1
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Zahm JA, Harrison SC. A communication hub for phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2308-2318.e6. [PMID: 38776904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Mps1 and Aurora B kinases regulate and monitor kinetochore attachment to spindle microtubules during cell division, ultimately ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. In yeast, the critical spindle attachment components are the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes (Ndc80c and DASH/Dam1c, respectively). Ndc80c is a 600-Å-long heterotetramer that binds microtubules through a globular "head" at one end and centromere-proximal kinetochore components through a globular knob at the other end. Dam1c is a heterodecamer that forms a ring of 16-17 protomers around the shaft of the single kinetochore microtubule in point-centromere yeast. The ring coordinates the approximately eight Ndc80c rods per kinetochore. In published work, we showed that a site on the globular "head" of Ndc80c, including residues from both Ndc80 and Nuf2, binds a bipartite segment in the long C-terminal extension of Dam1. Results reported here show, both by in vitro binding experiments and by crystal structure determination, that the same site binds a conserved segment in the long N-terminal extension of Mps1. It also binds, less tightly, a conserved segment in the N-terminal extension of Ipl1 (yeast Aurora B). Together with results from experiments in yeast cells and from biochemical assays reported in two accompanying papers, the structures and graded affinities identify a communication hub for ensuring uniform bipolar attachment and for signaling anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Parnell EJ, Jenson EE, Miller MP. A conserved site on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2294-2307.e4. [PMID: 38776906 PMCID: PMC11178286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bi-oriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact and regulate each other's function remains unknown, considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring these processes. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved interaction domain composed of two segments in Nuf2's CH domain that form the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Interestingly, this site also associates with the Dam1 complex, suggesting Mps1 recruitment may be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this "interaction hub" exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore bi-orientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin E Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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3
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Pleuger R, Cozma C, Hohoff S, Denkhaus C, Dudziak A, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Musacchio A, Vetter IR, Westermann S. Microtubule end-on attachment maturation regulates Mps1 association with its kinetochore receptor. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2279-2293.e6. [PMID: 38776902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires that sister chromatids establish bi-oriented kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents premature anaphase onset with incomplete attachments. However, how microtubule attachment and checkpoint signaling are coordinated remains unclear. The conserved kinase Mps1 initiates SAC signaling by localizing transiently to kinetochores in prometaphase and is released upon bi-orientation. Using biochemistry, structure predictions, and cellular assays, we shed light on this dynamic behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A conserved N-terminal segment of Mps1 binds the neck region of Ndc80:Nuf2, the main microtubule receptor of kinetochores. Mutational disruption of this interface, located at the backside of the paired CH domains and opposite the microtubule-binding site, prevents Mps1 localization, eliminates SAC signaling, and impairs growth. The same interface of Ndc80:Nuf2 binds the microtubule-associated Dam1 complex. We demonstrate that the error correction kinase Ipl1/Aurora B controls the competition between Dam1 and Mps1 for the same binding site. Thus, binding of the Dam1 complex to Ndc80:Nuf2 may release Mps1 from the kinetochore to promote anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pleuger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Cozma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Hohoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Denkhaus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dudziak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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4
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Yatskevich S, Yang J, Bellini D, Zhang Z, Barford D. Structure of the human outer kinetochore KMN network complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:874-883. [PMID: 38459127 PMCID: PMC11189301 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires robust, load-bearing attachments of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, a function accomplished by large macromolecular complexes termed kinetochores. In most eukaryotes, the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) complex of the inner kinetochore recruits to centromeres the ten-subunit outer kinetochore KMN network that comprises the KNL1C, MIS12C and NDC80C complexes. The KMN network directly attaches CCAN to microtubules through MIS12C and NDC80C. Here, we determined a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the human KMN network. This showed an intricate and extensive assembly of KMN subunits, with the central MIS12C forming rigid interfaces with NDC80C and KNL1C, augmented by multiple peptidic inter-subunit connections. We also observed that unphosphorylated MIS12C exists in an auto-inhibited state that suppresses its capacity to interact with CCAN. Ser100 and Ser109 of the N-terminal segment of the MIS12C subunit Dsn1, two key targets of Aurora B kinase, directly stabilize this auto-inhibition. Our study indicates how selectively relieving this auto-inhibition through Ser100 and Ser109 phosphorylation might restrict outer kinetochore assembly to functional centromeres during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislau Yatskevich
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jing Yang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dom Bellini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziguo Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Polley S, Raisch T, Ghetti S, Körner M, Terbeck M, Gräter F, Raunser S, Aponte-Santamaría C, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Structure of the human KMN complex and implications for regulation of its assembly. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:861-873. [PMID: 38459128 PMCID: PMC11189300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Biorientation of chromosomes during cell division is necessary for precise dispatching of a mother cell's chromosomes into its two daughters. Kinetochores, large layered structures built on specialized chromosome loci named centromeres, promote biorientation by binding and sensing spindle microtubules. One of the outer layer main components is a ten-subunit assembly comprising Knl1C, Mis12C and Ndc80C (KMN) subcomplexes. The KMN is highly elongated and docks on kinetochores and microtubules through interfaces at its opposite extremes. Here, we combine cryogenic electron microscopy reconstructions and AlphaFold2 predictions to generate a model of the human KMN that reveals all intra-KMN interfaces. We identify and functionally validate two interaction interfaces that link Mis12C to Ndc80C and Knl1C. Through targeted interference experiments, we demonstrate that this mutual organization strongly stabilizes the KMN assembly. Our work thus reports a comprehensive structural and functional analysis of this part of the kinetochore microtubule-binding machinery and elucidates the path of connections from the chromatin-bound components to the force-generating components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Polley
