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Jose A, Kulkarni P, Thilakan J, Munisamy M, Malhotra AG, Singh J, Kumar A, Rangnekar VM, Arya N, Rao M. Integration of pan-omics technologies and three-dimensional in vitro tumor models: an approach toward drug discovery and precision medicine. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:50. [PMID: 38461268 PMCID: PMC10924370 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in treatment protocols, cancer is one of the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to identify newer and personalized therapeutic targets along with screening technologies to combat cancer. With the advent of pan-omics technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, the scientific community has witnessed an improved molecular and metabolomic understanding of various diseases, including cancer. In addition, three-dimensional (3-D) disease models have been efficiently utilized for understanding disease pathophysiology and as screening tools in drug discovery. An integrated approach utilizing pan-omics technologies and 3-D in vitro tumor models has led to improved understanding of the intricate network encompassing various signalling pathways and molecular cross-talk in solid tumors. In the present review, we underscore the current trends in omics technologies and highlight their role in understanding genotypic-phenotypic co-relation in cancer with respect to 3-D in vitro tumor models. We further discuss the challenges associated with omics technologies and provide our outlook on the future applications of these technologies in drug discovery and precision medicine for improved management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmi Jose
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Pallavi Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Jaya Thilakan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Murali Munisamy
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Anvita Gupta Malhotra
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Neha Arya
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India.
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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2
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Kalli M, Stylianopoulos T. Toward innovative approaches for exploring the mechanically regulated tumor-immune microenvironment. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:011501. [PMID: 38390314 PMCID: PMC10883717 DOI: 10.1063/5.0183302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the complex tumor microenvironment, cells experience mechanical cues-such as extracellular matrix stiffening and elevation of solid stress, interstitial fluid pressure, and fluid shear stress-that significantly impact cancer cell behavior and immune responses. Recognizing the significance of these mechanical cues not only sheds light on cancer progression but also holds promise for identifying potential biomarkers that would predict therapeutic outcomes. However, standardizing methods for studying how mechanical cues affect tumor progression is challenging. This challenge stems from the limitations of traditional in vitro cell culture systems, which fail to encompass the critical contextual cues present in vivo. To address this, 3D tumor spheroids have been established as a preferred model, more closely mimicking cancer progression, but they usually lack reproduction of the mechanical microenvironment encountered in actual solid tumors. Here, we review the role of mechanical forces in modulating tumor- and immune-cell responses and discuss how grasping the importance of these mechanical cues could revolutionize in vitro tumor tissue engineering. The creation of more physiologically relevant environments that better replicate in vivo conditions will eventually increase the efficacy of currently available treatments, including immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalli
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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3
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Lee J, Heo SC, Kim Y. Combination of oxaliplatin and β-carotene suppresses colorectal cancer by regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and cancer stemness in vitro. Nutr Res Pract 2024; 18:62-77. [PMID: 38352212 PMCID: PMC10861335 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with a high recurrence rate. Oxaliplatin (OXA) resistance is one of the major reasons hindering CRC therapy. β-Carotene (BC) is a provitamin A and is known to have antioxidant and anticancer effects. However, the combined effect of OXA and BC has not been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the anticancer effects and mechanism of the combination of OXA and BC on CRC. MATERIALS/METHODS In the present study, the effects of the combination of OXA and BC on cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and cancer stemness were investigated using HCT116, HT29, OXA-resistant cells, and human CRC organoids. RESULTS The combination of OXA and BC enhanced apoptosis, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and inhibited cancer cell survival in human CRC resistant cells and CRC organoids without toxicity in normal organoids. Cancer stem cell marker expression and self-replicating capacity were suppressed by combined treatment with OXA and BC. Moreover, this combined treatment upregulated apoptosis and the stem cell-related JAK/STAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel potential role of BC in reducing resistance to OXA, thereby enhances the anticancer effects of OXA. This enhancement is achieved through the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and stemness in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyeun Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seung Chul Heo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government (SNU-SMG) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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4
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Sun H, Sun L, Ke X, Liu L, Li C, Jin B, Wang P, Jiang Z, Zhao H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun M, Pang M, Wang Y, Wu B, Zhao H, Sang X, Xing B, Yang H, Huang P, Mao Y. Prediction of Clinical Precision Chemotherapy by Patient-Derived 3D Bioprinting Models of Colorectal Cancer and Its Liver Metastases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304460. [PMID: 37973557 PMCID: PMC10787059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods accurately predicting the responses of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) to personalized chemotherapy remain limited due to tumor heterogeneity. This study introduces an innovative patient-derived CRC and CRLM tumor model for preclinical investigation, utilizing 3d-bioprinting (3DP) technology. Efficient construction of homogeneous in vitro 3D models of CRC/CRLM is achieved through the application of patient-derived primary tumor cells and 3D bioprinting with bioink. Genomic and histological analyses affirm that the CRC/CRLM 3DP tumor models effectively retain parental tumor biomarkers and mutation profiles. In vitro tests evaluating chemotherapeutic drug sensitivities reveal substantial tumor heterogeneity in chemotherapy responses within the 3DP CRC/CRLM models. Furthermore, a robust correlation is evident between the drug response in the CRLM 3DP model and the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings imply a significant potential for the application of patient-derived 3DP cancer models in precision chemotherapy prediction and preclinical research for CRC/CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xindi Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Changcan Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bao Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhuoran Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongliang Sun
- First Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingchang Pang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yinhan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Baocai Xing
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Engineering Research Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Technology and Device (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
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5
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Gu Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Zhang Y, Xu K, Su J. Organoid assessment technologies. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1499. [PMID: 38115706 PMCID: PMC10731122 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous advances in the generation of organoids, robust and stable protocols of organoids are still a major challenge to researchers. Research for assessing structures of organoids and the evaluations of their functions on in vitro or in vivo is often limited by precision strategies. A growing interest in assessing organoids has arisen, aimed at standardizing the process of obtaining organoids to accurately resemble human-derived tissue. The complex microenvironment of organoids, intricate cellular crosstalk, organ-specific architectures and further complicate functions urgently quest for high-through schemes. By utilizing multi-omics analysis and single-cell analysis, cell-cell interaction mechanisms can be deciphered, and their structures can be investigated in a detailed view by histological analysis. In this review, we will conclude the novel approaches to study the molecular mechanism and cell heterogeneity of organoids and discuss the histological and morphological similarity of organoids in comparison to the human body. Future perspectives on functional analysis will be developed and the organoids will become mature models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Gu
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsFirst Affiliated HospitalJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianmin Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsShanghai Zhongye HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OrthopaedicsXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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6
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Zhou B, Feng Z, Xu J, Xie J. Organoids: approaches and utility in cancer research. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1783-1793. [PMID: 37365679 PMCID: PMC10406116 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures with self-organizing and self-differentiation capacities. They faithfully recapitulate structures and functions of in vivo organs as represented by functionality and microstructural definitions. Heterogeneity in in vitro disease modeling is one of the main reasons for anti-cancer therapy failures. Establishing a powerful model to represent tumor heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating tumor biology and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Tumor organoids can retain the original tumor heterogeneity and are commonly used to mimic the cancer microenvironment when co-cultured with fibroblasts and immune cells; therefore, considerable effort has been made recently to promote the use of this new technology from basic research to clinical studies in tumors. In combination with gene editing technology and microfluidic chip systems, engineered tumor organoids show promising abilities to recapitulate tumorigenesis and metastasis. In many studies, the responses of tumor organoids to various drugs have shown a positive correlation with patient responses. Owing to these consistent responses and personalized characteristics with patient data, tumor organoids show excellent potential for preclinical research. Here, we summarize the properties of different tumor models and review their current state and progress in tumor organoids. We further discuss the substantial challenges and prospects in the rapidly developing tumor organoid field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplant Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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7
