1
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Bussi C, Lai R, Athanasiadi N, Gutierrez MG. Physiologic medium renders human iPSC-derived macrophages permissive for M. tuberculosis by rewiring organelle function and metabolism. mBio 2024; 15:e0035324. [PMID: 38984828 PMCID: PMC11323749 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00353-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies are crucial for our understanding of the human macrophage immune functions. However, traditional in vitro culture media poorly reflect the metabolic composition of blood, potentially affecting the outcomes of these studies. Here, we analyzed the impact of a physiological medium on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages (iPSDM) function. Macrophages cultured in a human plasma-like medium (HPLM) were more permissive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replication and showed decreased lipid metabolism with increased metabolic polarization. Functionally, we discovered that HPLM-differentiated macrophages showed different metabolic organelle content and activity. Specifically, HPLM-differentiated macrophages displayed reduced lipid droplet and peroxisome content, increased lysosomal proteolytic activity, and increased mitochondrial activity and dynamics. Inhibiting or inducing lipid droplet formation revealed that lipid droplet content is a key factor influencing macrophage permissiveness to Mtb. These findings underscore the importance of using physiologically relevant media in vitro for accurately studying human macrophage function. IMPORTANCE This work compellingly demonstrates that the choice of culture medium significantly influences M. tuberculosis replication outcomes, thus emphasizing the importance of employing physiologically relevant media for accurate in vitro host-pathogen interaction studies. We anticipate that our work will set a precedent for future research with clinical relevance, particularly in evaluating antibiotic efficacy and resistance in cellulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bussi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Lai
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Lee GB, Mazli WNAB, Hao L. Multiomics Evaluation of Human iPSCs and iPSC-Derived Neurons. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3149-3160. [PMID: 38415376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into neurons, providing living human neurons to model brain diseases. However, it is unclear how different types of molecules work together to regulate stem cell and neuron biology in healthy and disease states. In this study, we conducted integrated proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics analyses with confident identification, accurate quantification, and reproducible measurements to compare the molecular profiles of human iPSCs and iPSC-derived neurons. Proteins, lipids, and metabolites related to mitosis, DNA replication, pluripotency, glycosphingolipids, and energy metabolism were highly enriched in iPSCs, whereas synaptic proteins, neurotransmitters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cardiolipins, and axon guidance pathways were highly enriched in neurons. Mutations in the GRN gene lead to the deficiency of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, which has been associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Using this multiomics platform, we evaluated the impact of PGRN deficiency on iPSCs and neurons at the whole-cell level. Proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics analyses implicated PGRN's roles in neuroinflammation, purine metabolism, and neurite outgrowth, revealing commonly altered pathways related to neuron projection, synaptic dysfunction, and brain metabolism. Multiomics data sets also pointed toward the same hypothesis that neurons seem to be more susceptible to PGRN loss compared to iPSCs, consistent with the neurological symptoms and cognitive impairment from patients carrying inherited GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Bin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Wan Nur Atiqah Binti Mazli
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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3
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Tesla R, Guhl C, Werthmann GC, Dixon D, Cenik B, Addepalli Y, Liang J, Fass DM, Rosenthal Z, Haggarty SJ, Williams NS, Posner BA, Ready JM, Herz J. Benzoxazole-derivatives enhance progranulin expression and reverse the aberrant lysosomal proteome caused by GRN haploinsufficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6125. [PMID: 39033178 PMCID: PMC11271458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a major cause of hereditary frontotemporal dementia. The mechanisms linking frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis to progranulin deficiency are not well understood, and there is currently no treatment. Our strategy to prevent the onset and progression of frontotemporal dementia in patients with GRN mutations is to utilize small molecule positive regulators of GRN expression to boost progranulin levels from the remaining functional GRN allele, thus restoring progranulin levels back to normal within the brain. This work describes a series of blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecules which significantly increase progranulin protein levels in human cellular models, correct progranulin protein deficiency in Grn+/- mouse brains, and reverse lysosomal proteome aberrations, a phenotypic hallmark of frontotemporal dementia, more efficiently than the previously described small molecule suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These molecules will allow further elucidation of the cellular functions of progranulin and its role in frontotemporal dementia and will also serve as lead structures for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Dixon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Basar Cenik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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4
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Reich M, Simon MJ, Polke B, Paris I, Werner G, Schrader C, Spieth L, Davis SS, Robinson S, de Melo GL, Schlaphoff L, Buschmann K, Berghoff S, Logan T, Nuscher B, de Weerd L, Edbauer D, Simons M, Suh JH, Sandmann T, Kariolis MS, DeVos SL, Lewcock JW, Paquet D, Capell A, Di Paolo G, Haass C. Peripheral expression of brain-penetrant progranulin rescues pathologies in mouse models of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj7308. [PMID: 38838131 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency is a major risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology (FTLD-GRN). Multiple therapeutic strategies are in clinical development to restore PGRN in the CNS, including gene therapy. However, a limitation of current gene therapy approaches aimed to alleviate FTLD-associated pathologies may be their inefficient brain exposure and biodistribution. We therefore developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) targeting the liver (L) to achieve sustained peripheral expression of a transferrin receptor (TfR) binding, brain-penetrant (b) PGRN variant [AAV(L):bPGRN] in two mouse models of FTLD-GRN, namely, Grn knockout and GrnxTmem106b double knockout mice. This therapeutic strategy avoids potential safety and biodistribution issues of CNS-administered AAVs and maintains sustained concentrations of PGRN in the brain after a single dose. AAV(L):bPGRN treatment reduced several FTLD-GRN-associated pathologies including severe motor function deficits, aberrant TDP-43 phosphorylation, dysfunctional protein degradation, lipid metabolism, gliosis, and neurodegeneration in the brain. The potential translatability of our findings was tested in an in vitro model using cocultured human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived microglia lacking PGRN and TMEM106B and wild-type hiPSC-derived neurons. As in mice, aberrant TDP-43, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuronal loss were ameliorated after treatment with exogenous TfR-binding protein transport vehicle fused to PGRN (PTV:PGRN). Together, our studies suggest that peripherally administered brain-penetrant PGRN replacement strategies ameliorate FTLD-GRN relevant phenotypes including TDP-43 pathology, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits. Our data provide preclinical proof of concept for the use of this AAV platform for treatment of FTLD-GRN and potentially other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Reich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew J Simon
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Beate Polke
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Iñaki Paris
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Werner
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schrader
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonnet S Davis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Schlaphoff
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Buschmann
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Berghoff
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lis de Weerd
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Sandmann
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Sarah L DeVos
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Capell
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
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5
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Bucknor EMV, Johnson E, Efthymiou S, Alvi JR, Sultan T, Houlden H, Maroofian R, Karimiani EG, Finelli MJ, Oliver PL. Neuroinflammation and Lysosomal Abnormalities Characterise the Essential Role for Oxidation Resistance 1 in the Developing and Adult Cerebellum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:685. [PMID: 38929124 PMCID: PMC11201099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the TLDc family of proteins cause a range of severe childhood-onset neurological disorders with common clinical features that include cerebellar neurodegeneration, ataxia and epilepsy. Of these proteins, oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) has been implicated in multiple cellular pathways related to antioxidant function, transcriptional regulation and cellular survival; yet how this relates to the specific neuropathological features in disease remains unclear. Here, we investigate a range of loss-of-function mouse model systems and reveal that constitutive deletion of Oxr1 leads to a rapid and striking neuroinflammatory response prior to neurodegeneration that is associated with lysosomal pathology. We go on to show that neuroinflammation and cell death in Oxr1 knockouts can be completely rescued by the neuronal expression of Oxr1, suggesting that the phenotype is driven by the cell-intrinsic defects of neuronal cells lacking the gene. Next, we generate a ubiquitous, adult inducible knockout of Oxr1 that surprisingly displays rapid-onset ataxia and cerebellar neurodegeneration, establishing for the first time that the distinctive pathology associated with the loss of Oxr1 occurs irrespective of developmental stage. Finally, we describe two new homozygous human pathogenic variants in OXR1 that cause neurodevelopmental delay, including a novel stop-gain mutation. We also compare functionally two missense human pathogenic mutations in OXR1, including one newly described here, that cause different clinical phenotypes but demonstrate partially retained neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress. Together, these data highlight the essential role of Oxr1 in modulating neuroinflammatory and lysosomal pathways in the mammalian brain and support the hypothesis that OXR1 protein dosage may be critical for pathological outcomes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eboni M. V. Bucknor
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1B 5EE, UK
| | - Javeria R. Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children Hospital, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore 54660, Pakistan
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children Hospital, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore 54660, Pakistan
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1B 5EE, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1B 5EE, UK
| | - Ehsan G. Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW18 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad 009851, Iran
| | - Mattéa J. Finelli
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter L. Oliver
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
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6
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Tan LX, Oertel FC, Cheng A, Cobigo Y, Keihani A, Bennett DJ, Abdelhak A, Montes SC, Chapman M, Chen RY, Cordano C, Ward ME, Casaletto K, Kramer JH, Rosen HJ, Boxer A, Miller BL, Green AJ, Elahi FM, Lakkaraju A. Targeting complement C3a receptor resolves mitochondrial hyperfusion and subretinal microglial activation in progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.595206. [PMID: 38854134 PMCID: PMC11160746 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.595206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in progranulin ( GRN ) cause frontotemporal dementia ( GRN -FTD) due to deficiency of the pleiotropic protein progranulin. GRN -FTD exhibits diverse pathologies including lysosome dysfunction, lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation. Yet, how progranulin loss causes disease remains unresolved. Here, we report that non-invasive retinal imaging of GRN -FTD patients revealed deficits in photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that correlate with cognitive decline. Likewise, Grn -/- mice exhibit early RPE dysfunction, microglial activation, and subsequent photoreceptor loss. Super-resolution live imaging and transcriptomic analyses identified RPE mitochondria as an early driver of retinal dysfunction. Loss of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (MTFP1) in Grn -/- RPE causes mitochondrial hyperfusion and bioenergetic defects, leading to NF-kB-mediated activation of complement C3a-C3a receptor signaling, which drives further mitochondrial hyperfusion and retinal inflammation. C3aR antagonism restores RPE mitochondrial integrity and limits subretinal microglial activation. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism by which progranulin modulates mitochondrial integrity and complement-mediated neuroinflammation.
