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Harrington AW, Liu C, Phillips N, Nepomuceno D, Kuei C, Chang J, Chen W, Sutton SW, O'Malley D, Pham L, Yao X, Sun S, Bonaventure P. Identification and characterization of select oxysterols as ligands for GPR17. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:401-421. [PMID: 36214386 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G-protein coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is an orphan receptor involved in the process of myelination, due to its ability to inhibit the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite multiple claims that the biological ligand has been identified, it remains an orphan receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Seventy-seven oxysterols were screened in a cell-free [35 S]GTPγS binding assay using membranes from cells expressing GPR17. The positive hits were characterized using adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), inositol monophosphate (IP1) and calcium mobilization assays, with results confirmed in rat primary oligodendrocytes. Rat and pig brain extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and endogenous activator(s) were identified in receptor activation assays. Gene expression studies of GPR17, and CYP46A1 (cytochrome P450 family 46 subfamily A member 1) enzymes responsible for the conversion of cholesterol into specific oxysterols, were performed using quantitative real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS Five oxysterols were able to stimulate GPR17 activity, including the brain cholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). A specific brain fraction from rat and pig extracts containing 24S-HC activates GPR17 in vitro. Expression of Gpr17 during mouse brain development correlates with the expression of Cyp46a1 and the levels of 24S-HC itself. Other active oxysterols have low brain concentrations below effective ranges. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Oxysterols, including but not limited to 24S-HC, could be physiological activators for GPR17 and thus potentially regulate OPC differentiation and myelination through activation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlu Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Naomi Phillips
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chester Kuei
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven W Sutton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel O'Malley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiang Yao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Siquan Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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Functional Heterodimerization between the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR17 and the Chemokine Receptors 2 and 4: New Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010261. [PMID: 36613703 PMCID: PMC9820414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17, a G protein-coupled receptor, is a pivotal regulator of myelination. Its endogenous ligands trigger receptor desensitization and downregulation allowing oligodendrocyte terminal maturation. In addition to its endogenous agonists, GPR17 could be promiscuously activated by pro-inflammatory oxysterols and chemokines released at demyelinating lesions. Herein, the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 were selected to perform both in silico modelling and in vitro experiments to establish their structural and functional interactions with GPR17. The relative propensity of GPR17 and CXCR2 or CXCR4 to form homo- and hetero-dimers was assessed by homology modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and co-immunoprecipitation and immunoenzymatic assay. The interaction between chemokine receptors and GPR17 was investigated by determining receptor-mediated modulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Our data show the GPR17 association with CXCR2 or CXCR4 and the negative regulation of these interactions by CXCR agonists or antagonists. Moreover, GPR17 and CXCR2 heterodimers can functionally influence each other. In contrast, CXCR4 can influence GPR17 functionality, but not vice versa. According to MD simulations, all the dimers reached conformational stability and negative formation energy, confirming the experimental observations. The cross-talk between these receptors could play a role in the development of the neuroinflammatory milieu associated with demyelinating events.
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Marangon D, Audano M, Pedretti S, Fumagalli M, Mitro N, Lecca D, Caruso D, Abbracchio MP. Rewiring of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Induced by G Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 Silencing Enables the Transition of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors to Myelinating Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152369. [PMID: 35954217 PMCID: PMC9368002 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes (OLs) provide support and insulation to axons thanks to the production of a myelin sheath. During their maturation to myelinating cells, OLs require energy and building blocks for lipids, which implies a great investment of energy fuels and molecular sources of carbon. The oligodendroglial G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has emerged as a key player in OL maturation; it reaches maximal expression in pre-OLs, but then it has to be internalized to allow terminal maturation. In this study, we aim at elucidating the role of physiological GPR17 downregulation in OL metabolism by applying transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics on differentiating OLs. After GPR17 silencing, we found a significant increase in mature OL markers and alteration of several genes involved in glucose metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. We also observed an increased release of lactate, which is partially responsible for the maturation boost induced by GPR17 downregulation. Concomitantly, GPR17 depletion also changed the kinetics of specific myelin lipid classes. Globally, this study unveils a functional link between GPR17 expression, lactate release and myelin composition, and suggests that innovative interventions targeting GPR17 may help to foster endogenous myelination in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marangon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (N.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (N.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (N.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (N.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (N.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria P. Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-8304
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4
