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Wijayaratna D, Sacchetta F, Pedraza-González L, Fanelli F, Sugihara T, Koyanagi M, Piyawardana S, Ghotra K, Thotamune W, Terakita A, Olivucci M, Karunarathne A. In-silico predicted mouse melanopsins with blue spectral shifts deliver efficient subcellular signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:394. [PMID: 39118111 PMCID: PMC11312219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin is a photopigment belonging to the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family expressed in a subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and responsible for a variety of processes. The bistability and, thus, the possibility to function under low retinal availability would make melanopsin a powerful optogenetic tool. Here, we aim to utilize mouse melanopsin to trigger macrophage migration by its subcellular optical activation with localized blue light, while simultaneously imaging the migration with red light. To reduce melanopsin's red light sensitivity, we employ a combination of in silico structure prediction and automated quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics modeling to predict minimally invasive mutations to shift its absorption spectrum towards the shorter wavelength region of the visible spectrum without compromising the signaling efficiency. The results demonstrate that it is possible to achieve melanopsin mutants that resist red light-induced activation but are activated by blue light and display properties indicating preserved bistability. Using the A333T mutant, we show that the blue light-induced subcellular melanopsin activation triggers localized PIP3 generation and macrophage migration, which we imaged using red light, demonstrating the optogenetic utility of minimally engineered melanopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Sacchetta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, I-41125, Italy
| | - Tomohiro Sugihara
- Department of Biology, Osaka Metropolitan University, O 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology, Osaka Metropolitan University, O 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- The OMU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Senuri Piyawardana
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Kiran Ghotra
- Department of Biology, Siena Heights University, Adrian, MI, 49221, USA
| | - Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology, Osaka Metropolitan University, O 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- The OMU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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2
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Thotamune W, Ubeysinghe S, Shrestha KK, Mostafa ME, Young MC, Karunarathne A. Optical control of cell-surface and endomembrane-exclusive β-adrenergic receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107481. [PMID: 38901558 PMCID: PMC11304070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate catecholamine hormone-induced stress responses, such as elevation of heart rate. Besides those that are plasma membrane-bound, endomembrane βARs are also signaling competent. Dysregulation of βAR pathways underlies severe pathological conditions. Emerging evidence indicates pathological molecular signatures in deeper endomembrane βARs signaling, likely contributing to conditions such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. However, the lack of approaches to control endomembrane β1ARs has impeded linking signaling with pathology. Informed by the β1AR-catecholamine interactions, we engineered an efficient photolabile proligand (OptoIso) to trigger βAR signaling exclusively in endomembrane regions using blue light stimulation. Not only does OptoIso undergo blue light deprotection in seconds, but also efficiently enters cells and allows examination of G protein heterotrimer activation exclusively at endomembranes. OptoIso also allows optical activation of plasma membrane βAR signaling in selected single cells with native fidelity, which can be reversed by terminating blue light. Thus, OptoIso will be a valuable experimental tool to elicit spatial and temporal control of βAR signaling in user-defined endomembrane or plasma membrane regions in unmodified cells with native fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kendra K Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael C Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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3
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Thotamune W, Ubeysinghe S, Rajarathna C, Kankanamge D, Olupothage K, Chandu A, Copits BA, Karunarathne A. AGS3-based optogenetic GDI induces GPCR-independent Gβγ signaling and macrophage migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597473. [PMID: 38895415 PMCID: PMC11185739 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are efficient Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and exchange GDP to GTP on the Gα subunit of G protein heterotrimers in response to various extracellular stimuli, including neurotransmitters and light. GPCRs primarily broadcast signals through activated G proteins, GαGTP, and free Gβγ, and are major disease drivers. Evidence shows that the ambient low threshold signaling required for cells is likely supplemented by signaling regulators such as non-GPCR GEFs and Guanine nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors (GDIs). Activators of G protein Signaling 3 (AGS3) are recognized as a GDI involved in multiple health and disease-related processes. Nevertheless, understanding of AGS3 is limited, and no significant information is available on its structure-function relationship or signaling regulation in living cells. Here, we employed in silico structure-guided engineering of a novel optogenetic GDI, based on the AGS3's G protein regulatory (GPR) motif, to understand its GDI activity and induce standalone Gβγ signaling in living cells on optical command. Our results demonstrate that plasma membrane recruitment of OptoGDI efficiently releases Gβγ, and its subcellular targeting generated localized PIP3 and triggered macrophage migration. Therefore, we propose OptoGDI as a powerful tool for optically dissecting GDI-mediated signaling pathways and triggering GPCR-independent Gβγ signaling in cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Sithurandi Ubeysinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Chathuri Rajarathna