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7
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Sevigny J, Uspenskaya O, Heckman LD, Wong LC, Hatch DA, Tewari A, Vandenberghe R, Irwin DJ, Saracino D, Le Ber I, Ahmed R, Rohrer JD, Boxer AL, Boland S, Sheehan P, Brandes A, Burstein SR, Shykind BM, Kamalakaran S, Daniels CW, David Litwack E, Mahoney E, Velaga J, McNamara I, Sondergaard P, Sajjad SA, Kobayashi YM, Abeliovich A, Hefti F. Progranulin AAV gene therapy for frontotemporal dementia: translational studies and phase 1/2 trial interim results. Nat Med 2024; 30:1406-1415. [PMID: 38745011 PMCID: PMC11108785 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, which eventually leads to frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN). PR006 is an investigational gene therapy delivering the granulin gene (GRN) using an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector. In non-clinical studies, PR006 transduced neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with FTD-GRN, resulted in progranulin expression and improvement of lipofuscin, lysosomal and neuroinflammation pathologies in Grn-knockout mice, and was well tolerated except for minimal, asymptomatic dorsal root ganglionopathy in non-human primates. We initiated a first-in-human phase 1/2 open-label trial. Here we report results of a pre-specified interim analysis triggered with the last treated patient of the low-dose cohort (n = 6) reaching the 12-month follow-up timepoint. We also include preliminary data from the mid-dose cohort (n = 7). Primary endpoints were safety, immunogenicity and change in progranulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Secondary endpoints were Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) rating scale and levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL). One-time administration of PR006 into the cisterna magna was generally safe and well tolerated. All patients developed treatment-emergent anti-AAV9 antibodies in the CSF, but none developed anti-progranulin antibodies. CSF pleocytosis was the most common PR006-related adverse event. Twelve serious adverse events occurred, mostly unrelated to PR006. Deep vein thrombosis developed in three patients. There was one death (unrelated) occurring 18 months after treatment. CSF progranulin increased after PR006 treatment in all patients; blood progranulin increased in most patients but only transiently. NfL levels transiently increased after PR006 treatment, likely reflecting dorsal root ganglia toxicity. Progression rates, based on the CDR scale, were within the broad ranges reported for patients with FTD. These data provide preliminary insights into the safety and bioactivity of PR006. Longer follow-up and additional studies are needed to confirm the safety and potential efficacy of PR006. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04408625 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sevigny
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Olga Uspenskaya
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Dean Heckman
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chin Wong
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Hatch
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rebekah Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Center, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Brandes
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin M Shykind
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - E David Litwack
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Mahoney
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Velaga
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilan McNamara
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sondergaard
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Sajjad
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne M Kobayashi
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Rosenthal ZC, Fass DM, Payne NC, She A, Patnaik D, Hennig KM, Tesla R, Werthmann GC, Guhl C, Reis SA, Wang X, Chen Y, Placzek M, Williams NS, Hooker J, Herz J, Mazitschek R, Haggarty SJ. Epigenetic modulation through BET bromodomain inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9064. [PMID: 38643236 PMCID: PMC11032351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder with currently no disease-modifying treatment options available. Mutations in GRN are one of the most common genetic causes of FTD, near ubiquitously resulting in progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency. Small molecules that can restore PGRN protein to healthy levels in individuals bearing a heterozygous GRN mutation may thus have therapeutic value. Here, we show that epigenetic modulation through bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors (BETi) potently enhance PGRN protein levels, both intracellularly and secreted forms, in human central nervous system (CNS)-relevant cell types, including in microglia-like cells. In terms of potential for disease modification, we show BETi treatment effectively restores PGRN levels in neural cells with a GRN mutation known to cause PGRN haploinsufficiency and FTD. We demonstrate that BETi can rapidly and durably enhance PGRN in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in a manner dependent upon BET protein expression, suggesting a gain-of-function mechanism. We further describe a CNS-optimized BETi chemotype that potently engages endogenous BRD4 and enhances PGRN expression in neuronal cells. Our results reveal a new epigenetic target for treating PGRN-deficient forms of FTD and provide mechanistic insight to aid in translating this discovery into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Connor Payne
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela She
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krista M Hennig
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Surya A Reis
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yueting Chen
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Takahashi H, Bhagwagar S, Nies SH, Ye H, Han X, Chiasseu MT, Wang G, Mackenzie IR, Strittmatter SM. Reduced progranulin increases tau and α-synuclein inclusions and alters mouse tauopathy phenotypes via glucocerebrosidase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1434. [PMID: 38365772 PMCID: PMC10873339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Comorbid proteinopathies are observed in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), increase with age, and influence clinical outcomes, yet the mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we show that reduction of progranulin (PGRN), a lysosomal protein associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy, also increases tau inclusions, causes concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein and worsens mortality and disinhibited behaviors in tauopathy mice. The increased inclusions paradoxically protect against spatial memory deficit and hippocampal neurodegeneration. PGRN reduction in male tauopathy attenuates activity of β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a protein previously associated with synucleinopathy, while increasing glucosylceramide (GlcCer)-positive tau inclusions. In neuronal culture, GCase inhibition enhances tau aggregation induced by AD-tau. Furthermore, purified GlcCer directly promotes tau aggregation in vitro. Neurofibrillary tangles in human tauopathies are also GlcCer-immunoreactive. Thus, in addition to TDP-43, PGRN regulates tau- and synucleinopathies via GCase and GlcCer. A lysosomal PGRN-GCase pathway may be a common therapeutic target for age-related comorbid proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Sanaea Bhagwagar
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah H Nies
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hongping Ye
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Marius T Chiasseu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA.
