1
|
Welbourn S, Chakraborty S, Yang JE, Gleinich AS, Gangadhara S, Khan S, Ferrebee C, Yagnik B, Burton S, Charles T, Smith SA, Williams D, Mopuri R, Upadhyay AA, Thompson J, Price MA, Wang S, Qin Z, Shen X, Williams LD, Eisel N, Peters T, Zhang L, Kilembe W, Karita E, Tomaras GD, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Azadi P, Wright ER, Gnanakaran S, Derdeyn CA. A neutralizing antibody target in early HIV-1 infection was recapitulated in rhesus macaques immunized with the transmitted/founder envelope sequence. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010488. [PMID: 35503780 PMCID: PMC9106183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs) from infected individuals that developed neutralization breadth are likely to possess inherent features desirable for vaccine immunogen design. To explore this premise, we conducted an immunization study in rhesus macaques (RM) using T/F Env sequences from two human subjects, one of whom developed potent and broad neutralizing antibodies (Z1800M) while the other developed little to no neutralizing antibody responses (R66M) during HIV-1 infection. Using a DNA/MVA/protein immunization protocol, 10 RM were immunized with each T/F Env. Within each T/F Env group, the protein boosts were administered as either monomeric gp120 or stabilized trimeric gp140 protein. All vaccination regimens elicited high titers of antigen-specific IgG, and two animals that received monomeric Z1800M Env gp120 developed autologous neutralizing activity. Using early Env escape variants isolated from subject Z1800M as guides, the serum neutralizing activity of the two immunized RM was found to be dependent on the gp120 V5 region. Interestingly, the exact same residues of V5 were also targeted by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb) isolated from the subject Z1800M early in infection. Glycan profiling and computational modeling of the Z1800M Env gp120 immunogen provided further evidence that the V5 loop is exposed in this T/F Env and was a dominant feature that drove neutralizing antibody targeting during infection and immunization. An expanded B cell clonotype was isolated from one of the neutralization-positive RM and nmAbs corresponding to this group demonstrated V5-dependent neutralization similar to both the RM serum and the human Z1800M nmAb. The results demonstrate that neutralizing antibody responses elicited by the Z1800M T/F Env in RM converged with those in the HIV-1 infected human subject, illustrating the potential of using immunogens based on this or other T/F Envs with well-defined immunogenicity as a starting point to drive breadth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welbourn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jie E. Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne S. Gleinich
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Salar Khan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Courtney Ferrebee
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samantha Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tysheena Charles
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - S. Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Danielle Williams
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rohini Mopuri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin Thompson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matt A. Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York city, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - LaTonya D. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan Eisel
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Peters
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William Kilembe
- Center for Family Health Research in Zambia (CFHRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mu Z, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Henderson R, Cain DW, Parks R, Martik D, Mansouri K, Edwards RJ, Newman A, Lu X, Xia SM, Eaton A, Bonsignori M, Montefiori D, Han Q, Venkatayogi S, Evangelous T, Wang Y, Rountree W, Korber B, Wagh K, Tam Y, Barbosa C, Alam SM, Williams WB, Tian M, Alt FW, Pardi N, Weissman D, Haynes BF. mRNA-encoded HIV-1 Env trimer ferritin nanoparticles induce monoclonal antibodies that neutralize heterologous HIV-1 isolates in mice. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110514. [PMID: 35294883 PMCID: PMC8922439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of nucleoside-modified mRNAs in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) as COVID-19 vaccines heralded a new era of vaccine development. For HIV-1, multivalent envelope (Env) trimer protein nanoparticles are superior immunogens compared with trimers alone for priming of broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) B cell lineages. The successful expression of complex multivalent nanoparticle immunogens with mRNAs has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that mRNAs can encode antigenic Env trimers on ferritin nanoparticles that initiate bnAb precursor B cell expansion and induce serum autologous tier 2 neutralizing activity in bnAb precursor VH + VL knock-in mice. Next-generation sequencing demonstrates acquisition of critical mutations, and monoclonal antibodies that neutralize heterologous HIV-1 isolates are isolated. Thus, mRNA-LNP can encode complex immunogens and may be of use in design of germline-targeting and sequential boosting immunogens for HIV-1 vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Diana Martik
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Newman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qifeng Han
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sravani Venkatayogi
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tyler Evangelous
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | | | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Targeting human langerin promotes HIV-1 specific humoral immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009749. [PMID: 34324611 PMCID: PMC8354475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The main avenue for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine remains the induction of protective antibodies. A rationale approach is to target antigen to specific receptors on dendritic cells (DC) via fused monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In mouse and non-human primate models, targeting of skin Langerhans cells (LC) with anti-Langerin mAbs fused with HIV-1 Gag antigen drives antigen-specific humoral responses. The development of these immunization strategies in humans requires a better understanding of early immune events driven by human LC. We therefore produced anti-Langerin mAbs fused with the HIV-1 gp140z Envelope (αLC.Env). First, we show that primary skin human LC and in vitro differentiated LC induce differentiation and expansion of naïve CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Second, when human LC are pre-treated with αLC.Env, differentiated Tfh cells significantly promote the production of specific IgG by B cells. Strikingly, HIV-Env-specific Ig are secreted by HIV-specific memory B cells. Consistently, we found that receptors and cytokines involved in Tfh differentiation and B cell functions are upregulated by LC during their maturation and after targeting Langerin. Finally, we show that subcutaneous immunization of mice by αLC.Env induces germinal center (GC) reaction in draining lymph nodes with higher numbers of Tfh cells, Env-specific B cells, as well as specific IgG serum levels compared to mice immunized with the non-targeting Env antigen. Altogether, we provide evidence that human LC properly targeted may be licensed to efficiently induce Tfh cell and B cell responses in GC. In recent years, the place of innovative vaccines based on the induction/regulation and modulation of the immune response with the aim to elicit an integrated T- and B cell immune responses against complex antigens has emerged besides “classical” vaccine vectors. Targeting antigens to dendritic cells is a vaccine technology concept supported by more than a decade of animal models and human pre-clinical experimentation. Recent investigations in animals underscored that Langerhans cells (LC) are an important target to consider for the induction of antibody responses by DC targeting vaccine approaches. Nonetheless, the development of these immunization strategies in humans remains elusive. We therefore developed and produced an HIV vaccine candidate targeting specifically LC through the Langerin receptor. We tested the ability of our vaccine candidate of targeting LC from skin explant and of inducing in vitro the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Using complementary in vitro models, we demonstrated that Tfh cells induced by human LC are functional and the targeting of LC by our vaccine candidate promotes the secretion of anti-HIV IgG by memory B cells from HIV-infected individuals. In this study human LC exhibit key cellular functions able to drive potent anti-HIV-1 humoral responses providing mechanistic evidence of the Tfh- and B cell stimulating functions of primary skin targeted LC. Finally, we