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Xu W, Chen H, Xiao H. mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31363. [PMID: 38982866 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Xu
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang Y, Vandewalle N, De Veirman K, Vanderkerken K, Menu E, De Bruyne E. Targeting mTOR signaling pathways in multiple myeloma: biology and implication for therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:320. [PMID: 38862983 PMCID: PMC11165851 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM), a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells, is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy and is incurable due to the inevitable development of drug resistance. Intense protein synthesis is a distinctive trait of MM cells, supporting the massive production of clonal immunoglobulins or free light chains. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is appreciated as a master regulator of vital cellular processes, including regulation of metabolism and protein synthesis, and can be found in two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Dysregulation of these complexes is implicated in several types of cancer, including MM. Since mTOR has been shown to be aberrantly activated in a large portion of MM patients and to play a role in stimulating MM cell survival and resistance to several existing therapies, understanding the regulation and functions of the mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review provides a general overview of the mTOR pathway, discussing key discoveries and recent insights related to the structure and regulation of mTOR complexes. Additionally, we highlight findings on the mechanisms by which mTOR is involved in protein synthesis and delve into mTOR-mediated processes occurring in MM. Finally, we summarize the progress and current challenges of drugs targeting mTOR complexes in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Wang
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandewalle
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Translational Oncology Research Center (TORC) - Team Hematology and Immunology (HEIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
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Volyanskaya AR, Akberdin IR, Kulyashov MA, Yevshin IS, Romanov MN, Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Kolpakov FA. A bird's-eye overview of molecular mechanisms regulating feed intake in chickens-with mammalian comparisons. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:61-74. [PMID: 38737579 PMCID: PMC11087724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, a lot of research has been conducted to explore poultry feeding behavior. However, up to now, the processes behind poultry feeding behavior remain poorly understood. The review generalizes modern expertise about the hormonal regulation of feeding behavior in chickens, focusing on signaling pathways mediated by insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and regulatory pathways with a cross-reference to mammals. This overview also summarizes state-of-the-art research devoted to hypothalamic neuropeptides that control feed intake and are prime candidates for predictors of feeding efficiency. Comparative analysis of the signaling pathways that mediate the feed intake regulation allowed us to conclude that there are major differences in the processes by which hormones influence specific neuropeptides and their contrasting roles in feed intake control between two vertebrate clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia R. Volyanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya R. Akberdin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Kulyashov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - Ivan S. Yevshin
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - Michael N. Romanov
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Elena I. Shagimardanova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg A. Gusev
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Life Improvement By Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fedor A. Kolpakov
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
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Njeim R, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Mechanisms and implications of podocyte autophagy in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F877-F893. [PMID: 38601984 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00415.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protective mechanism through which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis and integrity. An accumulating body of evidence underscores the significant impact of dysregulated autophagy on podocyte injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse types of autophagy and their regulation in cellular homeostasis, with a specific emphasis on podocytes. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings that focus on the functional role of different types of autophagy during podocyte injury in chronic kidney disease. The intricate interplay between different types of autophagy and podocyte health requires further research, which is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of CKD and developing targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Njeim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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Onaka GM, de Carvalho MR, Onaka PK, Barbosa CM, Martinez PF, de Oliveira-Junior SA. Exercise, mTOR Activation, and Potential Impacts on the Liver in Rodents. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:362. [PMID: 38927242 PMCID: PMC11201249 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The literature offers a consensus on the association between exercise training (ET) protocols based on the adequate parameters of intensity and frequency, and several adaptive alterations in the liver. Indeed, regular ET can reverse glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, especially from aerobic modalities, which can decrease intrahepatic fat formation. In terms of molecular mechanisms, the regulation of hepatic fat formation would be directly related to the modulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which would be stimulated by insulin signaling and Akt activation, from the following three different primary signaling pathways: (I) growth factor, (II) energy/ATP-sensitive, and (III) amino acid-sensitive signaling pathways, respectively. Hyperactivation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway induces lipogenesis by regulating the action of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Exercise training interventions have been associated with multiple metabolic and tissue benefits. However, it is worth highlighting that the mTOR signaling in the liver in response to exercise interventions remains unclear. Hepatic adaptive alterations seem to be most outstanding when sustained by chronic interventions or high-intensity exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Moreto Onaka
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Marianna Rabelo de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Patricia Kubalaki Onaka
- Graduate Program in Education and Health, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil
| | - Claudiane Maria Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Paula Felippe Martinez
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
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Li M, Wu X, Pan Y, Song M, Yang X, Xu J, Plikus MV, Lv C, Yu L, Yu Z. mTORC2-AKT signaling to PFKFB2 activates glycolysis that enhances stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal epithelial cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23532. [PMID: 38451470 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301833rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Although elevated glycolysis has been widely recognized as a hallmark for highly proliferating cells like stem cells and cancer, its regulatory mechanisms are still being updated. Here, we found a previously unappreciated mechanism of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) in regulating glycolysis in intestinal stem cell maintenance and cancer progression. mTORC2 key subunits expression levels and its kinase activity were specifically upregulated in intestinal stem cells, mouse intestinal tumors, and human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. Genetic ablation of its key scaffolding protein Rictor in both mouse models and cell lines revealed that mTORC2 played an important role in promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and self-renewal. Moreover, utilizing mouse models and organoid culture, mTORC2 loss of function was shown to impair growth of gut adenoma and tumor organoids. Based on these findings, we performed RNA-seq and noticed significant metabolic reprogramming in Rictor conditional knockout mice. Among all the pathways, carbohydrate metabolism was most profoundly altered, and further studies demonstrated that mTORC2 promoted glycolysis in intestinal epithelial cells. Most importantly, we showed that a rate-limiting enzyme in regulating glycolysis, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB2), was a direct target for the mTORC2-AKT signaling. PFKFB2 was phosphorylated upon mTORC2 activation, but not mTORC1, and this process was AKT-dependent. Together, this study has identified a novel mechanism underlying mTORC2 activated glycolysis, offering potential therapeutic targets for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Manyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li AH, Park SY, Li P, Zhou C, Kluz T, Li J, Costa M, Sun H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Anti-Cancer Effects of Isorhapontigenin (ISO) on Highly Invasive Human T24 Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1783. [PMID: 38339062 PMCID: PMC10855786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer, the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, has a poor overall survival rate when the tumor becomes muscle invasive. The discovery and evaluation of new alternative medications targeting high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are of tremendous importance in reducing bladder cancer mortality. Isorhapontigenin (ISO), a stilbene derivative from the Chinese herb Gnetum cleistostachyum, exhibits a strong anti-cancer effect on MIBCs. Here, we report the whole transcriptome profiling of ISO-treated human bladder cancer T24 cells. A total of 1047 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 596 downregulated and 451 upregulated genes. Functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed that ISO treatment induced massive changes in gene expression associated with cell movement, migration, invasion, metabolism, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Additionally, ISO treatment-activated genes involved in the inflammatory response but repressed genes involved in hypoxia signaling, glycolysis, the actin cytoskeleton, and the tumor microenvironment. In summary, our whole transcriptome analysis demonstrated a shift in metabolism and altered actin cytoskeleton in ISO-treated T24 cells, which subsequently contribute to tumor microenvironment remodeling that suppresses tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Sun
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA; (A.H.L.); (S.Y.P.); (P.L.); (C.Z.); (T.K.); (J.L.); (M.C.)