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10
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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11
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Wang AL, Mambou EA, Kao AW. The progranulin cleavage product granulin 3 exerts a dominant negative effect on animal fitness. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:245-253. [PMID: 37903062 PMCID: PMC10800025 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Human progranulin is comprised of multiple cysteine-rich, biologically active granulin peptides. Granulin peptides accumulate with age and stress, however their functional contributions relative to full-length progranulin remain unclear. To address this, we generated C. elegans strains that produced quantifiable levels of both full-length progranulin/PGRN-1 protein and cleaved granulin peptide. Using these strains, we demonstrated that even in the presence of intact PGRN-1, granulin peptides suppressed the activity of the lysosomal aspartyl protease activity, ASP-3/CTSD. Granulin peptides were also dominant over PGRN-1 in compromising animal fitness as measured by progress through development and stress response. Finally, the degradation of human TDP-43 was impaired when the granulin to PGRN-1 ratio was increased, representing a disease-relevant downstream impact of impaired lysosomal function. In summary, these studies suggest that not only absolute progranulin levels, but also the balance between full-length progranulin and its cleavage products, is important in regulating lysosomal biology. Given its relevance in human disease, this suggests that the processing of progranulin into granulins should be considered as part of disease pathobiology and may represent a site of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Edwina A Mambou
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Bai Y, Camargo CM, Glasauer SMK, Gifford R, Tian X, Longhini AP, Kosik KS. Single-cell mapping of lipid metabolites using an infrared probe in human-derived model systems. Nat Commun 2024; 15:350. [PMID: 38191490 PMCID: PMC10774263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding metabolic heterogeneity is the key to uncovering the underlying mechanisms of metabolic-related diseases. Current metabolic imaging studies suffer from limitations including low resolution and specificity, and the model systems utilized often lack human relevance. Here, we present a single-cell metabolic imaging platform to enable direct imaging of lipid metabolism with high specificity in various human-derived 2D and 3D culture systems. Through the incorporation of an azide-tagged infrared probe, selective detection of newly synthesized lipids in cells and tissue became possible, while simultaneous fluorescence imaging enabled cell-type identification in complex tissues. In proof-of-concept experiments, newly synthesized lipids were directly visualized in human-relevant model systems among different cell types, mutation status, differentiation stages, and over time. We identified upregulated lipid metabolism in progranulin-knockdown human induced pluripotent stem cells and in their differentiated microglia cells. Furthermore, we observed that neurons in brain organoids exhibited a significantly lower lipid metabolism compared to astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeran Bai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Carolina M Camargo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Stella M K Glasauer
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Raymond Gifford
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Xinran Tian
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Longhini
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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13
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Todd TW, Shao W, Zhang YJ, Petrucelli L. The endolysosomal pathway and ALS/FTD. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1025-1041. [PMID: 37827960 PMCID: PMC10841821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are considered to be part of a disease spectrum that is associated with causative mutations and risk variants in a wide range of genes. Mounting evidence indicates that several of these genes are linked to the endolysosomal system, highlighting the importance of this pathway in ALS/FTD. Although many studies have focused on how disruption of this pathway impacts on autophagy, recent findings reveal that this may not be the whole picture: specifically, disrupting autophagy may not be sufficient to induce disease, whereas disrupting the endolysosomal system could represent a crucial pathogenic driver. In this review we discuss the connections between ALS/FTD and the endolysosomal system, including a breakdown of how disease-associated genes are implicated in this pathway. We also explore the potential downstream consequences of disrupting endolysosomal activity in the brain, outside of an effect on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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15
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Gammaldi N, Pezzini F, Michelucci E, Di Giorgi N, Simonati A, Rocchiccioli S, Santorelli FM, Doccini S. Integrative human and murine multi-omics: Highlighting shared biomarkers in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 189:106349. [PMID: 37952681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders whose molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Omics approaches are among the methods that generate new information on modifying factors and molecular signatures. Moreover, omics data integration can address the need to progressively expand knowledge around the disease and pinpoint specific proteins to promote as candidate biomarkers. In this work, we integrated a total of 62 proteomic and transcriptomic datasets originating from humans and mice, employing a new approach able to define dysregulated processes across species, stages and NCL forms. Moreover, we selected a pool of differentially expressed proteins and genes as species- and form-related biomarkers of disease status/progression and evaluated local and spatial differences in most affected brain regions. Our results offer promising targets for potential new therapeutic strategies and reinforce the hypothesis of a connection between NCLs and other forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gammaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy
| | - F Pezzini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - E Michelucci
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - N Di Giorgi
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - A Simonati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Rocchiccioli
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - F M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy
| | - S Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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17
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Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Piechowski-Jóźwiak B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3435-3447. [PMID: 37561339 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition and is a leading cause of disability. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a distinct inflammatory response starting with the production of various cytokines and other inflammation-related agents. Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional protein, is critical in diverse physiological reactions, such as cell proliferation, inflammation, wound healing, and nervous system development. A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia. The neurogenesis enhanced via PGRN in the ischemic brain SVZ may be attributed to the induction of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling routes. PGRN can also promote the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PGRN increases hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing anxiety and impaired spatial learning post-cerebral ischemia. PGRN alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PGRN can be introduced as a potent neuroprotective agent capable of improving post-ischemia neuronal actions, mainly by reducing and elevating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Expression, storage, cleavage, and function of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Piechowski-Jóźwiak
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 59 Hamouda Bin Ali Al Dhaheri Street, Jazeerat Al Maryah, PO Box 112412, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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18
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Takahashi H, Perez-Canamas A, Ye H, Han X, Strittmatter SM. Lysosomal TMEM106B interacts with galactosylceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557804. [PMID: 37745346 PMCID: PMC10515910 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
TMEM106B is an endolysosomal transmembrane protein not only associated with multiple neurological disorders including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and hypomyelinating leukodystrophy but also potentially involved in COVID-19. Additionally, recent studies have identified amyloid fibrils of C-terminal TMEM106B in both aged healthy and neurodegenerative brains. However, so far little is known about physiological functions of TMEM106B in the endolysosome and how TMEM106B is involved in a wide range of human conditions at molecular levels. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of the brain of TMEM106B-deficient mice. We found that TMEM106B deficiency significantly decreases levels of two major classes of myelin lipids, galactosylceramide and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Subsequent co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that TMEM106B physically interacts with galactosylceramidase. We also found that galactosyceramidase activity was significantly increased in TMEM106B-deficient brains. Thus, our results reveal a novel function of TMEM106B interacting with galactosyceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism and have implications for TMEM106B-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Azucena Perez-Canamas
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Hongping Ye
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stephen M. Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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19
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Sarmento MJ, Llorente A, Petan T, Khnykin D, Popa I, Nikolac Perkovic M, Konjevod M, Jaganjac M. The expanding organelle lipidomes: current knowledge and challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:237. [PMID: 37530856 PMCID: PMC10397142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipids in cell membranes and subcellular compartments play essential roles in numerous cellular processes, such as energy production, cell signaling and inflammation. A specific organelle lipidome is characterized by lipid synthesis and metabolism, intracellular trafficking, and lipid homeostasis in the organelle. Over the years, considerable effort has been directed to the identification of the lipid fingerprints of cellular organelles. However, these fingerprints are not fully characterized due to the large variety and structural complexity of lipids and the great variability in the abundance of different lipid species. The process becomes even more challenging when considering that the lipidome differs in health and disease contexts. This review summarizes the information available on the lipid composition of mammalian cell organelles, particularly the lipidome of the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and organelles in the endocytic pathway. The lipid compositions of extracellular vesicles and lamellar bodies are also described. In addition, several examples of subcellular lipidome dynamics under physiological and pathological conditions are presented. Finally, challenges in mapping organelle lipidomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Sarmento
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iuliana Popa