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Holý P, Hlaváč V, Ostašov P, Brynychová V, Koževnikovová R, Trnková M, Kopečková K, Měšťáková S, Mrhalová M, Souček P. Germline and somatic genetic variability of oxysterol-related genes in breast cancer patients with early disease of the luminal subtype. Biochimie 2022; 199:158-169. [PMID: 35525372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols, oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, have been implicated in multiple pathologies, including cancer. In breast cancer, the link is especially strong due to interactions between oxysterols and estrogen receptor activity. Here, we provide the first dedicated study of 113 oxysterol-related genes in breast cancer patients of the luminal subtype, in terms of both their somatic and germline variability, using targeted high-throughput DNA sequencing of 100 normal-tumor pairs with very high coverage. In the full cohort, or subsets of patients stratified by therapy, we found 12 germline variants in ABCA1, ABCA8, ABCC1, GPR183, LDLR, MBTPS1, NR1I2, OSBPL2, OSBPL3, and OSBPL5 to associate with poor survival of patients and variants in ABCA8, ABCG2, and HSD3B7 (three in total) associated with better survival. However, no associations remained significant after correction for multiple tests. Analysis of somatic variants revealed significantly (after FDR correction) poorer survival in patients mutated in CYP46A1 and 9 interacting (according to STRING analysis) genes, as well as in OSBPL3 and a set of 20 genes that collectively associated with the progesterone receptor status of patients. We propose further exploration of these genes in an integrative manner together with gene expression and epigenomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Holý
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Hlaváč
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ostašov
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Brynychová
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kateřina Kopečková
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Měšťáková
- Department of Surgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Mrhalová
- Department of Pathology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Souček
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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5
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de Freitas FA, Levy D, Reichert CO, Cunha-Neto E, Kalil J, Bydlowski SP. Effects of Oxysterols on Immune Cells and Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081251. [PMID: 35455931 PMCID: PMC9031443 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are the products of cholesterol oxidation. They have a wide range of effects on several cells, organs, and systems in the body. Oxysterols also have an influence on the physiology of the immune system, from immune cell maturation and migration to innate and humoral immune responses. In this regard, oxysterols have been involved in several diseases that have an immune component, from autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases to inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Here, we review data on the participation of oxysterols, mainly 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, in the immune system and related diseases. The effects of these oxysterols and main oxysterol receptors, LXR and EBI2, in cells of the immune system (B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes), and in immune-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, intestinal diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, and atherosclerosis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alessandro de Freitas
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Investigation in Immunology-III/INCT, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jorge Kalil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Investigation in Immunology-III/INCT, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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6
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Oxysterols in the Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020201. [PMID: 35053318 PMCID: PMC8773517 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterols, the so-called oxysterols, are widely known to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. However, more recently oxysterols have emerged as important lipid mediators in the response to both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes our current knowledge of selected oxysterols and their receptors in the control of intracellular bacterial growth as well as viral entry into the host cell and viral replication. Lastly, we briefly discuss the potential of oxysterols and their receptors as drug targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Reinmuth L, Hsiao CC, Hamann J, Rosenkilde M, Mackrill J. Multiple Targets for Oxysterols in Their Regulation of the Immune System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082078. [PMID: 34440846 PMCID: PMC8391951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, or cholesterol oxidation products, are naturally occurring lipids which regulate the physiology of cells, including those of the immune system. In contrast to effects that are mediated through nuclear receptors or by epigenetic mechanism, which take tens of minutes to occur, changes in the activities of cell-surface receptors caused by oxysterols can be extremely rapid, often taking place within subsecond timescales. Such cell-surface receptor effects of oxysterols allow for the regulation of fast cellular processes, such as motility, secretion and endocytosis. These cellular processes play critical roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review will survey the two broad classes of cell-surface receptors for oxysterols (G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels), the mechanisms by which cholesterol oxidation products act on them, and their presence and functions in the different cell types of the immune system. Overall, this review will highlight the potential of oxysterols, synthetic derivatives and their receptors for physiological and therapeutic modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reinmuth
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
| | - John Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
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The Distribution of GPR17-Expressing Cells Correlates with White Matter Inflammation Status in Brain Tissues of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094574. [PMID: 33925469 PMCID: PMC8123849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recruited to the site of injury to remyelinate damaged axons; however, in patients this process is often ineffective due to defects in OPC maturation. The membrane receptor GPR17 timely regulates the early stages of OPC differentiation; however, after reaching its highest levels in immature oligodendrocytes, it has to be downregulated to allow terminal maturation. Since, in several animal models of disease GPR17 is upregulated, the aim of this work was to characterize GPR17 alterations in MS patients. We developed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence procedures for the detection of GPR17 in human tissues and stained post-mortem MS brain lesions from patients with secondary progressive MS and control subjects. The inflammatory activity in each lesion was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the myelin protein MOG and the HLA antigen to classify them as active, chronic inactive or chronic active. Hence, we assessed the distribution of GPR17-positive cells in these lesions compared to normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and white matter (WM) of control subjects. Our data have shown a marked increase of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells accumulating at NAWM, in which moderate inflammation was also found. Furthermore, we identified two distinct subpopulations of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells, characterized by either ramified or rounded morphology, that differently populate the WM of healthy controls and MS patients. We concluded that the coordinated presence of GPR17 in OPCs at the lesion sites and inflamed NAWM areas suggests that GPR17 could be exploited to support endogenous remyelination through advanced pharmacological approaches.