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Yang C, Xiao W, Wang R, Hu Y, Yi K, Sun X, Wang G, Xu X. Tumor organoid model of colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 26:328. [PMID: 37415635 PMCID: PMC10320425 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of self-organizing 'mini-gut' organoid models has brought about a significant breakthrough in biomedical research. Patient-derived tumor organoids have emerged as valuable tools for preclinical studies, offering the retention of genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. These organoids have applications in various research areas, including in vitro modelling, drug discovery and personalized medicine. The present review provided an overview of intestinal organoids, focusing on their unique characteristics and current understanding. The progress made in colorectal cancer (CRC) organoid models was then delved into, discussing their role in drug development and personalized medicine. For instance, it has been indicated that patient-derived tumor organoids are able to predict response to irinotecan-based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, the limitations and challenges associated with current CRC organoid models were addressed, along with proposed strategies for enhancing their utility in future basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Wangwen Xiao
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hu
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Ke Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
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8
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Bartolomé RA, Casal JI. Proteomic profiling and network biology of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:357-370. [PMID: 37874121 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2275681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue-based proteomic studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis have delivered fragmented results, with very few therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers moving beyond the discovery phase. This situation is likely due to the difficulties in obtaining and analyzing large numbers of patient-derived metastatic samples, the own heterogeneity of CRC, and technical limitations in proteomics discovery. As an alternative, metastatic CRC cell lines provide a flexible framework to investigate the underlying mechanisms and network biology of metastasis for target discovery. AREAS COVERED In this perspective, we comment on different in-depth proteomic studies of metastatic versus non-metastatic CRC cell lines. Identified metastasis-related proteins are introduced and discussed according to the spatial location in different cellular fractions, with special emphasis on membrane/adhesion proteins, secreted proteins, and nuclear factors, including miRNAs associated with liver metastasis. Moreover, we analyze the biological significance and potential therapeutic applications of the identified liver metastasis-related proteins. EXPERT OPINION The combination of protein discovery and functional analysis is the only way to accelerate the progress to clinical translation of the proteomic-derived findings in a relatively fast pace. Patient-derived organoids represent a promising alternative to patient tissues and cell lines, but further optimizations are still required for achieving solid and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Loewa A, Feng JJ, Hedtrich S. Human disease models in drug development. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:1-15. [PMID: 37359774 PMCID: PMC10173243 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical research is undergoing a paradigm shift towards approaches centred on human disease models owing to the notoriously high failure rates of the current drug development process. Major drivers for this transition are the limitations of animal models, which, despite remaining the gold standard in basic and preclinical research, suffer from interspecies differences and poor prediction of human physiological and pathological conditions. To bridge this translational gap, bioengineered human disease models with high clinical mimicry are being developed. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and clinical studies that benefited from these models, focusing on organoids, bioengineered tissue models and organs-on-chips. Furthermore, we provide a high-level design framework to facilitate clinical translation and accelerate drug development using bioengineered human disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loewa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James J. Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Biological Design, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MCD), Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Ghorbaninejad M, Asadzadeh-Aghdaei H, Baharvand H, Meyfour A. Intestinal organoids: A versatile platform for modeling gastrointestinal diseases and monitoring epigenetic alterations. Life Sci 2023; 319:121506. [PMID: 36858311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the significant limitations of conventional 2D cell cultures and tissue in vitro models, creating intestinal organoids has burgeoned as an ideal option to recapitulate the heterogeneity of the native intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids can be developed from either tissue-resident adult stem cells (ADSs) or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in both forms induced PSCs and embryonic stem cells. Here, we review current advances in the development of intestinal organoids that have led to a better recapitulation of the complexity, physiology, morphology, function, and microenvironment of the intestine. We discuss current applications of intestinal organoids with an emphasis on disease modeling. In particular, we point out recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection in human intestinal organoids. We also discuss the less explored application of intestinal organoids in epigenetics by highlighting the role of epigenetic modifications in intestinal development, homeostasis, and diseases, and subsequently the power of organoids in mirroring the regulatory role of epigenetic mechanisms in these conditions and introducing novel predictive/diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we propose 3D organoid models to evaluate the effects of novel epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs) on the treatment of GI diseases where epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in disease development and progression, particularly in colorectal cancer treatment and epigenetically acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghorbaninejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh-Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Patrício D, Santiago J, Mano JF, Fardilha M. Organoids of the male reproductive system: Challenges, opportunities, and their potential use in fertility research. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1590. [PMID: 36442887 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are units of function of a given organ able to reproduce, in culture, a biological structure similar in architecture and function to its counterpart in vivo. Today, it is possible to develop an organoid from a fragment of tissue, a stem cell located in an adult organ, an embryonic stem cell, or an induced pluripotent stem cell. In the past decade, many organoids have been developed which mimic stomach, pancreas, liver and brain tissues, optic cups, among many others. Additionally, different male reproductive system organs have already been developed as organoids, including the prostate and testis. These 3D cultures may be of great importance for urological cancer research and have the potential to be used in fertility research for the study of spermatozoa production and maturation, germ cells-somatic cells interactions, and mechanisms of disease. They also provide an accurate preclinical pipeline for drug testing and discovery, as well as for the study of drug resistance. In this work, we revise the current knowledge on organoid technology and its use in healthcare and research, describe the male reproductive system organoids and other biomaterials already developed, and discuss their current application. Finally, we highlight the research gaps, challenges, and opportunities in the field and propose strategies to improve the use of organoids for the study of male infertility situations. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patrício
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santiago
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Cellular Transcriptomics of Carboplatin Resistance in a Metastatic Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030558. [PMID: 36980828 PMCID: PMC10048144 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma prognosis has remained unchanged for the past three decades. In both humans and canines, treatment is limited to excision, radiation, and chemotherapy. Chemoresistance is the primary cause of treatment failure, and the trajectory of tumor evolution while under selective pressure from treatment is thought to be the major contributing factor in both species. We sought to understand the nature of platinum-based chemotherapy resistance by investigating cells that were subjected to repeated treatment and recovery cycles with increased carboplatin concentrations. Three HMPOS-derived cell lines, two resistant and one naïve, underwent single-cell RNA sequencing to examine transcriptomic perturbation and identify pathways leading to resistance and phenotypic changes. We identified the mechanisms of acquired chemoresistance and inferred the induced cellular trajectory that evolved with repeated exposure. The gene expression patterns indicated that acquired chemoresistance was strongly associated with a process similar to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenomenon associated with the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties associated with metastatic disease. We conclude that the observed trajectory of tumor adaptability is directly correlated with chemoresistance and the phase of the EMT-like phenotype is directly affected by the level of chemoresistance. We infer that the EMT-like phenotype is a critical component of tumor evolution under treatment pressure and is vital to understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance and to improving osteosarcoma prognosis.