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ghetti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marie Körner
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melina Terbeck
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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6
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Kixmoeller K, Chang YW, Black BE. Centromeric chromatin clearings demarcate the site of kinetochore formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591177. [PMID: 38712116 PMCID: PMC11071481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The centromere is the chromosomal locus that recruits the kinetochore, directing faithful propagation of the genome during cell division. The kinetochore has been interrogated by electron microscopy since the middle of the last century, but with methodologies that compromised fine structure. Using cryo-ET on human mitotic chromosomes, we reveal a distinctive architecture at the centromere: clustered 20-25 nm nucleosome-associated complexes within chromatin clearings that delineate them from surrounding chromatin. Centromere components CENP-C and CENP-N are each required for the integrity of the complexes, while CENP-C is also required to maintain the chromatin clearing. We further visualize the scaffold of the fibrous corona, a structure amplified at unattached kinetochores, revealing crescent-shaped parallel arrays of fibrils that extend >1 μm. Thus, we reveal how the organization of centromeric chromatin creates a clearing at the site of kinetochore formation as well as the nature of kinetochore amplification mediated by corona fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kixmoeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ben E. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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7
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Barrero DJ, Wijeratne SS, Zhao X, Cunningham GF, Rui Y, Nelson CR, Yasuhiro A, Funabiki H, Asbury CL, Yu Z, Subramanian R, Biggins S. Architecture and flexibility of native kinetochores revealed by structural studies utilizing a thermophilic yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582571. [PMID: 38464254 PMCID: PMC10925344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, multi-megadalton protein machines that assemble on the centromeres of chromosomes and mediate attachments to dynamic spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are built from numerous complexes, and understanding how they are arranged is key to understanding how kinetochores perform their multiple functions. However, an integrated understanding of kinetochore architecture has not yet been established. To address this, we purified functional, native kinetochores from Kluyveromyces marxianus and examined them by electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and atomic force microscopy. The kinetochores are extremely large, flexible assemblies that exhibit features consistent with prior models. We assigned kinetochore polarity by visualizing their interactions with microtubules and locating the microtubule binder Ndc80c. This work shows that isolated kinetochores are more dynamic and complex than what might be anticipated based on the known structures of recombinant subassemblies, and provides the foundation to study the global architecture and functions of kinetochores at a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Barrero
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sithara S. Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Grace F. Cunningham
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Rui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Christian R. Nelson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arimura Yasuhiro
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Charles L. Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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8
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Kshirsagar R, Munhoven A, Tran Nguyen TM, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE. A role for β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucans in kinetochore function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad195. [PMID: 37950911 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is crucial for the faithful inheritance of DNA to the daughter cells after DNA replication. For this, the kinetochore, a megadalton protein complex, assembles on centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A, and provides a physical connection to the microtubules. Here, we report an unanticipated role for enzymes required for β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis in regulating kinetochore function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These carbohydrates are the major constituents of the yeast cell wall. We found that the deletion of KRE6, which encodes a glycosylhydrolase/ transglycosidase required for β-1,6-glucan synthesis, suppressed the centromeric defect of mutations in components of the kinetochore, foremost the NDC80 components Spc24, Spc25, the MIND component Nsl1, and Okp1, a constitutive centromere-associated network protein. Similarly, the absence of Fks1, a β-1,3-glucan synthase, and Kre11/Trs65, a TRAPPII component, suppressed a mutation in SPC25. Genetic analysis indicates that the reduction of intracellular β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucans, rather than the cell wall glucan content, regulates kinetochore function. Furthermore, we found a physical interaction between Kre6 and CENP-A/Cse4 in yeast, suggesting a potential function for Kre6 in glycosylating CENP-A/Cse4 or another kinetochore protein. This work shows a moonlighting function for selected cell wall synthesis proteins in regulating kinetochore assembly, which may provide a mechanism to connect the nutritional status of the cell to cell-cycle progression and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Kshirsagar
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Munhoven
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tra My Tran Nguyen
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann E Ehrenhofer-Murray
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Ólafsson G, Haase MAB, Boeke JD. Humanization reveals pervasive incompatibility of yeast and human kinetochore components. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 14:jkad260. [PMID: 37962556 PMCID: PMC10755175 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores assemble on centromeres to drive chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells. Humans and budding yeast share most of the structural subunits of the kinetochore, whereas protein sequences have diverged considerably. The conserved centromeric histone H3 variant, CenH3 (CENP-A in humans and Cse4 in budding yeast), marks the site for kinetochore assembly in most species. A previous effort to complement Cse4 in yeast with human CENP-A was unsuccessful; however, co-complementation with the human core nucleosome was not attempted. Previously, our lab successfully humanized the core nucleosome in yeast; however, this severely affected cellular growth. We hypothesized that yeast Cse4 is incompatible with humanized nucleosomes and that the kinetochore represented a limiting factor for efficient histone humanization. Thus, we argued that including the human CENP-A or a Cse4-CENP-A chimera might improve histone humanization and facilitate kinetochore function in humanized yeast. The opposite was true: CENP-A expression reduced histone humanization efficiency, was toxic to yeast, and disrupted cell cycle progression and kinetochore function in wild-type (WT) cells. Suppressors of CENP-A toxicity included gene deletions of subunits of 3 conserved chromatin remodeling complexes, highlighting their role in CenH3 chromatin positioning. Finally, we attempted to complement the subunits of the NDC80 kinetochore complex, individually and in combination, without success, in contrast to a previous study indicating complementation by the human NDC80/HEC1 gene. Our results suggest that limited protein sequence similarity between yeast and human components in this very complex structure leads to failure of complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guðjón Ólafsson
