex biology of the complement peptides, introduce a new suggested nomenclature, and review our current knowledge of receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klos
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Roy C, Gupta A, Fisette A, Lapointe M, Poursharifi P, Richard D, Lu H, Lu B, Gerard N, Gerard C, Cianflone K. C5a receptor deficiency alters energy utilization and fat storage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62531. [PMID: 23667486 PMCID: PMC3646841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of whole body C5a receptor (C5aR) deficiency on energy metabolism and fat storage. DESIGN Male wildtype (WT) and C5aR knockout (C5aRKO) mice were fed a low fat (CHOW) or a high fat high sucrose diet-induced obesity (DIO) diet for 14 weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly. Indirect calorimetry, dietary fatload clearance, insulin and glucose tolerance tests were also evaluated. Liver, muscle and adipose tissue mRNA gene expression were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS At week one and 12, C5aRKO mice on DIO had increased oxygen consumption. After 12 weeks, although food intake was comparable, C5aRKO mice had lower body weight (-7% CHOW, -12% DIO) as well as smaller gonadal (-38% CHOW, -36% DIO) and inguinal (-29% CHOW, -30% DIO) fat pads than their WT counterparts. Conversely, in WT mice, C5aR was upregulated in DIO vs CHOW diets in gonadal adipose tissue, muscle and liver, while C5L2 mRNA expression was lower in C5aRKO on both diet. Furthermore, blood analysis showed lower plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels in both C5aRKO groups, with faster postprandial triglyceride clearance after a fatload. Additionally, C5aRKO mice showed lower CD36 expression in gonadal and muscle on both diets, while DGAT1 expression was higher in gonadal (CHOW) and liver (CHOW and DIO) and PPARγ was increased in muscle and liver. CONCLUSION These observations point towards a role (either direct or indirect) for C5aR in energy expenditure and fat storage, suggesting a dual role for C5aR in metabolism as well as in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roy
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pegah Poursharifi
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - HuiLing Lu
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bao Lu
- Ina Sue Perlmutter Lab, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Norma Gerard
- Ina Sue Perlmutter Lab, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Craig Gerard
- Ina Sue Perlmutter Lab, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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