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Cyster JG, Wilson PC. Antibody modulation of B cell responses-Incorporating positive and negative feedback. Immunity 2024; 57:1466-1481. [PMID: 38986442 PMCID: PMC11257158 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are powerful modulators of ongoing and future B cell responses. While the concept of antibody feedback has been appreciated for over a century, the topic has seen a surge in interest due to the evidence that the broadening of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 after a third mRNA vaccination is a consequence of antibody feedback. Moreover, the discovery that slow antigen delivery can lead to more robust humoral immunity has put a spotlight on the capacity for early antibodies to augment B cell responses. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby antibody feedback shapes B cell responses, integrating findings in humans and in mouse models. We consider the major influence of epitope masking and the diverse actions of complement and Fc receptors and provide a framework for conceptualizing the ways antigen-specific antibodies may influence B cell responses to any form of antigen, in conditions as diverse as infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Zhang T, Liu W, Yang YG. B cell development and antibody responses in human immune system mice: current status and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:645-652. [PMID: 38270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Humanized immune system (HIS) mice have been developed and used as a small surrogate model to study human immune function under normal or disease conditions. Although variations are found between models, most HIS mice show robust human T cell responses. However, there has been unsuccessful in constructing HIS mice that produce high-affinity human antibodies, primarily due to defects in terminal B cell differentiation, antibody affinity maturation, and development of primary follicles and germinal centers. In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge about and previous attempts to improve human B cell development in HIS mice, and propose a potential strategy for constructing HIS mice with improved humoral immunity by transplantation of human follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) to facilitate the development of secondary follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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3
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Krimpenfort LT, Degn SE, Heesters BA. The follicular dendritic cell: At the germinal center of autoimmunity? Cell Rep 2024; 43:113869. [PMID: 38431843 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases strain healthcare systems worldwide as their incidence rises, and current treatments put patients at risk for infections. An increased understanding of autoimmune diseases is required to develop targeted therapies that do not impair normal immune function. Many autoimmune diseases present with autoantibodies, which drive local or systemic inflammation. This indicates the presence of autoreactive B cells that have escaped tolerance. An important step in the development of autoreactive B cells is the germinal center (GC) reaction, where they undergo affinity maturation toward cognate self-antigen. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) perform the essential task of antigen presentation to B cells during the affinity maturation process. However, in recent years, it has become clear that FDCs play a much more active role in regulation of GC processes. Here, we evaluate the biology of FDCs in the context of autoimmune disease, with the goal of informing future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc T Krimpenfort
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Wang J, Liu S, Meng X, Zhao X, Wang T, Lei Z, Lehmann HI, Li G, Alcaide P, Bei Y, Xiao J. Exercise Inhibits Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Regulating B Cells. Circ Res 2024; 134:550-568. [PMID: 38323433 PMCID: PMC11233173 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, but its use is limited by acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. Exercise training has been shown to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, but the involvement of immune cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of exercise-derived B cells in protecting against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and to further determine whether B cell activation and antibody secretion play a role in this protection. METHODS Mice that were administered with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg per week, 20 mg/kg cumulative dose) received treadmill running exercise. The adoptive transfer of exercise-derived splenic B cells to μMT-/- (B cell-deficient) mice was performed to elucidate the mechanism of B cell regulation that mediated the effect of exercise. RESULTS Doxorubicin-administered mice that had undergone exercise training showed improved cardiac function, and low levels of cardiac apoptosis, atrophy, and fibrosis, and had reduced cardiac antibody deposition and proinflammatory responses. Similarly, B cell pharmacological and genetic depletion alleviated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, which phenocopied the protection of exercise. In vitro performed coculture experiments confirmed that exercise-derived B cells reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibroblast activation compared with control B cells. Importantly, the protective effect of exercise on B cells was confirmed by the adoptive transfer of splenic B cells from exercised donor mice to μMT-/- recipient mice. However, blockage of Fc gamma receptor IIB function using B cell transplants from exercised Fc gamma receptor IIB-/- mice abolished the protection of exercise-derived B cells against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Mechanistically, we found that Fc gamma receptor IIB, an important B cell inhibitory receptor, responded to exercise and increased B cell activation threshold, which participated in exercise-induced protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that exercise training protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by upregulating Fc gamma receptor IIB expression in B cells, which plays an important anti-inflammatory role and participates in the protective effect of exercise against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Xinxiu Meng
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- CDL Research (Z.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (Z.L.)