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8
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Ragupathi A, Kim C, Jacinto E. The mTORC2 signaling network: targets and cross-talks. Biochem J 2024; 481:45-91. [PMID: 38270460 PMCID: PMC10903481 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR, controls cell metabolism in response to growth signals and stress stimuli. The cellular functions of mTOR are mediated by two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Rapamycin and its analogs are currently used in the clinic to treat a variety of diseases and have been instrumental in delineating the functions of its direct target, mTORC1. Despite the lack of a specific mTORC2 inhibitor, genetic studies that disrupt mTORC2 expression unravel the functions of this more elusive mTOR complex. Like mTORC1 which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is also activated by anabolic signals but is additionally triggered by stress. mTORC2 mediates signals from growth factor receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. How stress conditions such as nutrient limitation modulate mTORC2 activation to allow metabolic reprogramming and ensure cell survival remains poorly understood. A variety of downstream effectors of mTORC2 have been identified but the most well-characterized mTORC2 substrates include Akt, PKC, and SGK, which are members of the AGC protein kinase family. Here, we review how mTORC2 is regulated by cellular stimuli including how compartmentalization and modulation of complex components affect mTORC2 signaling. We elaborate on how phosphorylation of its substrates, particularly the AGC kinases, mediates its diverse functions in growth, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. We discuss other signaling and metabolic components that cross-talk with mTORC2 and the cellular output of these signals. Lastly, we consider how to more effectively target the mTORC2 pathway to treat diseases that have deregulated mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ragupathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Christian Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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Gellhaus B, Böker KO, Schilling AF, Saul D. Therapeutic Consequences of Targeting the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 Axis in Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:2787. [PMID: 38132107 PMCID: PMC10741475 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of sarcopenia in an aging population has an underestimated impact on quality of life by increasing the risk of falls and subsequent hospitalization. Unfortunately, the application of the major established key therapeutic-physical activity-is challenging in the immobile and injured sarcopenic patient. Consequently, novel therapeutic directions are needed. The transcription factor Forkhead-Box-Protein O3 (FOXO3) may be an option, as it and its targets have been observed to be more highly expressed in sarcopenic muscle. In such catabolic situations, Foxo3 induces the expression of two muscle specific ubiquitin ligases (Atrogin-1 and Murf-1) via the PI3K/AKT pathway. In this review, we particularly evaluate the potential of Foxo3-targeted gene therapy. Foxo3 knockdown has been shown to lead to increased muscle cross sectional area, through both the AKT-dependent and -independent pathways and the reduced impact on the two major downstream targets Atrogin-1 and Murf-1. Moreover, a Foxo3 reduction suppresses apoptosis, activates satellite cells, and initiates their differentiation into muscle cells. While this indicates a critical role in muscle regeneration, this mechanism might exhaust the stem cell pool, limiting its clinical applicability. As systemic Foxo3 knockdown has also been associated with risks of inflammation and cancer progression, a muscle-specific approach would be necessary. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on Foxo3 and conceptualize a specific and targeted therapy that may circumvent the drawbacks of systemic Foxo3 knockdown. This approach presumably would limit the side effects and enable an activity-independent positive impact on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gellhaus
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (B.G.); (K.O.B.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Kai O. Böker
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (B.G.); (K.O.B.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (B.G.); (K.O.B.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Dominik Saul
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; (B.G.); (K.O.B.); (A.F.S.)
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Chen S, Su X, Zhu J, Xiao L, Cong Y, Yang L, Du Z, Huang X. Metabolic plasticity sustains the robustness of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57440. [PMID: 37885348 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis is highly dependent on maternally loaded materials, particularly those used for energy production. Different environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds shape embryogenesis. The robustness of embryogenesis in response to extrinsic and intrinsic changes remains incompletely understood. By analyzing the levels of two major nutrients, glycogen and neutral lipids, we discovered stage-dependent usage of these two nutrients along with mitochondrial morphology changes during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. ATGL, the rate-limiting lipase in cellular lipolysis, is expressed and required in the hypodermis to regulate mitochondrial function and support embryogenesis. The embryonic lethality of atgl-1 mutants can be suppressed by reducing sinh-1/age-1-akt signaling, likely through modulating glucose metabolism to maintain sustainable glucose consumption. The embryonic lethality of atgl-1(xd314) is also affected by parental nutrition. Parental glucose and oleic acid supplements promote glycogen storage in atgl-1(xd314) embryos to compensate for the impaired lipolysis. The rescue by parental vitamin B12 supplement is likely through enhancing mitochondrial function in atgl-1 mutants. These findings reveal that metabolic plasticity contributes to the robustness of C. elegans embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Khalil MI, Ali MM, Holail J, Houssein M. Growth or death? Control of cell destiny by mTOR and autophagy pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:39-55. [PMID: 37944568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2; unlike m TORC2, mTORC1 is activated in response to the sufficiency of nutrients and is inhibited by rapamycin. mTOR complexes have critical roles not only in protein synthesis, gene transcription regulation, proliferation, tumor metabolism, but also in the regulation of the programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic mechanism in which damaged molecules are recycled in response to nutrient starvation. Emerging evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is frequently activated in tumors. In addition, dysregulation of autophagy was associated with the development of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and aging. Since mTOR can inhibit the induction of the autophagic process from the early stages of autophagosome formation to the late stage of lysosome degradation, the use of mTOR inhibitors to regulate autophagy could be considered a potential therapeutic option. The present review sheds light on the mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways and the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR-autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon; Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jasmine Holail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon.
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12
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Gupta S, Silveira DA, Mombach JCM, Hashimoto RF. The lncRNA DLX6-AS1/miR-16-5p axis regulates autophagy and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer: A Boolean model of cell death. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:605-614. [PMID: 37767112 PMCID: PMC10520667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) distal-less homeobox 6 antisense RNA 1 (DLX6-AS1) is elevated in a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and cervical cancer. Although it was found that the microRNA-16-5p (miR-16), which is known to regulate autophagy and apoptosis, had been downregulated in similar cancers. Recent research has shown that in tumors with similar characteristics, DLX6-AS1 acts as a sponge for miR-16 expression. However, the cell death-related molecular mechanism of the DLX6-AS1/miR-16 axis has yet to be investigated. Therefore, we propose a dynamic Boolean model to investigate gene regulation in cell death processes via the DLX6-AS1/miR-16 axis. We found the finest concordance when we compared our model to many experimental investigations including gain-of-function genes in NSCLC and cervical cancer. A unique positive circuit involving BMI1/ATM/miR-16 is also something we predict. Our results suggest that this circuit is essential for regulating autophagy and apoptosis under stress signals. Thus, our Boolean network enables an evident cell-death process coupled with NSCLC and cervical cancer. Therefore, our results suggest that DLX6-AS1 targeting may boost miR-16 activity and thereby restrict tumor growth in these cancers by triggering autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Do Matão 1010, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Daner A. Silveira
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Carlos M. Mombach
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F. Hashimoto
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Do Matão 1010, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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13
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Geng H, Li R, Feng D, Zhu Y, Deng L. Role of the p38/AKT Pathway in the Promotion of Cell Proliferation by Serum Heat Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16538. [PMID: 38003726 PMCID: PMC10671805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum is a common biomaterial in cell culture that provides nutrients and essential growth factors for cell growth. Serum heat inactivation is a common treatment method whose main purpose is to remove complement factors and viruses. As serum contains many heat-labile factors, heat inactivation may affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and other functions. However, the specific mechanism of its effect on cell function has not been studied. Thus, we investigate the exact effects of heat-inactivated FBS on the viability of various cells and explore the possible molecular mechanisms. We treated HCT116, HT-29, and HepG2 cell lines with heat-inactivated (56 °C for 30 min) medium, DMEM, or fetal bovine serum (FBS) for different times (0, 10, 15, 30, 60, or 90 min); we found that heat-inactivated FBS significantly promoted the viability of these cells, whereas DMEM did not have this effect. Moreover, heat-inactivated FBS stimulated cells to produce a small amount of ROS and activated intracellular signaling pathways, mainly the p38/AKT signaling pathway. These results indicate that heat-inactivated FBS may regulate the p38/AKT signaling pathway by promoting the production of appropriate amounts of ROS, thereby regulating cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.G.); (R.L.); (D.F.); (Y.Z.)