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Max A B Haase
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 14 11201, USA
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10
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Parnell EJ, Jenson E, Miller MP. An interaction hub on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566082. [PMID: 37986816 PMCID: PMC10659343 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bioriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules, but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact, and regulate each other's function, remains unknown - considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved "interaction hub" comprising two segments in Nuf2's CH domain, forming the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Intriguingly, the interaction between Mps1 and the Ndc80 complex seems to be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this interaction hub exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore biorientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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11
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Neblik J, Kirupakaran A, Beuck C, Mieres-Perez J, Niemeyer F, Le MH, Telgheder U, Schmuck JF, Dudziak A, Bayer P, Sanchez-Garcia E, Westermann S, Schrader T. Multivalent Molecular Tweezers Disrupt the Essential NDC80 Interaction with Microtubules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37392180 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Binding of microtubule filaments by the conserved Ndc80 protein is required for kinetochore-microtubule attachments in cells and the successful distribution of the genetic material during cell division. The reversible inhibition of microtubule binding is an important aspect of the physiological error correction process. Small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions involving Ndc80 are therefore highly desirable, both for mechanistic studies of chromosome segregation and also for their potential therapeutic value. Here, we report on a novel strategy to develop rationally designed inhibitors of the Ndc80 Calponin-homology domain using Supramolecular Chemistry. With a multiple-click approach, lysine-specific molecular tweezers were assembled to form covalently fused dimers to pentamers with a different overall size and preorganization/stiffness. We identified two dimers and a trimer as efficient Ndc80 CH-domain binders and have shown that they disrupt the interaction between Ndc80 and microtubules at low micromolar concentrations without affecting microtubule dynamics. NMR spectroscopy allowed us to identify the biologically important lysine residues 160 and 204 as preferred tweezer interaction sites. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations provided a rationale for the binding mode of multivalent tweezers and the role of pre-organization and secondary interactions in targeting multiple lysine residues across a protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neblik
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Abbna Kirupakaran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
- Computational Bioengineering, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia 44227, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - My-Hue Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Ursula Telgheder
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Jessica Felice Schmuck
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Alexander Dudziak
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
- Computational Bioengineering, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia 44227, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
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12
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Healy MD, McNally KE, Butkovič R, Chilton M, Kato K, Sacharz J, McConville C, Moody ERR, Shaw S, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Yadav SKN, Ross J, Borucu U, Palmer CS, Chen KE, Croll TI, Hall RJ, Caruana NJ, Ghai R, Nguyen THD, Heesom KJ, Saitoh S, Berger I, Schaffitzel C, Williams TA, Stroud DA, Derivery E, Collins BM, Cullen PJ. Structure of the endosomal Commander complex linked to Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. Cell 2023; 186:2219-2237.e29. [PMID: 37172566 PMCID: PMC10187114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Commander complex is required for endosomal recycling of diverse transmembrane cargos and is mutated in Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. It comprises two sub-assemblies: Retriever composed of VPS35L, VPS26C, and VPS29; and the CCC complex which contains twelve subunits: COMMD1-COMMD10 and the coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) proteins CCDC22 and CCDC93. Combining X-ray crystallography, electron cryomicroscopy, and in silico predictions, we have assembled a complete structural model of Commander. Retriever is distantly related to the endosomal Retromer complex but has unique features preventing the shared VPS29 subunit from interacting with Retromer-associated factors. The COMMD proteins form a distinctive hetero-decameric ring stabilized by extensive interactions with CCDC22 and CCDC93. These adopt a coiled-coil structure that connects the CCC and Retriever assemblies and recruits a 16th subunit, DENND10, to form the complete Commander complex. The structure allows mapping of disease-causing mutations and reveals the molecular features required for the function of this evolutionarily conserved trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Healy
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kerrie E McNally
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rebeka Butkovič
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Molly Chilton
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Kohji Kato
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna Sacharz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Calum McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edmund R R Moody
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Shrestha Shaw
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | | | - Sathish K N Yadav
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer Ross
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Ryan J Hall
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Institute of Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Rajesh Ghai
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Imre Berger
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK; Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS Bristol, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | | | - Brett M Collins
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK.