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Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. The oxysterome and its receptors as pharmacological targets in inflammatory diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4917-4940. [PMID: 33817775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols have gained attention over the last decades and are now considered as fully fledged bioactive lipids. The study of their levels in several conditions, including atherosclerosis, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases, led to a better understanding of their involvement in (patho)physiological processes such as inflammation and immunity. For instance, the characterization of the cholesterol-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol/GPR183 axis and its implication in immunity represents an important step in the oxysterome study. Besides this axis, others were identified as important in several inflammatory pathologies (such as colitis, lung inflammation and atherosclerosis). However, the oxysterome is a complex system notably due to a redundancy of metabolic enzymes and a wide range of receptors. Indeed, deciphering oxysterol roles and identifying the potential receptor(s) involved in a given pathology remain challenging. Oxysterol properties are very diverse, but most of them could be connected by a common component: inflammation. Here, we review the implication of oxysterol receptors in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Development of the first in vivo GPR17 ligand through an iterative drug discovery pipeline: A novel disease-modifying strategy for multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231483. [PMID: 32320409 PMCID: PMC7176092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The GPR17 receptor, expressed on oligodendroglial precursors (OPCs, the myelin producing cells), has emerged as an attractive target for a pro-myelinating strategy in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the proof-of-concept that selective GPR17 ligands actually exert protective activity in vivo is still missing. Here, we exploited an iterative drug discovery pipeline to prioritize novel and selective GPR17 pro-myelinating agents out of more than 1,000,000 compounds. We first performed an in silico high-throughput screening on GPR17 structural model to identify three chemically-diverse ligand families that were then combinatorially exploded and refined. Top-scoring compounds were sequentially tested on reference pharmacological in vitro assays with increasing complexity, ending with myelinating OPC-neuron co-cultures. Successful ligands were filtered through in silico simulations of metabolism and pharmacokinetics, to select the most promising hits, whose dose and ability to target the central nervous system were then determined in vivo. Finally, we show that, when administered according to a preventive protocol, one of them (named by us as galinex) is able to significantly delay the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. This outcome validates the predictivity of our pipeline to identify novel MS-modifying agents.
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Lecca D, Raffaele S, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1957-1967. [PMID: 32086854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, namely, the formation of new myelin sheaths around denuded axons, counteracts axonal degeneration and restores neuronal function. Considerable advances have been made in understanding this regenerative process that often fails in diseases like multiple sclerosis, leaving axons demyelinated and vulnerable to damage, thus contributing to disease progression. The identification of the membrane receptor GPR17 on a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which mediate remyelination in the adult central nervous system (CNS), has led to a huge amount of evidence that validated this receptor as a new attractive target for remyelinating therapies. Here, we summarize the role of GPR17 in OPC function, myelination and remyelination, describing its atypical pharmacology, its downstream signaling, and the genetic and epigenetic factors modulating its activity. We also highlight crucial insights into GPR17 pathophysiology coming from the demonstration that oligodendrocyte injury, associated with inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, is invariably characterized by abnormal and persistent GPR17 upregulation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a block of OPCs at immature premyelinating stages. Finally, we discuss the current literature in light of the potential exploitment of GPR17 as a therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Cholesterol interaction motifs in G protein-coupled receptors: Slippery hot spots? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1481. [PMID: 32032482 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell membrane associated signaling hubs that orchestrate a multitude of cellular functions upon binding to a diverse variety of extracellular ligands. Since GPCRs are integral membrane proteins with seven-transmembrane domain architecture, their function, organization and dynamics are intimately regulated by membrane lipids, such as cholesterol. Cholesterol is an extensively studied lipids in terms of its effects on GPCR structure and function. One of the possible mechanisms underlying modulation of GPCR function by cholesterol is via specific interaction of GPCRs with membrane cholesterol. These interactions of GPCRs with membrane cholesterol are often attributed to structural features of GPCRs that could facilitate their preferential association with cholesterol. In this backdrop, cholesterol interaction motifs represent putative interaction sites on GPCRs that could facilitate cholesterol-sensitive function of these receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of cholesterol interaction motifs found in GPCRs, which have been identified through a combination of crystallography, bioinformatics analysis, and functional studies. In addition, we will highlight, using specific examples, why mere presence of a cholesterol interaction