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13
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Dijkstra J, Neikes HK, Rezaeifard S, Ma X, Voest EE, Tauriello DVF, Vermeulen M. Multiomics of Colorectal Cancer Organoids Reveals Putative Mediators of Cancer Progression Resulting from SMAD4 Inactivation. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:138-151. [PMID: 36450103 PMCID: PMC9830641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of metastasis severely reduces the life expectancy of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Although loss of SMAD4 is a key event in CRC progression, the resulting changes in biological processes in advanced disease and metastasis are not fully understood. Here, we applied a multiomics approach to a CRC organoid model that faithfully reflects the metastasis-supporting effects of SMAD4 inactivation. We show that loss of SMAD4 results in decreased differentiation and activation of pro-migratory and cell proliferation processes, which is accompanied by the disruption of several key oncogenic pathways, including the TGFβ, WNT, and VEGF pathways. In addition, SMAD4 inactivation leads to increased secretion of proteins that are known to be involved in a variety of pro-metastatic processes. Finally, we show that one of the factors that is specifically secreted by SMAD4-mutant organoids─DKK3─reduces the antitumor effects of natural killer cells (NK cells). Altogether, our data provide new insights into the role of SMAD4 perturbation in advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer
J. Dijkstra
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26−28, 6525
GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Hannah K. Neikes
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26−28, 6525
GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Somayeh Rezaeifard
- Department
of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute
for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud
University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26−28, 6525
GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department
of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E. Voest
- Department
of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele V. F. Tauriello
- Department
of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute
for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud
University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26−28, 6525
GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26−28, 6525
GA Nijmegen, The
Netherlands,
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14
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Papaccio F, García-Mico B, Gimeno-Valiente F, Cabeza-Segura M, Gambardella V, Gutiérrez-Bravo MF, Alfaro-Cervelló C, Martinez-Ciarpaglini C, Rentero-Garrido P, Zúñiga-Trejos S, Carbonell-Asins JA, Fleitas T, Roselló S, Huerta M, Sánchez del Pino MM, Sabater L, Roda D, Tarazona N, Cervantes A, Castillo J. "Proteotranscriptomic analysis of advanced colorectal cancer patient derived organoids for drug sensitivity prediction". JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2023; 42:8. [PMID: 36604765 PMCID: PMC9817273 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients could be a key platform to predict drug response and discover new biomarkers. We aimed to integrate PDO drug response with multi-omics characterization beyond genomics. METHODS We generated 29 PDO lines from 22 advanced CRC patients and provided a morphologic, genomic, and transcriptomic characterization. We performed drug sensitivity assays with a panel of both standard and non-standard agents in five long-term cultures, and integrated drug response with a baseline proteomic and transcriptomic characterization by SWATH-MS and RNA-seq analysis, respectively. RESULTS PDOs were successfully generated from heavily pre-treated patients, including a paired model of advanced MSI high CRC deriving from pre- and post-chemotherapy liver metastasis. Our PDOs faithfully reproduced genomic and phenotypic features of original tissue. Drug panel testing identified differential response among PDOs, particularly to oxaliplatin and palbociclib. Proteotranscriptomic analyses revealed that oxaliplatin non-responder PDOs present enrichment of the t-RNA aminoacylation process and showed a shift towards oxidative phosphorylation pathway dependence, while an exceptional response to palbociclib was detected in a PDO with activation of MYC and enrichment of chaperonin T-complex protein Ring Complex (TRiC), involved in proteome integrity. Proteotranscriptomic data fusion confirmed these results within a highly integrated network of functional processes involved in differential response to drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our strategy of integrating PDOs drug sensitivity with SWATH-mass spectrometry and RNA-seq allowed us to identify different baseline proteins and gene expression profiles with the potential to predict treatment response/resistance and to help in the development of effective and personalized cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Papaccio
- grid.11780.3f0000 0004 1937 0335Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy ,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca García-Mico
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gimeno-Valiente
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London Cancer Institute, Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Manuel Cabeza-Segura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Valentina Gambardella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Gutiérrez-Bravo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.442220.20000 0004 0485 4548Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, 170120 Ecuador
| | - Clara Alfaro-Cervelló
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Martinez-Ciarpaglini
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Rentero-Garrido
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XPrecision Medicine Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sheila Zúñiga-Trejos
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XBioinformatic and Biostatistic Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Carbonell-Asins
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XBioinformatic and Biostatistic Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Tania Fleitas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Roselló
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisol Huerta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Sánchez del Pino
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XUniversity Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luís Sabater
- Liver, Biliary and Pancreatic Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Desamparados Roda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Tarazona
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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15
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Holst LM, Iribarren C, Sapnara M, Savolainen O, Törnblom H, Wettergren Y, Strid H, Simrén M, Magnusson MK, Öhman L. Fecal Luminal Factors from Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases Alter Gene Expression Profiles in Caco-2 Cells and Colonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415505. [PMID: 36555145 PMCID: PMC9779506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have shown that the intestinal luminal content, including metabolites, possibly regulates epithelial layer responses to harmful stimuli and promotes disease. Therefore, we aimed to test the hypothesis that fecal supernatants from patients with colon cancer (CC), ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) contain distinct metabolite profiles and establish their effects on Caco-2 cells and human-derived colon organoids (colonoids). The metabolite profiles of fecal supernatants were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and distinguished patients with CC (n = 6), UC (n = 6), IBS (n = 6) and healthy subjects (n = 6). Caco-2 monolayers and human apical-out colonoids underwent stimulation with fecal supernatants from different patient groups and healthy subjects. Their addition did not impair monolayer integrity, as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance; however, fecal supernatants from different patient groups and healthy subjects altered the gene expression of Caco-2 monolayers, as well as colonoid cultures. In conclusion, the stimulation of Caco-2 cells and colonoids with fecal supernatants derived from CC, UC and IBS patients altered gene expression profiles, potentially reflecting the luminal microenvironment of the fecal sample donor. This experimental approach allows for investigating the crosstalk at the gut barrier and the effects of the gut microenvironment in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Moraes Holst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Iribarren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Sapnara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Wettergren
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, 501 82 Borås, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria K. Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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16
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Song SL, Li B, Carvalho MR, Wang HJ, Mao DL, Wei JT, Chen W, Weng ZH, Chen YC, Deng CX, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, He YL, Yan LP, Zhang CH. Complex in vitro 3D models of digestive system tumors to advance precision medicine and drug testing: Progress, challenges, and trends. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Yu YY, Zhu YJ, Xiao ZZ, Chen YD, Chang XS, Liu YH, Tang Q, Zhang HB. The pivotal application of patient-derived organoid biobanks for personalized treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Biomark Res 2022; 10:73. [PMID: 36207749 PMCID: PMC9547471 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) occupy more than 30% of the cancer-related incidence and mortality around the world. Despite advances in the treatment strategies, the long-term overall survival has not been improved for patients with GICs. Recently, the novel patient-derived organoid (PDO) culture technology has become a powerful tool for GICs in a manner that recapitulates the morphology, pathology, genetic, phenotypic, and behavior traits of the original tumors. Excitingly, a number of evidences suggest that the versatile technology has great potential for personalized treatment, suppling the clinical application of molecularly guided personalized treatment. In the paper, we summarize the literature on the topics of establishing organoid biobanks of PDOs, and their application in the personalized treatment allowing for radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy selection for GICs. Despite the limitations of current organoid models, high-throughput drug screening of GIC PDO combined with next-generation sequencing technology represents a novel and pivotal preclinical model for precision medicine of tumors and has a great value in promoting the transformation from basic cancer research to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Juan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Song Chang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Hong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Einoch Amor R, Zinger A, Broza YY, Schroeder A, Haick H. Artificially Intelligent Nanoarray Detects Various Cancers by Liquid Biopsy of Volatile Markers. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200356. [PMID: 35765713 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is usually not symptomatic in its early stages. However, early detection can vastly improve prognosis. Liquid biopsy holds great promise for early detection, although it still suffers from many disadvantages, mainly searching for specific cancer biomarkers. Here, a new approach for liquid biopsies is proposed, based on volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns in the blood headspace. An artificial intelligence nanoarray based on a varied set of chemi-sensitive nano-based structured films is developed and used to detect and stage cancer. As a proof-of-concept, three cancer models are tested showing high incidence and mortality rates in the population: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The nanoarray has >84% accuracy, >81% sensitivity, and >80% specificity for early detection and >97% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and >88% specificity for metastasis detection. Complementary mass spectrometry analysis validates these results. The ability to analyze such a complex biological fluid as blood, while considering data of many VOCs at a time using the artificially intelligent nanoarray, increases the sensitivity of predictive models and leads to a potential efficient early diagnosis and disease-monitoring tool for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reef Einoch Amor
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Assaf Zinger
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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19