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center (Z.L.)
- University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (Z.L.)
| | - H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.I.L., G.L.)
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.I.L., G.L.)
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (P.A.)
| | - Yihua Bei
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong) and School of Life Science (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education) (J.W., S.L., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (J.W., S.L., X.M., X.Z., T.W., Y.B., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
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5
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Najem H, Arrieta VA, Duffy J, Tripathi S, Zannikou M, Dhiantravan S, Miska J, McCortney K, Steffens A, Walshon J, Lee Chang C, Dahdaleh NS, Sonabend AM, Smith Z, Horbinski CM, Chandler J, Heimberger AB, Balyasnikova IV. Prohibitin Expression in Antigen-Presenting Cells: Implications for Inciting Trigger in CNS IgG4-Related Disease. ANNALS OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 9:1607. [PMID: 38606301 PMCID: PMC11008565 DOI: 10.29011/2574-7754.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare autoimmune disorder with an unknown etiology. Using orthogonal immune profiling and automated sequential multiplexing, we found an enhanced frequency of activated circulating B cells, antigen-presenting myeloid cells in peripheral blood, and a distinct distribution of immune cells within the CNS lesions. Prohibitin-expressing CD138+ plasma B cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells have been found interacting with T cells resulting in irmnune cell activation within the lesion. The data implicate prohibitin as a potential triggering antigen in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD and shed light on the cellular dynamics and interactions driving IgG4-RD in the central nervous system, emphasizing the need for further studies corroborating these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Duffy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Silpol Dhiantravan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen McCortney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia Steffens
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordain Walshon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catalina Lee Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nader S Dahdaleh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary Smith
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Chandler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Uderhardt S, Neag G, Germain RN. Dynamic Multiplex Tissue Imaging in Inflammation Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:43-67. [PMID: 37722698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-070323-124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic process with immune cells that continuously interact with each other and parenchymal components as they migrate through tissue. The dynamic cellular responses and interaction patterns are a function of the complex tissue environment that cannot be fully reconstructed ex vivo, making it necessary to assess cell dynamics and changing spatial patterning in vivo. These dynamics often play out deep within tissues, requiring the optical focus to be placed far below the surface of an opaque organ. With the emergence of commercially available two-photon excitation lasers that can be combined with existing imaging systems, new avenues for imaging deep tissues over long periods of time have become available. We discuss a selected subset of studies illustrating how two-photon microscopy (2PM) has helped to relate the dynamics of immune cells to their in situ function and to understand the molecular patterns that govern their behavior in vivo. We also review some key practical aspects of 2PM methods and point out issues that can confound the results, so that readers can better evaluate the reliability of conclusions drawn using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgiana Neag
- Department of Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Competence Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging (CAT-I), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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7
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Klaus T, Hieber C, Bros M, Grabbe S. Integrins in Health and Disease-Suitable Targets for Treatment? Cells 2024; 13:212. [PMID: 38334604 PMCID: PMC10854705 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin receptors are heterodimeric surface receptors that play multiple roles regarding cell-cell communication, signaling, and migration. The four members of the β2 integrin subfamily are composed of an alternative α (CD11a-d) subunit, which determines the specific receptor properties, and a constant β (CD18) subunit. This review aims to present insight into the multiple immunological roles of integrin receptors, with a focus on β2 integrins that are specifically expressed by leukocytes. The pathophysiological role of β2 integrins is confirmed by the drastic phenotype of patients suffering from leukocyte adhesion deficiencies, most often resulting in severe recurrent infections and, at the same time, a predisposition for autoimmune diseases. So far, studies on the role of β2 integrins in vivo employed mice with a constitutive knockout of all β2 integrins or either family member, respectively, which complicated the differentiation between the direct and indirect effects of β2 integrin deficiency for distinct cell types. The recent generation and characterization of transgenic mice with a cell-type-specific knockdown of β2 integrins by our group has enabled the dissection of cell-specific roles of β2 integrins. Further, integrin receptors have been recognized as target receptors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as tumor therapy. However, whereas both agonistic and antagonistic agents yielded beneficial effects in animal models, the success of clinical trials was limited in most cases and was associated with unwanted side effects. This unfavorable outcome is most probably related to the systemic effects of the used compounds on all leukocytes, thereby emphasizing the need to develop formulations that target distinct types of leukocytes to modulate β2 integrin activity for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (T.K.); (C.H.); (M.B.)