- Pharmacy Department, Bâtiment Henri Moissan, University Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Wang X, Wang L, Luo M, Bu Q, Liu C, Jiang L, Xu R, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Wan X, Li H, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Dai Y, Li M, Wang H, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. Integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals clarithromycin-induced alteration of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the cerebral cortex of mice. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:771-793. [PMID: 34458952 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clarithromycin (CLA) has been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infection. Research reveals the adverse effects on the central nervous system among patients receiving CLA treatment; whereas, a relevant underlying mechanism remains considerably unclear. According to our research, an integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis was applied to explore the effect of CLA on neurobehavior. CLA treatment caused anxiety-like behaviors dose-dependently during open field as well as elevated plus maze trials on mice. Transcriptomes and LC/MS-MS-based metabolomes were adopted for investigating how CLA affected lipidomic profiling as well as metabolic pathway of the cerebral cortex. CLA exposure greatly disturbed glycerophospholipid metabolism and the carbon chain length of fatty acids. By using whole transcriptome sequencing, we found that CLA significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of CEPT1 and CHPT1, two key enzymes involved in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids, supporting the findings from the lipidomic profiling. Also, CLA causes changes in neuronal morphology and function in vitro, which support the existing findings concerning neurobehavior in vivo. We speculate that altered glycerophospholipid metabolism may be involved in the neurobehavioral effect of CLA. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms of CLA-induced adverse effects on the central nervous system. 1. Clarithromycin treatment caused anxiety-like behavior with dose-dependent response both in the open field and elevated plus maze test in mice; 2. Clarithromycin exposing predominately disturbed the metabolism of glycerophospholipids in the cerebral cortex of mice; 3. Clarithromycin application remarkably attenuated CEPT1 and CHPT1 gene expression, which participate in the last step in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids; 4. The altered glycerophospholipid metabolomics may be involved in the abnormal neurobehavior caused by clarithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Luo
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomin Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoluo Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wan
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghai Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Dai
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-tech Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Davis SE, Cook AK, Hall JA, Voskobiynyk Y, Carullo NV, Boyle NR, Hakim AR, Anderson KM, Hobdy KP, Pugh DA, Murchison CF, McMeekin LJ, Simmons M, Margolies KA, Cowell RM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Arrant AE. Patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar increases in lysosomal proteins and storage material as patients with FTD due to GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:70. [PMID: 37118844 PMCID: PMC10148425 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function progranulin (GRN) mutations are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with FTD due to GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) develop frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A) and exhibit elevated levels of lysosomal proteins and storage material in frontal cortex, perhaps indicating lysosomal dysfunction as a mechanism of disease. To investigate whether patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar signs of lysosomal dysfunction, we compared lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. We analyzed samples from frontal cortex, a degenerated brain region, and occipital cortex, a relatively spared brain region. In frontal cortex, patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type A exhibited similar increases in lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material as patients with FTD-GRN. In occipital cortex of both patient groups, most lysosomal measures did not differ from controls. Frontal cortex from a transgenic mouse model of TDP-opathy had similar increases in cathepsin D and lysosomal storage material, showing that TDP-opathy and neurodegeneration can drive these changes independently of progranulin. To investigate these changes in additional FTLD subtypes, we analyzed frontal cortical samples from patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease, an FTLD-tau subtype. All sporadic FTLD groups had similar increases in cathepsin D activity, lysosomal membrane proteins, and storage material as FTD-GRN patients. However, patients with FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease did not have similar increases in lysosomal transcripts as patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. Based on these data, accumulation of lysosomal proteins and storage material may be a common aspect of end-stage FTLD. However, the unique changes in gene expression in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A may indicate distinct underlying lysosomal changes among FTLD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar E Davis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuliya Voskobiynyk
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nancy V Carullo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristian M Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kierra P Hobdy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derian A Pugh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Micah Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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22
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Life B, Petkau TL, Cruz GNF, Navarro-Delgado EI, Shen N, Korthauer K, Leavitt BR. FTD-associated behavioural and transcriptomic abnormalities in 'humanized' progranulin-deficient mice: A novel model for progranulin-associated FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106138. [PMID: 37105261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an early onset dementia characterized by neuropathology and behavioural changes. A common genetic cause of FTD is haploinsufficiency of the gene progranulin (GRN). Mouse models of progranulin deficiency have provided insight into progranulin neurobiology, but the description of phenotypes with preclinical relevance has been limited in the currently available heterozygous progranulin-null mice. The identification of robust and reproducible FTD-associated behavioural, neuropathological, and biochemical phenotypes in progranulin deficient mice is a critical step in the preclinical development of therapies for FTD. In this work, we report the generation of a novel, 'humanized' mouse model of progranulin deficiency that expresses a single, targeted copy of human GRN in the absence of mouse progranulin. We also report the in-depth, longitudinal characterization of humanized progranulin-deficient mice and heterozygous progranulin-null mice over 18 months. Our analysis yielded several novel progranulin-dependent physiological and behavioural phenotypes, including increased marble burying, open field hyperactivity, and thalamic microgliosis in both models. RNAseq analysis of cortical tissue revealed an overlapping profile of transcriptomic dysfunction. Further transcriptomic analysis offers new insights into progranulin neurobiology. In sum, we have identified several consistent phenotypes in two independent mouse models of progranulin deficiency that are expected to be useful endpoints in the development of therapies for progranulin-deficient FTD. Furthermore, the presence of the human progranulin gene in the humanized progranulin-deficient mice will expedite the development of clinically translatable gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Life
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Giuliano N F Cruz
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erick I Navarro-Delgado
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ning Shen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Keegan Korthauer
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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23
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Marian OC, Teo JD, Lee JY, Song H, Kwok JB, Landin-Romero R, Halliday G, Don AS. Disrupted myelin lipid metabolism differentiates frontotemporal dementia caused by GRN and C9orf72 gene mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 36967384 PMCID: PMC10041703 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene and hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 are the two most common genetic causes of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) with TDP-43 protein inclusions. The triggers for neurodegeneration in FTD with GRN (FTD-GRN) or C9orf72 (FTD-C9orf72) gene abnormalities are unknown, although evidence from mouse and cell culture models suggests that GRN mutations disrupt lysosomal lipid catabolism. To determine how brain lipid metabolism is affected in familial FTD with TDP-43 inclusions, and how this is related to myelin and lysosomal markers, we undertook comprehensive lipidomic analysis, enzyme activity assays, and western blotting on grey and white matter samples from the heavily-affected frontal lobe and less-affected parietal lobe of FTD-GRN cases, FTD-C9orf72 cases, and age-matched neurologically-normal controls. Substantial loss of myelin-enriched sphingolipids (sulfatide, galactosylceramide, sphingomyelin) and myelin proteins was observed in frontal white matter of FTD-GRN cases. A less-pronounced, yet statistically significant, loss of sphingolipids was also observed in FTD-C9orf72. FTD-GRN was distinguished from FTD-C9orf72 and control cases by increased acylcarnitines in frontal grey matter and marked accumulation of cholesterol esters in both frontal and parietal white matter, indicative of myelin break-down. Both FTD-GRN and FTD-C9orf72 cases showed significantly increased lysosomal and phagocytic protein markers, however galactocerebrosidase activity, required for lysosomal catabolism of galactosylceramide and sulfatide, was selectively increased in FTD-GRN. We conclude that both C9orf72 and GRN mutations are associated with disrupted lysosomal homeostasis and white matter lipid loss, but GRN mutations cause a more pronounced disruption to myelin lipid metabolism. Our findings support the hypothesis that hyperactive myelin lipid catabolism is a driver of gliosis and neurodegeneration in FTD-GRN. Since FTD-GRN is associated with white matter hyperintensities by MRI, our data provides important biochemical evidence supporting the use of MRI measures of white matter integrity in the diagnosis and management of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C Marian
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Teo
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Huitong Song
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ramon Landin-Romero
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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24
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Rafiee F, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Progranulin (PGRN) as a regulator of inflammation and a critical factor in the immunopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36658641 PMCID: PMC9851114 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological conditions are typically regulated with high sensitivity to avoid the exacerbation of inflammation, but any dysregulation can probably be associated with CVDs. In this respect, progranulin (PGRN) serves as one of the main components of the regulation of inflammatory processes, which significantly contributes to the immunopathogenesis of such disorders. PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between the serum PGRN and TNF-α ratio with the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitute one of the independent predictors of these conditions. The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Many studies have further demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has dramatically increased the risks of CVDs due to inflammation, so PGRN has drawn much more attention among scholars. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Therefore, investigation of PGRN actions can help find new prospects in the treatment of CVDs. This review aims to summarize the role of PGRN in the immunopathogenesis of CVD, with an emphasis on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- grid.491786.50000 0001 0211 9062Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kashyap SN, Boyle NR, Roberson ED. Preclinical Interventions in Mouse Models of Frontotemporal Dementia Due to Progranulin Mutations. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:140-153. [PMID: 36781744 PMCID: PMC10119358 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a leading cause of early-onset dementia characterized clinically by behavioral, social, and language deficits. There are currently no FDA-approved therapeutics for FTD-GRN, but this has been an active area of investigation, and several approaches are now in clinical trials. Here, we review preclinical development of therapies for FTD-GRN with a focus on testing in mouse models. Since most FTD-GRN-associated mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, these approaches focus on raising progranulin levels. We begin by considering the disorders associated with altered progranulin levels, and then review the basics of progranulin biology including its lysosomal, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory functions. We discuss mouse models of progranulin insufficiency and how they have been used in preclinical studies on a variety of therapeutic approaches. These include approaches to raise progranulin expression from the normal allele or facilitate progranulin production by the mutant allele, as well as approaches to directly increase progranulin levels by delivery across the blood-brain barrier or by gene therapy. Several of these approaches have entered clinical trials, providing hope that new therapies for FTD-GRN may be the next frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya N Kashyap