motif at a given site may not directly implicate its role in interaction with membrane cholesterol. We therefore believe that experimental approaches, followed by functional analysis of cholesterol sensitivity of GPCRs, would provide a better understanding of the role played by these motifs in cholesterol-sensitive function. We envision that a comprehensive knowledge of cholesterol interaction sites in GPCRs would allow us to develop a better understanding of GPCR structure-function paradigm, and could be useful in future therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Macromolecular Interactions, Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Capelli D, Parravicini C, Pochetti G, Montanari R, Temporini C, Rabuffetti M, Trincavelli ML, Daniele S, Fumagalli M, Saporiti S, Bonfanti E, Abbracchio MP, Eberini I, Ceruti S, Calleri E, Capaldi S. Surface Plasmon Resonance as a Tool for Ligand Binding Investigation of Engineered GPR17 Receptor, a G Protein Coupled Receptor Involved in Myelination. Front Chem 2020; 7:910. [PMID: 31998697 PMCID: PMC6966494 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for the measurement of real-time ligand-binding affinities and kinetic parameters for GPR17, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) of major interest in medicinal chemistry as potential target in demyelinating diseases. The receptor was directly captured, in a single-step, from solubilized membrane extracts on the sensor chip through a covalently bound anti-6x-His-antibody and retained its ligand binding activity for over 24 h. Furthermore, our experimental setup made possible, after a mild regeneration step, to remove the bound receptor without damaging the antibody, and thus to reuse many times the same chip. Two engineered variants of GPR17, designed for crystallographic studies, were expressed in insect cells, extracted from crude membranes and analyzed for their binding with two high affinity ligands: the antagonist Cangrelor and the agonist Asinex 1. The calculated kinetic parameters and binding constants of ligands were in good agreement with those reported from activity assays and highlighted a possible functional role of the N-terminal residues of the receptor in ligand recognition and binding. Validation of SPR results was obtained by docking and molecular dynamics of GPR17-ligands interactions and by functional in vitro studies. The latter allowed us to confirm that Asinex 1 behaves as GPR17 receptor agonist, inhibits forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase pathway and promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell maturation and myelinating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Saporiti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonfanti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Data Science Research Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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14
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Dias IH, Borah K, Amin B, Griffiths HR, Sassi K, Lizard G, Iriondo A, Martinez-Lage P. Localisation of oxysterols at the sub-cellular level and in biological fluids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105426. [PMID: 31301352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are formed enzymatically or via reactive oxygen species or both. Cholesterol or oxysterols ingested as food are absorbed and packed into lipoproteins that are taken up by hepatic cells. Within hepatic cells, excess cholesterol is metabolised to form bile acids. The endoplasmic reticulum acts as the main organelle in the bile acid synthesis pathway. Metabolised sterols originating from this pathway are distributed within other organelles and in the cell membrane. The alterations to membrane oxysterol:sterol ratio affects the integrity of the cell membrane. The presence of oxysterols changes membrane fluidity and receptor orientation. It is well documented that hydroxylase enzymes located in mitochondria facilitate oxysterol production via an acidic pathway. More recently, the presence of oxysterols was also reported in lysosomes. Peroxisomal deficiencies favour intracellular oxysterols accumulation. Despite the low abundance of oxysterols compared to cholesterol, the biological actions of oxysterols are numerous and important. Oxysterol levels are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases ranging from chronic inflammatory diseases (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and bowel disease), cancer and numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we review the distribution of oxysterols in sub-cellular organelles and in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika Hk Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Khushboo Borah
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Berivan Amin
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; Univ. Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Onco-Hematology (LR05ES05), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism (EA7270)/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ane Iriondo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Department of Neurology, Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
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15
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Manna M, Nieminen T, Vattulainen I. Understanding the Role of Lipids in Signaling Through Atomistic and Multiscale Simulations of Cell Membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 48:421-439. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-052118-115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling controls essentially all cellular processes. While it is often assumed that proteins are the key architects coordinating cell signaling, recent studies have shown more and more clearly that lipids are also involved in signaling processes in a number of ways. Lipids do, for instance, act as messengers, modulate membrane receptor conformation and dynamics, and control membrane receptor partitioning. Further, through structural modifications such as oxidation, the functions of lipids as part of signaling processes can be modified. In this context, in this article we discuss the understanding recently revealed by atomistic and coarse-grained computer simulations of nanoscale processes and underlying physicochemical principles related to lipids’ functions in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutusi Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Tuomo Nieminen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Ma L, Nelson ER. Oxysterols and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:42-51. [PMID: 30660701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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17