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13
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Zahm JA, Jenni S, Harrison SC. Structure of the Ndc80 complex and its interactions at the yeast kinetochore-microtubule interface. Open Biol 2023; 13:220378. [PMID: 36883282 PMCID: PMC9993044 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved Ndc80 kinetochore complex, Ndc80c, is the principal link between mitotic spindle microtubules and centromere-associated proteins. We used AlphaFold 2 (AF2) to obtain predictions of the Ndc80 'loop' structure and of the Ndc80 : Nuf2 globular head domains that interact with the Dam1 subunit of the heterodecameric DASH/Dam1 complex (Dam1c). The predictions guided design of crystallizable constructs, with structures close to the predicted ones. The Ndc80 'loop' is a stiff, α-helical 'switchback' structure; AF2 predictions and positions of preferential cleavage sites indicate that flexibility within the long Ndc80c rod occurs instead at a hinge closer to the globular head. Conserved stretches of the Dam1 C terminus bind Ndc80c such that phosphorylation of Dam1 serine residues 257, 265 and 292 by the mitotic kinase Ipl1/Aurora B can release this contact during error correction of mis-attached kinetochores. We integrate the structural results presented here into our current molecular model of the kinetochore-microtubule interface. The model illustrates how multiple interactions between Ndc80c, DASH/Dam1c and the microtubule lattice stabilize kinetochore attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Virant D, Vojnovic I, Winkelmeier J, Endesfelder M, Turkowyd B, Lando D, Endesfelder U. Unraveling the kinetochore nanostructure in Schizosaccharomyces pombe using multi-color SMLM imaging. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213836. [PMID: 36705602 PMCID: PMC9930162 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to ensuring proper chromosome segregation during mitosis is the kinetochore (KT), a tightly regulated multiprotein complex that links the centromeric chromatin to the spindle microtubules and as such leads the segregation process. Understanding its architecture, function, and regulation is therefore essential. However, due to its complexity and dynamics, only its individual subcomplexes could be studied in structural detail so far. In this study, we construct a nanometer-precise in situ map of the human-like regional KT of Schizosaccharomyces pombe using multi-color single-molecule localization microscopy. We measure each protein of interest (POI) in conjunction with two references, cnp1CENP-A at the centromere and sad1 at the spindle pole. This allows us to determine cell cycle and mitotic plane, and to visualize individual centromere regions separately. We determine protein distances within the complex using Bayesian inference, establish the stoichiometry of each POI and, consequently, build an in situ KT model with unprecedented precision, providing new insights into the architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Virant
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ilijana Vojnovic
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jannik Winkelmeier
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Endesfelder
- https://ror.org/05591te55Institute for Assyriology and Hittitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bartosz Turkowyd
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Lando
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Ulrike Endesfelder:
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15
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Cieslinski K, Wu YL, Nechyporenko L, Hörner SJ, Conti D, Skruzny M, Ries J. Nanoscale structural organization and stoichiometry of the budding yeast kinetochore. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213833. [PMID: 36705601 PMCID: PMC9929930 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for cell division. In eukaryotes, this is achieved by the kinetochore, an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that physically links the DNA to spindle microtubules and takes an active role in monitoring and correcting erroneous spindle-chromosome attachments. Our mechanistic understanding of these functions and how they ensure an error-free outcome of mitosis is still limited, partly because we lack a complete understanding of the kinetochore structure in the cell. In this study, we use single-molecule localization microscopy to visualize individual kinetochore complexes in situ in budding yeast. For major kinetochore proteins, we measured their abundance and position within the metaphase kinetochore. Based on this comprehensive dataset, we propose a quantitative model of the budding yeast kinetochore. While confirming many aspects of previous reports based on bulk imaging, our results present a unifying nanoscale model of the kinetochore in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanty Cieslinski
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Translational Radiation Oncology Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree Between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Nechyporenko
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Janice Hörner
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/04p61dj41Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany,Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duccio Conti
- https://ror.org/03vpj4s62Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ries
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Sridhar S, Fukagawa T. Kinetochore Architecture Employs Diverse Linker Strategies Across Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862637. [PMID: 35800888 PMCID: PMC9252888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of a functional kinetochore on centromeric chromatin is necessary to connect chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. This connecting function of the kinetochore presents multiple internal and external structural challenges. A microtubule interacting outer kinetochore and centromeric chromatin interacting inner kinetochore effectively confront forces from the external spindle and centromere, respectively. While internally, special inner kinetochore proteins, defined as “linkers,” simultaneously interact with centromeric chromatin and the outer kinetochore to enable association with the mitotic spindle. With the ability to simultaneously interact with outer kinetochore components and centromeric chromatin, linker proteins such as centromere protein (CENP)-C or CENP-T in vertebrates and, additionally CENP-QOkp1-UAme1 in yeasts, also perform the function of force propagation within the kinetochore. Recent efforts have revealed an array of linker pathways strategies to effectively recruit the largely conserved outer kinetochore. In this review, we examine these linkages used to propagate force and recruit the outer kinetochore across evolution. Further, we look at their known regulatory pathways and implications on kinetochore structural diversity and plasticity.
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17
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Flores RL, Peterson ZE, Zelter A, Riffle M, Asbury CL, Davis TN. Three interacting regions of the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes support microtubule tip-coupling under load. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213102. [PMID: 35353161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitosis requires kinetochores to make persistent, load-bearing attachments to dynamic microtubule tips, thereby coupling chromosome movements to tip growth and shortening. This tip-coupling behavior depends on the conserved Ndc80 complex and, in budding yeast, on the Dam1 complex, which bind each other directly via three distinct interacting regions. The functional relevance of these multiple interactions was mysterious. Here we show that interactions between two of these regions support the high rupture strengths that occur when applied force is rapidly increased and also support the stability of tip-coupling when force is held constant over longer durations. The contribution of either of these two regions to tip-coupling is reduced by phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase. The third interaction region makes no apparent contribution to rupture strength, but its phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase specifically decreases the long-term stability of tip-coupling. The specific reduction of long-term stability relative to short-term strength might have important implications for mitotic error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Riffle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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18