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8
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Martínez-Riaño A, Wang S, Boeing S, Minoughan S, Casal A, Spillane KM, Ludewig B, Tolar P. Long-term retention of antigens in germinal centers is controlled by the spatial organization of the follicular dendritic cell network. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1281-1294. [PMID: 37443283 PMCID: PMC7614842 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) require sustained availability of antigens to promote antibody affinity maturation against pathogens and vaccines. A key source of antigens for GC B cells are immune complexes (ICs) displayed on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Here we show that FDC spatial organization regulates antigen dynamics in the GC. We identify heterogeneity within the FDC network. While the entire light zone (LZ) FDC network captures ICs initially, only the central cells of the network function as the antigen reservoir, where different antigens arriving from subsequent immunizations colocalize. Mechanistically, central LZ FDCs constitutively express subtly higher CR2 membrane densities than peripheral LZ FDCs, which strongly increases the IC retention half-life. Even though repeated immunizations gradually saturate central FDCs, B cell responses remain efficient because new antigens partially displace old ones. These results reveal the principles shaping antigen display on FDCs during the GC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shenshen Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sophie Minoughan
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonio Casal
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Liu X, Liu B, Qi H. Germinal center reaction and output: recent advances. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102308. [PMID: 37018876 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is unique in that it incorporates clonal expansion, somatic mutagenesis, affinity-based selection, and differentiation events all in one tightly packed but highly dynamic microenvironment to produce affinity-matured plasma cells (PCs) or memory B cells (MBCs). Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how cyclic expansion and selection are orchestrated, how stringency and efficiency of selection are maintained, and how external signals are integrated in B cells to promote post-GC development of PCs and MBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: A Potential Biomarker for Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235968. [PMID: 36497450 PMCID: PMC9739898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a special component in the immune microenvironment that is mainly composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T cells, B cells, DC cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs). For cancer patients, evaluation of the immune microenvironment has a predictive effect on tumor biological behavior, treatment methods, and prognosis. As a result, TLSs have begun to attract the attention of researchers as a new potential biomarker. However, the composition and mechanisms of TLSs are still unclear, and clinical detection methods are still being explored. Although some meaningful results have been obtained in clinical trials, there is still a long way to go before such methods can be applied in clinical practice. However, we believe that with the continuous progress of basic research and clinical trials, TLS detection and related treatment can benefit more and more patients. In this review, we generalize the definition and composition of TLSs, summarize clinical trials involving TLSs according to treatment methods, and describe possible methods of inducing TLS formation.