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Holy P, Kloudova A, Soucek P. Importance of genetic background of oxysterol signaling in cancer. Biochimie 2018; 153:109-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Palazzolo L, Parravicini C, Laurenzi T, Guerrini U, Indiveri C, Gianazza E, Eberini I. In silico Description of LAT1 Transport Mechanism at an Atomistic Level. Front Chem 2018; 6:350. [PMID: 30197880 PMCID: PMC6117385 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of transport mediated by LAT1, a sodium-independent antiporter of large neutral amino acids, was investigated through in silico procedures, specifically making reference to two transported substrates, tyrosine (Tyr) and leucine methyl ester (LME), and to 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (DIT), a well-known LAT1 inhibitor. Two models of the transporter were built by comparative modeling, with LAT1 either in an outward-facing (OF) or in an inward-facing (IF) conformation, based, respectively, on the crystal structure of AdiC and of GadC. As frequently classic Molecular Dynamics (MD) fails to monitor large-scale conformational transitions within a reasonable simulated time, the OF structure was equilibrated for 150 ns then processed through targeted MD (tMD). During this procedure, an elastic force pulled the OF structure to the IF structure and induced, at the same time, substrates/inhibitor to move through the transport channel. This elastic force was modulated by a spring constant (k) value; by decreasing its value from 100 to 70, it was possible to comparatively account for the propensity for transport of the three tested molecules. In line with our expectations, during the tMD simulations, Tyr and LME behaved as substrates, moving down the transport channel, or most of it, for all k values. On the contrary, DIT behaved as an inhibitor, being (almost) transported across the channel only at the highest k value (100). During their transit through the channel, Tyr and LME interacted with specific amino acids (first with Phe252 then with Thr345, Arg348, Tyr259, and Phe262); this suggests that a primary as well as a putative secondary gate may contribute to the transport of substrates. Quite on the opposite, DIT appeared to establish only transient interactions with side chains lining the external part of the transport channel. Our tMD simulations could thus efficiently discriminate between two transported substrates and one inhibitor, and therefore can be proposed as a benchmark for developing novel LAT1 inhibitors of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Laurenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Uliano Guerrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Coppolino GT, Parravicini C, Abbracchio MP. Pharmacological Properties and Biological Functions of the GPR17 Receptor, a Potential Target for Neuro-Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:169-192. [PMID: 28828731 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, cells heterologously expressing the "orphan" receptor GPR17 were shown to acquire responses to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, two families of signaling molecules accumulating in brain or heart as a result of hypoxic/traumatic injuries. In subsequent years, evidence of GPR17 key role in oligodendrogenesis and myelination has highlighted it as a "model receptor" for new therapies in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. The apparently contrasting evidence in the literature about the role of GPR17 in promoting or inhibiting myelination can be due to its transient expression in the intermediate stages of differentiation, exerting a pro-differentiating function in early oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and an inhibitory role in late stage maturing cells. Meanwhile, several papers extended the initial data on GPR17 pharmacology, highlighting a "promiscuous" behavior of this receptor; indeed, GPR17 is able to respond to other emergency signals like oxysterols or the pro-inflammatory cytokine SDF-1, underlying GPR17 ability to adapt its responses to changes of the surrounding extracellular milieu, including damage conditions. Here, we analyze the available literature on GPR17, in an attempt to summarize its emerging biological roles and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Barington L, Wanke F, Niss Arfelt K, Holst PJ, Kurschus FC, Rosenkilde MM. EBI2 in splenic and local immune responses and in autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:313-322. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2vmr1217-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Barington
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Wanke
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - K. Niss Arfelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. J. Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. C. Kurschus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - M. M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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21