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Günther C, Winner B, Neurath MF, Stappenbeck TS. Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation. Gut 2022; 71:1892-1908. [PMID: 35636923 PMCID: PMC9380493 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are entering an era of medicine where increasingly sophisticated data will be obtained from patients to determine proper diagnosis, predict outcomes and direct therapies. We predict that the most valuable data will be produced by systems that are highly dynamic in both time and space. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are poised to be such a highly valuable system for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In the lab, organoids have emerged as powerful systems to model molecular and cellular processes orchestrating natural and pathophysiological human tissue formation in remarkable detail. Preclinical studies have impressively demonstrated that these organs-in-a-dish can be used to model immunological, neoplastic, metabolic or infectious GI disorders by taking advantage of patient-derived material. Technological breakthroughs now allow to study cellular communication and molecular mechanisms of interorgan cross-talk in health and disease including communication along for example, the gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis. Despite considerable success in culturing classical 3D organoids from various parts of the GI tract, some challenges remain to develop these systems to best help patients. Novel platforms such as organ-on-a-chip, engineered biomimetic systems including engineered organoids, micromanufacturing, bioprinting and enhanced rigour and reproducibility will open improved avenues for tissue engineering, as well as regenerative and personalised medicine. This review will highlight some of the established methods and also some exciting novel perspectives on organoids in the fields of gastroenterology. At present, this field is poised to move forward and impact many currently intractable GI diseases in the form of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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20
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Genta S, Coburn B, Cescon DW, Spreafico A. Patient-derived cancer models: Valuable platforms for anticancer drug testing. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976065. [PMID: 36033445 PMCID: PMC9413077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted treatments and immunotherapy are cornerstones in oncology, with demonstrated efficacy across different tumor types. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority metastatic disease is incurable due to the onset of drug resistance. Preclinical models including genetically engineered mouse models, patient-derived xenografts and two- and three-dimensional cell cultures have emerged as a useful resource to study mechanisms of cancer progression and predict efficacy of anticancer drugs. However, variables including tumor heterogeneity and the complexities of the microenvironment can impair the faithfulness of these platforms. Here, we will discuss advantages and limitations of these preclinical models, their applicability for drug testing and in co-clinical trials and potential strategies to increase their reliability in predicting responsiveness to anticancer medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Genta
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W. Cescon
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Sacnun JM, Herzog R, Kratochwill K. Proteomic study of mesothelial and endothelial cross-talk: key lessons. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:289-296. [PMID: 36714918 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2174851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium are yet understudied multicellular systems where mesothelial cells (MCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are in close proximity. Crosstalk between these cell types likely plays role in molecular transport, immunological reactions, and metabolic processes in health, disease, and therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss recent proteomic efforts to characterize the crosstalk between MC and EC. We describe the proteomic methods necessary for investigation of crosstalk between MC and EC, as well as the in-vitro models that can be employed. Potential experimental approaches range from conditioned medium, via co-culture on semi-permeable membranes, to 3D cell culture based organoid models. While the biological and clinical relevance of the models may increase with their ability to mimic close cell communication, the practicality of these complex experiments corresponds vice versa, making standardization more difficult and expensive. EXPERT OPINION Currently, data and reports on mesothelial-to-endothelial crosstalk are still very scarce. In our opinion, the in-vitro model using semi-permeable cell culture inserts will allow to establish a basic understanding of cellular crosstalk that may occur between those cell types. Later-on, more sophisticated 3D cell cultures may be better able to simulate the transport dynamics within the peritoneal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Sacnun
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Herzog
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Ou M, Li Q, Ling X, Yao J, Mo X. Cocktail Formula and Application Prospects for Oral and Maxillofacial Organoids. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:913-925. [PMID: 35612711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial organoids (OMOs), tiny tissues and organs derived from stem cells cultured through 3-d cell culture models, can fully summarize the cell tissue structure, physiological functions and biological characteristics of the source tissues in the body. OMOs are applied in areas such as disease modelling, developmental and regenerative medicine, drug screening, personalized treatment, etc. Although the construction of organoids in various parts of the oral and maxillofacial (OM) region has achieved considerable success, the existing cocktail formulae (construction strategies) are not widely applicable for tissues of various sources due to factors including the heterogeneity of the source tissues and the dependence on laboratory technology. Most of their formulae are based on growth factor niches containing expensive recombinant proteins with their efficiency remaining to be improved. In view of this, the cocktail formulae of various parts of the OM organs are reviewed with further discussion of the application and prospects for those OMOs to find some affordable cocktail formula with strong operability and high repeatability for various maxillofacial organs. The results may help improve the efficiency of organoid construction in the laboratory and accelerate the pace of the clinical use of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Qing Li
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Xiaofang Ling
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China. .,Department of Stomatology, China Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Second Zhongshan Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Mo
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Countryside Road, BaiseGuangxi, 533000, China.
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23
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Wang J, Chen C, Wang L, Xie M, Ge X, Wu S, He Y, Mou X, Ye C, Sun Y. Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids: New Progress and Opportunities to Facilitate Precision Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:872531. [PMID: 35449581 PMCID: PMC9016336 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.872531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment in recent years. However, not all patients receiving cancer immunotherapy exhibit durable responses, and reliable, high-throughput testing platforms are urgently needed to guide personalized cancer immunotherapy. The ability of patient-derived tumor organoids to recapitulate pivotal features of original cancer tissues makes them useful as a preclinical model for cancer research and precision medicine. Nevertheless, many challenges exist in the translation of tumor organoid research to clinical decision making. Herein we discuss the applications of patient-derived tumor organoid models and the advances and potential of using complex immune-organoid systems as testing platforms to facilitate precision cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we highlight intriguing applications of tumor organoids with novel multi-omics in preclinical cancer research, highlighting genetic editing, proteomics, and liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Ge
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sufan Wu
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
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24
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Chen H, Wu Z, Gong Z, Xia Y, Li J, Du L, Zhang Y, Gao X, Fan Z, Hu H, Qian Q, Ding Z, Guo S. Acoustic Bioprinting of Patient-Derived Organoids for Predicting Cancer Therapy Responses. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102784. [PMID: 35358375 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer models, which are biologically representative of patient tumors, can predict the treatment responses and help determine the most appropriate cancer treatment for individual patients. Here, a point-of-care testing system called acoustically bioprinted patient-derived microtissues (PDMs) that can model cancer invasion and predict treatment response in individual patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), is reported. The PDMs are composed of patient-derived colorectal tumors and healthy organoids which can be precisely arranged by acoustic bioprinting approach for recapulating primary tissue's architecture. Particularly, these tumor organoids can be efficiently generated and can apprehend histological, genomic, and phenotypical characteristics of primary tumors. Consequently, these PDMs allow physiologically relevant in vitro drug (5-fluorouracil) screens, thus predicting the paired patient's responses to chemotherapy. A correlation between organoid invasion speed and normalized spreading speed of the paired patients is further established. It provides a quantitative indicator to help doctors make better decisions on ultimate anus-preserving operation for extremely low CRC patients. Thus, by combing acoustic bioprinting and organoid cultures, this method may open an avenue to establish complex 3D tissue models for precision and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhiyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Liang Du
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xiangyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhou Fan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Qun Qian
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery Hubei Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shishang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro‐ and Nano‐structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories Wuhan 430205 China
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25
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Yao L, Zao XL, Pan XF, Zhang HG, Wang FJ, Qiao PF. Application of tumoroids derived from advanced colorectal cancer patients to predict individual response to chemotherapy. J Chemother 2022; 35:104-116. [PMID: 35285783 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2045827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches of advanced colorectal cancer are more complex, here we present a living biobank of patient-derived tumoroids from advanced colorectal cancer patients and show examples of how these tumoroids can be used to to simulate cancer behavior ex vivo and provide more evidence for tumoroids could be utilized as a predictive platform during chemotherapy treatment to identify the chemotherapy response. Morphological, histological and genomic characterization analysis of colorectal cancer tumoroids was conducted. Further, we treated colorectal cancer tumoroids with different drugs to detect cellular activities to evaluate drug sensitivity using CellTiter-Glo 3 D cell viability assay. Then the drug sensitivity of tumoroids was compared with clinical outcomes. Our results implied that tumoroids recapitulated the histological features of the original tumours and genotypic profiling of tumoroids showed a high-level of similarity to the matched primary tumours. Dose-response curves, area under the curve and tumour inhibitory rate of each therapeutic profiling calculations in tumoroids demonstrated a great diversity and we gained 88.24% match ratio between the sensitivity data of tumoroids with their paired patients' clinical outcomes. tumour inhibitory rate of each treatment parameters in tumoroids performed positive correlation with progression-free survival while area under the curve of each treatment parameters performed negative correlation with progression-free survival of the corresponding patients. In summary, We presented a living biobank of tumoroids from advanced colorectal cancer patients and show tumoroids got great potential for predicting clinical responses to chemotherapy treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Pan
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao-Gang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fu-Jing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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26
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The Fight against Cancer by Microgravity: The Multicellular Spheroid as a Metastasis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063073. [PMID: 35328492 PMCID: PMC8953941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease exhibiting uncontrollable cell growth and spreading to other parts of the organism. It is a heavy, worldwide burden for mankind with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, groundbreaking research and innovations are necessary. Research in space under microgravity (µg) conditions is a novel approach with the potential to fight cancer and develop future cancer therapies. Space travel is accompanied by adverse effects on our health, and there is a need to counteract these health problems. On the cellular level, studies have shown that real (r-) and simulated (s-) µg impact survival, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and adhesion as well as the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors in cancer cells. Moreover, the µg-environment induces in vitro 3D tumor models (multicellular spheroids and organoids) with a high potential for preclinical drug targeting, cancer drug development, and studying the processes of cancer progression and metastasis on a molecular level. This review focuses on the effects of r- and s-µg on different types of cells deriving from thyroid, breast, lung, skin, and prostate cancer, as well as tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of µg on cancerous stem cells. The information demonstrates that µg has become an important new technology for increasing current knowledge of cancer biology.