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Tran ML, Tüshaus J, Kim Y, Ramazanov BR, Devireddy S, Lichtenthaler SF, Ferguson SM, von Blume J. Cab45 deficiency leads to the mistargeting of progranulin and prosaposin and aberrant lysosomal positioning. Traffic 2023; 24:4-19. [PMID: 36398980 PMCID: PMC9825660 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi Network (TGN) sorts molecular "addresses" and sends newly synthesized proteins to their destination via vesicular transport carriers. Despite the functional significance of packaging processes at the TGN, the sorting of soluble proteins remains poorly understood. Recent research has shown that the Golgi resident protein Cab45 is a significant regulator of secretory cargo sorting at the TGN. Cab45 oligomerizes upon transient Ca2+ influx, recruits soluble cargo molecules (clients), and packs them in sphingomyelin-rich transport carriers. However, the identity of client molecules packed into Cab45 vesicles is scarce. Therefore, we used a precise and highly efficient secretome analysis technology called hiSPECs. Intriguingly, we observed that Cab45 deficient cells manifest hypersecretion of lysosomal hydrolases. Specifically, Cab45 deficient cells secrete the unprocessed precursors of prosaposin (PSAP) and progranulin (PGRN). In addition, lysosomes in these cells show an aberrant perinuclear accumulation suggesting a new role of Cab45 in lysosomal positioning. This work uncovers a yet unknown function of Cab45 in regulating lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ly Tran
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675
| | - Yeongho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bulat R. Ramazanov
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Swathi Devireddy
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia von Blume
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Signaling Pathways in Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Update of Therapeutic Strategies. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes represent a pivotal element in the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Targeting these processes can lead to the alleviation of cardiomyocyte (CM) injury and the increase of reparative mechanisms. Loss of CMs from inflammation-associated cardiac diseases often results in heart failure (HF). Evidence of the crosstalk between nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Hippo, and mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been reported in manifold immune responses and cardiac pathologies. Since these signaling cascades regulate a broad array of biological tasks in diverse cell types, their misregulation is responsible for the pathogenesis of many cardiac and vascular disorders, including cardiomyopathies and atherosclerosis. In response to a myriad of proinflammatory cytokines, which induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, several molecular mechanisms are activated within the heart to inaugurate the structural remodeling of the organ. This review provides a global landscape of intricate protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks between key constituents of NF-κB, Hippo, and mTOR signaling pathways as quintessential targetable candidates for the therapy of cardiovascular and inflammation-related diseases.
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28
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Woollacott IOC, Swift IJ, Sogorb‐Esteve A, Heller C, Knowles K, Bouzigues A, Russell LL, Peakman G, Greaves CV, Convery R, Heslegrave A, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Tiraboschi P, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Jiskoot L, Sorbi S, Butler CR, Graff C, Gerhard A, Laforce R, Sanchez‐Valle R, de Mendonça A, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Ducharme S, Ber IL, Levin J, Otto M, Pasquier F, Santana I, Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD. CSF glial markers are elevated in a subset of patients with genetic frontotemporal dementia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1764-1777. [PMID: 36245297 PMCID: PMC9639635 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been shown to be an important pathophysiological disease mechanism in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). This includes activation of microglia, a process that can be measured in life through assaying different glia-derived biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid. However, only a few studies so far have taken place in FTD, and even fewer focusing on the genetic forms of FTD. METHODS We investigated the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TREM2, YKL-40 and chitotriosidase using immunoassays in 183 participants from the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) study: 49 C9orf72 (36 presymptomatic, 13 symptomatic), 49 GRN (37 presymptomatic, 12 symptomatic) and 23 MAPT (16 presymptomatic, 7 symptomatic) mutation carriers and 62 mutation-negative controls. Concentrations were compared between groups using a linear regression model adjusting for age and sex, with 95% bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals. Concentrations in each group were correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score using non-parametric partial correlations adjusting for age. Age-adjusted z-scores were also created for the concentration of markers in each participant, investigating how many had a value above the 95th percentile of controls. RESULTS Only chitotriosidase in symptomatic GRN mutation carriers had a concentration significantly higher than controls. No group had higher TREM2 or YKL-40 concentrations than controls after adjusting for age and sex. There was a significant negative correlation of chitotriosidase concentration with MMSE in presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers. In the symptomatic groups, for TREM2 31% of C9orf72, 25% of GRN, and 14% of MAPT mutation carriers had a concentration above the 95th percentile of controls. For YKL-40 this was 8% C9orf72, 8% GRN and 0% MAPT mutation carriers, whilst for chitotriosidase it was 23% C9orf72, 50% GRN, and 29% MAPT mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS Although chitotriosidase concentrations in GRN mutation carriers were the only significantly raised glia-derived biomarker as a group, a subset of mutation carriers in all three groups, particularly for chitotriosidase and TREM2, had elevated concentrations. Further work is required to understand the variability in concentrations and the extent of neuroinflammation across the genetic forms of FTD. However, the current findings suggest limited utility of these measures in forthcoming trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione O. C. Woollacott
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Imogen J. Swift
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Aitana Sogorb‐Esteve
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carolin Heller
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Knowles
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy L. Russell
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline V. Greaves
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhian Convery
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | | | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | | | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological SciencesUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of NeurologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Department of NeurologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of NeurofarbaUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo GnocchiFlorenceItaly
| | - Chris R. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences DivisionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme AgingKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical NeurosciencesSalford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de MédecineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Raquel Sanchez‐Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I SunyerUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of NeurologyDonostia University HospitalSan SebastianGipuzkoaSpain
- Neuroscience AreaBiodonostia Health Research InstituteSan SebastianGipuzkoaSpain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of NeurologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Neurology ServiceUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – Institut du Cerveau – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP‐HP ‐ Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de NeurologieAP‐HP ‐ Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Département de NeurologieAP‐HP ‐ Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MunichGermany
- Munich Cluster of Systems NeurologyMunichGermany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ LilleLilleFrance
- Inserm 1172LilleFrance
- CHU, CNR‐MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND LilleLilleFrance
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Service, Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesClear Water Bay, Hong KongChina
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research CentreUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
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29
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Boland S, Swarup S, Ambaw YA, Malia PC, Richards RC, Fischer AW, Singh S, Aggarwal G, Spina S, Nana AL, Grinberg LT, Seeley WW, Surma MA, Klose C, Paulo JA, Nguyen AD, Harper JW, Walther TC, Farese RV. Deficiency of the frontotemporal dementia gene GRN results in gangliosidosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5924. [PMID: 36207292 PMCID: PMC9546883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of GRN causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The GRN locus produces progranulin (PGRN), which is cleaved to lysosomal granulin polypeptides. The function of lysosomal granulins and why their absence causes neurodegeneration are unclear. Here we discover that PGRN-deficient human cells and murine brains, as well as human frontal lobes from GRN-mutation FTD patients have increased levels of gangliosides, glycosphingolipids that contain sialic acid. In these cells and tissues, levels of lysosomal enzymes that catabolize gangliosides were normal, but levels of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates (BMP), lipids required for ganglioside catabolism, were reduced with PGRN deficiency. Our findings indicate that granulins are required to maintain BMP levels to support ganglioside catabolism, and that PGRN deficiency in lysosomes leads to gangliosidosis. Lysosomal ganglioside accumulation may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration susceptibility observed in FTD due to PGRN deficiency and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boland
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sharan Swarup
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Yohannes A Ambaw
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pedro C Malia
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruth C Richards
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02124, USA.