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11
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Tag-Free SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), but Not C-Terminal Tagged SARS-CoV-2 RBD, Induces a Rapid and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111839. [PMID: 36366348 PMCID: PMC9692485 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are essential in the development of subunit vaccines. In the design of many recombinant proteins, polyhistidine residues are added to the N- or C-termini of target sequences to facilitate purification. However, whether the addition of tag residues influences the immunogenicity of proteins remains unknown. In this study, the tag-free SARS-CoV-2 RBD and His-tag SARS-CoV-2 RBD proteins were investigated to determine whether there were any differences in their receptor binding affinity and immunogenicity. The results showed that the tag-free RBD protein had a higher affinity for binding with hACE2 receptors than His-tag RBD proteins (EC50: 1.78 µM vs. 7.51 µM). On day 21 after primary immunization with the proteins, the serum ELISA titers of immunized mice were measured and found to be 1:1418 for those immunized with tag-free RBD and only 1:2.4 for His-tag RBD. Two weeks after the booster dose, tag-free-RBD-immunized mice demonstrated a significantly higher neutralizing titer of 1:369 compared with 1:7.9 for His-tag-RBD-immunized mice. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies induced by tag-free RBD persisted for up to 5 months and demonstrated greater cross-neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Evidence from Western blotting showed that the serum of His-tag-RBD-immunized mice recognized irrelevant His-tag proteins. Collectively, we conclude that the addition of a polyhistidine tag on a recombinant protein, when used as a COVID-19 vaccine antigen, may significantly impair protein immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2. Antibody responses induced were clearly more rapid and robust for the tag-free SARS-CoV-2 RBD than the His-tag SARS-CoV-2 RBD. These findings provide important information for the design of antigens used in the development of COVID-19 subunit vaccines.
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12
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Meyer-Hermann M. Investigating the Mechanism of Germinal Center Shutdown. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922318. [PMID: 35911680 PMCID: PMC9329532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are transient structures where affinity maturation of B cells gives rise to high affinity plasma and memory cells. The mechanism of GC shutdown is unclear, despite being an important phenomenon maintaining immune homeostasis. In this study, we used a mathematical model to identify mechanisms that can independently promote contraction of GCs leading to shutdown. We show that GC shutdown can be promoted by antigen consumption by B cells, antigen masking by soluble antibodies, alterations in follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network area, modulation of immune complex cycling rate constants, alterations in T follicular helper signaling, increased terminal differentiation and reduced B cell division capacity. Proposed mechanisms promoted GC contraction by ultimately decreasing the number of B cell divisions and recycling cells. Based on the in-silico predictions, we suggest a combination of experiments that can be potentially employed by future studies to unravel the mechanistic basis of GC shutdown such as measurements of the density of pMHC presentation of B cells, FDC network size per B cell, fraction of cells expressing differentiation markers. We also show that the identified mechanisms differentially affect the efficiency of GC reaction estimated based on the quantity and quality of resulting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C. Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Meyer-Hermann,
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13
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification and affinity-driven selection of immunoglobulins that produces the high-affinity antibodies essential for effective humoral immunity. Here, we review recent developments in the field of GC biology, primarily as it pertains to GCs induced by infection or immunization. First, we summarize the phenotype and function of the different cell types that compose the GC, focusing on GC B cells. Then, we review the cellular and molecular bases of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics, focusing on how GC and post-GC selection shapes the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
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14
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Quach TD, Huang W, Sahu R, Diadhiou CM, Raparia C, Johnson R, Leung TM, Malkiel S, Ricketts PG, Gallucci S, Tükel Ç, Jacob CO, Lesser ML, Zou YR, Davidson A. Context dependent induction of autoimmunity by TNF signaling deficiency. JCI Insight 2022; 7:149094. [PMID: 35104241 PMCID: PMC8983147 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF inhibitors are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases; however, 30%–50% of treated patients develop new autoantibodies, and 0.5%–1% develop secondary autoimmune diseases, including lupus. TNF is required for formation of germinal centers (GCs), the site where high-affinity autoantibodies are often made. We found that TNF deficiency in Sle1 mice induced TH17 T cells and enhanced the production of germline encoded, T-dependent IgG anti-cardiolipin antibodies but did not induce GC formation or precipitate clinical disease. We then asked whether a second hit could restore GC formation or induce pathogenic autoimmunity in TNF-deficient mice. By using a range of immune stimuli, we found that somatically mutated autoantibodies and clinical disease can arise in the setting of TNF deficiency via extrafollicular pathways or via atypical GC-like pathways. This breach of tolerance may be due to defects in regulatory signals that modulate the negative selection of pathogenic autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam D Quach
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Weiqing Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Ranjit Sahu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Catherine Mm Diadhiou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Chirag Raparia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Roshawn Johnson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Tung Ming Leung