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27
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Sharifi Tabar M, Francis H, Yeo D, Bailey CG, Rasko JEJ. Mapping oncogenic protein interactions for precision medicine. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:7-19. [PMID: 35113472 PMCID: PMC9306658 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Normal protein‐protein interactions (normPPIs) occur with high fidelity to regulate almost every physiological process. In cancer, this highly organised and precisely regulated network is disrupted, hijacked or reprogrammed resulting in oncogenic protein‐protein interactions (oncoPPIs). OncoPPIs, which can result from genomic alterations, are a hallmark of many types of cancers. Recent technological advances in the field of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based interactomics, structural biology and drug discovery have prompted scientists to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Disruption of oncoPPI interfaces has become a major focus of drug discovery programs and has resulted in the use of PPI‐specific drugs clinically. However, due to several technical hurdles, studies to build a reference oncoPPI map for various cancer types have not been undertaken. Therefore, there is an urgent need for experimental workflows to overcome the existing challenges in studying oncoPPIs in various cancers and to build comprehensive reference maps. Here, we discuss the important hurdles for characterising oncoPPIs and propose a three‐phase multidisciplinary workflow to identify and characterise oncoPPIs. Systematic identification of cancer‐type‐specific oncogenic interactions will spur new opportunities for PPI‐focused drug discovery projects and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Habib Francis
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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28
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Kim S, Park JW, Seo H, Kim M, Park J, Kim G, Lee JO, Shin Y, Bae JM, Koo B, Jeong S, Ku J. Multifocal Organoid Capturing of Colon Cancer Reveals Pervasive Intratumoral Heterogenous Drug Responses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103360. [PMID: 34918496 PMCID: PMC8844556 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) stands as one of the main difficulties in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) as it causes the development of resistant clones and leads to heterogeneous drug responses. Here, 12 sets of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and cell lines (PDCs) isolated from multiple regions of single tumors from 12 patients, capturing ITH by multiregion sampling of individual tumors, are presented. Whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of the 12 sets are performed. The PDOs and PDCs of the 12 sets are also analyzed with a clinically relevant 24-compound library to assess their drug responses. The results reveal unexpectedly widespread subregional heterogeneity among PDOs and PDCs isolated from a single tumor, which is manifested by genetic and transcriptional heterogeneity and strong variance in drug responses, while each PDO still recapitulates the major histologic, genomic, and transcriptomic characteristics of the primary tumor. The data suggest an imminent drawback of single biopsy-originated PDO-based clinical diagnosis in evaluating CRC patient responses. Instead, the results indicate the importance of targeting common somatic driver mutations positioned in the trunk of all tumor subregional clones in parallel with a comprehensive understanding of the molecular ITH of each tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon‐Chan Kim
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Division of Colorectal SurgeryDepartment of SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Ha‐Young Seo
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Division of Colorectal SurgeryDepartment of SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Jae‐Hyeon Park
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
| | - Ga‐Hye Kim
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
| | - Ja Oh Lee
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
| | - Young‐Kyoung Shin
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of PathologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Bon‐Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA)Vienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr. Bohr‐Gasse 3Vienna1030Austria
| | - Seung‐Yong Jeong
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Division of Colorectal SurgeryDepartment of SurgerySeoul National University HospitalSeoul03080South Korea
| | - Ja‐Lok Ku
- Korean Cell Line BankLaboratory of Cell BiologyCancer Research InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
- Cancer Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080South Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease InstituteSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080South Korea
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29
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Schulz H, Strauch SM, Richter P, Wehland M, Krüger M, Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Wise P, Baran R, Lebert M, Grimm D. Latest knowledge about changes in the proteome in microgravity. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:43-59. [PMID: 35037812 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : A long-term stay of humans in space causes a large number of well-known health problems and changes in protists and plants. Deep space exploration will increase the time humans or rodents will spend in microgravity (µg). Moreover, they are exposed to cosmic radiation, hypodynamia, and isolation. OMICS investigations will increase our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of µg-induced alterations in vivo and in vitro. AREAS COVERED : We summarize the findings over the recent 3 years on µg-induced changes in the proteome of protists, plants, rodent and human cells. Considering the thematic orientation of microgravity-related publications in that time frame, we focus on medicine-associated findings such as the µg-induced antibiotic resistance of bacteria, the myocardial consequences of µg-induced calpain activation and the role of MMP13 in osteoarthritis. All these point to the fact that µg is an extreme stressor that could not be evolutionarily addressed on Earth. EXPERT COMMENTARY : In conclusion, when interpreting µg-experiments, the direct, mostly unspecific stress response, must be distinguished from specific µg-effects. For this reason, recent studies often do not consider single protein findings but place them in the context of protein-protein interactions. This enables an estimation of functional relationships, especially if these are supported by epigenetic and transcriptional data (multi-omics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, CEP 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l'Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Wang J, Feng X, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang W. Patient-derived organoids as a model for tumor research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:259-326. [PMID: 35595351 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents a leading cause of death, despite the rapid progress of cancer research, leading to urgent need for accurate preclinical model to further study of tumor mechanism and accelerate translational applications. Cancer cell lines cannot fully recapitulate tumors of different patients due to the lack of tumor complexity and specification, while the high technical difficulty, long time, and substantial cost of patient-derived xenograft model makes it unable to be used extensively for all types of tumors and large-scale drug screening. Patient-derived organoids can be established rapidly with a high success rate from many tumors, and precisely replicate the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic features, as well as therapeutic response of patient tumor. Therefore, they are extensively used in cancer basic research, biobanking, disease modeling and precision medicine. The combinations of cancer organoids with other advanced technologies, such as 3D bio-printing, organ-on-a-chip, and CRISPR-Cas9, contributes to the more complete replication of complex tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the various methods of the establishment and the application of patient-derived organoids in diverse tumors as well as the limitations and future prospects of these models. Further advances of tumor organoids are expected to bridge the huge gap between bench and bedside and provide the unprecedented opportunities to advance cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongsong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, China; International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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31
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Yde J, Wu Q, Borg JF, Fenton RA, Moeller HB. A systems-level analysis of bile acids effects on rat colon epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G34-G48. [PMID: 34643455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00178.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid diarrhea is a chronic condition caused by increased delivery of bile acids to the colon. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. To investigate genes involved in bile acid diarrhea, systems-level analyses were used on a rat bile acid diarrhea model. Twelve male Wistar Munich rats, housed in metabolic cages, were fed either control or bile acid-mixed (1% wt/wt) diets for 10 days. Food intake, water intake, urine volume, body weight, and fecal output were monitored daily. After euthanasia, colonic epithelial cells were isolated using calcium chelation and processed for systems-level analyses, that is, RNA-sequencing transcriptomics and mass spectrometry proteomics. Bile acid-fed rats suffered diarrhea, indicated by increased drinking, feces weight, and fecal water content compared with control rats. Urine output was unchanged. With bile acid feeding, RNA-sequencing revealed 204 increased and 401 decreased mRNAs; mass spectrometry revealed 183 increased and 111 decreased proteins. Among the altered genes were genes associated with electrolyte and water transport (including Slc12a7, Clca4, and Aqp3) and genes associated with bile acid transport (Slc2b1, Abcg2, Slc51a, Slc51b, and Fabps). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (Pearson's r = 0.28) between changes in mRNA expression and changes in protein expression. However, caution must be exercised in making a direct correlation between experimentally determined transcriptomes and proteomes. Genes associated with bile acid transport responded to bile acid feeding, suggesting that colonic bile acid transport also occur by regulated protein facilitated mechanisms in addition to passive diffusion. In summary, the study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Feeding rats with a bile acid caused changes in fecal output, underlining this bile acid diarrhea model's usefulness. Colonic epithelial expression of genes associated with facilitated transport of bile acids was altered during bile acid feeding. The study raises the possibility of regulated colonic transepithelial transport of bile acids in response to luminal bile acids. In addition, this study provides annotated rat colonic epithelial cell transcriptome and proteome with response to bile acid feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan F Borg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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32