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Center on Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02124, USA.
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30
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Neuroimmune dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia: Insights from progranulin and C9orf72 deficiency. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102599. [PMID: 35792478 PMCID: PMC9798541 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune dysfunction is a cardinal feature of neurodegenerative diseases. But how immune dysregulation in the brain and peripheral organs contribute to neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here, we discuss the recent advances highlighting neuroimmune dysfunction as a key disease-driving factor in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We provide an overview of the clinical observations supporting a high prevalence of autoimmune diseases in FTD patients with mutations in GRN or C9orf72. We then focus on a myriad of evidence from human genetic studies, mouse models, in vitro assays, and multi-omics platform, which indicate that haploinsufficiency in GRN and C9orf72 promotes neuroimmune dysfunction and contributes to neurodegeneration and premature death. These compelling data provide key insights to disease mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and therapeutic interventions for FTD (120 words).
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31
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Generation and Characterization of Novel iPSC Lines from a Portuguese Family Bearing Heterozygous and Homozygous GRN Mutations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081905. [PMID: 36009452 PMCID: PMC9405606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in granulin (GRN) have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). In Portugal, GRN mutations account for around half of all FTLD cases with known genetic origin. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of three human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from a Portuguese family harboring heterozygous and homozygous GRN mutation. hiPSCs were reprogrammed from human dermal fibroblasts by episomal nucleofection of the Yamanaka factors. The new generated lines were positive for pluripotency markers, could be further differentiated to cells expressing all trilineage markers, and presented a normal karyotype. They were also capable of differentiating into 3D brain organoids and presented a significant decrease in progranulin protein levels. Hence, these cell lines constitute suitable new tools to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the GRN mutations in the context of FTLD.
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32
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Wang Y, Cao X, Liu P, Zeng W, Peng R, Shi Q, Feng K, Zhang P, Sun H, Wang C, Wang H. KCTD7 mutations impair the trafficking of lysosomal enzymes through CLN5 accumulation to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5578. [PMID: 35921411 PMCID: PMC9348797 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are central organelles for cellular degradation and energy metabolism. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of the most common neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders characterized by intracellular accumulation of ceroid in neurons. Mutations in KCTD7, a gene encoding an adaptor of the CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) complex, are categorized as a unique NCL subtype. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report various lysosomal and autophagic defects in KCTD7-deficient cells. Mechanistically, the CRL3-KCTD7 complex degrades CLN5, whereas patient-derived KCTD7 mutations disrupt the interaction between KCTD7-CUL3 or KCTD7-CLN5 and ultimately lead to excessive accumulation of CLN5. The accumulated CLN5 disrupts the interaction between CLN6/8 and lysosomal enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), subsequently impairing ER-to-Golgi trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized roles of KCTD7-mediated CLN5 proteolysis in lysosomal homeostasis and demonstrate that KCTD7 and CLN5 are biochemically linked and function in a common neurodegenerative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotong Cao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zeng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Sun
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenji Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mankhong S, Kim S, Lee S, Kwak HB, Park DH, Joa KL, Kang JH. Development of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040850. [PMID: 35453600 PMCID: PMC9025524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 115 years since the discovery of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), our knowledge, diagnosis, and therapeutics have significantly improved. Biomarkers are the primary tools for clinical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic monitoring in clinical trials. They provide much insightful information, and while they are not clinically used routinely, they help us to understand the mechanisms of this disease. This review charts the journey of AD biomarker discovery and development from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) biomarkers and imaging technologies to the next generation of biomarkers. We also discuss advanced high-sensitivity assay platforms for CSF Aβ42, T-tau, p-tau, and blood analysis. The recently proposed Aβ deposition/tau biomarker/neurodegeneration or neuronal injury (ATN) scheme might facilitate the definition of the biological status underpinning AD and offer a common language among researchers across biochemical biomarkers and imaging. Moreover, we highlight blood-based biomarkers for AD that offer a scalable alternative to CSF biomarkers through cost-saving and reduced invasiveness, and may provide an understanding of disease initiation and development. We discuss different groups of blood-based biomarker candidates, their advantages and limitations, and paths forward, from identification and analysis to clinical validation. The development of valid blood-based biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of future AD therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakulrat Mankhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.)
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Seongju Lee
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Joa
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.M.); (S.K.)
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-B.K.); (D.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-9872
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Udayar V, Chen Y, Sidransky E, Jagasia R. Lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegeneration: emerging concepts and methods. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:184-199. [PMID: 35034773 PMCID: PMC8854344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of lysosomes has come a long way since the initial discovery of their role in degrading cellular waste. The lysosome is now recognized as a highly dynamic organelle positioned at the crossroads of cell signaling, transcription, and metabolism. Underscoring its importance is the observation that, in addition to rare monogenic lysosomal storage disorders, genes regulating lysosomal function are implicated in common sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Developing therapies for these disorders is particularly challenging, largely due to gaps in knowledge of the underlying molecular and cellular processes. In this review, we discuss technological advances that have propelled deeper understanding of the lysosome in neurodegeneration, from elucidating the functions of lysosome-related disease risk variants at the level of the organelle, cell, and tissue, to the development of disease-specific biological models that recapitulate disease manifestations. Finally, we identify key questions to be addressed to successfully bridge the gap to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Udayar
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yu Chen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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Reifschneider A, Robinson S, van Lengerich B, Gnörich J, Logan T, Heindl S, Vogt MA, Weidinger E, Riedl L, Wind K, Zatcepin A, Pesämaa I, Haberl S, Nuscher B, Kleinberger G, Klimmt J, Götzl JK, Liesz A, Bürger K, Brendel M, Levin J, Diehl‐Schmid J, Suh J, Di Paolo G, Lewcock JW, Monroe KM, Paquet D, Capell A, Haass C. Loss of TREM2 rescues hyperactivation of microglia, but not lysosomal deficits and neurotoxicity in models of progranulin deficiency. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109108. [PMID: 35019161 PMCID: PMC8844989 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the progranulin (PGRN)-encoding gene (GRN) causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (GRN-FTLD) and results in microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 activation, lysosomal dysfunction, and TDP-43 deposition. To understand the contribution of microglial hyperactivation to pathology, we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to suppress TREM2-dependent transition of microglia from a homeostatic to a disease-associated state. Trem2 deficiency in Grn KO mice reduced microglia hyperactivation. To explore antibody-mediated pharmacological modulation of TREM2-dependent microglial states, we identified antagonistic TREM2 antibodies. Treatment of macrophages from GRN-FTLD patients with these antibodies led to reduced TREM2 signaling due to its enhanced shedding. Furthermore, TREM2 antibody-treated PGRN-deficient microglia derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells showed reduced microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 signaling, and phagocytic activity, but lysosomal dysfunction was not rescued. Similarly, lysosomal dysfunction, lipid dysregulation, and glucose hypometabolism of Grn KO mice were not rescued by TREM2 ablation. Synaptic loss and neurofilament light-chain (NfL) levels, a biomarker for neurodegeneration, were further elevated in the Grn/Trem2 KO cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These findings suggest that TREM2-dependent microglia hyperactivation in models of GRN deficiency does not promote neurotoxicity, but rather neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Reifschneider
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Johannes Gnörich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Endy Weidinger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Lina Riedl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Karin Wind
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia K Götzl
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Katharina Bürger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Janine Diehl‐Schmid
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jung Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Anja Capell
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Christian Haass
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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36
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Amin S, Carling G, Gan L. New insights and therapeutic opportunities for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:131-139. [PMID: 34826653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common form of dementia. It affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and has a highly heterogeneous clinical representation with patients presenting with a wide range of behavioral, language, and executive dysfunctions. Etiology of FTD is complex and consists of both familial and sporadic cases. Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in GRN haploinsufficiency, cause progranulin (PGRN)-deficient FTD characterized with cytoplasmic mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates. GRN codes for PGRN, a secreted protein that is also localized in the endolysosomes and plays a critical role in regulating lysosomal homeostasis. How PGRN deficiency modulates immunity and causes TDP-43 pathology and FTD-related neurodegeneration remains an active area of intense investigation. In the current review, we discuss some of the significant progress made in the past two years that links PGRN deficiency with microglial-associated neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and lysosomal dysfunction. We also review the opportunities and challenges toward developing therapies and biomarkers to treat PGRN-deficient FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Gillian Carling