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Koshala Olupothage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Aditya Chandu
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Bryan A. Copits
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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4
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Kohnen T, Hammond BR. Blue Light Filtration in Intraocular Lenses: Effects on Visual Function and Systemic Health. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:1575-1586. [PMID: 38835885 PMCID: PMC11149638 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s448426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Blue light-filtering (BLF) intraocular lenses (IOLs) are designed to mimic the healthy natural adult crystalline lens. Studies that evaluated the relative merit of ultraviolet-only IOL design (ie, blocking wavelengths <400 nm) versus BLF IOL design (ie, filtering wavelengths ~400-475 nm in addition to blocking wavelengths <400 nm) on protection and function of the visual system suggest that neither design had a deleterious impact on visual acuity or contrast sensitivity. A BLF design may reduce some aspects of glare, such as veiling and photostress. BLF has been shown in many contexts to improve visual performance under conditions that are stressed by blue light, such as distance vision impaired by short-wave dominant haze. Furthermore, some data (mostly inferential) support the notion that BLF IOLs reduce actinic stress. Biomimetic BLF IOLs represent a conservative approach to IOL design that provides no harm for visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, or color vision while improving vision under certain circumstances (eg, glare).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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5
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Wang X, Sun Y, Luan C, Yang S, Wang K, Zhang X, Hao R, Zhang W. Effect of hydrogen-rich saline on melanopsin after acute blue light-induced retinal damage in rats. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38634423 DOI: 10.1111/php.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to blue light can cause retinal damage. Hydrogen-rich saline (HRS), one of the hydrogen therapies, has been demonstrated to be effective in eye photodamage, but the effect on the expression of melanopsin in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) is unknown. In this study, we used a rat model of light-induced retinal injury to observe the expression of melanopsin after HRS treatment and to determine the effect of HRS on retinal ganglion cell protection. Adult SD rats were exposed to blue light (48 h) and treated with HRS for 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) were performed to find the expression of genes and proteins, respectively. The function of retinal ipRGCs was measured by pattern-evoked electroretinography (pERG). The number and morphological changes of melanopsin-positive ganglion cells in the retina were observed by immunofluorescence (IF). Acute blue light exposure caused a decrease in ipRGC function, decreased expression of melanopsin protein and the melanopsin-positive RGCs, and diminished immunoreactivity in dendrites. However, over time, melanopsin showed a tendency to self-recovery, with an increase in melanopsin protein expression and the number of melanopsin-positive RGCs, with incomplete recovery of function within two weeks. HRS treatment accelerated the recovery process, with a significant increase in melanopsin expression and the number of melanopsin-positive RGCs, and an improvement in the pERG waveform within two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Changlin Luan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiao Yang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Kailei Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Thotamune W, Ubeysinghe S, Shrestha KK, Mostafa ME, Young MC, Karunarathne A. Optical Control of Cell-Surface and Endomembrane-Exclusive β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580335. [PMID: 38405895 PMCID: PMC10888897 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate catecholamine-induced stress responses, such as heart rate increase and bronchodilation. In addition to signals from the cell surface, βARs also broadcast non-canonical signaling activities from the cell interior membranes (endomembranes). Dysregulation of these receptor pathways underlies severe pathological conditions. Excessive βAR stimulation is linked to cardiac hypertrophy, leading to heart failure, while impaired stimulation causes compromised fight or flight stress responses and homeostasis. In addition to plasma membrane βAR, emerging evidence indicates potential pathological implications of deeper endomembrane βARs, such as