demonstrated in Xcr1DTA mice the significant advantage of LC targeting for inducing Tfh and germinal center (GC)-B cells and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Therefore, the targeting of the human Langerin receptor appears to be a promising strategy for developing efficient HIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai F, Chen WH, Wu W, Jones JA, Choe M, Gohain N, Shen X, LaBranche C, Eaton A, Sutherland L, Lee EM, Hernandez GE, Wu NR, Scearce R, Seaman MS, Moody MA, Santra S, Wiehe K, Tomaras GD, Wagh K, Korber B, Bonsignori M, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, de Val N, Joyce MG, Saunders KO. Structural and genetic convergence of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated non-human primates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009624. [PMID: 34086838 PMCID: PMC8216552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is the consistent elicitation of protective, neutralizing antibodies. While highly similar neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been isolated from multiple HIV-infected individuals, it is unclear whether vaccination can consistently elicit highly similar nAbs in genetically diverse primates. Here, we show in three outbred rhesus macaques that immunization with Env elicits a genotypically and phenotypically conserved nAb response. From these vaccinated macaques, we isolated four antibody lineages that had commonalities in immunoglobulin variable, diversity, and joining gene segment usage. Atomic-level structures of the antigen binding fragments of the two most similar antibodies showed nearly identical paratopes. The Env binding modes of each of the four vaccine-induced nAbs were distinct from previously known monoclonal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, but were nearly identical to each other. The similarities of these antibodies show that the immune system in outbred primates can respond to HIV-1 Env vaccination with a similar structural and genotypic solution for recognizing a particular neutralizing epitope. These results support rational vaccine design for HIV-1 that aims to reproducibly elicit, in genetically diverse primates, nAbs with specific paratope structures capable of binding conserved epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weimin Wu
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Esther M. Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giovanna E. Hernandez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelson R. Wu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chakraborty S, Berndsen ZT, Hengartner NW, Korber BT, Ward AB, Gnanakaran S. Quantification of the Resilience and Vulnerability of HIV-1 Native Glycan Shield at Atomistic Detail. iScience 2020; 23:101836. [PMID: 33319171 PMCID: PMC7724196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dense surface glycosylation on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein acts as a shield from the adaptive immune system. However, the molecular complexity and flexibility of glycans make experimental studies a challenge. Here we have integrated high-throughput atomistic modeling of fully glycosylated HIV-1 Env with graph theory to capture immunologically important features of the shield topology. This is the first complete all-atom model of HIV-1 Env SOSIP glycan shield that includes both oligomannose and complex glycans, providing physiologically relevant insights of the glycan shield. This integrated approach including quantitative comparison with cryo-electron microscopy data provides hitherto unexplored details of the native shield architecture and its difference from the high-mannose glycoform. We have also derived a measure to quantify the shielding effect over the antigenic protein surface that defines regions of relative vulnerability and resilience of the shield and can be harnessed for rational immunogen design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Center for Non-Linear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Zachary T. Berndsen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration of AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicolas W. Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration of AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ng'uni T, Chasara C, Ndhlovu ZM. Major Scientific Hurdles in HIV Vaccine Development: Historical Perspective and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590780. [PMID: 33193428 PMCID: PMC7655734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of HIV as a causative agent of AIDS, the expectation was to rapidly develop a vaccine; but thirty years later, we still do not have a licensed vaccine. Progress has been hindered by the extensive genetic variability of HIV and our limited understanding of immune responses required to protect against HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, valuable knowledge accrued from numerous basic and translational science research studies and vaccine trials has provided insight into the structural biology of the virus, immunogen design and novel vaccine delivery systems that will likely constitute an effective vaccine. Furthermore, stakeholders now appreciate the daunting scientific challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine, hence the increased advocacy for collaborative efforts among academic research scientists, governments, pharmaceutical industry, philanthropy, and regulatory entities. In this review, we highlight the history of HIV vaccine development efforts, highlighting major challenges and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiza Ng'uni
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao F, Joyce C, Burns A, Nogal B, Cottrell CA, Ramos A, Biddle T, Pauthner M, Nedellec R, Qureshi H, Mason R, Landais E, Briney B, Ward AB, Burton DR, Sok D. Mapping Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Specificities to an HIV Env Trimer in Immunized and in Infected Rhesus Macaques. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108122. [PMID: 32905766 PMCID: PMC7487785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BG505 SOSIP is a well-characterized near-native recombinant HIV Envelope (Env) trimer that holds promise as part of a sequential HIV immunogen regimen to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Rhesus macaques are considered the most appropriate pre-clinical animal model for monitoring antibody (Ab) responses. Accordingly, we report here the isolation of 45 BG505 autologous neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) with multiple specificities from SOSIP-immunized and BG505 SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. We associate the most potent neutralization with two epitopes: the C3/V5 and V1/V3 regions. We show that all of the nAbs bind in close proximity to known bnAb epitopes and might therefore sterically hinder elicitation of bnAbs. We also identify a "public clonotype" that targets the immunodominant C3/V5 nAb epitope, which suggests that common antibody rearrangements might help determine humoral responses to Env immunogens. The results highlight important considerations for vaccine design in anticipation of results of the BG505 SOSIP trimer in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Collin Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alison Burns
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bartek Nogal
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alejandra Ramos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Trevor Biddle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huma Qureshi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are considered a key component of an effective HIV-1 vaccine, but despite intensive efforts, induction of bnAbs by vaccination has thus far not been possible. Potent bnAb activity is rare in natural infection and a deeper understanding of factors that promote or limit bnAb evolution is critical to guide bnAb vaccine development. This review reflects on recent key discoveries on correlates of bnAb development and discusses what further insights are needed to move forward. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing number of parameters have been implicated to influence bnAb development in natural infection. Most recent findings highlight a range of immune factors linked with bnAb evolution. Novel approaches have brought exciting progress in defining signatures of the viral envelope associated with bnAb activity. SUMMARY Focused efforts of recent years have unraveled a multiply layered process of HIV-1 bnAb development. As it is understood today, bnAb evolution can be triggered and influenced by a range of factors and several different pathways may exist how bnAb induction and maturation can occur. To capitalize on the gained knowledge, future research needs to validate factors to identify independent drivers of bnAb induction to advance vaccine design.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Y, Kelly SH, Sanchez-Perez L, Sampson JH, Collier JH. Comparative study of α-helical and β-sheet self-assembled peptide nanofiber vaccine platforms: influence of integrated T-cell epitopes. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3522-3535. [PMID: 32452474 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several different self-assembling peptide systems that form nanofibers have been investigated as vaccine platforms, but design principles for adjusting the character of the immune responses they raise have yet to be well articulated. Here we compared the immune responses raised by two structurally dissimilar peptide nanofibers, one a β-sheet fibrillar system (Q11), and one an α-helical nanofiber system (Coil29), hypothesizing that integrated T-cell epitopes within the latter would promote T follicular helper (Tfh) cell engagement and lead to improved antibody titers and quality. Despite significantly different internal structures, nanofibers of the two peptides exhibited surprisingly similar nanoscale morphologies, and both were capable of raising strong antibody responses to conjugated peptide epitopes in mice without adjuvant. Both were minimally inflammatory, but as hypothesized Coil29 nanofibers elicited antibody responses with higher titers and avidities against a conjugated model epitope (OVA323-339) and a candidate peptide epitope for vaccination against S. aureus. Subsequent investigation indicated that Coil29 nanofibers possessed internal CD4+ T cell epitopes: whereas Q11 nanofibers required co-assembly of additional CD4+ T cell epitopes to be immunogenic, Coil29 nanofibers did not. Coil29 nanofibers also raised stronger germinal center B cell responses and follicular helper T cell (Tfh) responses relative to Q11 nanofibers, likely facilitating the improvement of the antibody response. These findings illustrate design strategies for improving humoral responses raised by self-assembled peptide nanofibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoying Wu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth. Cell Rep 2019; 25:893-908.e7. [PMID: 30355496 PMCID: PMC6426304 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Densely arranged N-linked glycans shield the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer from antibody recognition. Strain-specific breaches in this shield (glycan holes) can be targets of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies that lack breadth. To understand the interplay between glycan holes and neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infection, we developed a sequence-and structure-based approach to identify glycan holes for individual Env sequences that are shielded in most M-group viruses. Applying this approach to 12 longitudinally followed individuals, we found that transmitted viruses with more intact glycan shields correlated with development of greater neutralization breadth. Within 2 years, glycan acquisition filled most glycan holes present at transmission, indicating escape from hole-targeting neutralizing antibodies. Glycan hole filling generally preceded the time to first detectable breadth, although time intervals varied across hosts. Thus, completely glycan-shielded viruses were associated with accelerated neutralization breadth development, suggesting that Env immunogens with intact glycan shields may be preferred components of AIDS vaccines. Wagh et al. show that transmitted viruses with more intact glycan shields are correlated with development of neutralization breadth in HIV-1-infected individuals. This is consistent with previous findings that glycan holes in Env immunogens are targeted by strain-specific neutralizing responses, and suggests that immunogens with intact glycan Shields may be advantageous.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sacks D, Bhiman JN, Wiehe K, Gorman J, Kwong PD, Morris L, Moore PL. Somatic hypermutation to counter a globally rare viral immunotype drove off-track antibodies in the CAP256-VRC26 HIV-1 V2-directed bNAb lineage. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008005. [PMID: 31479499 PMCID: PMC6743783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have described the V2-directed CAP256-VRC26 lineage that includes broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that neutralize globally diverse strains of HIV. We also identified highly mutated "off-track" lineage members that share high sequence identity to broad members but lack breadth. Here, we defined the mutations that limit the breadth of these antibodies and the probability of their emergence. Mutants and chimeras between two pairs of closely related antibodies were generated: CAP256.04 and CAP256.25 (30% and 63% breadth, respectively) and CAP256.20 and CAP256.27 (2% and 59% breadth). Antibodies were tested against 14 heterologous HIV-1 viruses and select mutants to assess breadth and epitope specificity. A single R100rA mutation in the third heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDRH3) introduced breadth into CAP256.04, but all three CAP256.25 heavy chain CDRs were required for potency. In contrast, in the CAP256.20/27 chimeras, replacing only the CDRH3 of CAP256.20 with that of CAP256.27 completely recapitulated breadth and potency, likely through the introduction of three charge-reducing mutations. In this individual, the mutations that limited the breadth of the off-track antibodies were predicted to occur with a higher probability than those in the naturally paired bNAbs, suggesting a low barrier to the evolution of the off-track phenotype. Mapping studies to determine the viral immunotypes (or epitope variants) that selected off-track antibodies indicated that unlike broader lineage members, CAP256.20 preferentially neutralized viruses containing 169Q. This suggests that this globally rare immunotype, which was common in donor CAP256, drove the off-track phenotype. These data show that affinity maturation to counter globally rare viral immunotypes can drive antibodies within a broad lineage along multiple pathways towards strain-specificity. Defining developmental pathways towards and away from breadth may facilitate the selection of immunogens that elicit bNAbs and minimize off-track antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sacks
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lei L, Yang YR, Tran K, Wang Y, Chiang CI, Ozorowski G, Xiao Y, Ward AB, Wyatt RT, Li Y. The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein C3/V4 Region Defines a Prevalent Neutralization Epitope following Immunization. Cell Rep 2019; 27:586-598.e6. [PMID: 30970260 PMCID: PMC6458978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in engineering native trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) mimics as vaccine candidates, Env trimers often induce vaccine-matched neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Understanding the specificities of autologous NAb responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms restricting the neutralization breadth is therefore informative to improve vaccine efficacy. Here, we delineate the response specificity by single B cell sorting and serum analysis of guinea pigs immunized with BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimers. Our results reveal a prominent immune target containing both conserved and strain-specific residues in the C3/V4 region of Env in trimer-vaccinated animals. The defined NAb response shares a high degree of similarity with the early NAb response developed by a naturally infected infant from whom the HIV virus strain BG505 was isolated and later developed a broadly NAb response. Our study describes strain-specific responses and their possible evolution pathways, thereby highlighting the potential to broaden NAb responses by immunogen re-design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computation Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center of Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vaccine Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Animal Models. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3681-3690. [PMID: 29281818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The events required for the induction of broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) following HIV-1 envelope (Env) vaccination are unknown, and their induction in animal models as proof of concept would be critical. Here, we describe the induction of plasma antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary (tier 2) HIV-1 strains in one macaque and two rabbits. Env immunogens were designed to induce CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bnAbs, but surprisingly, the macaque developed V1V2-glycan bnAbs. Env immunization of CD4bs bnAb heavy chain rearrangement (VHDJH) knockin mice similarly induced V1V2-glycan neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), wherein the human CD4bs VH chains were replaced with mouse rearrangements bearing diversity region (D)-D fusions, creating antibodies with long, tyrosine-rich HCDR3s. Our results show that Env vaccination can elicit broad neutralization of tier 2 HIV-1, demonstrate that V1V2-glycan bnAbs are more readily induced than CD4bs bnAbs, and define VH replacement and diversity region fusion as potential mechanisms for generating V1V2-glycan bnAb site antibodies.