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Peta-Gay Ricketts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Martin L Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Yong-Rui Zou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Anne Davidson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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15
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Osero BO, Cele Z, Aruleba RT, Maine RA, Ozturk M, Lutz MB, Brombacher F, Hurdayal R. Interleukin-4 Responsive Dendritic Cells Are Dispensable to Host Resistance Against Leishmania mexicana Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:759021. [PMID: 35154068 PMCID: PMC8831752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines have been associated with a non-healing phenotype in murine leishmaniasis in L. mexicana -infected BALB/c mice as demonstrated in IL-4−/−, IL-13−/− and IL-4Rα-/- global knockout mouse studies. However, it is unclear from the studies which cell-type-specific IL-4/IL-13 signaling mediates protection to L. mexicana. Previous studies have ruled out a role for IL-4-mediated protection on CD4+ T cells during L. mexicana infections. A candidate for this role may be non-lymphocyte cells, particularly DCs, as was previously shown in L. major infections, where IL-4 production drives dendritic cell-IL-12 production thereby mediating a type 1 immune response. However, it is unclear if this IL-4-instruction of type 1 immunity also occurs in CL caused by L. mexicana, since the outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis often depends on the infecting Leishmania species. Thus, BALB/c mice with cell-specific deletion of the IL-4Rα on CD11c+ DCs (CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox) were infected with L. mexicana promastigotes in the footpad and the clinical phenotype, humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated, compared to the littermate control. Our results show that CL disease progression in BALB/c mice is independent of IL-4Rα signaling on DCs as CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice had similar footpad lesion progression, parasite loads, humoral responses (IgE, IgG1, IgG 2a/b), and IFN-γ cytokine secretion in comparison to littermate controls. Despite this comparable phenotype, surprisingly, IL-4 production in CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice was significantly increased with an increasing trend of IL-13 when compared to littermate controls. Moreover, the absence of IL-4Rα signaling did not significantly alter the frequency of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes nor their activation, or memory phenotype compared to littermate controls. However, these populations were significantly increased in CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice due to greater total cell infiltration into the lymph node. A similar trend was observed for B cells whereas the recruitment of myeloid populations (macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, and Mo-DCs) into LN was comparable to littermate IL-4Rα-/lox mice. Interestingly, IL-4Rα-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), stimulated with LPS or L. mexicana promastigotes in presence of IL-4, showed similar levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 to littermate controls highlighting that IL-4-mediated DC instruction was not impaired in response to L. mexicana. Similarly, IL-4 stimulation did not affect the maturation or activation of IL-4Rα-deficient BMDCs during L. mexicana infection nor their effector functions in production of nitrite and arginine-derived metabolite (urea). Together, this study suggests that IL-4 Rα signaling on DCs is not key in the regulation of immune-mediated protection in mice against L. mexicana infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ong’ondo Osero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zama Cele
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebeng A. Maine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Frank Brombacher, ; Ramona Hurdayal,
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Frank Brombacher, ; Ramona Hurdayal,
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16
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Kumar US, Afjei R, Ferrara K, Massoud TF, Paulmurugan R. Gold-Nanostar-Chitosan-Mediated Delivery of SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine for Respiratory Mucosal Immunization: Development and Proof-of-Principle. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17582-17601. [PMID: 34705425 PMCID: PMC8565460 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (SC2). A variety of anti-SC2 vaccines have been approved for human applications, including those using messenger RNA (mRNA), adenoviruses expressing SC2 spike (S) protein, and inactivated virus. The protective periods of immunization afforded by these intramuscularly administered vaccines are currently unknown. An alternative self-administrable vaccine capable of mounting long-lasting immunity via sterilizing neutralizing antibodies would be hugely advantageous in tackling emerging mutant SC2 variants. This could also diminish the possibility of vaccinated individuals acting as passive carriers of COVID-19. Here, we investigate the potential of an intranasal (IN)-delivered DNA vaccine encoding the S protein of SC2 in BALB/c and C57BL/6J immunocompetent mouse models. The immune response to IN delivery of this SC2-spike DNA vaccine transported on a modified gold-chitosan nanocarrier shows a strong and consistent surge in antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and effective neutralization of pseudoviruses expressing S proteins of different SC2 variants (Wuhan, beta, and D614G). Immunophenotyping and histological analyses reveal chronological events involved in the recognition of SC2 S antigen by resident dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages, which prime the draining lymph nodes and spleen for peak SC2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. The attainable high levels of anti-SC2 IgA in lung mucosa and tissue-resident memory T cells can efficiently inhibit SC2 and its variants at the site of entry and also provide long-lasting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday S. Kumar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rayhaneh Afjei