inducing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, underlying heart failure. However, the lack of approaches to control their signaling in subcellular compartments exclusively has impeded linking endomembrane βAR signaling with pathology. Informed by the β1AR-catecholamine interactions, we engineered an efficiently photo-labile, protected hydroxy β1AR pro-ligand (OptoIso) to trigger βAR signaling at the cell surface, as well as exclusive endomembrane regions upon blue light stimulation. Not only does OptoIso undergo blue light deprotection in seconds, but it also efficiently enters cells and allows examination of G protein heterotrimer activation exclusively at endomembranes. In addition to its application in the optical interrogation of βARs in unmodified cells, given its ability to control deep organelle βAR signaling, OptoIso will be a valuable experimental tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | | | - Kendra K. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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7
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Yeshchenko O, Kutsevol N, Virych P, Khort P, Virych P, Chumachenko V, Cekhun V. Anti-cancer activity of zinc-tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizer/dextran- graft-polyacrylamide copolymer/Au(Ag) nanoparticle nanohybrids. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5045-5054. [PMID: 38332792 PMCID: PMC10848675 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07825f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of in vitro anti-cancer photodynamic activities of three-component zinc-tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizer/dextran-graft-polyacrylamide copolymer/Au(Ag) nanoparticle (ZnTPP/D-g-PAA/Au(Ag)NP) nanohybrids on LNCaP prostate cancer cells was carried out under 420 nm light irradiation with low power. A significant cytotoxic effect was revealed for both ZnTPP/D-g-PAA/AgNP and ZnTPP/D-g-PAA/AuNP nanohybrids, where ZnTPP/D-g-PAA/AgNP nanohybrids exhibited considerably higher anticancer activity (82%) compared to ZnTPP/D-g-PAA/AuNP nanohybrids (45%). The higher activity of silver-containing nanohybrids is rationalized based on two factors. The first factor is the resonance of 420 nm light with a absorption Soret peak of the ZnTPP photosensitizer and a localized surface plasmon mode in Ag nanoparticles. Correspondingly, the plasmon enhancement of reactive oxygen species photogeneration by ZnTPP molecules was considerably higher for the nanohybrid containing silver compared to the one containing gold. The second factor is the higher cytotoxicity of Ag nanoparticles compared to Au ones. The study results prove the high potential of D-g-PAA/Ag(Au)NP nanohybrids combined with 420 nm light irradiation with low power in the photodynamic treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yeshchenko
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60 Volodymyrska Str. 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Kutsevol
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60 Volodymyrska Str. 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Virych
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60 Volodymyrska Str. 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Khort
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60 Volodymyrska Str. 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Petro Virych
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute for Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology 45 Vasylkivska Str. 03022 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Chumachenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60 Volodymyrska Str. 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Cekhun
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute for Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology 45 Vasylkivska Str. 03022 Kyiv Ukraine
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8
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Ubeysinghe S, Kankanamge D, Thotamune W, Wijayaratna D, Mohan TM, Karunarathne A. Spatiotemporal Optical Control of Gαq-PLCβ Interactions. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:242-258. [PMID: 38092428 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells experience time-varying and spatially heterogeneous chemokine signals in vivo, activating cell surface proteins including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The Gαq pathway activation by GPCRs is a major signaling axis with broad physiological and pathological significance. Compared with other Gα members, GαqGTP activates many crucial effectors, including PLCβ (Phospholipase Cβ) and Rho GEFs (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors). PLCβ regulates many key processes, such as hematopoiesis, synaptogenesis, and cell cycle, and is therefore implicated in terminal-debilitating diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, Huntington's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease. However, due to a lack of genetic and pharmacological tools, examining how the dynamic regulation of PLCβ signaling controls cellular physiology has been difficult. Since activated PLCβ induces several abrupt cellular changes, including cell morphology, examining how the other pathways downstream of Gq-GPCRs contribute to the overall signaling has also been difficult. Here we show the engineering, validation, and application of a highly selective and efficient optogenetic inhibitor (Opto-dHTH) to completely disrupt GαqGTP-PLCβ interactions reversibly in user-defined cellular-subcellular regions on optical command. Using this newly gained PLCβ signaling control, our data indicate that the molecular competition between RhoGEFs and PLCβ for GαqGTP determines the potency of Gq-GPCR-governed directional cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithurandi Ubeysinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Dhanushan Wijayaratna