Collapse
|
14
|
van Schooten J, van Gils MJ. HIV-1 immunogens and strategies to drive antibody responses towards neutralization breadth. Retrovirology 2018; 15:74. [PMID: 30477581 PMCID: PMC6260891 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts no HIV-1 vaccine has been developed that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against infection to date. The high antigenic diversity and dense N-linked glycan armor, which covers nearly the entire HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), are major roadblocks for the development of bNAbs by vaccination. In addition, the naive human antibody repertoire features a low frequency of exceptionally long heavy chain complementary determining regions (CDRH3s), which is a typical characteristic that many HIV-1 bNAbs use to penetrate the glycan armor. Native-like Env trimer immunogens can induce potent but strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses in animal models but how to overcome the many obstacles towards the development of bNAbs remains a challenge. Here, we review recent HIV-1 Env immunization studies and discuss strategies to guide strain-specific antibody responses towards neutralization breadth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room K3-105, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
RAB11FIP5 Expression and Altered Natural Killer Cell Function Are Associated with Induction of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses. Cell 2018; 175:387-399.e17. [PMID: 30270043 PMCID: PMC6176872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are difficult to induce with vaccines but are generated in ∼50% of HIV-1-infected individuals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host control of bnAb induction is critical to vaccine design. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis of blood mononuclear cells from 47 HIV-1-infected individuals who made bnAbs and 46 HIV-1-infected individuals who did not and identified in bnAb individuals upregulation of RAB11FIP5, encoding a Rab effector protein associated with recycling endosomes. Natural killer (NK) cells had the highest differential expression of RAB11FIP5, which was associated with greater dysregulation of NK cell subsets in bnAb subjects. NK cells from bnAb individuals had a more adaptive/dysfunctional phenotype and exhibited impaired degranulation and cytokine production that correlated with RAB11FIP5 transcript levels. Moreover, RAB11FIP5 overexpression modulated the function of NK cells. These data suggest that NK cells and Rab11 recycling endosomal transport are involved in regulation of HIV-1 bnAb development. Elevated RAB11FIP5 expression is associated with HIV-1 bnAb induction NK cells show the highest differential RAB11FIP5 expression NK cell subsets are more dysregulated in individuals developing bnAbs Rab11Fip5 regulates NK cell function
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou JO, Ton T, Morriss JW, Nguyen D, Fera D. Structural Insights from HIV-Antibody Coevolution and Related Immunization Studies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:760-768. [PMID: 29984587 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a rapidly evolving pathogen that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. There are ∼30-35 million people infected with HIV around the world, and ∼25 million have died since the first reported cases in 1981. In addition, each year 2-3 million people become newly infected, and >1 million die of AIDS. An HIV-1 vaccine would help halt an AIDS pandemic, and efforts to develop a vaccine have focused on targeting the HIV-1 envelope, Env, found on the surface of the virus. A number of chronically infected individuals have been shown to produce antibodies, called broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), that target many strains of HIV-1 by binding to Env, thus suggesting promise for HIV-1 vaccine development. BnAbs take years to develop, and have a number of traits that inhibit their production; thus, a number of researchers are trying to understand the pathways that result in bnAb production, so that they can be elicited more rapidly by vaccination. This review discusses results and implications from two HIV-1-infected individuals studied longitudinally who produced bnAbs against two different sites on HIV-1 Env, and immunization studies that used Envs derived from those individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| | - Therese Ton
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia W. Morriss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniela Fera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neutralizing Antibody Responses following Long-Term Vaccination with HIV-1 Env gp140 in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00369-18. [PMID: 29643249 PMCID: PMC6002713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00369-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccination regimen capable of eliciting potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains an unachieved goal of the HIV-1 vaccine field. Here, we report the immunogenicity of longitudinal prime/boost vaccination regimens with a panel of HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp140 protein immunogens over a period of 200 weeks in guinea pigs. We assessed vaccine regimens that included a monovalent clade C gp140 (C97ZA012 [C97]), a tetravalent regimen consisting of four clade C gp140s (C97ZA012, 459C, 405C, and 939C [4C]), and a tetravalent regimen consisting of clade A, B, C, and mosaic gp140s (92UG037, PVO.4, C97ZA012, and Mosaic 3.1, respectively [ABCM]). We found that the 4C and ABCM prime/boost regimens were capable of eliciting greater magnitude and breadth of binding antibody responses targeting variable loop 2 (V2) over time than the monovalent C97-only regimen. The longitudinal boosting regimen conducted over more than 2 years increased the magnitude of certain tier 1 NAb responses but did not increase the magnitude or breadth of heterologous tier 2 NAb responses. These data suggest that additional immunogen design strategies are needed to induce broad, high-titer tier 2 NAb responses.IMPORTANCE The elicitation of potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains an elusive goal for the HIV-1 vaccine field. In this study, we explored the use of a long-term vaccination regimen with different immunogens to determine if we could elicit bNAbs in guinea pigs. We found that longitudinal boosting over more than 2 years increased tier 1 NAb responses but did not increase the magnitude and breadth of tier 2 NAb responses. These data suggest that additional immunogen designs and vaccination strategies will be necessary to induce broad tier 2 NAb responses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao Y, McKay PF, Mann JFS. Advances in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Viruses 2018; 10:E167. [PMID: 29614779 PMCID: PMC5923461 DOI: 10.3390/v10040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is regarded as the best way to halt the ongoing HIV-1 epidemic. However, despite significant efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine, the modestly protective RV144 trial remains the only efficacy trial to provide some level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition. This review will outline the history of HIV vaccine development, novel technologies being applied to HIV vaccinology and immunogen design, as well as the studies that are ongoing to advance our understanding of vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Immunogenicity of NYVAC Prime-Protein Boost Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Vaccination and Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge of Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02035-17. [PMID: 29437967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02035-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A preventive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine is an essential part of the strategy to eradicate AIDS. A critical question is whether antibodies that do not neutralize primary isolate (tier 2) HIV-1 strains can protect from infection. In this study, we investigated the ability of an attenuated poxvirus vector (NYVAC) prime-envelope gp120 boost to elicit potentially protective antibody responses in a rhesus macaque model of mucosal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. NYVAC vector delivery of a group M consensus envelope, trivalent mosaic envelopes, or a natural clade B isolate B.1059 envelope elicited antibodies that mediated neutralization of tier 1 viruses, cellular cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis. None of the macaques made neutralizing antibodies against the tier 2 SHIV SF162P3 used for mucosal challenge. Significant protection from infection was not observed for the three groups of vaccinated macaques compared to unvaccinated macaques, although binding antibody to HIV-1 Env correlated with decreased viremia after challenge. Thus, NYVAC Env prime-gp120 boost vaccination elicited polyfunctional, nonneutralizing antibody responses with minimal protective activity against tier 2 SHIV mucosal challenge.IMPORTANCE The antibody responses that confer protection against HIV-1 infection remain unknown. Polyfunctional antibody responses correlated with time to infection in previous macaque studies. Determining the ability of vaccines to induce these types of responses is critical for understanding how to improve upon the one efficacious human HIV-1 vaccine trial completed thus far. We characterized the antibody responses induced by a NYVAC-protein vaccine and determined the protective capacity of polyfunctional antibody responses in an R5, tier 2 mucosal SHIV infection model.