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Li J, Wang Y, Zou W, Jian L, Fu Y, Zhao J. AtNUF2 modulates spindle microtubule organization and chromosome segregation during mitosis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:801-816. [PMID: 33993566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The NDC80 complex is a conserved eukaryotic complex composed of four subunits (NUF2, SPC25, NDC80, and SPC24). In yeast and animal cells, the complex is located at the outer layer of the kinetochore, connecting the inner layer of the kinetochore and spindle microtubules (MTs) during cell division. In higher plants, the relationship of the NDC80 complex with MTs is still unclear. In this study, we characterized the biological function of AtNUF2, a subunit of the Arabidopsis NDC80 complex. We found that AtNUF2 is widely expressed in various organs, especially in different stages of embryonic development. It was verified that AtNUF2 co-localized with α-tubulin on MTs during mitosis by immunohistochemical assays. Mutation of AtNUF2 led to severe mitotic defects, not only in the embryo and endosperm, but also in seedlings, resulting in seed abortion and stagnating seedling growth. Furthermore, the biological function of AtNUF2 was studied using partially complemented nuf2-3/-DD45;ABI3pro::AtNUF2 (nuf2-3/-DA ) seedlings. The chromosome bridge and lagging chromatids occurred in nuf2-3/-DA root apical meristem cells, along with aberration of spindle MTs, resulting in blocked root growth. Meanwhile, the direct binding of AtNUF2 and AtSPC25 to MTs was determined by an MT co-sedimentation assay in vitro. This study revealed the function of AtNUF2 in mitosis and the underlying mechanisms, modulating spindle MT organization and ensuring chromosome segregation during embryo, endosperm, and root development, laying the foundation for subsequent research of the NDC80 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Liufang Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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19
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Ferreira LT, Maiato H. Prometaphase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:52-61. [PMID: 34127384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a metaphase plate in which all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle microtubules and aligned at the cell equator is required for faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. The achievement of this configuration relies on the precise coordination between several concurrent mechanisms that start upon nuclear envelope breakdown, mediate chromosome capture at their kinetochores during mitotic spindle assembly and culminate with the congression of all chromosomes to the spindle equator. This period is called 'prometaphase'. Because the nature of chromosome capture by mitotic spindle microtubules is error prone, the cell is provided of error correction mechanisms that sense and correct most erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments before committing to separate sister chromatids in anaphase. In this review, aimed for newcomers in the field, more than providing an exhaustive mechanistic coverage of each and every concurrent mechanism taking place during prometaphase, we provide an integrative overview of these processes that ultimately promote the subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Zahm JA, Stewart MG, Carrier JS, Harrison SC, Miller MP. Structural basis of Stu2 recruitment to yeast kinetochores. eLife 2021; 10:e65389. [PMID: 33591274 PMCID: PMC7909949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during cell division requires engagement of kinetochores of sister chromatids with microtubules emanating from opposite poles. As the corresponding microtubules shorten, these 'bioriented' sister kinetochores experience tension-dependent stabilization of microtubule attachments. The yeast XMAP215 family member and microtubule polymerase, Stu2, associates with kinetochores and contributes to tension-dependent stabilization in vitro. We show here that a C-terminal segment of Stu2 binds the four-way junction of the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c) and that residues conserved both in yeast Stu2 orthologs and in their metazoan counterparts make specific contacts with Ndc80 and Spc24. Mutations that perturb this interaction prevent association of Stu2 with kinetochores, impair cell viability, produce biorientation defects, and delay cell cycle progression. Ectopic tethering of the mutant Stu2 species to the Ndc80c junction restores wild-type function in vivo. These findings show that the role of Stu2 in tension-sensing depends on its association with kinetochores by binding with Ndc80c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Michael G Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Joseph S Carrier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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21
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Ustinov NB, Korshunova AV, Gudimchuk NB. Protein Complex NDC80: Properties, Functions, and Possible Role in Pathophysiology of Cell Division. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:448-462. [PMID: 32569552 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic division maintains genetic identity of any multicellular organism throughout an entire lifetime. Each time a parent cell divides, chromosomes are equally distributed between the daughter cells due to the action of mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle is formed by the microtubules that represent dynamic polymers of tubulin protein. Spindle microtubules are attached end-on to kinetochores - large multi-protein complexes on chromosomes. This review focuses on the four-subunit NDC80 complex, one of the most important kinetochore elements that plays a major role in the attachment of assembling/disassembling microtubule ends to the chromosomes. Here, we summarize published data on the structure, properties, and regulation of the NDC80 complex and discuss possible relationship between changes in the expression of genes coding for the NDC80 complex components, mitotic disorders, and oncogenesis with special emphasis on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of NDC80.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Korshunova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N B Gudimchuk
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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22
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Kixmoeller K, Allu PK, Black BE. The centromere comes into focus: from CENP-A nucleosomes to kinetochore connections with the spindle. Open Biol 2020; 10:200051. [PMID: 32516549 PMCID: PMC7333888 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation relies upon specific connections from DNA to the microtubule-based spindle that forms at cell division. The chromosomal locus that directs this process is the centromere, where a structure called the kinetochore forms upon entry into mitosis. Recent crystallography and single-particle electron microscopy have provided unprecedented high-resolution views of the molecular complexes involved in this process. The centromere is epigenetically specified by nucleosomes harbouring a histone H3 variant, CENP-A, and we review recent progress on how it differentiates centromeric chromatin from the rest of the chromosome, the biochemical pathway that mediates its assembly and how two non-histone components of the centromere specifically recognize CENP-A nucleosomes. The core centromeric nucleosome complex (CCNC) is required to recruit a 16-subunit complex termed the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN), and we highlight recent structures reported of the budding yeast CCAN. Finally, the structures of multiple modular sub-complexes of the kinetochore have been solved at near-atomic resolution, providing insight into how connections are made to the CCAN on one end and to the spindle microtubules on the other. One can now build molecular models from the DNA through to the physical connections to microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kixmoeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Yang L, Han N, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Chen R, Zhang M. ZWINT: A potential therapeutic biomarker in patients with glioblastoma correlates with cell proliferation and invasion. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1831-1844. [PMID: 32323832 PMCID: PMC7160549 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary intracranial tumor in adults. Chemoradiotherapy resistance and recurrence after surgery are the main malignant progression factors, leading to a high mortality rate. Therefore, the exploration of novel biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of GBM is urgent. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GBM were screened in a TCGA dataset. Homo sapiens ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein (ZWINT) was found to be upregulated in GBM, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established by the STRING database, and hub genes were visualized by Cytoscape. The correlation results were verified with the GSE15824 dataset. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that ZWINT was significantly positively correlated with kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog (NDC80), serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (PLK1) and spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 1 (SKA1) and together are involved in regulating mitosis and the cell cycle of GBM. ZWINT expression was knocked down in U251 and U87 MG GBM cells by lentiviral vectors carrying a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ZWINT. The effect of ZWINT silencing on cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis was determined by the Celigo assay, MTT assay, Transwell assay, flow cytometry and caspase-3/7 assay in vitro. A subcutaneous xenograft tumor model was established to explore the influence of ZWINT knockdown on GBM growth in vivo. Our preliminary study demonstrated that ZWINT knockdown effectively inhibited proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis of GBM cells and notably suppressed GBM growth in vivo. Therefore, we speculate that ZWINT may be a potential therapeutic biomarker for GBM, with NDC80 and PLK1 conjointly involved in regulating cell division and the mitotic cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yangmei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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24
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Wimbish RT, DeLuca JG. Hec1/Ndc80 Tail Domain Function at the Kinetochore-Microtubule Interface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:43. [PMID: 32161753 PMCID: PMC7054225 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful mitotic cell division is critically dependent on the formation of correct attachments between chromosomes and spindle microtubules. Microtubule attachments are mediated by kinetochores, which are large proteinaceous structures assembled on centromeric chromatin of mitotic chromosomes. These attachments must be sufficiently stable to transduce force; however, the strength of these attachments are also tightly regulated to ensure timely, error-free progression through mitosis. The highly conserved, kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex is a core component of the kinetochore-microtubule attachment machinery in eukaryotic cells. A small, disordered region within the Hec1 subunit of the NDC80 complex – the N-terminal “tail” domain – has been actively investigated during the last decade due to its roles in generating and regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments. In this review, we discuss the role of the NDC80 complex, and specifically the Hec1 tail domain, at the kinetochore-microtubule interface, and how recent studies provide a more unified view of Hec1 tail domain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Wimbish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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25
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Conti D, Gul P, Islam A, Martín-Durán JM, Pickersgill RW, Draviam VM. Kinetochores attached to microtubule-ends are stabilised by Astrin bound PP1 to ensure proper chromosome segregation. eLife 2019; 8:49325. [PMID: 31808746 PMCID: PMC6930079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules segregate chromosomes by attaching to macromolecular kinetochores. Only microtubule-end attached kinetochores can be pulled apart; how these end-on attachments are selectively recognised and stabilised is not known. Using the kinetochore and microtubule-associated protein, Astrin, as a molecular probe, we show that end-on attachments are rapidly stabilised by spatially-restricted delivery of PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80, a core kinetochore-microtubule linker. PP1 is delivered by the evolutionarily conserved tail of Astrin and this promotes Astrin’s own enrichment creating a highly-responsive positive feedback, independent of biorientation. Abrogating Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts attachment stability, which is not rescued by inhibiting Aurora-B, an attachment destabiliser, but is reversed by artificially tethering PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80. Constitutive Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts chromosome congression and segregation, revealing a dynamic mechanism for stabilising attachments. Thus, Astrin-PP1 mediates a dynamic ‘lock’ that selectively and rapidly stabilises end-on attachments, independent of biorientation, and ensures proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Conti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Gul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asifa Islam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Pickersgill
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Huis In 't Veld PJ, Volkov VA, Stender ID, Musacchio A, Dogterom M. Molecular determinants of the Ska-Ndc80 interaction and their influence on microtubule tracking and force-coupling. eLife 2019; 8:49539. [PMID: 31804178 PMCID: PMC6927755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Errorless chromosome segregation requires load-bearing attachments of the plus ends of spindle microtubules to chromosome structures named kinetochores. How these end-on kinetochore attachments are established following initial lateral contacts with the microtubule lattice is poorly understood. Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complexes, are important for efficient end-on coupling and may function as a unit in this process, but precise conditions for their interaction are unknown. Here, we report that the Ska-Ndc80 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent and does not require microtubules, applied force, or several previously identified functional determinants including the Ndc80-loop and the Ndc80-tail. Both the Ndc80-tail, which we reveal to be essential for microtubule end-tracking, and Ndc80-bound Ska stabilize microtubule ends in a stalled conformation. Modulation of force-coupling efficiency demonstrates that the duration of stalled microtubule disassembly predicts whether a microtubule is stabilized and rescued by the kinetochore, likely reflecting a structural transition of the microtubule end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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27
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The mammalian kinetochore-microtubule interface: robust mechanics and computation with many microtubules. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:60-67. [PMID: 31132675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore drives chromosome segregation at cell division. It acts as a physical link between chromosomes and dynamic microtubules, and as a signaling hub detecting and processing microtubule attachments to control anaphase onset. The mammalian kinetochore is a large macromolecular machine that forms a dynamic interface with the many microtubules that it binds. While we know most of the kinetochore's component parts, how they work together to give rise to its robust functions remains poorly understood. Here we highlight recent findings that shed light on this question, driven by an expanding physical and molecular toolkit. We present emerging principles that underlie the kinetochore's robust microtubule grip, such as redundancy, specialization, and dynamicity, and present signal processing principles that connect this microtubule grip to robust computation. Throughout, we identify open questions, and define simple engineering concepts that provide insight into kinetochore function.