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Thomas M Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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Ubeysinghe S, Kankanamge D, Thotamune W, Wijayaratna D, Mohan TM, Karunarathne A. Spatiotemporal optical control of Gαq-PLCβ interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552801. [PMID: 37609229 PMCID: PMC10441412 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cells experience time-varying and spatially heterogeneous chemokine signals in vivo, activating cell surface proteins, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The Gαq pathway activation by GPCRs is a major signaling axis with a broad physiological and pathological significance. Compared to other Gα members, GαqGTP activates many crucial effectors, including PLCβ (Phospholipase Cβ) and Rho GEFs (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors). PLCβ regulates many key processes, such as hematopoiesis, synaptogenesis, and cell cycle, and is therefore implicated in terminal - debilitating diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, Huntington's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease. However, due to a lack of genetic and pharmacological tools, examining how the dynamic regulation of PLCβ signaling controls cellular physiology has been difficult. Since activated PLCβ induces several abrupt cellular changes, including cell morphology, examining how the other pathways downstream of Gq-GPCRs contribute to the overall signaling has also been difficult. Here we show the engineering, validation, and application of a highly selective and efficient optogenetic inhibitor (Opto-dHTH) to completely disrupt GαqGTP-PLCβ interactions reversibly in user-defined cellular-subcellular regions on optical command. Using this newly gained PLCβ signaling control, our data indicate that the molecular competition between RhoGEFs and PLCβ for GαqGTP determines the potency of Gq-GPCR-governed directional cell migration.
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10
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Rey M, Volpe G, Volpe G. Light, Matter, Action: Shining Light on Active Matter. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1188-1201. [PMID: 37215318 PMCID: PMC10197137 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Light carries energy and momentum. It can therefore alter the motion of objects on the atomic to astronomical scales. Being widely available, readily controllable, and broadly biocompatible, light is also an ideal tool to propel microscopic particles, drive them out of thermodynamic equilibrium, and make them active. Thus, light-driven particles have become a recent focus of research in the field of soft active matter. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the control of soft active matter with light, which has mainly been achieved using light intensity. We also highlight some first attempts to utilize light's additional properties, such as its wavelength, polarization, and momentum. We then argue that fully exploiting light with all of its properties will play a critical role in increasing the level of control over the actuation of active matter as well as the flow of light itself through it. This enabling step will advance the design of soft active matter systems, their functionalities, and their transfer toward technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Rey
- Physics
Department, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Volpe
- Physics
Department, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giorgio Volpe
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom
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11
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Ziółkowska N, Lewczuk B, Szyryńska N, Rawicka A, Vyniarska A. Low-Intensity Blue Light Exposure Reduces Melanopsin Expression in Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells and Damages Mitochondria in Retinal Ganglion Cells in Wistar Rats. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071014. [PMID: 37048087 PMCID: PMC10093228 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Three groups of nine albino Wistar rats were used. One group was continuously exposed to blue light (150 lx) for 2 d (STE); one was exposed to 12 h of blue light and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (LTE); one was maintained in 12 h of white light (150 lx) and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (control). Melanopsin (Opn4) was immunolabelled on retinal whole-mounts. To count and measure Opn4-positive ipRGC somas and dendrites (including Sholl profiles), Neuron J was used. Retinal cryosections were immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling for apoptosis detection. LTE reduced the length of Opn4-positive ipRGC dendrites (p = 0.03) and decreased Opn4-immunoreactivity in ipRGC outer stratifying dendrites. LTE and STE decreased the complexity of dendritic arborization (Sholl profile; p < 0.001, p = 0.03, respectively), increased retinal GFAP immunoreactivity (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively), and caused outer segment vesiculation and outer nuclear layer apoptosis. Ultrastructural analysis showed that LTE damaged mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells and in the inner plexiform layer. Thus, LTE to low-intensity blue light harms the retinas of albino Wistar rats.