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14
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Panwar V, Singh A, Bhatt M, Tonk RK, Azizov S, Raza AS, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Garg M. Multifaceted role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37779156 PMCID: PMC10543444 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism, catabolism, immune responses, autophagy, survival, proliferation, and migration, to maintain cellular homeostasis. The mTOR signaling cascade consists of two distinct multi-subunit complexes named mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2). mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of several critical proteins like AKT, protein kinase C, insulin growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), transcription factor EB (TFEB), sterol-responsive element-binding proteins (SREBPs), Lipin-1, and Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases. mTOR signaling plays a central role in regulating translation, lipid synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, biogenesis of lysosomes, nutrient sensing, and growth factor signaling. The emerging pieces of evidence have revealed that the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway due to mutations/amplification/deletion in either mTOR and its complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) or upstream targets is responsible for aging, neurological diseases, and human malignancies. Here, we provide the detailed structure of mTOR, its complexes, and the comprehensive role of upstream regulators, as well as downstream effectors of mTOR signaling cascades in the metabolism, biogenesis of biomolecules, immune responses, and autophagy. Additionally, we summarize the potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as an important modulator of mTOR signaling. Importantly, we have highlighted the potential of mTOR signaling in aging, neurological disorders, human cancers, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. Here, we discuss the developments for the therapeutic targeting of mTOR signaling with improved anticancer efficacy for the benefit of cancer patients in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Panwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manini Bhatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rajiv K Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Laboratory of Biological Active Macromolecular Systems, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100125, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Agha Saquib Raza
- Rajive Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, New Delhi, 110093, India
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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15
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Zhang F, Cheng T, Zhang SX. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR): a potential new therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:187. [PMID: 37784141 PMCID: PMC10544394 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic synovitis and bone destruction. Proinflammatory cytokines activate pathways of immune-mediated inflammation, which aggravates RA. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway associated with RA connects immune and metabolic signals, which regulates immune cell proliferation and differentiation, macrophage polarization and migration, antigen presentation, and synovial cell activation. Therefore, therapy strategies targeting mTOR have become an important direction of current RA treatment research. In the current review, we summarize the biological functions of mTOR, its regulatory effects on inflammation, and the curative effects of mTOR inhibitors in RA, thus providing references for the development of RA therapeutic targets and new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
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Ezine E, Lebbe C, Dumaz N. Unmasking the tumourigenic role of SIN1/MAPKAP1 in the mTOR complex 2. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1464. [PMID: 37877351 PMCID: PMC10599286 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the most altered pathways in human tumours, therapies targeting this pathway have shown numerous adverse effects due to positive feedback paradoxically activating upstream signaling nodes. The somewhat limited clinical efficacy of these inhibitors calls for the development of novel and more effective approaches for targeting the PI3K pathway for therapeutic benefit in cancer. MAIN BODY Recent studies have shown the central role of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) as a pro-tumourigenic factor of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in a number of cancers. SIN1/MAPKAP1 is a major partner of mTORC2, acting as a scaffold and responsible for the substrate specificity of the mTOR catalytic subunit. Its overexpression promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of certain cancers whereas its inhibition decreases tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. It is also involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stress response and lipogenesis. Moreover, the numerous interactions of SIN1 inside or outside mTORC2 connect it with other signaling pathways, which are often disrupted in human tumours such as Hippo, WNT, Notch and MAPK. CONCLUSION Therefore, SIN1's fundamental characteristics and numerous connexions with oncogenic pathways make it a particularly interesting therapeutic target. This review is an opportunity to highlight the tumourigenic role of SIN1 across many solid cancers and demonstrates the importance of targeting SIN1 with a specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Ezine
- INSERMU976Team 1Human Immunology Pathophysiology & Immunotherapy (HIPI)ParisFrance
- Département de DermatologieHôpital Saint LouisAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Céleste Lebbe
- INSERMU976Team 1Human Immunology Pathophysiology & Immunotherapy (HIPI)ParisFrance
- Département de DermatologieHôpital Saint LouisAP‐HPParisFrance
- Université Paris CitéInstitut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL)ParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Dumaz
- INSERMU976Team 1Human Immunology Pathophysiology & Immunotherapy (HIPI)ParisFrance
- Université Paris CitéInstitut de Recherche Saint Louis (IRSL)ParisFrance
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17
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Tang Z, Shi H, Chen C, Teng J, Dai J, Ouyang X, Liu H, Hu Q, Cheng X, Ye J, Su Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Wang X, Liu J, Su B, Yang C, Xu Y, Liu T. Activation of Platelet mTORC2/Akt Pathway by Anti-β2GP1 Antibody Promotes Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1818-1832. [PMID: 37381985 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-β2GP1 (β2-glycoprotein 1) antibodies are the primary pathogenic antibody to promote thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), yet the underlying mechanism remains obscure. We aimed to explore the intracellular pathway that mediated platelet activation. METHODS Platelets were isolated from patients with APS and subjected to RNA sequencing. Platelet aggregation, the release of platelet granules, platelet spreading, and clot retraction were detected to evaluate platelet activation. We purified anti-β2GP1 antibodies from patients with APS and the total IgG from healthy donors to stimulate platelets with/without FcγRIIA (Fcγ receptor IIA) blocking antibody or Akt (protein kinase B) inhibitor. Platelet-specific Sin1 (stress-activated protein kinase-interacting protein) deficiency mice were established. The thrombus model of inferior vena cava flow restriction, ferric chloride-induced carotid injury model, and laser-induced vessel wall injury in cremaster arterioles model were constructed after administration of anti-β2GP1 antibodies. RESULTS Combined RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis suggested that APS platelets exhibited increased levels of mRNA associated with platelet activation, which was in line with the hyperactivation of APS platelets in response to stimuli. Platelet activation in APS platelets was accompanied by upregulation of the mTORC2 (mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 2)/Akt pathway and increased levels of SIN1 phosphorylation at threonine 86. Anti-β2GP1 antibody derived from patients with APS enhanced platelet activation and upregulated the mTORC2/Akt pathway. Moreover, the Akt inhibitor weakened the potentiating effect of the anti-β2GP1 antibody on platelet activation. Notably, Sin1 deficiency suppresses anti-β2GP1 antibody-enhanced platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in all 3 models. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the novel mechanism involving the mTORC2/Akt pathway, which mediates the promotion of platelet activation and induction of thrombosis by the anti-β2GP1 antibody. The findings suggest that SIN1 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital (C.C., J.D., X.W.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jialin Teng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital (C.C., J.D., X.W.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xinxing Ouyang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation (X.O., B.S.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Department of Tumor Biology, Shanghai Chest Hospital (X.O.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qiongyi Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaobing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Junna Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Haoyu Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital (C.C., J.D., X.W.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (J.L., Y.X.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation (X.O., B.S.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Center for Human Translational Immunology at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (B.S.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism (B.S.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.S.)
| | - Chengde Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (J.L., Y.X.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital (Z.T., H.S., J.T., H.L., Q.H., X.C., J.Y., Y. Su, Y. Sun, H.P., C.Y., T.L.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Tu W, Cao YW, Sun M, Liu Q, Zhao HG. mTOR signaling in hair follicle and hair diseases: recent progress. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1209439. [PMID: 37727765 PMCID: PMC10506410 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1209439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell proliferation and metabolism, playing significant roles in proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and illness. More and more evidences showed that the mTOR signaling pathway affects hair follicle circulation and maintains the stability of hair follicle stem cells. mTOR signaling may be a critical cog in Vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency-mediated hair follicle damage and degeneration and related alopecia disorders. This review examines the function of mTOR signaling in hair follicles and hair diseases, and talks about the underlying molecular mechanisms that mTOR signaling regulates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heng-Guang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Un Nisa M, Gillani SQ, Nabi N, Sarwar Z, Reshi I, Bhat SA, Andrabi S. Lipin-1 stability and its adipogenesis functions are regulated in contrasting ways by AKT1 and LKB1. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:689-704. [PMID: 36380131 PMCID: PMC10409976 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipin-1 is a protein that plays a critical role in many cellular functions. At molecular level, it acts as a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase and a transcriptional coactivator. The functions of lipin-1 are largely dependent upon its subcellular localization, post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and acetylation, and also on its interaction with other proteins such as 14-3-3. However, the kinases and phosphatases that are responsible for these post translational modifications are not entirely known. Using bioinformatics and other biochemical approaches, we demonstrate lipin-1 as a novel target for AKT1 and LKB1. While AKT1 stabilizes lipin-1, LKB1 causes its degradation. Interestingly, our findings further show that lipin-1 enhances AKT1 activity as can be seen by increased phosphorylation of the substrates of AKT1. Taken together, our results suggest that lipin-1 plays an important role in the regulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, which is dysregulated in majority of cancers. Therefore, understating the role of lipin-1 may provide new and important insights into the regulation and functions of the PI3K-mTOR pathway, which is one of the major targets for anti-cancer drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Un Nisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | | | - Nusrat Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Zarka Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Irfana Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Sameer Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shaida Andrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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20