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Ferrara
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tarik F. Massoud
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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17
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Heesters BA, van Megesen K, Tomris I, de Vries RP, Magri G, Spits H. Characterization of human FDCs reveals regulation of T cells and antigen presentation to B cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210790. [PMID: 34424268 PMCID: PMC8404474 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-derived follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for germinal centers (GCs), the site where B cells maturate their antibodies. FDCs present native antigen to B cells and maintain a CXCL13 gradient to form the B cell follicle. Yet despite their essential role, the transcriptome of human FDCs remains undefined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and microarray, we provided the transcriptome of these enigmatic cells as a comprehensive resource. Key genes were validated by flow cytometry and microscopy. Surprisingly, marginal reticular cells (MRCs) rather than FDCs expressed B cell activating factor (BAFF). Furthermore, we found that human FDCs expressed TLR4 and can alter antigen availability in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). High expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on FDCs activated PD1 on T cells. In addition, we found expression of genes related to T cell regulation, such as HLA-DRA, CD40, and others. These data suggest intimate contact between human FDCs and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthasar A. Heesters
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kyah van Megesen
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Magri
- Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hergen Spits
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Brooks JF, Tan C, Mueller JL, Hibiya K, Hiwa R, Vykunta V, Zikherman J. Negative feedback by NUR77/Nr4a1 restrains B cell clonal dominance during early T-dependent immune responses. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109645. [PMID: 34469720 PMCID: PMC8564879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell clones compete for entry into and dominance within germinal centers (GCs), where the highest-affinity B cell receptors (BCRs) are selected. However, diverse and low-affinity B cells can enter and reside in GCs for extended periods. To reconcile these observations, we hypothesize that a negative feedback loop may operate within B cells to preferentially restrain high-affinity clones from monopolizing the early GC niche. Here, we report a role for the nuclear receptor NUR77/Nr4a1 in this process. We show that NUR77 expression scales with antigen stimulation and restrains B cell expansion. Although NUR77 is dispensable for regulating GC size when GCs are elicited in a largely clonal manner, it serves to curb immunodominance under conditions where diverse clonal populations must compete for a constrained niche. We propose that this is important to preserve early clonal diversity in order to limit holes in the post-immune repertoire and to optimize GC selection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Germinal Center/drug effects
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Corey Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kenta Hibiya
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryosuke Hiwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vivasvan Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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Flowers EM, Neely HR, Guo J, Almeida T, Ohta Y, Castro CD, Flajnik MF. Identification of the Fc-alpha/mu receptor in Xenopus provides insight into the emergence of the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) and mucosal Ig transport. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2590-2606. [PMID: 34411303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The polyimmunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transcytoses J chain-containing antibodies through mucosal epithelia. In mammals, two cis-duplicates of PIGR, FCMR, and FCAMR, flank the PIGR gene. A PIGR duplication is first found in amphibians, previously annotated as PIGR2 (herein xlFCAMR), and is expressed by APCs. We demonstrate that xlFcamR is the equivalent of mammalian FcamR. It has been assumed that pIgR is the oldest member of this family, yet our data could not distinguish whether PIGR or FCAMR emerged first; however, FCMR was the last family member to emerge. Interestingly, bony fish "pIgR" is not an orthologue of tetrapod pIgR, and possibly acquired its function via convergent evolution. PIGR/FCAMR/FCMR are members of a larger superfamily, including TREM, CD300, and NKp44, which we name the "double-disulfide Ig superfamily" (ddIgSF). Domains related to each ddIgSF family were identified in cartilaginous fish (sharks, chimeras) and encoded in a single gene cluster syntenic to the human pIgR locus. Thus, the ddIgSF families date back to the earliest antibody-based adaptive immunity, but apparently not before. Finally, our data strongly suggest that the J chain arose in evolution only for Ig multimerization. This study provides a framework for further studies of pIgR and the ddIgSF in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Flowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harold R Neely
- Department of Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tereza Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin D Castro
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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The unique biology of germinal center B cells. Immunity 2021; 54:1652-1664. [PMID: 34380063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds of antibody gene somatic hypermutation coupled to multiple selection and differentiation pathways. Recent advances in areas such as single cell and gene editing technologies have shed new light upon these complex and dynamic processes. We review these findings here and integrate them into the current understanding of GC B cell replication and death, the retention of high-affinity and class-switched B cells in the GC, and differentiation into plasma and memory cell effectors. We also discuss how the biology of GC responses relates to vaccine effectiveness and outline current and future challenges in the field.