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28
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Hamilton G, Dimitrova Y, Davis TN. Seeing is believing: our evolving view of kinetochore structure, composition, and assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:44-52. [PMID: 31078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights three recent trends in the field of kinetochore biology: the proliferation of structural data for kinetochore protein complexes (including CBF3, Dam1c, Mis12cMIND, and CENP-NLChl4/Iml3); the growing consensus that the kinetochore is a dynamic structure whose composition changes as the cell cycle progresses; and the mounting evidence of multiple pathways whereby the microtubule-binding elements of the outer kinetochore may be recruited by inner kinetochore proteins. Our focus is on the two best-studied systems in the field: human and budding yeast kinetochores. This review will demonstrate the remarkable similarity of these two systems, as well as their intriguing differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Box 357350, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA
| | - Yoana Dimitrova
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS: 27, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Box 357350, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA.
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29
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Scarborough EA, Davis TN, Asbury CL. Tight bending of the Ndc80 complex provides intrinsic regulation of its binding to microtubules. eLife 2019; 8:44489. [PMID: 31045495 PMCID: PMC6516834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the outer kinetochore complex Ndc80 is essential to ensure correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments during mitosis. Here, we present a novel mechanism of regulation that is intrinsic to its structure; tight bending of the Ndc80 complex inhibits its microtubule binding. Using single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ndc80 complex can fluctuate between straight and bent forms, and that binding of the complex to microtubules selects for straightened forms. The loop region of the complex enables its bent conformation, as deletion of the loop promotes straightening. In addition, the kinetochore complex MIND enhances microtubule binding by opposing the tightly bent, auto-inhibited conformation of the Ndc80 complex. We suggest that prior to its assembly at the kinetochore, the Ndc80 complex interchanges between bent (auto-inhibited) and open conformations. Once assembled, its association with MIND stabilizes the Ndc80 complex in a straightened form for higher affinity microtubule binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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30
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Reconstitution of a 26-Subunit Human Kinetochore Reveals Cooperative Microtubule Binding by CENP-OPQUR and NDC80. Mol Cell 2018; 71:923-939.e10. [PMID: 30174292 PMCID: PMC6162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The approximately thirty core subunits of kinetochores assemble on centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A and connect chromosomes with spindle microtubules. The chromatin proximal 16-subunit CCAN (constitutive centromere associated network) creates a mechanically stable bridge between CENP-A and the kinetochore’s microtubule-binding machinery, the 10-subunit KMN assembly. Here, we reconstituted a stoichiometric 11-subunit human CCAN core that forms when the CENP-OPQUR complex binds to a joint interface on the CENP-HIKM and CENP-LN complexes. The resulting CCAN particle is globular and connects KMN and CENP-A in a 26-subunit recombinant particle. The disordered, basic N-terminal tail of CENP-Q binds microtubules and promotes accurate chromosome alignment, cooperating with KMN in microtubule binding. The N-terminal basic tail of the NDC80 complex, the microtubule-binding subunit of KMN, can functionally replace the CENP-Q tail. Our work dissects the connectivity and architecture of CCAN and reveals unexpected functional similarities between CENP-OPQUR and the NDC80 complex. The kinetochore CENP-OPQUR complex is reconstituted and functionally dissected A kinetochore particle with 26 subunits and defined stoichiometry is reconstituted EM structure of an 11-subunit inner kinetochore complex reveals globular shape CENP-Q and the Ndc80 complex bind microtubules cooperatively
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31
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Pan D, Brockmeyer A, Mueller F, Musacchio A, Bange T. Simplified Protocol for Cross-linking Mass Spectrometry Using the MS-Cleavable Cross-linker DSBU with Efficient Cross-link Identification. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10990-10999. [PMID: 30074391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful approach to identify and map protein-protein interactions. Its applications support computational modeling of three-dimensional structures and complement classical structural methodologies such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy (EM). A plethora of cross-linkers, MS methods, and data analysis programs have been developed, but due to their methodological complexity application is currently reserved for specialized mass spectrometry laboratories. Here, we present a simplified single-step purification protocol that results in improved identifications of cross-linked peptides. We describe an easy-to-follow pipeline that combines the MS-cleavable cross-linker DSBU (disuccinimidyl dibutyric urea), a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, and the dedicated software MeroX for data analysis to make cross-linking MS accessible to structural biology and biochemistry laboratories. In experiments focusing on kinetochore subcomplexes containing 4-10 subunits (so-called KMN network), one-step peptide purification, and enrichment by size-exclusion chromatography yielded identification of 135-228 non-redundant cross-links (577-820 cross-linked peptides) from each experiment. Notably, half of the non-redundant cross-links identified were not lysine-lysine cross-links and involved side chains with hydroxy groups. The new pipeline has a comparable potential toward the identification of protein-protein interactions as previously used pipelines based on isotope-labeled cross-linkers. A newly identified cross-link enabled us to improve our 3D-model of the KMN, emphasizing the power of cross-linking data for evaluation of low-resolution EM maps. In sum, our optimized experimental scheme represents a viable shortcut toward obtaining reliable cross-link data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Pan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andreas Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemical Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Franziska Mueller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitaetsstrasse , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department for Systems Chronobiology , Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich , Goethe-Str. 31 , 80336 Munich , Germany
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32