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Smiles WJ, Catalano L, Stefan VE, Weber DD, Kofler B. Metabolic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101771. [PMID: 37414143 PMCID: PMC10362370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a paediatric malignancy of incredibly complex aetiology. Oncogenic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma has conventionally focussed on transduction through the well-characterised PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, in which the latter has been implicated in treatment resistance. The discovery of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK as a target of genetic alterations in cases of familial and sporadic neuroblastoma, was a breakthrough in the understanding of the complex genetic heterogeneity of neuroblastoma. However, despite progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of ALK, treatment resistance frequently arises and appears to be a feature of the disease. Moreover, since the identification of ALK, several additional protein kinases, including the PIM and Aurora kinases, have emerged not only as drivers of the disease phenotype, but also as promising druggable targets. This is particularly the case for Aurora-A, given its intimate engagement with MYCN, a driver oncogene of aggressive neuroblastoma previously considered 'undruggable.' SCOPE OF REVIEW Aided by significant advances in structural biology and a broader understanding of the mechanisms of protein kinase function and regulation, we comprehensively outline the role of protein kinase signalling, emphasising ALK, PIM and Aurora in neuroblastoma, their respective metabolic outputs, and broader implications for targeted therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite massively divergent regulatory mechanisms, ALK, PIM and Aurora kinases all obtain significant roles in cellular glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism and neuroblastoma progression, and in several instances are implicated in treatment resistance. While metabolism of neuroblastoma tends to display hallmarks of the glycolytic "Warburg effect," aggressive, in particular MYCN-amplified tumours, retain functional mitochondrial metabolism, allowing for survival and proliferation under nutrient stress. Future strategies employing specific kinase inhibitors as part of the treatment regimen should consider combinatorial attempts at interfering with tumour metabolism, either through metabolic pathway inhibitors, or by dietary means, with a view to abolish metabolic flexibility that endows cancerous cells with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria E Stefan
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela D Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Chen Y, Xu Z, Sun H, Ouyang X, Han Y, Yu H, Wu N, Xie Y, Su B. Regulation of CD8 + T memory and exhaustion by the mTOR signals. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1023-1039. [PMID: 37582972 PMCID: PMC10468538 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the key executioners of the adaptive immune arm, which mediates antitumor and antiviral immunity. Naïve CD8+ T cells develop in the thymus and are quickly activated in the periphery after encountering a cognate antigen, which induces these cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that fight the initial infection. Simultaneously, a fraction of these cells become long-lived memory CD8+ T cells that combat future infections. Notably, the generation and maintenance of memory cells is profoundly affected by various in vivo conditions, such as the mode of primary activation (e.g., acute vs. chronic immunization) or fluctuations in host metabolic, inflammatory, or aging factors. Therefore, many T cells may be lost or become exhausted and no longer functional. Complicated intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic processes are involved in this process. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular basis for the generation and fate of memory and exhausted CD8+ cells is central for harnessing cellular immunity. In this review, we focus on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), particularly signaling mediated by mTOR complex (mTORC) 2 in memory and exhausted CD8+ T cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinxing Ouyang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Tumor Biology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuheng Han
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Haihui Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningbo Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiting Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Department of Tumor Biology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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22
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Gao L, Liu G, Wu X, Liu C, Wang Y, Ma M, Ma Y, Hao Z. Osteocytes autophagy mediated by mTORC2 activation controls osteoblasts differentiation and osteoclasts activities under mechanical loading. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109634. [PMID: 37164247 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanosensitive response for cellular homeostasis and survival in osteocytes. However, the mechanism and its effect on bone metabolism have not yet clarified. The objective of this study was to evaluate how compressive cyclic force (CCF) induced autophagic response in osteocytes and to determine the effect of mechanically induced-autophagy on bone cells including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Autophagic puncta observed in MLO-Y4 cells increased after exposure to CCF. The upregulated levels of the LC3-II isoform and the degradation of p62 further confirmed the increased autophagic flux. Additionally, ATP synthesis and release, osteocalcin (OCN) expression, and cell survival increased in osteocytes as well. The Murine osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were cultured in conditioned medium collected from MLO-Y4 cells subjected to CCF. The concentration of FGF23 increased and the concentrations of SOST and M-CSF and RANKL/OPG ratio decreased significantly in the conditioned medium. Moreover, the promotion of osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and function in RAW 264.7 cells were significantly attenuated when osteocytes autophagy was inhibited by siAtg7. Our findings suggested that CCF induced protective autophagy in osteocytes and subsequently enhanced osteocytes survival and osteoblasts differentiation and downregulated osteoclasts activities. Further study revealed that CCF induced autophagic response in osteocytes through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activation. In conclusion, CCF-induced osteocytes autophagy upon mTORC2 activation promoted osteocytes survival and osteogenic response and decreased osteoclastic function. Thus, osteocytes autophagy will provide a promising target for better understanding of bone physiology and treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Gen Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xiangnan Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Chuanzi Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Meirui Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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23
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Chantaravisoot N, Wongkongkathep P, Kalpongnukul N, Pacharakullanon N, Kaewsapsak P, Ariyachet C, Loo JA, Tamanoi F, Pisitkun T. mTORC2 interactome and localization determine aggressiveness of high-grade glioma cells through association with gelsolin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7037. [PMID: 37120454 PMCID: PMC10148843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) has been implicated as a key regulator of glioblastoma cell migration. However, the roles of mTORC2 in the migrational control process have not been entirely elucidated. Here, we elaborate that active mTORC2 is crucial for GBM cell motility. Inhibition of mTORC2 impaired cell movement and negatively affected microfilament and microtubule functions. We also aimed to characterize important players involved in the regulation of cell migration and other mTORC2-mediated cellular processes in GBM cells. Therefore, we quantitatively characterized the alteration of the mTORC2 interactome under selective conditions using affinity purification-mass spectrometry in glioblastoma. We demonstrated that changes in cell migration ability specifically altered mTORC2-associated proteins. GSN was identified as one of the most dynamic proteins. The mTORC2-GSN linkage was mostly highlighted in high-grade glioma cells, connecting functional mTORC2 to multiple proteins responsible for directional cell movement in GBM. Loss of GSN disconnected mTORC2 from numerous cytoskeletal proteins and affected the membrane localization of mTORC2. In addition, we reported 86 stable mTORC2-interacting proteins involved in diverse molecular functions, predominantly cytoskeletal remodeling, in GBM. Our findings might help expand future opportunities for predicting the highly migratory phenotype of brain cancers in clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuttiya Kalpongnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Narawit Pacharakullanon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Kaewsapsak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaiyaboot Ariyachet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA/DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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24
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Sane S, Srinivasan R, Potts RA, Eikanger M, Zagirova D, Freeling J, Reihe CA, Antony RM, Gupta BK, Lynch D, Bleeker J, Turaihi H, Pillatzki A, Zhou W, Luo X, Linnebacher M, Agany D, Zohim EG, Humphrey LE, Black AR, Rezvani K. UBXN2A suppresses the Rictor-mTORC2 signaling pathway, an established tumorigenic pathway in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1763-1776. [PMID: 37037900 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The mTORC2 pathway plays a critical role in promoting tumor progression in human colorectal cancer (CRC). The regulatory mechanisms for this signaling pathway are only partially understood. We previously identified UBXN2A as a novel tumor suppressor protein in CRCs and hypothesized that UBXN2A suppresses the mTORC2 pathway, thereby inhibiting CRC growth and metastasis. We first used murine models to show that haploinsufficiency of UBXN2A significantly increases colon tumorigenesis. Induction of UBXN2A reduces AKT phosphorylation downstream of the mTORC2 pathway, which is essential for a plethora of cellular processes, including cell migration. Meanwhile, mTORC1 activities remain unchanged in the presence of UBXN2A. Mechanistic studies revealed that UBXN2A targets Rictor protein, a key component of the mTORC2 complex, for 26S proteasomal degradation. A set of genetic, pharmacological, and rescue experiments showed that UBXN2A regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CRC. CRC patients with a high level of UBXN2A have significantly better survival, and high-grade CRC tissues exhibit decreased UBXN2A protein expression. A high level of UBXN2A in patient-derived xenografts and tumor organoids decreases Rictor protein and suppresses the mTORC2 pathway. These findings provide new insights into the functions of an ubiquitin-like protein by inhibiting a dominant oncogenic pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sane
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rekha Srinivasan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rashaun A Potts
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Morgan Eikanger
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Diana Zagirova
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jessica Freeling
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Casey A Reihe
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Ryan M Antony
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Brij K Gupta
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Douglas Lynch
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | | | - Angela Pillatzki
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Diing Agany
- Biomedical Engineering Department, GEAR Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Lisa E Humphrey
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Khosrow Rezvani
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA.