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Mutemberezi V, Buisseret B, Masquelier J, Guillemot-Legris O, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Oxysterol levels and metabolism in the course of neuroinflammation: insights from in vitro and in vivo models. J Neuroinflammation 2018. [PMID: 29523207 PMCID: PMC5845224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxysterols are cholesterol derivatives that have been suggested to play a role in inflammatory diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, or neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the effect of neuroinflammation on oxysterol levels has only been partially studied so far. Methods We used an HPLC-MS method to quantify over ten oxysterols both in in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation. In the same models, we used RT-qPCR to analyze the expression of the enzymes responsible for oxysterol metabolism. Using the BV2 microglial cell line, we explored the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (M1-type) and IL-4-induced (M2-type) cell activation on oxysterol levels. We also used LPS-activated co-cultures of mouse primary microglia and astrocytes. In vivo, we induced a neuroinflammation by administering LPS to mice. Finally, we used a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, namely the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, that is characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation. Results In vitro, we found that LPS activation induces profound alterations in oxysterol levels. Interestingly, we could discriminate between control and LPS-activated cells based on the changes in oxysterol levels both in BV2 cells and in the primary co-culture of glial cells. In vivo, the changes in oxysterol levels were less marked than in vitro. However, we found in both models increased levels of the GPR183 agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, we studied in vitro the effect of 14 oxysterols on the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in LPS-activated co-culture of microglia and astrocytes. We found that several oxysterols decreased the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Conclusions These data demonstrate that inflammation profoundly affects oxysterol levels and that oxysterols can modulate glial cell activation. This further supports the interest of a large screening of oxysterol levels when studying the interplay between neuroinflammation and bioactive lipids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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22
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Coppolino GT, Marangon D, Negri C, Menichetti G, Fumagalli M, Gelosa P, Dimou L, Furlan R, Lecca D, Abbracchio MP. Differential local tissue permissiveness influences the final fate of GPR17-expressing oligodendrocyte precursors in two distinct models of demyelination. Glia 2018; 66:1118-1130. [PMID: 29424466 PMCID: PMC5900886 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination is recognized as a novel strategy to foster repair in neurodegenerative demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In this respect, the receptor GPR17, recently emerged as a new target for remyelination, is expressed by early oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and after a certain differentiation stage it has to be downregulated to allow progression to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we took advantage of the first inducible GPR17 reporter mouse line (GPR17‐iCreERT2xCAG‐eGFP mice) allowing to follow the final fate of GPR17+ cells by tamoxifen‐induced GFP‐labeling to unveil the destiny of these cells in two demyelination models: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characterized by marked immune cell activation and inflammation, and cuprizone induced demyelination, where myelin dysfunction is achieved by a toxic insult. In both models, demyelination induced a strong increase of fluorescent GFP+ cells at damaged areas. However, only in the cuprizone model reacting GFP+ cells terminally differentiated to mature oligodendrocytes, thus contributing to remyelination. In EAE, GFP+ cells were blocked at immature stages and never became myelinating oligodendrocytes. We suggest these strikingly distinct fates be due to different permissiveness of the local CNS environment. Based on previously reported GPR17 activation by emergency signals (e.g., Stromal Derived Factor‐1), we propose that a marked inflammatory milieu, such as that reproduced in EAE, induces GPR17 overactivation resulting in impaired downregulation, untimely and prolonged permanence in OPCs, leading, in turn, to differentiation blockade. Combined treatments with remyelinating agents and anti‐inflammatory drugs may represent new potential adequate strategies to halt neurodegeneration and foster recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Davide Marangon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Camilla Negri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Gianluca Menichetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Gelosa
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Via Parea, 4, Milano, 20138, Italy
| | - Leda Dimou
- Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D - 89081, Germany
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Purinergic Transmission, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, 20133, Italy
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23
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Dietary and metabolic modulators of hepatic immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:175-188. [PMID: 29110070 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the organism and is thus constantly exposed to gut-derived dietary and microbial antigens. The liver maintains homoeostatic tolerance to these mostly harmless antigens. However, the liver also functions as a barrier organ to harmful pathogens and is thus permissive to liver inflammation. The regulation of the delicate balance between liver tolerance and liver inflammation is of vital importance for the organism. In recent years, a general role for dietary components and metabolites as immune mediators has been emerging. However, although the liver is exposed to a great deal of metabolic mediators, surprisingly, little is known about their actual role in the regulation of hepatic immune responses. Here, we will explore the possible impacts of metabolic mediators for homoeostatic and pathological immunity in the liver, by highlighting selected examples of metabolic immune regulation in the liver.