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao N, Wang W, Wang C, Gu T, Guo R, Yu B, Kong W, Qin C, Giorgi EE, Chen Z, Townsley S, Hu SL, Yu X, Gao F. Development of broad neutralization activity in simian/human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques after long-term infection. AIDS 2018; 32:555-563. [PMID: 29239895 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the only animal model that can be used to evaluate protection efficacy of HIV-1 envelope vaccines. However, whether broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can be elicited in NHPs infected with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) has not been fully understood. The objective of this study is to investigate whether broad neutralization activities were developed in SHIV-infected macaques after long-term infection as in humans. DESIGN Neutralization breadth and specificities in plasmas from SHIV-infected macaques were determined by analyzing a panel of tier 2 viruses and their mutants. METHODS Forty-four Chinese macaques infected with SHIV1157ipd3N4, SHIVSF162P3 or SHIVCHN19P4 were followed for 54-321 weeks. Archived plasmas from 19 macaques were used to determine neutralization breadth and specificities against 17 tier 2 envelope-pseudoviruses. RESULTS Longitudinal plasma from three SHIVSF162P3-infected macaques and three SHIV1157ipd3N4-infected macaques rarely neutralized viruses (<25%) within 1 year of infection. The neutralization breadth in two SHIV1157ipd3N4-infected macaques significantly increased (≥65%) by year 6. Four of six SHIV1157ipd3N4-infected macaques could neutralize 50-75% viruses, whereas none of macaques infected with SHIVSF162P3 or SHIVCHN19P4 could neutralize more than 25% of viruses after 6 years of infection (P = 0.035). Neutralization specificity analysis showed mutations resistant to bnAbs in V2, V3 or CD4bs regions could abrogate neutralization by year-6 plasma from three SHIV1157ipd3N4-infected macaques. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that bnAbs targeting common HIV-1 epitopes can be elicited in SHIV1157ipd3N4-infected macaques as in humans after 4-6 years of infection, and SHIV/NHP can serve as an ideal model to study bnAb maturation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hessell AJ, Malherbe DC, Haigwood NL. Passive and active antibody studies in primates to inform HIV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:127-144. [PMID: 29307225 PMCID: PMC6587971 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1425619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevention of infection remains the ultimate goal for HIV vaccination, and there is compelling evidence that antibodies directed to Envelope are necessary to block infection. Generating antibodies that are sufficiently broad, potent, and sustained to block infection by the diverse HIV-1 strains circulating worldwide remains an area of intense study. AREAS COVERED In this review, we have summarized progress from publications listed as PubMed citations in 2016-17 in the areas of passive antibody studies using human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in nonhuman primates, HIV Envelope vaccine development and active vaccination studies to generate potent neutralizing antibodies. EXPERT COMMENTARY Passive transfer studies in nonhuman primates using human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have informed the potency, specificity, and cooperativity of antibodies needed to prevent infection, leading to clinical studies now testing potent antibodies for prevention of HIV. Progress in understanding the structure of Envelope has led to novel vaccine constructs, including mimetics, scaffolds and native-like proteins. As yet, no single approach ensures protection against the circulating global HIV-1 strains, but there is progress in understanding why, and intense research continues in these and other areas for a solution. We offer perspectives on how this knowledge may shape the design of future HIV vaccines.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou T, Doria-Rose NA, Cheng C, Stewart-Jones GBE, Chuang GY, Chambers M, Druz A, Geng H, McKee K, Kwon YD, O'Dell S, Sastry M, Schmidt SD, Xu K, Chen L, Chen RE, Louder MK, Pancera M, Wanninger TG, Zhang B, Zheng A, Farney SK, Foulds KE, Georgiev IS, Joyce MG, Lemmin T, Narpala S, Rawi R, Soto C, Todd JP, Shen CH, Tsybovsky Y, Yang Y, Zhao P, Haynes BF, Stamatatos L, Tiemeyer M, Wells L, Scorpio DG, Shapiro L, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Quantification of the Impact of the HIV-1-Glycan Shield on Antibody Elicitation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:719-732. [PMID: 28445724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the HIV-1-glycan shield is known to shelter Env from the humoral immune response, its quantitative impact on antibody elicitation has been unclear. Here, we use targeted deglycosylation to measure the impact of the glycan shield on elicitation of antibodies against the CD4 supersite. We engineered diverse Env trimers with select glycans removed proximal to the CD4 supersite, characterized their structures and glycosylation, and immunized guinea pigs and rhesus macaques. Immunizations yielded little neutralization against wild-type viruses but potent CD4-supersite neutralization (titers 1: >1,000,000 against four-glycan-deleted autologous viruses with over 90% breadth against four-glycan-deleted heterologous strains exhibiting tier 2 neutralization character). To a first approximation, the immunogenicity of the glycan-shielded protein surface was negligible, with Env-elicited neutralization (ID50) proportional to the exponential of the protein-surface area accessible to antibody. Based on these high titers and exponential relationship, we propose site-selective deglycosylated trimers as priming immunogens to increase the frequency of site-targeting antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy G Wanninger
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anqi Zheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Katie Farney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Diana G Scorpio
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saunders KO, Nicely NI, Wiehe K, Bonsignori M, Meyerhoff RR, Parks R, Walkowicz WE, Aussedat B, Wu NR, Cai F, Vohra Y, Park PK, Eaton A, Go EP, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Barouch DH, Zhang R, Von Holle T, Overman RG, Anasti K, Sanders RW, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Korber B, Desaire H, Santra S, Letvin NL, Nabel GJ, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Liao HX, Alam SM, Danishefsky SJ, Haynes BF. Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2175-2188. [PMID: 28249163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that target HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. A bnAb target is the Env third variable loop (V3)-glycan site. To determine whether immunization could induce antibodies to the V3-glycan bnAb binding site, we repetitively immunized macaques over a 4-year period with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycans. Env immunizations elicited plasma antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 expressing only high-mannose glycans-a characteristic shared by early bnAb B cell lineage members. A rhesus recombinant monoclonal antibody from a vaccinated macaque bound to the V3-glycan site at the same amino acids as broadly neutralizing antibodies. A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. Thus, HIV-1 Env vaccination induced mannose-dependent antibodies with characteristics of V3-glycan bnAb precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nelson R Wu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yusuf Vohra
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter K Park
- Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eden P Go
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Glenn Overman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun Z, Yan L, Tang J, Qian Q, Lenberg J, Zhu D, Liu W, Wu K, Wang Y, Lu S. Brief introduction of current technologies in isolation of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Virus Res 2017; 243:75-82. [PMID: 29051051 PMCID: PMC7114535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS has become a worldwide pandemic. Before an effective HIV-1 vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) is fully developed, passive immunization for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection may alleviate the burden caused by the pandemic. Among HIV-1 infected individuals, about 20% of them generated cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies two to four years after infection, the details of which could provide knowledge for effective vaccine design. Recent progress in techniques for isolation of human broadly neutralizing antibodies has facilitated the study of passive immunization. The isolation and characterization of large panels of potent human broadly neutralizing antibodies has revealed new insights into the principles of antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV. In this paper, we review the current effective techniques in broadly neutralizing antibody isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Sun
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States.