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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37
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Chitramuthu BP, Campos-García VR, Bateman A. Multiple Molecular Pathways Are Influenced by Progranulin in a Neuronal Cell Model-A Parallel Omics Approach. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:775391. [PMID: 35095393 PMCID: PMC8791029 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.775391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is critical in supporting a healthy CNS. Its haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal dementia, while in experimental models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, the targeted expression of PGRN greatly slows the onset of disease phenotypes. Nevertheless, much remains unclear about how PGRN affects its target cells. In previous studies we found that PGRN showed a remarkable ability to support the survival of NSC-34 motor neuron cells under conditions that would otherwise lead to their apoptosis. Here we used the same model to investigate other phenotypes of PGRN expression in NSC-34 cells. PGRN significantly influenced morphological differentiation, resulting in cells with enlarged cell bodies and extended projections. At a molecular level this correlated with pathways associated with the cytoskeleton and synaptic differentiation. Depletion of PGRN led to increased expression of several neurotrophic receptors, which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to compensate for loss of neurotrophic support from PGRN. The exception was RET, a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase, which, when PGRN levels are high, shows increased expression and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. Other receptor tyrosine kinases also showed higher tyrosine phosphorylation when PGRN was elevated, suggesting a generalized enhancement of receptor activity. PGRN was found to bind to multiple plasma membrane proteins, including RET, as well as proteins in the ER/Golgi apparatus/lysosome pathway. Understanding how these various pathways contribute to PGRN action may provide routes toward improving neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P Chitramuthu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Víctor R Campos-García
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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38
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Rhinn H, Tatton N, McCaughey S, Kurnellas M, Rosenthal A. Progranulin as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:641-652. [PMID: 35039149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN, encoded by the GRN gene) plays a key role in the development, survival, function, and maintenance of neurons and microglia in the mammalian brain. It regulates lysosomal biogenesis, inflammation, repair, stress response, and aging. GRN loss-of-function mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or frontotemporal dementia-GRN (FTD-GRN) in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Mutations that reduce PGRN levels increase the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 encephalopathy, as well as exacerbate the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and FTD caused by the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. Elevating and/or restoring PGRN levels is an attractive therapeutic strategy and is being investigated for neurodegenerative diseases through multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Rhinn
- Alector, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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39
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Parkin beyond Parkinson’s Disease—A Functional Meaning of Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123389. [PMID: 34943897 PMCID: PMC8699658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Here, we discuss the evidence of parkin downregulation in these disease phenotypes, its emerging connections with TDP-43, and its possible functional implications.
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40
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Mendsaikhan A, Tooyama I, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Walker DG. Loss of Lysosomal Proteins Progranulin and Prosaposin Associated with Increased Neurofibrillary Tangle Development in Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:741-753. [PMID: 34374777 PMCID: PMC8433593 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease causing cognitive decline in the aging population. To develop disease-modifying treatments, understanding the mechanisms behind the pathology is important, which should include observations using human brain samples. We reported previously on the association of lysosomal proteins progranulin (PGRN) and prosaposin (PSAP) with amyloid plaques in non-demented aged control and AD brains. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of PGRN and PSAP in tangle formation using human brain tissue sections of non-demented aged control subjects and AD cases and compared with cases of frontotemporal dementia with granulin (GRN) mutations. The study revealed that decreased amounts of PGRN and PSAP proteins were detected even in immature neurofibrillary tangles, while colocalization was still evident in adjacent neurons in all cases. Results suggest that neuronal loss of PGRN preceded loss of PSAP as tangles developed and matured. The GRN mutation cases exhibited almost complete absence of PGRN in most neurons, while PSAP signal was preserved. Although based on correlative data, we suggest that reduced levels of PGRN and PSAP and their interaction in neurons might predispose to accumulation of p-Tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anarmaa Mendsaikhan
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (AM, IT, DGW)
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (AM, IT, DGW)
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona (GES, TGB)
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona (GES, TGB)
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (AM, IT, DGW)
- School of Life Sciences and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (DGW)
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41
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Logan T, Simon MJ, Rana A, Cherf GM, Srivastava A, Davis SS, Low RLY, Chiu CL, Fang M, Huang F, Bhalla A, Llapashtica C, Prorok R, Pizzo ME, Calvert MEK, Sun EW, Hsiao-Nakamoto J, Rajendra Y, Lexa KW, Srivastava DB, van Lengerich B, Wang J, Robles-Colmenares Y, Kim DJ, Duque J, Lenser M, Earr TK, Nguyen H, Chau R, Tsogtbaatar B, Ravi R, Skuja LL, Solanoy H, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Heuer HW, Dennis MS, Kariolis MS, Monroe KM, Przybyla L, Sanchez PE, Meisner R, Diaz D, Henne KR, Watts RJ, Henry AG, Gunasekaran K, Astarita G, Suh JH, Lewcock JW, DeVos SL, Di Paolo G. Rescue of a lysosomal storage disorder caused by Grn loss of function with a brain penetrant progranulin biologic. Cell 2021; 184:4651-4668.e25. [PMID: 34450028 PMCID: PMC8489356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GRN mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (GRN-FTD) due to deficiency in progranulin (PGRN), a lysosomal and secreted protein with unclear function. Here, we found that Grn-/- mice exhibit a global deficiency in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), an endolysosomal phospholipid we identified as a pH-dependent PGRN interactor as well as a redox-sensitive enhancer of lysosomal proteolysis and lipolysis. Grn-/- brains also showed an age-dependent, secondary storage of glucocerebrosidase substrate glucosylsphingosine. We investigated a protein replacement strategy by engineering protein transport vehicle (PTV):PGRN-a recombinant protein linking PGRN to a modified Fc domain that binds human transferrin receptor for enhanced CNS biodistribution. PTV:PGRN rescued various Grn-/- phenotypes in primary murine macrophages and human iPSC-derived microglia, including oxidative stress, lysosomal dysfunction, and endomembrane damage. Peripherally delivered PTV:PGRN corrected levels of BMP, glucosylsphingosine, and disease pathology in Grn-/- CNS, including microgliosis, lipofuscinosis, and neuronal damage. PTV:PGRN thus represents a potential biotherapeutic for GRN-FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anil Rana
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Chi-Lu Chiu
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meng Fang
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Akhil Bhalla
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Junhua Wang
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Duque
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roni Chau
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ritesh Ravi
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; On behalf of the ALLFTD investigators
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- On behalf of the ALLFTD investigators; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; On behalf of the ALLFTD investigators
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; On behalf of the ALLFTD investigators
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirk R Henne
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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Zhang PF, Hu H, Tan L, Yu JT. Microglia Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3388-3404. [PMID: 33713018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have become an extremely important link in the prevention and treatment of AD. Because of the occult onset, the diagnosis and treatment of AD based on clinical symptoms are increasingly challenged by current severe situations. Therefore, molecular diagnosis models based on early AD pathological markers have received more attention. Among the possible pathological mechanisms, microglia which are necessary for normal brain function are highly expected and have been continuously studied in various models. Several AD biomarkers already exist, but currently there is a paucity of specific and sensitive microglia biomarkers which can accurately measure preclinical AD. Bringing microglia biomarkers into the molecular diagnostic system which is based on fluid and neuroimaging will play an important role in future scientific research and clinical practice. Furthermore, developing novel, more specific, and sensitive microglia biomarkers will make it possible to pharmaceutically target chemical pathways that preserve beneficial microglial functions in response to AD pathology. This review discusses microglia biomarkers in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Chemical and genetic rescue of in vivo progranulin-deficient lysosomal and autophagic defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022115118. [PMID: 34140407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, GRN mutations were first linked to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the leading cause of non-Alzheimer dementias. While much research has been dedicated to understanding the genetic causes of the disease, our understanding of the mechanistic impacts of GRN deficiency has only recently begun to take shape. With no known cure or treatment available for GRN-related FTD, there is a growing need to rapidly advance genetic and/or small-molecule therapeutics for this disease. This issue is complicated by the fact that, while lysosomal dysfunction seems to be a key driver of pathology, the mechanisms linking a loss of GRN to a pathogenic state remain unclear. In our attempt to address these key issues, we have turned to the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, to model, study, and find potential therapies for GRN-deficient FTD. First, we show that the loss of the nematode GRN ortholog, pgrn-1, results in several behavioral and molecular defects, including lysosomal dysfunction and defects in autophagic flux. Our investigations implicate the sphingolipid metabolic pathway in the regulation of many of the in vivo defects associated with pgrn-1 loss. Finally, we utilized these nematodes as an in vivo tool for high-throughput drug screening and identified two small molecules with potential therapeutic applications against GRN/pgrn-1 deficiency. These compounds reverse the biochemical, cellular, and functional phenotypes of GRN deficiency. Together, our results open avenues for mechanistic and therapeutic research into the outcomes of GRN-related neurodegeneration, both genetic and molecular.