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Huang Y, Huang Z, Tang Z, Chen Y, Huang M, Liu H, Huang W, Ye Q, Jia B. Research Progress, Challenges, and Breakthroughs of Organoids as Disease Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740574. [PMID: 34869324 PMCID: PMC8635113 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cell lines and xenograft models have been widely recognized and used in research. As a new research model, organoids have made significant progress and development in the past 10 years. Compared with traditional models, organoids have more advantages and have been applied in cancer research, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and regenerative medicine. This review presented the advantages and disadvantages of organoids in physiological development, pathological mechanism, drug screening, and organ transplantation. Further, this review summarized the current situation of vascularization, immune microenvironment, and hydrogel, which are the main influencing factors of organoids, and pointed out the future directions of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibo Huang
- Department of stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Wang M, Yu H, Zhang T, Cao L, Du Y, Xie Y, Ji J, Wu J. In-Depth Comparison of Matrigel Dissolving Methods on Proteomic Profiling of Organoids. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 21:100181. [PMID: 34871808 PMCID: PMC8733271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived organoids recently emerged as promising ex vivo 3D culture models recapitulating histological and molecular characteristics of original tissues, thus proteomic profiling of organoids could be valuable for function investigation and clinical translation. However, organoids are usually cultured in murine Matrigel (served as scaffolds and matrix), which brings an issue to separate organoids from Matrigel. Because of the complex compositions of Matrigel and thousands of identical peptides shared between Matrigel and organoids, insufficiently dissolved Matrigel could influence proteomic analysis of organoids in multiple ways. Thus, how to dissolve Matrigel matrix and recovery organoid cells efficiently is vital for sample preparation. Here, we comprehensively compared three popular Matrigel dissolving methods (cell recovery solution, dispase, and PBS–EDTA buffer) and investigated the effect of undissolved Matrigel proteins on proteomic profiles of organoids. By integrative analysis of label-free proteomes of Matrigel and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture proteomes of organoids collected by three methods, respectively, we found that dispase showed an optimal efficiency, with the highest peptide yield and the highest incorporation ratio of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture labels (97.1%), as well as with the least potential Matrigel contaminants. To help analysis of proteomic profiles of organoids collected by the other two methods, we identified 312 high-confidence Matrigel contaminants, which could be filtered out to attenuate Matrigel interference with minimal loss of biological information. Together, our study identifies bioinformatics and experimental approaches to eliminate interference of Matrigel contaminants efficiently, which will be valuable for basic and translational proteomic research using organoid models. A comprehensive comparison of Matrigel dissolving methods on organoid proteomics. Matrigel leftover influences protein identification and quantification for organoids. Dispase is a satisfying method for proteomic sample preparation of organoids. Exclusion of high-confidence Matrigel contaminants attenuates Matrigel interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Center for Cancer Bioinformatics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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34
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Cai C, Itzel T, Gaitantzi H, de la Torre C, Birgin E, Betge J, Gretz N, Teufel A, Rahbari NN, Ebert MP, Breitkopf-Heinlein K. Identification of liver-derived bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 as a potential new candidate for treatment of colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:343-353. [PMID: 34841646 PMCID: PMC8743662 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a high-incidence malignancy worldwide which still needs better therapy options. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the responses of normal or malignant human intestinal epithelium to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 and to find out whether the application of BMP-9 to patients with CRC or the enhancement of its synthesis in the liver could be useful strategies for new therapy approaches. In silico analyses of CRC patient cohorts (TCGA database) revealed that high expression of the BMP-target gene ID1, especially in combination with low expression of the BMP-inhibitor noggin, is significantly associated with better patient survival. Organoid lines were generated from human biopsies of colon cancer (T-Orgs) and corresponding non-malignant areas (N-Orgs) of three patients. The N-Orgs represented tumours belonging to three different consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) of CRC. Overall, BMP-9 stimulation of organoids promoted an enrichment of tumour-suppressive gene expression signatures, whereas the stimulation with noggin had the opposite effects. Furthermore, treatment of organoids with BMP-9 induced ID1 expression (independently of high noggin levels), while treatment with noggin reduced ID1. In summary, our data identify the ratio between ID1 and noggin as a new prognostic value for CRC patient outcome. We further show that by inducing ID1, BMP-9 enhances this ratio, even in the presence of noggin. Thus, BMP-9 is identified as a novel target for the development of improved anti-cancer therapies of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Itzel
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haristi Gaitantzi
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolina de la Torre
- Medical Research Center, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emrullah Birgin
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Betge
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nuh N Rahbari
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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35
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Seidlitz T, Stange DE. Gastrointestinal cancer organoids-applications in basic and translational cancer research. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1459-1470. [PMID: 34663939 PMCID: PMC8569219 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Early cancer detection and continuous changes in treatment strategies have improved overall patient survival. The recent development of targeted drugs offers new opportunities for personalized cancer treatment. Nevertheless, individualized treatment is accompanied by the need for biomarkers predicting the response of a patient to a certain drug. One of the most promising breakthroughs in recent years that might help to overcome this problem is the organoid technology. Organoid cultures exhibit self-renewal capacity, self-organization, and long-term proliferation, while recapitulating many aspects of their primary tissue. Generated patient-derived organoid (PDO) libraries constitute "living" biobanks, allowing the in-depth analysis of tissue function, development, tumor initiation, and cancer pathobiology. Organoids can be derived from all gastrointestinal tissues, including esophageal, gastric, liver, pancreatic, small intestinal and colorectal tissues, and cancers of these tissues. PDOs are amenable to various techniques, including sequencing analyses, drug screening, targeted therapy testing, tumor microenvironment studies, and genetic engineering capabilities. In this review, we discuss the different applications of gastrointestinal organoids in basic cancer biology and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Seidlitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Patil S, Jahagirdar S, Khot M, Sengupta K. Studying the Role of Chromosomal Instability (CIN) in GI Cancers Using Patient-derived Organoids. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167256. [PMID: 34547328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is associated with the initiation and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers. Cancers of the GI tract are typically characterized by altered chromosome numbers. While the dynamics of CIN have been extensively characterized in 2D monolayer cell cultures derived from GI tumors, the tumor microenvironment and 3D tumor architecture also contribute to the progression of CIN, which is not captured in 2D cell culture systems. To overcome these limitations, self-organizing cellular structures that retain organ-specific 3D architecture, namely organoids, have been derived from various tissues of the GI tract. Organoids derived from normal tissue and patient tumors serve as a useful paradigm to study the crosstalk between tumor cells in the context of a tissue microenvironment and its impact on chromosomal stability. Such a paradigm, therefore, has a considerable advantage over 2D cell culture systems in drug screening and personalized medicine. Here, we review the importance of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) as a model to study CIN in cancers of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Patil
- Chromosome Biology Lab (CBL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India. https://twitter.com/@ShalakaPatil11
| | - Sanika Jahagirdar
- Chromosome Biology Lab (CBL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India. https://twitter.com/@SanikaJag
| | - Maithilee Khot
- Chromosome Biology Lab (CBL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India. https://twitter.com/@MaithileeKhot
| | - Kundan Sengupta
- Chromosome Biology Lab (CBL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India.