| | - Lixin Yan
- Harbin Medical University Affiliated 2nd Hospital, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Jiansong Tang
- Department of Technical Specialist, China Bioengineering Technology Group Limited, Unit 209,Building 16W, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, HK, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States; Augustana University, 2001 S Summit Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD, 571977, United States
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Wan Liu
- Harbin Medical University Affiliated 2nd Hospital, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Kao Wu
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Center at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- University of California, Irvine. 100 Pacific, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Shiqiang Lu
- AIDS Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No21 Sassoon Road, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
HIV-1 Cross-Reactive Primary Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited by Immunization in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00910-17. [PMID: 28835491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00910-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses is a major goal for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Current HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccine candidates elicit predominantly tier 1 and/or autologous tier 2 virus neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, as well as weak and/or sporadic cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses with unknown specificity. To delineate the specificity of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses, we performed single memory B cell sorting from the peripheral blood of a rhesus macaque immunized with YU2gp140-F trimers in adjuvant, using JR-FL SOSIP.664, a native Env trimer mimetic, as a sorting probe to isolate monoclonal Abs (MAbs). We found striking genetic and functional convergence of the SOSIP-sorted Ig repertoire, with predominant VH4 or VH5 gene family usage and Env V3 specificity. Of these vaccine-elicited V3-specific MAbs, nearly 20% (6/33) displayed cross-reactive tier 2 virus neutralization, which recapitulated the serum neutralization capacity. Substantial similarities in binding specificity, neutralization breadth and potency, and sequence/structural homology were observed between selected macaque cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination and prototypic V3 NAbs derived from natural infections in humans, highlighting the convergence of this subset of primate V3-specific B cell repertories. Our study demonstrated that cross-reactive primary virus neutralizing B cell lineages could be elicited by vaccination as detected using a standardized panel of tier 2 viruses. Whether these lineages could be expanded to acquire increased breadth and potency of neutralization merits further investigation.IMPORTANCE Elicitation of antibody responses capable of neutralizing diverse HIV-1 primary virus isolates (designated broadly neutralizing antibodies [bNAbs]) remains a high priority for the vaccine field. bNAb responses were so far observed only in response to natural infection within a subset of individuals. To achieve this goal, an improved understanding of vaccine-elicited responses, including at the monoclonal Ab level, is essential. Here, we isolated and characterized a panel of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive neutralizing MAbs targeting the Env V3 loop that moderately neutralized several primary viruses and recapitulated the serum neutralizing antibody response. Striking similarities between the cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination in macaques and natural infections in humans illustrate commonalities between the vaccine- and infection-induced responses to V3 and support the feasibility of exploring the V3 epitope as a HIV-1 vaccine target in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A vaccine that elicits antibody responses that can neutralize the diversity of HIV clades has not yet been achieved, and is a major focus of HIV vaccine research. Here, we provide an update on the barriers to eliciting such antibodies, and how advances in immunogen design may circumvent these roadblocks, focusing on data published in the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) develop in HIV-infected donors continue to produce key insights, suggesting that for some viral targets there are common pathways to developing breadth. Germline-targeting strategies, that aim to recruit rare precursors of bNAbs, have shown promise in immunogenicity studies, and structural biology has led to advances in immunogen design. Mapping of strain-specific tier 2 vaccine responses has highlighted the challenges that remain in driving antibodies toward breadth. SUMMARY Elucidation of the HIV envelope structure, together with an understanding of how bNAbs emerge in vivo has guided the design of new immunogens and vaccine strategies that show promise for eliciting protective antibodies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Borrow P, Moody MA. Immunologic characteristics of HIV-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:62-78. [PMID: 28133804 PMCID: PMC5299500 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Beginning in 2009, studies of the humoral responses of HIV‐positive individuals have led to the identification of scores, if not hundreds, of antibodies that are both broadly reactive and potently neutralizing. This development has provided renewed impetus toward an HIV vaccine and led directly to the development of novel immunogens. Advances in identification of donors with the most potent and broad anti‐HIV serum neutralizing responses were crucial in this effort. Equally, development of methods for the rapid generation of human antibodies from these donors was pivotal. Primarily these methods comprise single B‐cell culture coupled to high‐throughput neutralization screening and flow cytometry‐based sorting of single B cells using HIV envelope protein baits. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies are discussed in the context of the specificities targeted by individual antibodies and the need for further improvements to evaluate HIV vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meyerhoff RR, Scearce RM, Ogburn DF, Lockwood B, Pickeral J, Kuraoka M, Anasti K, Eudailey J, Eaton A, Cooper M, Wiehe K, Montefiori DC, Tomaras G, Ferrari G, Alam SM, Liao HX, Korber B, Gao F, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Consensus Envelope-Induced Broadly Binding Antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:859-868. [PMID: 28314374 PMCID: PMC5564029 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that cross-react with multiple HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) are useful reagents for characterizing Env proteins and for soluble Env capture and purification assays. We previously reported 10 murine monoclonal antibodies induced by group M consensus Env, CON-6 immunization. Each demonstrated broad cross-reactivity to recombinant Envs. Here we characterized the Env epitopes to which they bind. Seven mapped to linear epitopes in gp120, five at the Env N-terminus, and two at the Env C-terminus. One antibody, 13D7, bound at the gp120 N-terminus (aa 30-42), reacted with HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells, and when expressed in a human IgG1 backbone, mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Antibody 18F11 bound at the gp120 C-terminus (aa 445-459) and reactivity was glycan dependent. Antibodies 13D7, 3B3, and 16H3 bound to 100 percent of HIV-1 Envs tested in ELISA and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/western blot analysis. These data define the epitopes of monoclonal antibody reagents for characterization of recombinant Envs, one epitope of which is also expressed on the surface of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ryan Meyerhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard M. Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Damon F. Ogburn
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brad Lockwood
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joy Pickeral
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Masa Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Crooks ET, Osawa K, Tong T, Grimley SL, Dai YD, Whalen RG, Kulp DW, Menis S, Schief WR, Binley JM. Effects of partially dismantling the CD4 binding site glycan fence of HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein trimers on neutralizing antibody induction. Virology 2017; 505:193-209. [PMID: 28279830 PMCID: PMC5895097 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, VLPs bearing JR-FL strain HIV-1 Envelope trimers elicited potent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in 2/8 rabbits (PLoS Pathog 11(5): e1004932) by taking advantage of a naturally absent glycan at position 197 that borders the CD4 binding site (CD4bs). In new immunizations, we attempted to improve nAb responses by removing the N362 glycan that also lines the CD4bs. All 4 rabbits developed nAbs. One targeted the N197 glycan hole like our previous sera. Two sera depended on the N463 glycan, again suggesting CD4bs overlap. Heterologous boosts appeared to reduce nAb clashes with the N362 glycan. The fourth serum targeted a N362 glycan-sensitive epitope. VLP manufacture challenges prevented us from immunizing larger rabbit numbers to empower a robust statistical analysis. Nevertheless, trends suggest that targeted glycan removal may improve nAb induction by exposing new epitopes and that it may be possible to modify nAb specificity using rational heterologous boosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ema T Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Samantha L Grimley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yang D Dai
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert G Whalen
- Altravax, Inc., 725 San Aleso Avenue, Suite 2, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - James M Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pancera M, Changela A, Kwong PD. How HIV-1 entry mechanism and broadly neutralizing antibodies guide structure-based vaccine design. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 12:229-240. [PMID: 28422787 PMCID: PMC5557343 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An HIV-1 vaccine that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains to be developed. Here, we review how knowledge of bNAbs and HIV-1 entry mechanism is guiding the structure-based design of vaccine immunogens and immunization regimens. RECENT FINDINGS Isolation of bNAbs from HIV-1-infected donors has led to an unprecedented understanding of the sites of vulnerability that these antibodies target on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) as well as of the immunological pathways that these antibody lineages follow to develop broad and potent neutralization. Sites of vulnerability, however, reside in the context of diverse Env conformations required for HIV-1 entry, including a prefusion-closed state, a single-CD4-bound intermediate, a three-CD4-bound intermediate, a prehairpin intermediate and postfusion states, and it is not always clear which structural state optimally presents a particular site of vulnerability in the vaccine context. Furthermore, detailed knowledge of immunological pathways has led to debate among vaccine developers as to how much of the natural antibody-developmental pathway immunogens should mimic, ranging from only the recognized epitope to multiple antigens from the antibody-virus coevolution process. SUMMARY A plethora of information on bNAbs is guiding HIV-1-vaccine development. We highlight consideration of the appropriate structural context from the HIV-1-entry mechanism and extraordinary progress with replicating template B-cell ontogenies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Easterhoff D, Moody MA, Fera D, Cheng H, Ackerman M, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Pollara J, Vandergrift N, Parks R, Kim J, Michael NL, O’Connell RJ, Excler JL, Robb ML, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Liao HX, Ferrari G, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Harrison SC, Haynes BF. Boosting of HIV envelope CD4 binding site antibodies with long variable heavy third complementarity determining region in the randomized double blind RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006182. [PMID: 28235027 PMCID: PMC5342261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canary pox vector and gp120 vaccine (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120) in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial conferred an estimated 31% vaccine efficacy. Although the vaccine Env AE.A244 gp120 is antigenic for the unmutated common ancestor of V1V2 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAbs), no plasma bnAb activity was induced. The RV305 (NCT01435135) HIV-1 clinical trial was a placebo-controlled randomized double-blinded study that assessed the safety and efficacy of vaccine boosting on B cell repertoires. HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients were reimmunized 6–8 years later with AIDSVAX B/E gp120 alone, ALVAC-HIV alone, or a combination of ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120 in the RV305 trial. Env-specific post-RV144 and RV305 boost memory B cell VH mutation frequencies increased from 2.9% post-RV144 to 6.7% post-RV305. The vaccine was well tolerated with no adverse events reports. While post-boost plasma did not have bnAb activity, the vaccine boosts expanded a pool of envelope CD4 binding site (bs)-reactive memory B cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR3) whose germline precursors and affinity matured B cell clonal lineage members neutralized the HIV-1 CRF01 AE tier 2 (difficult to neutralize) primary isolate, CNE8. Electron microscopy of two of these antibodies bound with near-native gp140 trimers showed that they recognized an open conformation of the Env trimer. Although late boosting of RV144 vaccinees expanded a novel pool of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages, we hypothesize that boosts with stably closed trimers would be necessary to elicit antibodies with greater breadth of tier 2 HIV-1 strains. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01435135 Developing a successful HIV-1 vaccine remains a high global health priority. Several HIV-1 vaccine trials have been performed with only the RV144 vaccine trial showing vaccine efficacy, albeit modest. No broadly neutralizing antibody activity was identified in RV144 and inducing sterilizing immunity against a complex pathogen like HIV-1 remains a major challenge. Here we characterize the B cell responses after RV144 vaccine-recipients received two additional boosts severals years after the conclusion of the RV144 vaccine trial. Delayed and repetitive boosting of RV144 vaccine-recipients was capable of increasing somatic hypermutation of the Env-reactive antibodies and expanding subdominant pools of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages. These data are pertinent to HIV-1 vaccine-regimen design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Fera
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hao Cheng
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Rob Parks
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jerome Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Army Medical Directorate, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- GSID, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
We describe the development and potential use of various designs of recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers that mimic the structure of the virion-associated spike, which is the target for neutralizing antibodies. The goal of trimer development programs is to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies with the potential to intervene against multiple circulating HIV-1 strains. Among the topics we address are the designs of various constructs; how native-like trimers can be produced and purified; the properties of such trimers in vitro and their immunogenicity in various animals; and the immunization strategies that may lead to the eventual elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In summary, native-like trimers are a now a platform for structure- and immunology-based design improvements that could eventually yield immunogens of practical value for solving the long-standing HIV-1 vaccine problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wibmer CK, Gorman J, Anthony CS, Mkhize NN, Druz A, York T, Schmidt SD, Labuschagne P, Louder MK, Bailer RT, Abdool Karim SS, Mascola JR, Williamson C, Moore PL, Kwong PD, Morris L. Structure of an N276-Dependent HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Targeting a Rare V5 Glycan Hole Adjacent to the CD4 Binding Site. J Virol 2016; 90:10220-10235. [PMID: 27581986 PMCID: PMC5105658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
All HIV-1-infected individuals develop strain-specific neutralizing antibodies to their infecting virus, which in some cases mature into broadly neutralizing antibodies. Defining the epitopes of strain-specific antibodies that overlap conserved sites of vulnerability might provide mechanistic insights into how broadly neutralizing antibodies arise. We previously described an HIV-1 clade C-infected donor, CAP257, who developed broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies targeting an N276 glycan-dependent epitope in the CD4 binding site. The initial CD4 binding site response potently neutralized the heterologous tier 2 clade B viral strain RHPA, which was used to design resurfaced gp120 antigens for single-B-cell sorting. Here we report the isolation and structural characterization of CAP257-RH1, an N276 glycan-dependent CD4 binding site antibody representative of the early CD4 binding site plasma response in donor CAP257. The cocrystal structure of CAP257-RH1 bound to RHPA gp120 revealed critical interactions with the N276 glycan, loop D, and V5, but not with aspartic acid 368, similarly to HJ16 and 179NC75. The CAP257-RH1 monoclonal antibody was derived from the immunoglobulin-variable IGHV3-33 and IGLV3-10 genes and neutralized RHPA but not the transmitted/founder virus from donor CAP257. Its narrow neutralization breadth was attributed to a binding angle that was incompatible with glycosylated V5 loops present in almost all HIV-1 strains, including the CAP257 transmitted/founder virus. Deep sequencing of autologous CAP257 viruses, however, revealed minority variants early in infection that lacked V5 glycans. These glycan-free V5 loops are unusual holes in the glycan shield that may have been necessary for initiating this N276 glycan-dependent CD4 binding site B-cell lineage. IMPORTANCE The conserved CD4 binding site on gp120 is a major target for HIV-1 vaccine design, but key events in the elicitation and maturation of different antibody lineages to this site remain elusive. Studies have shown that strain-specific antibodies can evolve into broadly neutralizing antibodies or in some cases act as helper lineages. Therefore, characterizing the epitopes of strain-specific antibodies may help to inform the design of HIV-1 immunogens to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we isolate a narrowly neutralizing N276 glycan-dependent antibody and use X-ray crystallography and viral deep sequencing to describe how gp120 lacking glycans in V5 might have elicited these early glycan-dependent CD4 binding site antibodies. These data highlight how glycan holes can play a role in the elicitation of B-cell lineages targeting the CD4 binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Colin S Anthony
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Talita York
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Labuschagne
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bradley T, Yang G, Ilkayeva O, Holl TM, Zhang R, Zhang J, Santra S, Fox CB, Reed SG, Parks R, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Vandergrift N, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Alam SM, McLendon R, Everitt JI, Newgard CB, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4663-4673. [PMID: 27849170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) has evolved to subvert the host immune system, hindering viral control by the host. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) is mimicked by a portion of the HIV Env gp41 membrane proximal region (MPER) and is cross-reactive with the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5. Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens can lead to autoimmune disease. In this article, we demonstrate that neither the 2F5 bnAb nor HIV MPER-KYNU cross-reactive Abs elicited by immunization with an MPER peptide-liposome vaccine in 2F5 bnAb VHDJH and VLJL knock-in mice and rhesus macaques modified KYNU activity or disrupted tissue tryptophan metabolism. Thus, molecular mimicry by HIV-1 Env that promotes the evasion of host anti-HIV-1 Ab responses can be directed toward nonfunctional host protein epitopes that do not impair host protein function. Therefore, the 2F5 HIV Env gp41 region is a key and safe target for HIV-1 vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Laura L Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Roger McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J Virol 2016; 90:9224-36. [PMID: 27489265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01116-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the major target for HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). One of the mechanisms that HIV has evolved to escape the host's immune response is to mask conserved epitopes on Env with dense glycosylation. Previous studies have shown that the removal of a particular conserved glycan at N197 increases the neutralization sensitivity of the virus to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), making it a site of significant interest from the perspective of vaccine design. At present, the structural consequences that result from the removal of the N197 glycan have not been characterized. Using native-like SOSIP trimers, we examine the effects on antigenicity and local structural dynamics resulting from the removal of this glycan. A large increase in the binding of CD4bs and V3-targeting antibodies is observed for the N197Q mutant in trimeric Env, while no changes are observed with monomeric gp120. While the overall structure and thermostability are not altered, a subtle increase in the flexibility of the variable loops at the trimeric interface of adjacent protomers is evident in the N197Q mutant by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Structural modeling of the glycan chains suggests that the spatial occupancy of the N197 glycan leads to steric clashes with CD4bs antibodies in the Env trimer but not monomeric gp120. Our results indicate that the removal of the N197 glycan enhances the exposure of relevant bNAb epitopes on Env with a minimal impact on the overall trimeric structure. These findings present a simple modification for enhancing trimeric Env immunogens in vaccines. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Env glycoprotein presents a dense patchwork of host cell-derived N-linked glycans. This so-called glycan shield is considered to be a major protective mechanism against immune recognition. While the positions of many N-linked glycans are isolate specific, some are highly conserved and are believed to play key functional roles. In this study, we examine the conserved, CD4 binding site-proximal N197 glycan and demonstrate that its removal both facilitates neutralizing antibody access to the CD4 binding site and modestly impacts the structural dynamics at the trimer crown without drastically altering global Env trimer stability. This indicates that surgical glycosylation site modification may be an effective way of sculpting epitope presentation in Env-based vaccines.