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Wang XM, Zeng P, Fang YY, Zhang T, Tian Q. Progranulin in neurodegenerative dementia. J Neurochem 2021; 158:119-137. [PMID: 33930186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term or severe lack of protective factors is important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. Progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor expressed mainly in neurons and microglia, has various neuroprotective effects such as anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neuron survival and neurite growth, and participating in normal lysosomal function. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) have been found in several neurodegenerative dementias, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, PGRN deficiency and PGRN hydrolytic products (GRNs) in the pathological changes related to dementia, including aggregation of tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction, neuroinflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, neuronal death, and synaptic deficit have been summarized. Furthermore, as some therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN have been developed in various models, we highlighted PGRN as a potential anti-neurodegeneration target in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Gaweda-Walerych K, Walerych D, Berdyński M, Buratti E, Zekanowski C. Parkin Levels Decrease in Fibroblasts With Progranulin (PGRN) Pathogenic Variants and in a Cellular Model of PGRN Deficiency. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:676478. [PMID: 34054428 PMCID: PMC8155584 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.676478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative diseases with TDP-43 mislocalization and aggregation. Genetic forms of FTLD and ALS are caused by pathogenic variants in various genes, such as PGRN (progranulin). To date, depletion of parkin E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, a key mitophagy regulator, has been reported in sporadic ALS patients and ALS mice models with TDP-43 proteinopathy. In this work, we show parkin downregulation also in fibroblasts derived from FTLD patients with four different PGRN pathogenic variants. We corroborate this finding in control fibroblasts upon PGRN silencing, demonstrating additionally the decrease of parkin downstream targets, mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). Importantly, we show that TDP-43 overexpression rescues PRKN levels upon transient PGRN silencing, but not in FTLD fibroblasts with PGRN pathogenic variants, despite upregulating PGRN levels in both cases. Further observation of PRKN downregulation upon TDP-43 silencing, suggests that TDP-43 loss-of-function contributes to PRKN decrease. Our results provide further evidence that parkin downregulation might be a common and systemic phenomenon in neurodegenerative diseases with TDP- 43 loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gaweda-Walerych
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Walerych
- Laboratory of Human Disease Multiomics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Berdyński
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Cezary Zekanowski
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Frew J, Nygaard HB. Neuropathological and behavioral characterization of aged Grn R493X progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia knockin mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:57. [PMID: 33795008 PMCID: PMC8017751 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) causes a spectrum of clinical presentations of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), including progressive changes in behavior, personality, executive function, and language. Up to 20% of familial FTLD cases are caused by progranulin (GRN) haploinsufficiency (FTD-GRN), with one of the most common causal variant being a nonsense mutation at arginine 493 (R493X). Recently, a genetic knockin FTD-GRN mouse model was generated bearing this GrnR493X mutation, at the analogous arginine in murine Grn. Aged, homozygous GrnR493X mice (GrnR493X/R493X) have been shown to phenotypically replicate several neuropathological hallmarks previously demonstrated in Grn null mice. We conducted a comprehensive neuropathological and behavioral assessment of 18 month old GrnR493X/R493X mice, observing a striking lysosomal dysfunction and thalamic neurodegeneration not previously described in this model, as well as a male-specific increase in generalized anxiety. These findings provide additional phenotypic markers of pathogenesis in aged GrnR493X/R493X mice that will contribute to better defining mechanisms underlying FTD-GRN, and offer relevant outcome measures for preclinical efficacy testing of novel therapeutics that target nonsense mutations leading to this devastating disease.
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The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
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Lee JY, Marian OC, Don AS. Defective Lysosomal Lipid Catabolism as a Common Pathogenic Mechanism for Dementia. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:1-24. [PMID: 33550528 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia poses an ever-growing burden to health care and social services as life expectancies have grown across the world and populations age. The most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genomic studies over the past 3 decades have identified variants in genes regulating lipid transporters and endosomal processes as major risk determinants for AD, with the most significant being inheritance of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E. A recent surge in research on lipid handling and metabolism in glia and neurons has established defective lipid clearance from endolysosomes as a central driver of AD pathogenesis. The most prevalent genetic risk factors for DLB are the APOE ε4 allele, and heterozygous loss of function mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal catabolic enzyme glucocerebrosidase; whilst heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, required for lysosomal catabolism of sphingolipids, are responsible for a significant proportion of FTD cases. Homozygous mutations in the GBA or GRN genes produce the lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Research from mouse and cell culture models, and neuropathological evidence from lysosomal storage diseases, has established that impaired cholesterol or sphingolipid catabolism is sufficient to produce the pathological hallmarks of dementia, indicating that defective lipid catabolism is a common mechanism in the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yup Lee
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Oana C Marian
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Parenti G, Medina DL, Ballabio A. The rapidly evolving view of lysosomal storage diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12836. [PMID: 33459519 PMCID: PMC7863408 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies of several components of lysosomal function. Most commonly affected are lysosomal hydrolases, which are involved in the breakdown and recycling of a variety of complex molecules and cellular structures. The understanding of lysosomal biology has progressively improved over time. Lysosomes are no longer viewed as organelles exclusively involved in catabolic pathways, but rather as highly dynamic elements of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, involved in multiple cellular functions, including signaling, and able to adapt to environmental stimuli. This refined vision of lysosomes has substantially impacted on our understanding of the pathophysiology of lysosomal disorders. It is now clear that substrate accumulation triggers complex pathogenetic cascades that are responsible for disease pathology, such as aberrant vesicle trafficking, impairment of autophagy, dysregulation of signaling pathways, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Novel technologies, in most cases based on high-throughput approaches, have significantly contributed to the characterization of lysosomal biology or lysosomal dysfunction and have the potential to facilitate diagnostic processes, and to enable the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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