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21
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Anania JC, Westin A, Adler J, Heyman B. A Novel Image Analysis Approach Reveals a Role for Complement Receptors 1 and 2 in Follicular Dendritic Cell Organization in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655753. [PMID: 33912182 PMCID: PMC8072117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are rare and enigmatic cells that mainly reside in germinal centers (GCs). They are capable of capturing immune complexes, via their Fc (FcRs) and complement receptors (CRs) and storing them for long periods in non-degradative vesicles. Presentation of ICs on FDCs to B cells is believed to drive affinity maturation. CR1 and CR2 are expressed on B cells and FDCs. Cr2 knock out (KO) mice, lacking both receptors, have impaired antibody and GC responses. Utilizing a novel ImageJ macro to analyze confocal fluorescence microscopy images of spleen sections, we here investigate how FDCs in wild type (WT) and Cr2 KO mice behave during the first two weeks after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Mice were immunized with SRBC i.v. and spleen and serum samples harvested at various time points. As expected, antibody and GC responses in Cr2 KO mice were impaired in comparison to WT mice. Fewer FDCs were identified in Cr2 KO mice, and these exhibited differential localization and organization in comparison to WT mice. WT FDCs were primarily located within GCs at the light zone/dark zone border. FDCs from WT but not Cr2 KO mice were actively dispersed in GCs, i.e. tended to move away from each other, presumably to increase their surface area for B cell interaction. FDCs from Cr2 KO mice were more often found on follicles outside of the GCs and those within the GCs were closer to the periphery in comparison to WT FDCs. Expression of CR1 and CR2, FcγRIIB, and FcµR increased in FDCs from WT mice during the course of immunization. The results suggest that decreased ability to capture ICs by FDCs lacking CR1 and CR2 may not be the only explanation for the impaired GC and antibody responses in Cr2 KO mice. Poor FDC organization in GCs and failure to increase receptor expression after immunization may further contribute to the inefficient immune responses observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Anania
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Westin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Facilities, BioVis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Nakagawa R, Calado DP. Positive Selection in the Light Zone of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661678. [PMID: 33868314 PMCID: PMC8044421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are essential sites for the production of high-affinity antibody secreting plasma cells (PCs) and memory-B cells (MBCs), which form the framework of vaccination. Affinity maturation and permissive selection in GCs are key for the production of PCs and MBCs, respectively. For these purposes, GCs positively select “fit” cells in the light zone of the GC and instructs them for one of three known B cell fates: PCs, MBCs and persistent GC-B cells as dark zone entrants. In this review, we provide an overview of the positive selection process and discuss its mechanisms and how B cell fates are instructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Connors J, Haddad EK, Petrovas C. Aging alters immune responses to vaccines. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1568-1570. [PMID: 33510048 PMCID: PMC7880345 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Connors
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19320, USA.,Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19320, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19320, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Koliaraki V, Prados A, Armaka M, Kollias G. The mesenchymal context in inflammation, immunity and cancer. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:974-982. [PMID: 32747813 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are mesoderm-derived stromal cells that are best known for providing structural support to organs, synthesizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulating development, homeostasis and repair of tissues. Recent detailed mechanistic insights into the biology of fibroblastic mesenchymal cells have revealed they are also significantly involved in immune regulation, stem cell maintenance and blood vessel function. It is now becoming evident that these functions, when defective, drive the development of complex diseases, such as various immunopathologies, chronic inflammatory disease, tissue fibrosis and cancer. Here, we provide a concise overview of the contextual contribution of fibroblastic mesenchymal cells in physiology and disease and bring into focus emerging evidence for both their heterogeneity at the single-cell level and their tissue-specific, spatiotemporal functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Koliaraki
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.