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Oxysterol, 5α-cholestan-3-one, modulates a contractile response to β2-adrenoceptor stimulation in the mouse atria: Involvement of NO signaling. Life Sci 2017; 188:131-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Membrane cholesterol access into a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14505. [PMID: 28220900 PMCID: PMC5321766 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes with a proven modulatory role on the function and ligand-binding properties of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Crystal structures of prototypical GPCRs such as the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) have confirmed that cholesterol finds stable binding sites at the receptor surface suggesting an allosteric role of this lipid. Here we combine experimental and computational approaches to show that cholesterol can spontaneously enter the A2AR-binding pocket from the membrane milieu using the same portal gate previously suggested for opsin ligands. We confirm the presence of cholesterol inside the receptor by chemical modification of the A2AR interior in a biotinylation assay. Overall, we show that cholesterol's impact on A2AR-binding affinity goes beyond pure allosteric modulation and unveils a new interaction mode between cholesterol and the A2AR that could potentially apply to other GPCRs. G-protein-coupled receptors trigger several signalling pathways and their activity was proposed to be allosteric modulated by cholesterol. Here the authors use molecular dynamics simulations and ligand binding assays to show that membrane cholesterol can bind to adenosine A2A receptor orthosteric site.
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26
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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27
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Mogha A, D'Rozario M, Monk KR. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Myelinating Glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:977-987. [PMID: 27670389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily represents the largest class of functionally selective drug targets for disease modulation and therapy. GPCRs have been studied in great detail in central nervous system (CNS) neurons, but these important molecules have been relatively understudied in glia. In recent years, however, exciting new roles for GPCRs in glial cell biology have emerged. We focus here on the key roles of GPCRs in a specialized subset of glia, myelinating glia. We highlight recent work firmly establishing GPCRs as regulators of myelinating glial cell development and myelin repair. These advances expand our understanding of myelinating glial cell biology and underscore the utility of targeting GPCRs to promote myelin repair in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mitchell D'Rozario
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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28
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Feng Z, Pearce LV, Zhang Y, Xing C, Herold BKA, Ma S, Hu Z, Turcios NA, Yang P, Tong Q, McCall AK, Blumberg PM, Xie XQ. Multi-Functional Diarylurea Small Molecule Inhibitors of TRPV1 with Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation. AAPS J 2016; 18:898-913. [PMID: 27000851 PMCID: PMC5333490 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a heat-sensitive calcium channel protein, contributes to inflammation as well as to acute and persistent pain. Since TRPV1 occupies a central position in pathways of neuronal inflammatory signaling, it represents a highly attractive potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation. In the present work, we have in silico identified a series of diarylurea analogues for hTRPV1, of which 11 compounds showed activity in the nanomolar to micromolar range as validated by in vitro biological assays. Then, we utilized molecular docking to explore the detailed interactions between TRPV1 and the compounds to understand the contributions of the different substituent groups. Tyr511, Leu518, Leu547, Thr550, Asn551, Arg557, and Leu670 were important for the recognition of the small molecules by TRPV1. A hydrophobic group in R2 or a polar/hydrophilic group in R1 contributed significantly to the activities of the antagonists at TRPV1. In addition, the subtle different binding pose of meta-chloro in place of para-fluoro in the R2 group converted antagonism into partial agonism, as was predicted by our short-term molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and validated by bioassay. Importantly, compound 15, one of our best TRPV1 inhibitors, also showed potential binding affinity (1.39 μM) at cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), which is another attractive target for immuno-inflammation diseases. Furthermore, compound 1 and its diarylurea analogues were predicted to target the C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), although bioassay validation of CXCR2 with these compounds still needs to be performed. This prediction from the modeling is of interest, since CXCR2 is also a potential therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases. Our findings provide novel strategies to develop a small molecule inhibitor to simultaneously target two or more inflammation-related proteins for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory disorders including neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases with potential synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Larry V Pearce
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Changrui Xing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Brienna K A Herold
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Shifan Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Ziheng Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Noe A Turcios
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Qin Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Anna K McCall
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 4048B, 37 Convent Drive MSC 4255, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4255, USA.
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
- NIDA National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
- Departments of Computational Biology and of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.