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25
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Majeed ST, Majeed R, Malik AA, Andrabi KI. MTORC2 is a physiological hydrophobic motif kinase of S6 Kinase 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119449. [PMID: 36858209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a major downstream effector molecule of mTORC1, regulates cell growth and proliferation by modulating protein translation and ribosome biogenesis. We have recently identified eIF4E as an intermediate in transducing signals from mTORC1 to S6K1 and further demonstrated that the role of mTORC1 is restricted to inducing eIF4E phosphorylation and interaction with S6K1. This interaction relieves S6K1 auto-inhibition and facilitates its hydrophobic motif (HM) phosphorylation and activation as a consequence. These observations underscore a possible involvement of mTORC1 independent kinase in mediating HM phosphorylation. Here, we report mTORC2 as an in-vivo/physiological HM kinase of S6K1. We show that rapamycin-resistant S6K1 truncation mutant ∆NH∆CT continues to display HM phosphorylation with selective sensitivity toward Torin-1. We also show that HM phosphorylation of wildtype S6K1and ∆NH∆CT depends on the presence of mTORC2 regulatory subunit-rictor. Furthermore, truncation mutagenesis and molecular docking analysis reveal the involvement of a conserved 19 amino acid stretch of S6K1 in mediating interaction with rictor. We finally show that deletion of the 19 amino acid region from wildtype S6K1 results in loss of interaction with rictor, with a resultant loss of HM phosphorylation regardless of the presence of functional TOS motif. Our data demonstrate that mTORC2 acts as a physiological HM kinase that can activate S6K1 after its auto-inhibition is overcome by mTORC1. We, therefore, propose a novel mechanism for S6K1 regulation where mTOR complexes 1 and 2 act in tandem to activate the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Tahir Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Rabiya Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aijaz A Malik
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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26
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Fricke AL, Mühlhäuser WWD, Reimann L, Zimmermann JP, Reichenbach C, Knapp B, Peikert CD, Heberle AM, Faessler E, Schäuble S, Hahn U, Thedieck K, Radziwill G, Warscheid B. Phosphoproteomics Profiling Defines a Target Landscape of the Basophilic Protein Kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK in Skeletal Myotubes. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:768-789. [PMID: 36763541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction plays an important role in regulating the functions and fate of skeletal muscle cells. Central players in the phospho-signaling network are the protein kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK as part of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-S6K and RAF-MEK-ERK-RSK pathways. However, despite their functional importance, knowledge about their specific targets is incomplete because these kinases share the same basophilic substrate motif RxRxxp[ST]. To address this, we performed a multifaceted quantitative phosphoproteomics study of skeletal myotubes following kinase inhibition. Our data corroborate a cross talk between AKT and RAF, a negative feedback loop of RSK on ERK, and a putative connection between RSK and PI3K signaling. Altogether, we report a kinase target landscape containing 49 so far unknown target sites. AKT, S6K, and RSK phosphorylate numerous proteins involved in muscle development, integrity, and functions, and signaling converges on factors that are central for the skeletal muscle cytoskeleton. Whereas AKT controls insulin signaling and impinges on GTPase signaling, nuclear signaling is characteristic for RSK. Our data further support a role of RSK in glucose metabolism. Shared targets have functions in RNA maturation, stability, and translation, which suggests that these basophilic kinases establish an intricate signaling network to orchestrate and regulate processes involved in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Fricke
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wignand W D Mühlhäuser
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Reimann
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes P Zimmermann
- Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christa Reichenbach
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian D Peikert
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Heberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Faessler
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology─Leibniz-HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo Hahn
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.,Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Gerald Radziwill
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Sun Y, Wang H, Qu T, Luo J, An P, Ren F, Luo Y, Li Y. mTORC2: a multifaceted regulator of autophagy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:4. [PMID: 36604720 PMCID: PMC9814435 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step catabolic process that delivers cellular components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. The dysregulation of this precisely controlled process disrupts cellular homeostasis and leads to many pathophysiological conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central nutrient sensor that integrates growth signals with anabolism to fulfil biosynthetic and bioenergetic requirements. mTOR nucleates two distinct evolutionarily conserved complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2). However, only mTORC1 is acutely inhibited by rapamycin. Consequently, mTORC1 is a well characterized regulator of autophagy. While less is known about mTORC2, the availability of acute small molecule inhibitors and multiple genetic models has led to increased understanding about the role of mTORC2 in autophagy. Emerging evidence suggests that the regulation of mTORC2 in autophagy is mainly through its downstream effector proteins, and is variable under different conditions and cellular contexts. Here, we review recent advances that describe a role for mTORC2 in this catabolic process, and propose that mTORC2 could be a potential clinical target for the treatment of autophagy-related diseases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huihui Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Taiqi Qu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Junjie Luo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Peng An
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yongting Luo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yixuan Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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28
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Aroor A, DeMarco VG, Whaley-Connell AT, Jia G, Yang Y, Sharma N, Naz H, Hans C, Hayden MR, Hill MA, Sowers JR, Manrique-Acevedo C, Lastra G. Endothelial cell-specific mineralocorticoid receptor activation promotes diastolic dysfunction in diet-induced obese male mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R90-R101. [PMID: 36440901 PMCID: PMC9799154 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Widespread consumption of diets high in fat and fructose (Western diet, WD) has led to increased prevalence of obesity and diastolic dysfunction (DD). DD is a prominent feature of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, the underlying mechanisms of DD are poorly understood, and treatment options are still limited. We have previously shown that deletion of the cell-specific mineralocorticoid receptor in endothelial cells (ECMR) abrogates DD induced by WD feeding in female mice. However, the specific role of ECMR activation in the pathogenesis of DD in male mice has not been clarified. Therefore, we fed 4-wk-old ECMR knockout (ECMRKO) male mice and littermates (LM) with either a WD or chow diet (CD) for 16 wk. WD feeding resulted in DD characterized by increased left ventricle (LV) filling pressure (E/e') and diastolic stiffness [E/e'/LV inner diameter at end diastole (LVIDd)]. Compared with CD, WD in LM resulted in increased myocardial macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and increased myocardial phosphorylation of Akt, in concert with decreased phospholamban phosphorylation. WD also resulted in focal cardiomyocyte remodeling, characterized by areas of sarcomeric disorganization, loss of mitochondrial electron density, and mitochondrial fragmentation. Conversely, WD-induced DD and associated biochemical and structural abnormalities were prevented by ECMR deletion. In contrast with our previously reported observations in females, WD-fed male mice exhibited enhanced Akt signaling and a lower magnitude of cardiac injury. Collectively, our data support a critical role for ECMR in obesity-induced DD and suggest critical mechanistic differences in the genesis of DD between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Neekun Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Huma Naz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chetan Hans
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guido Lastra
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
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Huang J, Chen L, Wu J, Ai D, Zhang JQ, Chen TG, Wang L. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Human Diseases: Current Status, Trends, and Solutions. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16033-16061. [PMID: 36503229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most important intracellular pathways involved in cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and survival. Therefore, this route is a prospective biological target for treating various human diseases, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary fibrosis, and diabetes. An increasing number of clinical studies emphasize the necessity of developing novel molecules targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This review focuses on recent advances in ATP-competitive inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors, covalent inhibitors, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras against the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and highlights possible solutions for overcoming the toxicities and acquired drug resistance of currently available drugs. We also provide recommendations for the future design and development of promising drugs targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangxia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daiqiao Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Tie-Gen Chen
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Room 109, Building C, SSIP Healthcare and Medicine Demonstration Zone, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhao Z, Wang H, Kang N, Wang Z, Hou X, Hu L, Qie S, Guo J, Wei S, Ruan X, Zheng X. Aurora kinase a promotes the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by activating the mTORC2-AKT signalling pathway. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:195. [PMID: 36471438 PMCID: PMC9721059 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment failure is the main cause of death from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). It is urgent to look for new intervention targets and to develop new therapies for treating PTC. Aurora-A kinase (AURKA) functionally regulates cell mitosis and is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of tumours. However, the expression and potential functions of AURKA in PTC remain largely elusive. RESULTS Clinicopathologically, AURKA is highly expressed in PTC tissues compared to normal tissues and is correlated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and patient prognosis. Biologically, AURKA functions as an oncoprotein to promote the proliferation and migration of PTC cells. Mechanistically, AURKA directly binds to SIN1 and compromises CUL4B-based E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of SIN1, leading to hyperactivation of the mTORC2-AKT pathway in PTC cells. CONCLUSIONS We found that AURKA plays critical roles in regulating the progression of PTC by activating the mTORC2-AKT pathway, highlighting the potential of targeting AURKA to treat PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Zhao
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Ning Kang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Linfei Hu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Shuo Qie
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Jianping Guo
- grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
| | - Songfeng Wei
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
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Shemesh A, Su Y, Calabrese DR, Chen D, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Roybal KT, Heath JR, Greenland JR, Lanier LL. Diminished cell proliferation promotes natural killer cell adaptive-like phenotype by limiting FcεRIγ expression. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220551. [PMID: 36066491 PMCID: PMC9448639 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adaptive-like natural killer (NK) cells express low levels of FcεRIγ (FcRγ-/low) and are reported to accumulate during COVID-19 infection; however, the mechanism underlying and regulating FcRγ expression in NK cells has yet to be fully defined. We observed lower FcRγ protein expression in NK cell subsets from lung transplant patients during rapamycin treatment, suggesting a link with reduced mTOR activity. Further, FcRγ-/low NK cell subsets from healthy donors displayed reduced mTOR activity. We discovered that FcRγ upregulation is dependent on cell proliferation progression mediated by IL-2, IL-15, or IL-12, is sensitive to mTOR suppression, and is inhibited by TGFβ or IFNα. Accordingly, the accumulation of adaptive-like FcRγ-/low NK cells in COVID-19 patients corresponded to increased TGFβ and IFNα levels and disease severity. Our results show that an adaptive-like NK cell phenotype is induced by diminished cell proliferation and has an early prognostic value for increased TGFβ and IFNα levels in COVID-19 infection associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Shemesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel Chen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Janice Arakawa-Hoyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
- Gladstone University of California, San Francisco Institute for Genetic Immunology, San Francisco, CA
- University of California, San Francisco Cell Design Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - James R. Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Raptor downregulation rescues neuronal phenotypes in mouse models of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4665. [PMID: 35945201 PMCID: PMC9363483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which encode proteins that negatively regulate mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Current treatment strategies focus on mTOR inhibition with rapamycin and its derivatives. While effective at improving some aspects of TSC, chronic rapamycin inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and is associated with systemic side-effects. It is currently unknown which mTOR complex is most relevant for TSC-related brain phenotypes. Here we used genetic strategies to selectively reduce neuronal mTORC1 or mTORC2 activity in mouse models of TSC. We find that reduction of the mTORC1 component Raptor, but not the mTORC2 component Rictor, rebalanced mTOR signaling in Tsc1 knock-out neurons. Raptor reduction was sufficient to improve several TSC-related phenotypes including neuronal hypertrophy, macrocephaly, impaired myelination, network hyperactivity, and premature mortality. Raptor downregulation represents a promising potential therapeutic intervention for the neurological manifestations of TSC.