| | - Alejandro Prados
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Marietta Armaka
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece. .,Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece. .,Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Abbott RK, Crotty S. Factors in B cell competition and immunodominance. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:120-131. [PMID: 32483855 PMCID: PMC7641103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of all vaccines work by inducing protective antibody responses. The mechanisms by which the B cells responsible for producing protective antibodies are elicited to respond are not well understood. Interclonal B cell competition to complex antigens, particularly in germinal centers, has emerged as an important hurdle in designing effective vaccines. This review will focus on recent advances in understanding the roles of B cell precursor frequency, B cell receptor affinity for antigen, antigen avidity, and other factors that can substantially alter the outcomes of B cell responses to complex antigens. Understanding the interdependence of these fundamental factors that affect B cell responses can inform current vaccine design efforts for pathogens with complex proteins as candidate immunogens such as HIV, influenza, and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Abbott
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Hagert CF, Bohn AB, Wittenborn TR, Degn SE. Seeing the Confetti Colors in a New Light Utilizing Flow Cytometry and Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 97:811-823. [PMID: 32459058 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic multicolor transgenic labeling systems, such as the Brainbow reporters, have emerged as powerful tools in lineage tracing experiments. Originally designed for large-scale mapping of neuronal projections in densely populated tissues, they have been repurposed for diverse uses. The Brainbow 2.1-derived Confetti reporter was used, for example, to define stem cell clonality and dynamics in crypts of the intestinal mucosa, T-cell clonality, microglial heterogeneity, and B-cell clonal evolution in germinal centers. Traditionally, read-outs have relied on imaging in situ, providing information about cellular localization within tissue stroma. However, recent applications of the technique have moved into hematopoietically derived motile cell types, for example, T and B lymphocytes and their progeny, creating an unmet need to survey larger populations of cells ex vivo to determine labeling densities or skews in color representation over time to read-out clonal expansion and selection effects. Originally designed for imaging methods, these reporters encode information in the spectral properties of fluorophores and their subcellular localization, making them poorly suited to traditional flow cytometry analyses. The advent of high-content imaging and imaging flow cytometry have recently closed the gap between flow cytometry and imaging. We analyzed a 10-color biallelic Confetti reporter using flow and imaging flow cytometry. Beyond its use as a high-throughput method for measuring reporter labeling densities and color distributions over time, it also opens the door to new avenues of research relying on similar read-outs, for example, tumor heterogeneity and clonal dynamics. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Bille Bohn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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28
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Fu K, March K, Alexaki A, Fabozzi G, Moysi E, Petrovas C. Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics: A Lymph Node Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32477334 PMCID: PMC7240201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of molecular biology and protein engineering technologies enables the expansion of the breadth and complexity of protein therapeutics for in vivo administration. However, the immunogenicity and associated in vivo development of antibodies against therapeutics are a major restriction factor for their usage. The B cell follicular and particularly germinal center areas in secondary lymphoid organs are the anatomical sites where the development of antibody responses against pathogens and immunogens takes place. A growing body of data has revealed the importance of the orchestrated function of highly differentiated adaptive immunity cells, including follicular helper CD4 T cells and germinal center B cells, for the optimal generation of these antibody responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the antibody responses against therapeutics could lead to novel strategies to reduce their immunogenicity and increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Fu
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kylie March
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aikaterini Alexaki
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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