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37
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Low-viscosity matrix suspension culture enables scalable analysis of patient-derived organoids and tumoroids from the large intestine. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1067. [PMID: 34518628 PMCID: PMC8438070 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell embedment into a solid support matrix is considered essential for the culture of intestinal epithelial organoids and tumoroids, but this technique presents challenges that impede scalable culture expansion, experimental manipulation, high-throughput screening and diagnostic applications. We have developed a low-viscosity matrix (LVM) suspension culture method that enables efficient establishment and propagation of organoids and tumoroids from the human large intestine. Organoids and tumoroids cultured in LVM suspension recapitulate the morphological development observed in solid matrices, with tumoroids reflecting the histological features and genetic heterogeneity of primary colorectal cancers. We demonstrate the utility of LVM suspension culture for organoid and tumoroid bioreactor applications and biobanking, as well as tumoroid high-throughput drug sensitivity testing. These methods provide opportunities for the study and use of patient-derived organoids and tumoroids from the large intestine. Given the practical limitations of solid matrix-based protocols in organoid culture, Yumiko Hirokawa et al. assess the ability of low-concentration Matrigel conditions to promote intestinal organoid growth. Their results suggest that a low-viscosity culture system can improve live cell yield compared to the existing dome method, while maintaining similar morphology, and represents a useful approach for high-throughput applications of organoids.
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38
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Veninga V, Voest EE. Tumor organoids: Opportunities and challenges to guide precision medicine. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1190-1201. [PMID: 34416168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor organoids have been proposed as a model system for precision medicine. The ability of tumor organoids to retain characteristics of the original tumor makes them unique for cancer research on an individual patient level. Hence, the idea to use tumor organoids for clinical decision making and optimize patient outcome is tempting. In vitro responses of tumor organoids to a wide array of drugs have been positively correlated to patient responses. However, substantial challenges remain and prospective studies with large cohorts are highly needed before implementation in clinical cancer care can be considered. Because of their personalized characteristics and the immediate link with patient data, tumor organoids also have great potential in preclinical research. Here, we provide a critical overview of both clinical and preclinical advances using tumor organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Veninga
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Abstract
Organoids are self-organizing, expanding 3D cultures derived from stem cells. Using tissue derived from patients, these miniaturized models recapitulate various aspects of patient physiology and disease phenotypes including genetic profiles and drug sensitivities. As such, patient-derived organoid (PDO) platforms provide an unprecedented opportunity for improving preclinical drug discovery, clinical trial validation, and ultimately patient care. This article reviews the evolution and scope of organoid technology, highlights recent encouraging results using PDOs as potential patient "avatars" to predict drug response and outcomes, and discusses critical parameters for widespread clinical adoption. These include improvements in assay speed, reproducibility, standardization, and automation which are necessary to realize the translational potential of PDOs as clinical tools. The multiple entry points where PDOs may contribute valuable insights in drug discovery and lessen the risks associated with clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Bose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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40
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Biomarkers and cell-based models to predict the outcome of neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer patients. Biomark Res 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 34321074 PMCID: PMC8317379 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer constitutes approximately one-third of all colorectal cancers and contributes to considerable mortality globally. In contrast to colon cancer, the standard treatment for localized rectal cancer often involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Tumour response rates to treatment show substantial inter-patient heterogeneity, indicating a need for treatment stratification. Consequently researchers have attempted to establish new means for predicting tumour response in order to assist in treatment decisions. In this review we have summarized published findings regarding potential biomarkers to predict neoadjuvant treatment response for rectal cancer tumours. In addition, we describe cell-based models that can be utilized both for treatment prediction and for studying the complex mechanisms involved.
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41
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Apostolou A, Panchakshari RA, Banerjee A, Manatakis DV, Paraskevopoulou MD, Luc R, Abu-Ali G, Dimitriou A, Lucchesi C, Kulkarni G, Maulana TI, Kasendra M, Kerns JS, Bleck B, Ewart L, Manolakos ES, Hamilton GA, Giallourakis C, Karalis K. A Novel Microphysiological Colon Platform to Decipher Mechanisms Driving Human Intestinal Permeability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1719-1741. [PMID: 34284165 PMCID: PMC8551844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The limited availability of organoid systems that mimic the molecular signatures and architecture of human intestinal epithelium has been an impediment to allowing them to be harnessed for the development of therapeutics as well as physiological insights. We developed a microphysiological Organ-on-Chip (Emulate, Inc, Boston, MA) platform designed to mimic properties of human intestinal epithelium leading to insights into barrier integrity. METHODS We combined the human biopsy-derived leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive organoids and Organ-on-Chip technologies to establish a micro-engineered human Colon Intestine-Chip (Emulate, Inc, Boston, MA). We characterized the proximity of the model to human tissue and organoids maintained in suspension by RNA sequencing analysis, and their differentiation to intestinal epithelial cells on the Colon Intestine-Chip under variable conditions. Furthermore, organoids from different donors were evaluated to understand variability in the system. Our system was applied to understanding the epithelial barrier and characterizing mechanisms driving the cytokine-induced barrier disruption. RESULTS Our data highlight the importance of the endothelium and the in vivo tissue-relevant dynamic microenvironment in the Colon Intestine-Chip in the establishment of a tight monolayer of differentiated, polarized, organoid-derived intestinal epithelial cells. We confirmed the effect of interferon-γ on the colonic barrier and identified reorganization of apical junctional complexes, and induction of apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cells as mediating mechanisms. We show that in the human Colon Intestine-Chip exposure to interleukin 22 induces disruption of the barrier, unlike its described protective role in experimental colitis in mice. CONCLUSIONS We developed a human Colon Intestine-Chip platform and showed its value in the characterization of the mechanism of action of interleukin 22 in the human epithelial barrier. This system can be used to elucidate, in a time- and challenge-dependent manner, the mechanism driving the development of leaky gut in human beings and to identify associated biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Apostolou
- Emulate, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Galeb Abu-Ali
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Tengku Ibrahim Maulana
- Emulate, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Energy, Process and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Bertram Bleck
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Li H, Gao L, Du J, Ma T, Ye Z, Li Z. To Better Generate Organoids, What Can We Learn From Teratomas? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:700482. [PMID: 34336851 PMCID: PMC8324104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic profile of animal models is not completely matched with the genomic profile of humans, and 2D cultures do not represent the cellular heterogeneity and tissue architecture found in tissues of their origin. Derived from 3D culture systems, organoids establish a crucial bridge between 2D cell cultures and in vivo animal models. Organoids have wide and promising applications in developmental research, disease modeling, drug screening, precision therapy, and regenerative medicine. However, current organoids represent only single or partial components of a tissue, which lack blood vessels, native microenvironment, communication with near tissues, and a continuous dorsal-ventral axis within 3D culture systems. Although efforts have been made to solve these problems, unfortunately, there is no ideal method. Teratoma, which has been frequently studied in pathological conditions, was recently discovered as a new in vivo model for developmental studies. In contrast to organoids, teratomas have vascularized 3D structures and regions of complex tissue-like organization. Studies have demonstrated that teratomas can be used to mimic multilineage human development, enrich specific somatic progenitor/stem cells, and even generate brain organoids. These results provide unique opportunities to promote our understanding of the vascularization and maturation of organoids. In this review, we first summarize the basic characteristics, applications, and limitations of both organoids and teratomas and further discuss the possibility that in vivo teratoma systems can be used to promote the vascularization and maturation of organoids within an in vitro 3D culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Hong HK, Yun NH, Jeong YL, Park J, Doh J, Lee WY, Cho YB. Establishment of patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroid models for tumor microenvironment modeling. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5589-5598. [PMID: 34240815 PMCID: PMC8366099 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient‐derived cancer models that reconstitute the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment may facilitate efforts in precision immune‐oncology and the discovery of effective anticancer therapies. Organoids that have recently emerged as robust preclinical models typically contain tumor epithelial cells and lack the native tumor immune microenvironment. A patient‐derived organotypic tumor spheroid (PDOTS) is a novel and innovative ex vivo system that retains key features of the native tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we established and characterized a series of colorectal cancer PDOTS models for use as a preclinical platform for testing effective immunotherapy and its combinations with other drugs. Partially dissociated (> 100 μm in diameter) tumor tissues were embedded in Matrigel‐containing organoid media and subsequently formed into organoid structures within 3 to 7 days of culture. The success rate of growing PDOTS from fresh tissues was ~86%. Morphological analysis showed that the PDOTSs varied in size and structure. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis revealed that the PDOTSs retained autologous tumor‐infiltrating lymphoid cells and tumor‐infiltrating lymphoid cells were continually decreased through serial passages. Notably, PDOTSs from tumors from a high‐level microsatellite instability‐harboring patient were sensitive to anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. Our results demonstrate that the PDOTS model in which the tumor immune microenvironment is preserved may represent an advantageous ex vivo system to develop effective immune therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Hong
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nak Hyeon Yun
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Lin Jeong
- Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sunkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Transcending toward Advanced 3D-Cell Culture Modalities: A Review about an Emerging Paradigm in Translational Oncology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071657. [PMID: 34359827 PMCID: PMC8304089 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disorder characterized by an uncontrollable overgrowth and a fast-moving spread of cells from a localized tissue to multiple organs of the body, reaching a metastatic state. Throughout years, complexity of cancer progression and invasion, high prevalence and incidence, as well as the high rise in treatment failure cases leading to a poor patient prognosis accounted for continuous experimental investigations on animals and cellular models, mainly with 2D- and 3D-cell culture. Nowadays, these research models are considered a main asset to reflect the physiological events in many cancer types in terms of cellular characteristics and features, replication and metastatic mechanisms, metabolic pathways, biomarkers expression, and chemotherapeutic agent resistance. In practice, based on research perspective and hypothesis, scientists aim to choose the best model to approach their understanding and to prove their hypothesis. Recently, 3D-cell models are seen to be highly incorporated as a crucial tool for reflecting the true cancer cell microenvironment in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies, in addition to the intensity of anticancer drug response in pharmacogenomics trials. Hence, in this review, we shed light on the unique characteristics of 3D cells favoring its promising usage through a comparative approach with other research models, specifically 2D-cell culture. Plus, we will discuss the importance of 3D models as a direct reflector of the intrinsic cancer cell environment with the newest multiple methods and types available for 3D-cells implementation.