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PEBP4 Directs the Malignant Behavior of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Regulating mTORC1 and mTORC2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158798. [PMID: 35955931 PMCID: PMC9369291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 4 (PEBP4) is an understudied multifunctional small protein. Previous studies have shown that the expression of PEBP4 is increased in many cancer specimens, which correlates to cancer progression. The present study explored the mechanism by which PEBP4 regulates the growth and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Thus, we showed that knockdown of PEBP4 in MHCC97H cells, where its expression was relatively high, diminished activities of serine/threonine protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1), and mTORC2, events that were not restored by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Conversely, overexpression of PEBP4 in MHCC97L cells with the low endogenous level yielded opposite effects. Furthermore, physical association of PEBP4 with Akt, mTORC1, and mTORC2 was observed. Interestingly, introduction of AktS473D mutant, bypassing phosphorylation by mTORC2, rescued mTORC1 activity, but without effects on mTORC2 signaling. In contrast, the effect of PEBP4 overexpression on the activity of mTORC1 but not that of mTORC2 was suppressed by MK2206, a specific inhibitor of Akt. In conjunction, PEBP4 knockdown-engendered reduction of cell proliferation, migration and invasion was partially rescued by Akt S473D while increases in these parameters induced by overexpression of PEBP4 were completely abolished by MK2206, although the expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers appeared to be fully regulated by the active mutant of Akt. Finally, knockdown of PEBP4 diminished the growth of tumor and metastasis, whereas they were enhanced by overexpression of PEBP4. Altogether, our study suggests that increased expression of PEBP4 exacerbates malignant behaviors of hepatocellular cancer cells through cooperative participation of mTORC1 and mTORC2.
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Yu Z, Chen J, Takagi E, Wang F, Saha B, Liu X, Joubert LM, Gleason CE, Jin M, Li C, Nowotny C, Agard D, Cheng Y, Pearce D. Interactions between mTORC2 core subunits Rictor and mSin1 dictate selective and context-dependent phosphorylation of substrate kinases SGK1 and Akt. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102288. [PMID: 35926713 PMCID: PMC9440446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is a multi-subunit kinase complex, central to multiple essential signaling pathways. Two core subunits, Rictor and mSin1, distinguish it from the related mTORC1 and support context-dependent phosphorylation of its substrates. mTORC2 structures have been determined previously; however, important questions remain, particularly regarding the structural determinants mediating substrate specificity and context-dependent activity. Here, we used cryo-EM to obtain high-resolution structures of the human mTORC2 apo-complex in the presence of substrates Akt and SGK1. Using functional assays, we then tested predictions suggested by substrate-induced structural changes in mTORC2. For the first time, we visualized in the apo-state the side chain interactions between Rictor and mTOR that sterically occlude recruitment of mTORC1 substrates and confer resistance to the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Also in the apo-state, we observed that mSin1 formed extensive contacts with Rictor via a pair of short α-helices nestled between two Rictor helical repeat clusters, as well as by an extended strand that makes multiple weak contacts with Rictor helical cluster 1. In co-complex structures, we found that SGK1, but not Akt, markedly altered the conformation of the mSin1 N-terminal extended strand, disrupting multiple weak interactions while inducing a large rotation of mSin1 residue Arg-83, which then interacts with a patch of negatively charged residues within Rictor. Finally, we demonstrate mutation of Arg-83 to Ala selectively disrupts mTORC2-dependent phosphorylation of SGK1, but not of Akt, supporting context-dependent substrate selection. These findings provide new structural and functional insights into mTORC2 specificity and context-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Junliang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Enzo Takagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bidisha Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Catherine E Gleason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chengmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carlos Nowotny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Wang J, Cui B, Chen Z, Ding X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950973. [PMID: 35938153 PMCID: PMC9355246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outmost layer of the skin, is a stratified squamous epithelium that protects the body from the external world. The epidermis and its appendages need constantly renew themselves and replace the damaged tissues caused by environmental assaults. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cell growth and metabolism that plays a critical role in development, homeostasis and diseases. Recent findings suggest that mTOR signaling is activated in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner in the epidermis, coordinating diverse skin homeostatic processes. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling underlies the pathogenesis of skin diseases, including psoriasis and skin cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of epidermal mTOR signaling activity and function in skin, with a focus on skin barrier formation, hair regeneration, wound repair, as well as skin pathological disorders. We propose that fine-tuned control of mTOR signaling is essential for epidermal structural and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiping Cui
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Ding,
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36
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Cell Autophagy in NASH and NASH-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147734. [PMID: 35887082 PMCID: PMC9322157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process, involves the degradation of targeted cell components such as damaged organelles, unfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens by lysosomes. It is a major quality control system of the cell and plays an important role in cell differentiation, survival, development, and homeostasis. Alterations in the cell autophagic machinery have been implicated in several disease conditions, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cancer, infection, inflammatory diseases, and aging. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a decrease in cell autophagic activity, has been implicated in the initial development and progression of steatosis to NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We present an overview of autophagy as it occurs in mammalian cells with an insight into the emerging understanding of the role of autophagy in NASH and NASH-related HCC.
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Andrographolide Exhibits Anticancer Activity against Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells) through Suppressing Cell Proliferation and Inducing Cell Apoptosis via Inactivation of ER-α Receptor and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113544. [PMID: 35684480 PMCID: PMC9182433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Chemotherapy followed by endocrine therapy is the standard treatment strategy after surgery or radiotherapy. However, breast cancer is highly resistant to the treatments leading to the recurrence of breast cancer. As a result, the development of alternative medicines derived from natural plants with fewer side effects is being emphasized. Andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata is one of the potential substances with anti-cancer properties in a variety of cell types, including breast cancer cells. This study aims to investigate the anti-cancer effects of andrographolide in breast cancer cells by evaluating cell viability and apoptosis as well as its underlying mechanisms through estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, mRNA or miRNA, and protein expression were examined by MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell viability was reduced in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after andrographolide treatment. Moreover, andrographolide induced cell apoptosis in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by inhibiting Bcl-2 and enhancing Bax expression at both mRNA and protein levels. In MCF-7 cells, the ER-positive breast cancer, andrographolide showed an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation through downregulation of ERα, PI3K, and mTOR expression levels. Andrographolide also inhibited MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation via induction of cell apoptosis. However, the inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation of andrographolide treatment did not disrupt miR-21. Our findings showed that andrographolide possesses an anti-estrogenic effect by suppressing cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. The effects were comparable to those of the anticancer drug fulvestrant in MCF-7 cells. This study provides new insights into the anti-cancer effect of andrographolide on breast cancer and suggests andrographolide as a potential alternative from the natural plant for treating breast cancer types that are resistant to tamoxifen and fulvestrant.
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mTOR substrate phosphorylation in growth control. Cell 2022; 185:1814-1836. [PMID: 35580586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR), discovered 30 years ago, is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a central role in regulating cell growth and metabolism. It is activated by nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy. TOR forms two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. TOR signaling activates cell growth, defined as an increase in biomass, by stimulating anabolic metabolism while inhibiting catabolic processes. With emphasis on mammalian TOR (mTOR), we comprehensively reviewed the literature and identified all reported direct substrates. In the context of recent structural information, we discuss how mTORC1 and mTORC2, despite having a common catalytic subunit, phosphorylate distinct substrates. We conclude that the two complexes recruit different substrates to phosphorylate a common, minimal motif.