Collapse
|
37
|
Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1-Neutralizing and Cross-Reactive V1/V2-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits by Prime-Boost Immunization. J Virol 2016; 90:8644-60. [PMID: 27440894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00853-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poxvirus prime-protein boost used in the RV144 trial remains the only immunization strategy shown to elicit a modest level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition in humans. Although neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were generated, they were against sensitive viruses, not the more resistant "tier 2" isolates that dominate circulating strains. Instead, risk reduction correlated with antibodies recognizing epitopes in the V1/V2 region of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here, we examined whether tier 2 virus NAb and V1/V2-specific non-NAb could be elicited by a poxvirus prime-gp120 boost strategy in a rabbit model. We studied two clade B Envs that differ in multiple parameters, including tissue origin, neutralization sensitivity, and presence of the N197 (N7) glycan that was previously shown to modulate the exposure of conserved epitopes on Env. We demonstrate that immunized rabbits generated cross-reactive neutralizing activities against >50% of the tier 2 global HIV-1 isolates tested. Some of these activities were directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4bs). These rabbits also generated antibodies that recognized protein scaffolds bearing V1/V2 sequences from diverse HIV-1 isolates and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, there are subtle differences in the specificities and the response rates of V1/V2-specific antibodies between animals immunized with different Envs, with or without the N7 glycan. These findings demonstrate that antibody responses that have been correlated with protection against HIV-1 acquisition in humans can be elicited in a preclinical model by a poxvirus prime-gp120 boost strategy and that improvements may be achievable by optimizing the nature of the priming and boosting immunogens. IMPORTANCE The only vaccine approach shown to elicit any protective efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition is based on a poxvirus prime-protein boost regimen (RV144 Thai trial). Reduction of risk was associated with nonneutralizing antibodies targeting the V1/V2 loops of the envelope protein gp120. However, the modest efficacy (31.2%) achieved in this trial highlights the need to examine approaches and factors that may improve vaccine-induced responses, including cross-reactive neutralizing activities. We show here that rabbits immunized with a novel recombinant vaccinia virus prime-gp120 protein boost regimen generated antibodies that recognize protein scaffolds bearing V1/V2 sequences from diverse HIV-1 isolates and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Importantly, immunized rabbits also showed neutralizing activities against heterologous tier 2 HIV-1 isolates. These findings may inform the design of prime-boost immunization approaches and help improve the protective efficacy of candidate HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bradley T, Trama A, Tumba N, Gray E, Lu X, Madani N, Jahanbakhsh F, Eaton A, Xia SM, Parks R, Lloyd KE, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Bowman CM, Barnett S, Abdool-Karim SS, Boyd SD, Melillo B, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Gao F, Bonsignori M, Liao HX, Moody MA, Montefiori D, Santra S, Morris L, Haynes BF. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:196-207. [PMID: 27612593 PMCID: PMC5078591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Most HIV-1 vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies that are active against highly sensitive (tier-1) viruses or rare cases of vaccine-matched neutralization-resistant (tier-2) viruses, but no vaccine has induced antibodies that can broadly neutralize heterologous tier-2 viruses. In this study, we isolated antibodies from an HIV-1-infected individual that targeted the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) that may have selected single-residue changes in viral variants in the MPER that resulted in neutralization sensitivity to antibodies targeting distal epitopes on the HIV-1 Env. Similarly, a single change in the MPER in a second virus from another infected-individual also conferred enhanced neutralization sensitivity. These gp41 single-residue changes thus transformed tier-2 viruses into tier-1 viruses that were sensitive to vaccine-elicited tier-1 neutralizing antibodies. These data demonstrate that Env amino acid changes within the MPER bnAb epitope of naturally-selected escape viruses can increase neutralization sensitivity to multiple types of neutralizing antibodies, and underscore the critical importance of the MPER for maintaining the integrity of the tier-2 HIV-1 trimer. Amino acid changes in the HIV gp41 MPER can regulate neutralization sensitivity of distal epitopes. MPER antibodies isolated early are resistant to MPER changes that enhance neutralization sensitivity. HIV gp41 MPER is critical for determining overall HIV envelope conformations.
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Most HIV-1 vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies that are active against highly neutralization-sensitive (tier-1) or rare vaccine-matched more neutralization-resistant (tier-2) viruses, but no vaccine has induced antibodies that can broadly neutralize heterologous tier-2 viruses. In this study, we identified changes that occurred in two HIV-1-infected individuals in the membrane proximal region of the HIV-1 Env that resulted in neutralization sensitivity to antibodies targeting distal epitopes on the HIV Env. These single-residue changes thus transformed tier-2 viruses into tier-1 viruses, highlighting the importance of MPER residues in maintaining neutralization-resistant virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Ashley Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nancy Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Elin Gray
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool-Karim
- Center for AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa; Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Bruno Melillo
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Center for AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McCoy LE, van Gils MJ, Ozorowski G, Messmer T, Briney B, Voss JE, Kulp DW, Macauley MS, Sok D, Pauthner M, Menis S, Cottrell CA, Torres JL, Hsueh J, Schief WR, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Burton DR. Holes in the Glycan Shield of the Native HIV Envelope Are a Target of Trimer-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2327-38. [PMID: 27545891 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major advance in the search for an HIV vaccine has been the development of a near-native Envelope trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664) that can induce robust autologous Tier 2 neutralization. Here, potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) from rabbits immunized with BG505 SOSIP.664 are shown to recognize an immunodominant region of gp120 centered on residue 241. Residue 241 occupies a hole in the glycan defenses of the BG505 isolate, with fewer than 3% of global isolates lacking a glycan site at this position. However, at least one conserved glycan site is missing in 89% of viruses, suggesting the presence of glycan holes in most HIV isolates. Serum evidence is consistent with targeting of holes in natural infection. The immunogenic nature of breaches in the glycan shield has been under-appreciated in previous attempts to understand autologous neutralizing antibody responses and has important potential consequences for HIV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terrence Messmer
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Hsueh
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|