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29
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Parravicini C, Daniele S, Palazzolo L, Trincavelli ML, Martini C, Zaratin P, Primi R, Coppolino G, Gianazza E, Abbracchio MP, Eberini I. A promiscuous recognition mechanism between GPR17 and SDF-1: Molecular insights. Cell Signal 2016; 28:631-42. [PMID: 26971834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent data and publications suggest a promiscuous behaviour for GPR17, a class-A GPCR operated by different classes of ligands, such as uracil nucleotides, cysteinyl-leukotrienes and oxysterols. This observation, together with the ability of several class-A GPCRs to form homo- and hetero-dimers, is likely to unveil new pathophysiological roles and novel emerging pharmacological properties for some of these GPCRs, including GPR17. This receptor shares structural, phylogenetic and functional properties with some chemokine receptors, CXCRs. Both GPR17 and CXCR2 are operated by oxysterols, and both GPR17 and CXCR ligands have been demonstrated to have a role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation to myelinating cells in acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system. Here, by combining in silico modelling data with in vitro validation in (i) a classical reference pharmacological assay for GPCR activity and (ii) a model of maturation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we demonstrate that GPR17 can be activated by SDF-1, a ligand of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, and investigate the underlying molecular recognition mechanism. We also demonstrate that cangrelor, a GPR17 orthosteric antagonist, can block the SDF-1-mediated activation of GPR17 in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of GPR17 to respond to different classes of GPCR ligands suggests that this receptor modifies its function depending on the extracellular mileu changes occurring under specific pathophysiological conditions and advocates it as a strategic target for neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory/immune component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parravicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Zaratin
- Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, Via Operai 40, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Primi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giusy Coppolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Gian Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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30
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Marschallinger J, Schäffner I, Klein B, Gelfert R, Rivera FJ, Illes S, Grassner L, Janssen M, Rotheneichner P, Schmuckermair C, Coras R, Boccazzi M, Chishty M, Lagler FB, Renic M, Bauer HC, Singewald N, Blümcke I, Bogdahn U, Couillard-Despres S, Lie DC, Abbracchio MP, Aigner L. Structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain by an approved anti-asthmatic drug. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8466. [PMID: 26506265 PMCID: PMC4639806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy has improved rapidly in industrialized societies, age-related cognitive impairment presents an increasing challenge. Targeting histopathological processes that correlate with age-related cognitive declines, such as neuroinflammation, low levels of neurogenesis, disrupted blood–brain barrier and altered neuronal activity, might lead to structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain. Here we show that a 6-week treatment of young (4 months) and old (20 months) rats with montelukast, a marketed anti-asthmatic drug antagonizing leukotriene receptors, reduces neuroinflammation, elevates hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning and memory in old animals. By using gene knockdown and knockout approaches, we demonstrate that the effect is mediated through inhibition of the GPR17 receptor. This work illustrates that inhibition of leukotriene receptor signalling might represent a safe and druggable target to restore cognitive functions in old individuals and paves the way for future clinical translation of leukotriene receptor inhibition for the treatment of dementias. The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast is an anti-asthmatic drug. Here, the authors show that montelukast reduces neuroinflammation, promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and restores learning and memory in old rats suffering from ageing-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Renate Gelfert
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Grassner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, BG Trauma Center Murnau, 82418 Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany
| | - Maximilian Janssen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rotheneichner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Boccazzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Florian B Lagler
- Department for Paediatrics, Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marija Renic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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31
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CNS remyelination as a novel reparative approach to neurodegenerative diseases: The roles of purinergic signaling and the P2Y-like receptor GPR17. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:82-93. [PMID: 26453964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS. They enwrap axons, thus permitting fast impulse transmission and exerting trophic actions on neurons. Demyelination accompanied by neurological deficit is a rather frequent condition that is not only associated with multiple sclerosis but has been also recognized in several other neurodegenerative diseases, including brain trauma and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, alterations of myelin function have been also reported in neuropsychiatric diseases, like depression and autism. Highly relevant for therapeutic purposes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) still persist in the adult brain and spinal cord. These cells are normally rather quiescent, but under specific circumstances, they can be stimulated to undergo differentiation and generate mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Thus, approaches aimed at restoring myelin integrity and at fostering a correct oligodendrocyte function are now viewed as novel therapeutic opportunities for both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes express purinergic receptors. For some of these receptors, expression is restricted at specific differentiation stages, suggesting key roles in OPCs maturation and myelination. Some of these receptors are altered under demyelinating conditions, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to disease development and could represent adequate new targets for remyelinating therapies. Here, we shall describe the current literature available on all these receptors, with special emphasis on the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor, that represents one of the most studied receptor subtypes in these cells. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Key Words
- 2′-Deoxy-N(6)-methyladenosine 3′,5'-bisphosphate ammonium salt (MRS2179)
- 3-(2-carboxy-4,6-dichloro-indol-3-yl)propionic acid (MDL29,951)
- 3-[4-[2-[ [6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid (CGS21680)
- 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (SCH58261)
- ADP
- ATP
- Adenosine
- Brilliant blue G (BBG)
- Leukotriene D4 (LTD(4))
- Montelukast
- N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA)
- Oligodendrocytes
- Oxidized ATP (oxATP)
- Purinergic receptors
- Rapamycin
- Remyelination
- UDP
- UDP-Glucose
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