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Idris M, Alves MM, Hofstra RMW, Mahe MM, Melotte V. Intestinal multicellular organoids to study colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188586. [PMID: 34216725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Modeling colorectal cancer (CRC) using organoids has burgeoned in the last decade, providing enhanced in vitro models to study the development and possible treatment options for this type of cancer. In this review, we describe both normal and CRC intestinal organoid models and their utility in the cancer research field. Besides highlighting studies that develop epithelial CRC organoid models, i.e. organoids without tumor microenvironment (TME) cellular components, we emphasize on the need for TME in CRC modeling, to help reduce translational disparities in this area. Also, we discuss the utilization of CRC organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells, as well as their potential to be used in cancer research. Finally, limitations and challenges in the current CRC organoids field, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Idris
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA; TENS - Inserm UMR 1235, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Integrated multi-omics analyses on patient-derived CRC organoids highlight altered molecular pathways in colorectal cancer progression involving PTEN. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:198. [PMID: 34154611 PMCID: PMC8215814 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The heterogeneity of CRC identity limits the usage of cell lines to study this type of tumor because of the limited representation of multiple features of the original malignancy. Patient-derived colon organoids (PDCOs) are a promising 3D-cell model to study tumor identity for personalized medicine, although this approach still lacks detailed characterization regarding molecular stability during culturing conditions. Correlation analysis that considers genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, as well as thawing, timing, and culturing conditions, is missing. Methods Through integrated multi–omics strategies, we characterized PDCOs under different growing and timing conditions, to define their ability to recapitulate the original tumor. Results Whole Exome Sequencing allowed detecting temporal acquisition of somatic variants, in a patient-specific manner, having deleterious effects on driver genes CRC-associated. Moreover, the targeted NGS approach confirmed that organoids faithfully recapitulated patients’ tumor tissue. Using RNA-seq experiments, we identified 5125 differentially expressed transcripts in tumor versus normal organoids at different time points, in which the PTEN pathway resulted of particular interest, as also confirmed by further phospho-proteomics analysis. Interestingly, we identified the PTEN c.806_817dup (NM_000314) mutation, which has never been reported previously and is predicted to be deleterious according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification. Conclusion The crosstalk of genomic, transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic data allowed to observe that PDCOs recapitulate, at the molecular level, the tumor of origin, accumulating mutations over time that potentially mimic the evolution of the patient’s tumor, underlining relevant potentialities of this 3D model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01986-8.
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Rizzo G, Bertotti A, Leto SM, Vetrano S. Patient-derived tumor models: a more suitable tool for pre-clinical studies in colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:178. [PMID: 34074330 PMCID: PMC8168319 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite the advances in screening and surveillance, remains the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The biological inadequacy of pre-clinical models to fully recapitulate the multifactorial etiology and the complexity of tumor microenvironment and human CRC's genetic heterogeneity has limited cancer treatment development. This has led to the development of Patient-derived models able to phenocopy as much as possible the original inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of CRC, reflecting the tumor microenvironment's cellular interactions. Implantation of patient tissue into immunodeficient mice hosts and the culture of tumor organoids have allowed advances in cancer biology and metastasis. This review highlights the advantages and limits of Patient-derived models as innovative and valuable pre-clinical tools to study progression and metastasis of CRC, develop novel therapeutic strategies by creating a drug screening platform, and predict the efficacy of clinical response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Maria Leto
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy.
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Su M, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Han C, Huang C, Nice EC. Proteomics, Personalized Medicine and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34063807 PMCID: PMC8196570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As of 2020 the human genome and proteome are both at >90% completion based on high stringency analyses. This has been largely achieved by major technological advances over the last 20 years and has enlarged our understanding of human health and disease, including cancer, and is supporting the current trend towards personalized/precision medicine. This is due to improved screening, novel therapeutic approaches and an increased understanding of underlying cancer biology. However, cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease modulated by genetic, molecular, cellular, tissue, population, environmental and socioeconomic factors, which evolve with time. In spite of recent advances in treatment that have resulted in improved patient outcomes, prognosis is still poor for many patients with certain cancers (e.g., mesothelioma, pancreatic and brain cancer) with a high death rate associated with late diagnosis. In this review we overview key hallmarks of cancer (e.g., autophagy, the role of redox signaling), current unmet clinical needs, the requirement for sensitive and specific biomarkers for early detection, surveillance, prognosis and drug monitoring, the role of the microbiome and the goals of personalized/precision medicine, discussing how emerging omics technologies can further inform on these areas. Exemplars from recent onco-proteogenomic-related publications will be given. Finally, we will address future perspectives, not only from the standpoint of perceived advances in treatment, but also from the hurdles that have to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Primate Organoids and Gene-Editing Technologies toward Next-Generation Biomedical Research. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1332-1342. [PMID: 33941418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The improved ability to organize pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into 3D structures in vitro has shed light on organoid technology to recapitulate organs and tumors in vivo. Advances in gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-mediated techniques, offer tremendous potential in facilitating organoid research, including the study of development, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. This review discusses how the combination of two novel technologies - organoids and gene editing - not only contributes to revealing molecular events taking place during development and tumorigenesis but also has implications for biobanking, precision medicine, and other diverse biomedical applications.
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Kretzschmar K. Cancer research using organoid technology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:501-515. [PMID: 33057820 PMCID: PMC8026469 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organoid technology has rapidly transformed basic biomedical research and contributed to significant discoveries in the last decade. With the application of protocols to generate organoids from cancer tissue, organoid technology has opened up new opportunities for cancer research and therapy. Using organoid cultures derived from healthy tissues, different aspects of tumour initiation and progression are widely studied including the role of pathogens or specific cancer genes. Cancer organoid cultures, on the other hand, are applied to generate biobanks, perform drug screens, and study mutational signatures. With the incorporation of cellular components of the tumour microenvironment such as immune cells into the organoid cultures, the technology is now also exploited in the rapidly advancing field of immuno-oncology. In this review, I discuss how organoid technology is currently being utilised in cancer research and what obstacles are still to be overcome for its broader use in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, MSNZ/IZKF, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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