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Jenni S, Harrison SC. Structure of the DASH/Dam1 complex shows its role at the yeast kinetochore-microtubule interface. Science 2018; 360:552-558. [PMID: 29724956 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores connect mitotic-spindle microtubules with chromosomes, allowing microtubule depolymerization to pull chromosomes apart during anaphase while resisting detachment as the microtubule shortens. The heterodecameric DASH/Dam1 complex (DASH/Dam1c), an essential component of yeast kinetochores, assembles into a microtubule-encircling ring. The ring associates with rodlike Ndc80 complexes to organize the kinetochore-microtubule interface. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure (at ~4.5-angstrom resolution) of a DASH/Dam1c ring and a molecular model of its ordered components, validated by evolutionary direct-coupling analysis. Integrating this structure with that of the Ndc80 complex and with published interaction data yields a molecular picture of kinetochore-microtubule attachment, including how flexible, C-terminal extensions of DASH/Dam1c subunits project and contact widely separated sites on the Ndc80 complex rod and how phosphorylation at previously identified sites might regulate kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Petsalaki E, Dandoulaki M, Zachos G. Chmp4c is required for stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Chromosoma 2018; 127:461-473. [PMID: 29968190 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments is essential for accurate chromosome segregation in human cells and depends on the NDC80 complex. We recently showed that Chmp4c, an endosomal sorting complex required for transport protein involved in membrane remodelling, localises to prometaphase kinetochores and promotes cold-stable kinetochore microtubules, faithful chromosome alignment and segregation. In the present study, we show that Chmp4c associates with the NDC80 components Hec1 and Nuf2 and is required for optimal NDC80 stability and Hec1-Nuf2 localisation to kinetochores in prometaphase. However, Chmp4c-depletion does not cause a gross disassembly of outer or inner kinetochore complexes. Conversely, Nuf2 is required for Chmp4c kinetochore targeting. Constitutive Chmp4c kinetochore tethering partially rescues cold-stable microtubule polymers in cells depleted of the endogenous Nuf2, showing that Chmp4c also contributes to kinetochore-microtubule stability independently of regulating Hec1 and Nuf2 localisation. Chmp4c interacts with tubulin in cell extracts, and binds and bundles microtubules in vitro through its highly basic N-terminal region (amino acids 1-77). Furthermore, the N-terminal region of Chmp4c is required for cold-stable kinetochore microtubules and efficient chromosome alignment. We propose that Chmp4c promotes stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments by regulating Hec1-Nuf2 localisation to kinetochores in prometaphase and by binding to spindle microtubules. These results identify Chmp4c as a novel protein that regulates kinetochore-microtubule interactions to promote accurate chromosome segregation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Dandoulaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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34
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yang L, Liu H. Multitasking Ska in Chromosome Segregation: Its Distinct Pools Might Specify Various Functions. Bioessays 2018; 40. [PMID: 29359816 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human spindle and kinetochore associated (Ska) complex is required for proper mitotic progression. Extensive studies have demonstrated its important functions in both stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions and spindle checkpoint silencing. We suggest a model to explain how various Ska functions might be fulfilled by distinct pools of Ska at kinetochores. The Ndc80-loop pool of Ska is recruited by the Ndc80 loop, or together with some of its flanking sequences, and the recruitment is also dependent on Cdk1-mediated Ska3 phosphorylation. This pool seems to play a more important role in silencing the spindle checkpoint than stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. In contrast, the Ndc80-N-terminus pool of Ska is recruited by the N-terminal domains of Ndc80 and appears to be more important for stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. Here, we review and discuss the evidence that supports this model and suggest further experiments to test the functioning mechanisms of the Ska complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yujue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Suzuki A, Long SK, Salmon ED. An optimized method for 3D fluorescence co-localization applied to human kinetochore protein architecture. eLife 2018; 7:32418. [PMID: 29323636 PMCID: PMC5764572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-color fluorescence co-localization in 3D (three-dimension) has the potential to achieve accurate measurements at the nanometer length scale. Here, we optimized a 3D fluorescence co-localization method that uses mean values for chromatic aberration correction to yield the mean separation with ~10 nm accuracy between green and red fluorescently labeled protein epitopes within single human kinetochores. Accuracy depended critically on achieving small standard deviations in fluorescence centroid determination, chromatic aberration across the measurement field, and coverslip thickness. Computer simulations showed that large standard deviations in these parameters significantly increase 3D measurements from their true values. Our 3D results show that at metaphase, the protein linkage between CENP-A within the inner kinetochore and the microtubule-binding domain of the Ndc80 complex within the outer kinetochore is on average ~90 nm. The Ndc80 complex appears fully extended at metaphase and exhibits the same subunit structure in vivo as found in vitro by crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Sarah K Long
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Edward D Salmon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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36
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Jenni S, Dimitrova YN, Valverde R, Hinshaw SM, Harrison SC. Molecular Structures of Yeast Kinetochore Subcomplexes and Their Roles in Chromosome Segregation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:83-89. [PMID: 29167284 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochore molecular architecture exemplifies "form follows function." The simplifications that generated the one-chromosome:one-microtubule linkage in point-centromere yeast have enabled strategies for systematic structural analysis and high-resolution visualization of many kinetochore components, leading to specific proposals for molecular mechanisms. We describe here some structural features that allow a kinetochore to remain attached to the end of a depolymerizing microtubule (MT) and some characteristics of the connections between substructures that permit very sensitive regulation by differential kinase activities. We emphasize in particular the importance of flexible connections between rod-like structural members and the integration of these members into a compliant cage-like assembly anchored on the MT by a sliding molecular ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yoana N Dimitrova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Roberto Valverde
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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37
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Kinetochore Function from the Bottom Up. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:22-33. [PMID: 28985987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During a single human lifetime, nearly one quintillion chromosomes separate from their sisters and transit to their destinations in daughter cells. Unlike DNA replication, chromosome segregation has no template, and, unlike transcription, errors frequently lead to a total loss of cell viability. Rapid progress in recent years has shown how kinetochores enable faithful execution of this process by connecting chromosomal DNA to microtubules. These findings have transformed our idea of kinetochores from cytological features to immense molecular machines and now allow molecular interpretation of many long-appreciated kinetochore functions. In this review we trace kinetochore protein connectivity from chromosomal DNA to microtubules, relating new findings to important points of regulation and function.
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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