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Abstract
Both the mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways respond to growth factor stimulation and play critical roles in cell growth and proliferation, disarray of these pathways leads to many diseases, especially cancer. These two signaling pathways crosstalk at many levels; recently it's become clear that the SIN1 component of mTORC2 could interact with Ras family small GTPases, but how these two proteins interact at the molecular level and the functional outcomes of this interaction remain to be addressed. In this work we determined the high-resolution structure of Ras-SIN1 complexes and revealed the detailed interaction mechanism. We also showed that Ras-SIN1 association inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. Insights from this work could improve our understanding of the disease-causing mechanism of errant mTORC2 or Ras proteins. Over the years it has been established that SIN1, a key component of mTORC2, could interact with Ras family small GTPases through its Ras-binding domain (RBD). The physical association of Ras and SIN1/mTORC2 could potentially affect both mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways. To decipher the precise molecular mechanism of this interaction, we determined the high-resolution structures of HRas/KRas-SIN1 RBD complexes, showing the detailed interaction interface. Mutation of critical interface residues abolished Ras-SIN1 interaction and in SIN1 knockout cells we demonstrated that Ras-SIN1 association promotes SGK1 activity but inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. With structural comparison and competition fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays we showed that HRas-SIN1 RBD association is much weaker than HRas-Raf1 RBD but is slightly stronger than HRas-PI3K RBD interaction, providing a possible explanation for the different outcome of insulin or EGF stimulation. We also found that SIN1 isoform lacking the PH domain binds stronger to Ras than other longer isoforms and the PH domain appears to have an inhibitory effect on Ras-SIN1 binding. In addition, we uncovered a Ras dimerization interface that could be critical for Ras oligomerization. Our results advance our understanding of Ras-SIN1 association and crosstalk between growth factor-stimulated pathways.
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Bandyopadhyay G, Tang K, Webster NJG, van den Bogaart G, Mahata SK. Catestatin induces glycogenesis by stimulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT pathway. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13775. [PMID: 34985191 PMCID: PMC10754386 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Defects in hepatic glycogen synthesis contribute to post-prandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Chromogranin A (CgA) peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372 ) improves glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant mice. Here, we seek to determine whether CST induces hepatic glycogen synthesis. METHODS We determined liver glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and glycogen synthase (GYS2) activities; plasma insulin, glucagon, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in wild-type (WT) as well as in CST knockout (CST-KO) mice; glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis in primary hepatocytes. We also analysed phosphorylation signals of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), GYS2, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), AKT (a kinase in AKR mouse that produces Thymoma)/PKB (protein kinase B) and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by immunoblotting. RESULTS CST stimulated glycogen accumulation in fed and fasted liver and in primary hepatocytes. CST reduced plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. CST also directly stimulated glycogenesis and inhibited noradrenaline and adrenaline-induced glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. In addition, CST elevated the levels of UDPG and increased GYS2 activity. CST-KO mice had decreased liver glycogen that was restored by treatment with CST, reinforcing the crucial role of CST in hepatic glycogenesis. CST improved insulin signals downstream of IR and IRS-1 by enhancing phospho-AKT signals through the stimulation of PDK-1 and mTORC2 (mTOR Complex 2, rapamycin-insensitive complex) activities. CONCLUSIONS CST directly promotes the glycogenic pathway by (a) reducing glucose production, (b) increasing glycogen synthesis from UDPG, (c) reducing glycogenolysis and (d) enhancing downstream insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kechun Tang
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. G. Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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Norambuena A, Sun X, Wallrabe H, Cao R, Sun N, Pardo E, Shivange N, Wang DB, Post LA, Ferris HA, Hu S, Periasamy A, Bloom GS. SOD1 mediates lysosome-to-mitochondria communication and its dysregulation by amyloid-β oligomers. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105737. [PMID: 35452786 PMCID: PMC9291271 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) occurs in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD); how mtDNA synthesis is linked to neurodegeneration is poorly understood. We previously discovered Nutrient-induced Mitochondrial Activity (NiMA), an inter-organelle signaling pathway where nutrient-stimulated lysosomal mTORC1 activity regulates mtDNA replication in neurons by a mechanism sensitive to amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), a primary factor in AD pathogenesis (Norambuena et al., 2018). Using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation into mtDNA of cultured neurons, along with photoacoustic and mitochondrial metabolic imaging of cultured neurons and mouse brains, we show these effects being mediated by mTORC1-catalyzed T40 phosphorylation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Mechanistically, tau, another key factor in AD pathogenesis and other tauopathies, reduced the lysosomal content of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), thereby increasing NiMA and suppressing SOD1 activity and mtDNA synthesis. AβOs inhibited these actions. Dysregulation of mtDNA synthesis was observed in fibroblasts derived from tuberous sclerosis (TS) patients, who lack functional TSC and elevated SOD1 activity was also observed in human AD brain. Together, these findings imply that tau and SOD1 couple nutrient availability to mtDNA replication, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Norambuena
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Xuehan Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Horst Wallrabe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ruofan Cao
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Naidi Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Evelyn Pardo
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Nutan Shivange
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Dora Bigler Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Lisa A Post
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Heather A Ferris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ammasi Periasamy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Lázaro-Mixteco PE, González-Coronel JM, Hernández-Padilla L, Martínez-Alcantar L, Martínez-Carranza E, López-Bucio JS, Guevara-García ÁA, Campos-García J. Transcriptomics Reveals the Mevalonate and Cholesterol Pathways Blocking as Part of the Bacterial Cyclodipeptides Cytotoxic Effects in HeLa Cells of Human Cervix Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790537. [PMID: 35359411 PMCID: PMC8964019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human cervix adenocarcinoma (CC) caused by papillomavirus genome integration into the host chromosome is the third most common cancer among women. Bacterial cyclodipeptides (CDPs) exert cytotoxic effects in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, primarily by blocking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, but downstream responses comprising gene expression remain unstudied. Seeking to understand the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of CDPs in HeLa cells, a global RNA-Seq analysis was performed. This strategy permitted the identification of 151 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were either up- or down-regulated in response to CDPs exposure. Database analysis, including Gene Ontology (COG), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), revealed differential gene expression on cancer transduction signals, and metabolic pathways, for which, expression profiles were modified by the CDPs exposure. Bioinformatics confirmed the impact of CDPs in the differential expression of genes from signal transduction pathways such as PI3K-Akt, mTOR, FoxO, Wnt, MAPK, P53, TGF-β, Notch, apoptosis, EMT, and CSC. Additionally, the CDPs exposure modified the expression of cancer-related transcription factors involved in the regulation of processes such as epigenetics, DNA splicing, and damage response. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis revealed the participation of genes of the mevalonate and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways; in agreement with this observation, total cholesterol diminished, confirming the blockage of the cholesterol synthesis by the exposure of HeLa cells to CDPs. Interestingly, the expression of some genes of the mevalonate and cholesterol synthesis such as HMGS1, HMGCR, IDI1, SQLE, MSMO1, SREBF1, and SOAT1 was up-regulated by CDPs exposure. Accordingly, metabolites of the mevalonate pathway were accumulated in cultures treated with CDPs. This finding further suggests that the metabolism of cholesterol is crucial for the occurrence of CC, and the blockade of the sterol synthesis as an anti-proliferative mechanism of the bacterial CDPs, represents a reasonable chemotherapeutic drug target to explore. Our transcriptomic study supports the anti-neoplastic effects of bacterial CDPs in HeLa cells shown previously, providing new insights into the transduction signals, transcription factors and metabolic pathways, such as mevalonate and cholesterol that are impacted by the CDPs and highlights its potential as anti-neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro E Lázaro-Mixteco
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - José M González-Coronel
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Laura Hernández-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Lorena Martínez-Alcantar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Enrique Martínez-Carranza
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- CONACYT-UMSNH, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ángel A Guevara-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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Shi X, Endicott SJ, Miller RA. Regulation of mTOR complexes in long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout and Snell dwarf mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2442-2461. [PMID: 35305083 PMCID: PMC9004569 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) can extend lifespan in multiple species, including mice. Growth hormone receptor knockout mice (GHRKO) and Snell dwarf mice have 40% or greater lifespan increase, and have lower mTORC1 function, which might reflect alteration in mTORC1 components or alteration of upstream proteins that modulate mTOR activity. Here we report reduction of mTORC components DEPTOR and PRAS40 in liver of these long-lived mice; these changes are opposite in direction to those that would be expected to lead to lower mTORC1 function. In contrast, levels of the upstream regulators TSC1 and TSC2 are elevated in GHRKO and Snell liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, and the ratio of phosphorylated TSC2 to total TSC2 is lower in the tissues of the long-lived mutant mice. In addition, knocking down TSC2 in GHRKO fibroblasts reversed the effects of the GHRKO mutation on mTORC1 function. Thus increased amounts of unphosphorylated, active, inhibitory TSC may contribute to lower mTORC1 function in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. Joseph Endicott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Integrating adipocyte insulin signaling and metabolism in the multi-omics era. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:531-546. [PMID: 35304047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes via mTORC2/AKT signaling and GLUT4 translocation and directs glucose carbons into glycolysis, glycerol for TAG synthesis, and de novo lipogenesis. Adipocyte insulin resistance is an early indicator of type 2 diabetes in obesity, a worldwide health crisis. Thus, understanding the interplay between insulin signaling and central carbon metabolism pathways that maintains adipocyte function, blood glucose levels, and metabolic homeostasis is critical. While classically viewed through the lens of individual enzyme-substrate interactions, advances in mass spectrometry are beginning to illuminate adipocyte signaling and metabolic networks on an unprecedented scale, yet this is just the tip of the iceberg. Here, we review how 'omics approaches help to elucidate adipocyte insulin action in cellular time and space.