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12
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Wijayaratna D, Ratnayake K, Ubeysinghe S, Kankanamge D, Tennakoon M, Karunarathne A. The spatial distribution of GPCR and Gβγ activity across a cell dictates PIP3 dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2771. [PMID: 36797332 PMCID: PMC9935898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3) is a plasma membrane-bound signaling phospholipid involved in many cellular signaling pathways that control crucial cellular processes and behaviors, including cytoskeleton remodeling, metabolism, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. Therefore, defective PIP3 signaling is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Upon activation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2), generating PIP3. Though the mechanisms are unclear, PIP3 produced upon GPCR activation attenuates within minutes, indicating a tight temporal regulation. Our data show that subcellular redistributions of G proteins govern this PIP3 attenuation when GPCRs are activated globally, while localized GPCR activation induces sustained subcellular PIP3. Interestingly the observed PIP3 attenuation was Gγ subtype-dependent. Considering distinct cell-tissue-specific Gγ expression profiles, our findings not only demonstrate how the GPCR-induced PIP3 response is regulated depending on the GPCR activity gradient across a cell, but also show how diversely cells respond to spatial and temporal variability of external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushan Wijayaratna
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA ,grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Kasun Ratnayake
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA
| | - Sithurandi Ubeysinghe
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA ,grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Dinesh Kankanamge
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Mithila Tennakoon
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA ,grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103 USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
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Renzi-Hammond LM, Buch J, Xu J, Hammond BR. The Influence of HEV-Filtering Contact Lenses on Behavioral Indices of Glare. Eye Contact Lens 2022; 48:509-515. [PMID: 36201639 PMCID: PMC9668403 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the effects of a HEV-filtering contact lens on positive dysphotopsia (halos and starbursts) and a behavioral index of scatter measured using two-point light thresholds. These effects were assessed by direct comparison to a clear (i.e., non-HEV filtering) contact lens tested in the fellow eye. METHODS Sixty-one subjects were randomized and fit with study lenses and 58 subjects completed the study. A double-masked contralateral design was used. Subjects were randomized to test lens-OD, control lens-OS, or vice versa. Participants were exposed to a point source of broadband simulated sunlight (a 403-nm condition was also tested) that created the appearance of halos/starbursts. The degree of dysphotopsia was measured as the diameter of broadband and violet-induced halos, and broadband light-induced starbursts. Two-point thresholds were assessed as the minimum resolvable distance between two pinpoints of light. RESULTS The HEV-filtering lens was statistically superior ( P <0.0001) to the clear lens in all the conditions tested. The HEV-filtering lens significantly reduced halo diameter by 30%, starburst diameter by 23%, and resolvable distance in the two-point condition by 18% (white) and 30% (violet). CONCLUSIONS HEV-filtering contact lenses can reduce some deleterious effects of bright broadband light by decreasing light scatter, halos, and starbursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior (L.M.R.), Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Research & Development (J.B., J.X.), Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc, Jacksonville, FL; and Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program (B.R.H.), Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - John Buch
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior (L.M.R.), Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Research & Development (J.B., J.X.), Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc, Jacksonville, FL; and Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program (B.R.H.), Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior (L.M.R.), Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Research & Development (J.B., J.X.), Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc, Jacksonville, FL; and Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program (B.R.H.), Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Billy R. Hammond
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior (L.M.R.), Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Research & Development (J.B., J.X.), Johnson & Johnson Vision Care Inc, Jacksonville, FL; and Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program (B.R.H.), Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Zhang C, Xu L, Endo M, Kahyo T, Kikushima K, Horikawa M, Murakami M, Waliullah A, Hasan M, Sakamoto T, Takahashi Y, Aramaki S, Ozawa T, Setou M. Blue light alters cellular lipidome—Light-induced lipidomic changes can be modulated by optogenetically engineered cPLA2α. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Różanowska MB, Czuba-Pełech B, Różanowski B. Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061132. [PMID: 35740030 PMCID: PMC9220409 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins C and E and zeaxanthin are components of a supplement tested in a large clinical trial-Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)-and it has been demonstrated that they can inhibit the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combinations of these antioxidants to prevent the phototoxicity mediated by vitamin A aldehyde (ATR), which can accumulate in photoreceptor outer segments (POS) upon exposure to light. We used cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells ARPE-19 and liposomes containing unsaturated lipids and ATR as a model of POS. Cells and/or liposomes were enriched with lipophilic antioxidants, whereas ascorbate was added just before the exposure to light. Supplementing the cells and/or liposomes with single lipophilic antioxidants had only a minor effect on phototoxicity, but the protection substantially increased in the presence of both ways of supplementation. Combinations of zeaxanthin with α-tocopherol in liposomes and cells provided substantial protection, enhancing cell viability from ~26% in the absence of antioxidants to ~63% in the presence of 4 µM zeaxanthin and 80 µM α-tocopherol, and this protective effect was further increased to ~69% in the presence of 0.5 mM ascorbate. The protective effect of ascorbate disappeared at a concentration of 1 mM, whereas 2 mM of ascorbate exacerbated the phototoxicity. Zeaxanthin or α-tocopherol partly ameliorated the cytotoxic effects. Altogether, our results suggest that the optimal combination includes upper levels of zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol achievable by diet and/or supplementations, whereas ascorbate needs to be at a four-fold smaller concentration than that in the vitreous. The physiological relevance of the results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-292087-5057
| | - Barbara Czuba-Pełech
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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Lombardo M, Serrao S, Lombardo G. Challenges in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From Risk Factors to Novel Diagnostics and Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:887104. [PMID: 35733877 PMCID: PMC9207205 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic multifactorial eye disease representing the primary cause of vision loss in people aged 60 years and older. The etiopathogenesis of the disease remains uncertain, with several risk factors contributing to its onset and progression, such as genotype, aging, hypertension, smoking, overweight, and low dietary intake of carotenoids. Since the aging populations of the industrialized world are increasing rapidly, the impact of AMD in the socio-economical life-developed countries is expected to increase dramatically in the next years. In this context, the benefits of prevention and early disease detection for prompt and effective treatment can be enormous to reduce the social and economic burden of AMD. Nutritional and lifestyle changes, including dietary intake of xanthophyll pigments, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, no smoking, and regular exercise, are known to protect from risk of AMD progression from early to advanced disease stages. In this review, we present the clinical outcomes of a pilot study on trans-scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein in patients with AMD. Topical delivery of lutein directly to the macula may provide a more efficient method for enriching the macular pigment and for achieving greater patient compliance to therapy than oral administration and thus enhancing prevention strategies. Modern diagnostic methodologies shall address the major problem of accurately detecting the risk of transition from intermediate AMD to advanced AMD stages. Adaptive optics retinal imaging and resonance Raman spectroscopy are two highly promising technologies for the objective assessment of patients with AMD. In this review, we present some of their clinical applications for collecting quantitative measurements of retinal cellular changes and macular content of xanthophyll pigments, respectively. In conclusion, there is great expectation that technological advancements in AMD management will deliver improved screening, therapeutic prevention, and diagnostic systems in the coming decade through a pro-active strategy of “treatment for prevention” that will aim to reduce the global burden of vision loss caused by AMD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Lombardo
| | - Sebastiano Serrao
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
- Giuseppe Lombardo
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Ziólkowska N, Chmielewska-Krzesinska M, Vyniarska A, Sienkiewicz W. Exposure to Blue Light Reduces Melanopsin Expression in Intrinsically Photoreceptive Retinal Ganglion Cells and Damages the Inner Retina in Rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:26. [PMID: 35060997 PMCID: PMC8787613 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigative the effects of blue light on intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Methods Brown Norway rats were used. Nine rats were continuously exposed to blue light (light emitting diodes [LEDs]: 463 nm; 1000 lx) for 2 days (acute exposure [AE]); 9 rats were exposed to 12 hours of blue light and 12 hours of darkness for 10 days (long-term exposure [LTE]); 6 control rats were exposed to 12 hours of white fluorescent light (1000 lx) and 12 hours of darkness for 10 days. Whole-mount retinas were immunolabelled with melanopsin antibodies; melanopsin-positive (MP) ipRGC somas and processes were counted and measured with Neuron J. To detect apoptosis, retinal cryo-sections were stained with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling. Ultra-thin sections were visualized with transmission electron microscopy. Results The number of MP ipRGC somas was significantly lower in retinas from AE and LTE rats than in those from control rats (P < 0.001 and = 0.002, respectively). The mean length of MP areas of processes was significantly lower in AE rats (P < 0.001). AE rats had severe retinal damage and massive apoptosis in the outer nuclear layer; their mitochondria were damaged in the axons and dendrites of the nerve fiber layer and the inner plexiform layer. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in AE rats appeared to have reduced amounts of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions AE to blue light reduces melanopsin expression and damages RGCs, likely including ipRGCs. Changes in the axons and dendrites of RGCs suggest possible disruption of intraretinal and extraretinal signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziólkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chmielewska-Krzesinska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Alla Vyniarska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary and Biotechnologies, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Duan L, He J, Li M, Dai J, Zhou Y, Lai F, Zhu G. Based on a Decision Tree Model for Exploring the Risk Factors of Smartphone Addiction Among Children and Adolescents in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:652356. [PMID: 34168575 PMCID: PMC8217434 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.652356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Smartphone addiction has emerged as a major concern among children and adolescents over the past few decades and may be heightened by the outbreak of COVID-19, posing a threat to their physical and mental health. Then we aimed to develop a decision tree model as a screening tool for unrecognized smartphone addiction by conducting large sample investigation in mainland China. Methods: The data from cross-sectional investigation of smartphone addiction among children and adolescents in mainland China (n = 3,615) was used to build models of smartphone addiction by employing logistic regression, visualized nomogram, and decision tree analysis. Results: Smartphone addiction was found in 849 (23.5%) of the 3,615 respondents. According to the results of logistic regression, nomogram, and decision tree analyses, Internet addiction, hours spend on smartphone during the epidemic, levels of clinical anxiety symptoms, fear of physical injury, and sex were used in predictive model of smartphone addiction among children and adolescents. The C-index of the final adjusted model of logistic regression was 0.804. The classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and AUC area of decision tree for detecting smartphone addiction were 87.3, 71.4, 92.1, 73.5, 91.4, and 0.884, respectively. Conclusions: It was found that the incidence of smartphone addiction among children and adolescents is significant during the epidemic. The decision tree model can be used to screen smartphone addiction among them. Findings of the five risk factors will help researchers and parents assess the risk of smartphone addiction quickly and easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiali Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feiya Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Baeza Moyano D, Baeza Moyano S, Gómez López M, Salcedo Aznal A, González Lezcano RA. Nominal risk analysis of the blue light from LED luminaires in indoor lighting design. OPTIK 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Touitou Y, Point S. Effects and mechanisms of action of light-emitting diodes on the human retina and internal clock. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109942. [PMID: 32758719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) will likely become the most used lighting devices worldwide in the future because of their very low prices over the course of their long lifespans which can be up to several tens of thousands of hours. The expansion of LED use in both urban and domestic lighting has prompted questions regarding their possible health effects, because the light that they provide is potentially high in the harmful blue band (400-500 nm) of the visible light spectrum. Research on the potential effects of LEDs and their blue band on human health has followed three main directions: 1) examining their retinal phototoxicity; 2) examining disruption of the internal clock, i.e., an out-of-sync clock, in shift workers and night workers, including the accompanying health issues, most concerningly an increased relative risk of cancer; and 3) examining risky, inappropriate late-night use of smartphones and consoles among children and adolescents. Here, we document the recognized or potential health issues associated with LED lighting together with their underlying mechanisms of action. There is so far no evidence that LED lighting is deleterious to human retina under normal use. However, exposure to artificial light at night is a new source of pollution because it affects the circadian clock. Blue-rich light, including cold white LEDs, should be considered a new endocrine disruptor, because it affects estrogen secretion and has unhealthful consequences in women, as demonstrated to occur via a complex mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Touitou
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, 75019, Paris, France.
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Ouyang X, Yang J, Hong Z, Wu Y, Xie Y, Wang G. Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110577. [PMID: 32763817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of blue light exposure to human health has attracted increased research attention. Blue light, with relatively high energy, can cause irreversible photochemical damage to eye tissue. Excessive exposure of the eye to blue light tends to cause a series of alterations, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, inflammatory apoptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis and DNA damage, resulting in the development of dry eye disease, glaucoma, and keratitis. Accordingly, physical protection, chemical and pharmaceutical protective measures, gene therapy, and other methods are widely used in the clinical treatment of blue light hazard. We reviewed the studies on possible blue light-induced signaling pathways and mechanisms in the eye and summarized the therapeutic approaches to addressing blue light hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zexin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yide Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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