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Mafi S, Mansoori B, Taeb S, Sadeghi H, Abbasi R, Cho WC, Rostamzadeh D. mTOR-Mediated Regulation of Immune Responses in Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:774103. [PMID: 35250965 PMCID: PMC8894239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream mediator in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways, which plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism by integrating a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is frequently reported in many types of human tumors, and targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered an attractive potential therapeutic target in cancer. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling transduction pathway is important not only in the development and progression of cancers but also for its critical regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Immunologically, mTOR is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. The mTOR signaling pathway plays an essential regulatory role in the differentiation and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Considering the central role of mTOR in metabolic and translational reprogramming, it can affect tumor-associated immune cells to undergo phenotypic and functional reprogramming in TME. The mTOR-mediated inflammatory response can also promote the recruitment of immune cells to TME, resulting in exerting the anti-tumor functions or promoting cancer cell growth, progression, and metastasis. Thus, deregulated mTOR signaling in cancer can modulate the TME, thereby affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the crucial role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in controlling and shaping the immune responses in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
| | - Davoud Rostamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
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Yuan Z, Wang S, Tan X, Wang D. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Chaperon-Mediated Autophagy and Implications for Kidney Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030406. [PMID: 35159216 PMCID: PMC8834181 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a separate type of lysosomal proteolysis, characterized by its selectivity of substrate proteins and direct translocation into lysosomes. Recent studies have declared the involvement of CMA in a variety of physiologic and pathologic situations involving the kidney, and it has emerged as a potential target for the treatment of kidney diseases. The role of CMA in kidney diseases is context-dependent and appears reciprocally with macroautophagy. Among the renal resident cells, the proximal tubule exhibits a high basal level of CMA activity, and restoration of CMA alleviates the aging-related tubular alternations. The level of CMA is up-regulated under conditions of oxidative stress, such as in acute kidney injury, while it is declined in chronic kidney disease and aging-related kidney diseases, leading to the accumulation of oxidized substrates. Suppressed CMA leads to the kidney hypertrophy in diabetes mellitus, and the increase of CMA contributes to the progress and chemoresistance in renal cell carcinoma. With the progress on the understanding of the cellular functions and uncovering the clinical scenario, the application of targeting CMA in the treatment of kidney diseases is expected.
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Targeting mTOR Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:692-710. [PMID: 35021971 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220111115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a pivotal regulator of cell metabolism and growth. In the form of two different multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR integrates cellular energy, nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aberrant mTOR signaling underlies its pathological conditions and end-organ complications. Substantial evidence suggests that two mTOR-mediated signaling schemes, mTORC1-p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and mTORC2-protein kinase B (AKT), play a critical role in insulin sensitivity and that their dysfunction contributes to development of T2DM. This review summaries our current understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in T2DM and its associated complications, as well as the potential use of mTOR inhibitors in treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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Maarouf A, Boissard A, Henry C, Leman G, Coqueret O, Guette C, Lelièvre E. Anterior gradient protein 2 is a marker of tumor aggressiveness in breast cancer and favors chemotherapy‑induced senescence escape. Int J Oncol 2021; 60:5. [PMID: 34913074 PMCID: PMC8727137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different chemotherapies available, genotoxic drugs are widely used. In response to these drugs, particularly doxorubicin, tumor cells can enter into senescence. Chemotherapy‑induced senescence (CIS) is a complex response. Long described as a definitive arrest of cell proliferation, the present authors and various groups have shown that this state may not be complete and could allow certain cells to reproliferate. The mechanism could be due to the activation of new signaling pathways. In the laboratory, the proteins involved in these pathways and triggering cell proliferation were studied. The present study determined a new role for anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) in vivo in patients and in vitro in a senescence escape model. AGR2's implication in breast cancer patients and proliferation of senescent cells was assessed based on a SWATH‑MS proteomic study of patients' samples and RNA interference technology on cell lines. First, AGR2 was identified and it was found that its concentration is higher in the serum of patients with breast cancer and that this high concentration is associated with metastasis occurrence. An inverse correlation between intratumoral AGR2 expression and the senescence marker p16 was also observed. This observation led to the study of the role of AGR2 in the CIS escape model. In this model, it was found that AGR2 is overexpressed in cells during senescence escape and that its loss considerably reduces this phenomenon. Furthermore, it was shown that the extracellular form of AGR2 stimulated the reproliferation of senescent cells. The power of proteomic analysis based on the SWATH‑MS approach allowed the present study to highlight the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT signaling pathway in the senescence escape mechanism mediated by AGR2. Analysis of the two signaling pathways revealed that AGR2 modulated RICTOR and AKT phosphorylation. All these results showed that AGR2 expression in sera and tumors of breast cancer patients is a marker of tumor progression and metastasis occurrence. They also showed that its overexpression regulates CIS escape via activation of the mTOR/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Maarouf
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Cécile Henry
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Géraldine Leman
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Eric Lelièvre
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 49055 Angers, France
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Kang C, Wang Y, Li L, Li Z, Zhou Q, Pan X. Assessment of tantalum nanoparticle-induced MC3T3-E1 proliferation and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:133. [PMID: 34689241 PMCID: PMC8542006 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study, tantalum nanoparticle (Ta-NPs) was demonstrated to promote osteoblast proliferation via autophagy induction, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we will explore the potential mechanism. METHODS Ta-NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and BET specific surface area test. MC3T3-E1 were treated with 0 or 20 μg/mL Ta-NPs with or without pretreatment with 10 μM LY294002, Triciribine, Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors) for 1 h respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of pathway proteins and LC3B. CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle. RESULTS After pretreatment with LY294002, Triciribine and Rapamycin, the p-Akt/Akt ratio of pathway protein in Triciribine and Rapamycin groups decreased (P < 0.05), while the autophagy protein LC3-II/LC3-I in the Rapamycin group was upregulated obviously (P < 0.001). In all pretreated groups, apoptosis was increased (LY294002 group was the most obvious), G1 phase cell cycle was arrested (Triciribine and Rapamycin groups were more obvious), and MC3T3-E1 cells were proliferated much more (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pretreatment with Triciribine or Rapamycin has a greater effect on pathway protein Akt, cell cycle arrest, autophagy protein, and cell proliferation but with inconsistent magnitude, which may be inferred that the Akt/mTOR pathway, as well as its feedback loop, were more likely involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrong Kang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhangwei Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qianbing Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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O'Reilly CL, Uranga S, Fluckey JD. Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:70-86. [PMID: 34630911 PMCID: PMC8473417 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise despite the amount of research dedicated to finding the culprits of this debilitating disease. Skeletal muscle is arguably the most important contributor to glucose disposal making it a clear target in insulin resistance and T2D research. Within skeletal muscle there is a clear link to metabolic dysregulation during the progression of T2D but the determination of culprits vs consequences of the disease has been elusive. Emerging evidence in skeletal muscle implicates influential cross talk between a key anabolic regulatory protein, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and the well-described canonical signaling for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This new understanding of cellular signaling crosstalk has blurred the lines of what is a culprit and what is a consequence with regard to insulin resistance. Here, we briefly review the most recent understanding of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and how anabolic responses favoring anabolism directly impact cellular glucose disposal. This review highlights key cross-over interactions between protein and glucose regulatory pathways and the implications this may have for the design of new therapeutic targets for the control of glucoregulatory function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selina Uranga
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
| | - James D Fluckey
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
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