1
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Virgo M, Mostowy S, Ho BT. Use of zebrafish to identify host responses specific to type VI secretion system mediated interbacterial antagonism. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012384. [PMID: 39024393 PMCID: PMC11288455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interbacterial competition is known to shape the microbial communities found in the host, however the interplay between this competition and host defense are less clear. Here, we use the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle (HBV) as an in vivo platform to investigate host responses to defined bacterial communities with distinct forms of interbacterial competition. We found that antibacterial activity of the type VI secretion system (T6SS) from both Vibrio cholerae and Acinetobacter baylyi can induce host inflammation and sensitize the host to infection independent of any individual effector. Chemical suppression of inflammation could resolve T6SS-dependent differences in host survival, but the mechanism by which this occurred differed between the two bacterial species. By contrast, colicin-mediated antagonism elicited by an avirulent strain of Shigella sonnei induced a negligible host response despite being a more potent bacterial killer, resulting in no impact on A. baylyi or V. cholerae virulence. Altogether, these results provide insight into how different modes of interbacterial competition in vivo affect the host in distinct ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie Virgo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian T. Ho
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Oscarsson J, Bao K, Shiratsuchi A, Grossmann J, Wolski W, Aung KM, Lindholm M, Johansson A, Mowsumi FR, Wai SN, Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. Bacterial symbionts in oral niche use type VI secretion nanomachinery for fitness increase against pathobionts. iScience 2024; 27:109650. [PMID: 38650989 PMCID: PMC11033201 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial ecosystems experience spatial and nutrient restrictions leading to the coevolution of cooperation and competition among cohabiting species. To increase their fitness for survival, bacteria exploit machinery to antagonizing rival species upon close contact. As such, the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) nanomachinery, typically expressed by pathobionts, can transport proteins directly into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, consequently killing cohabiting competitors. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oral symbiont Aggregatibacter aphrophilus possesses a T6SS and can eliminate its close relative oral pathobiont Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using its T6SS. These findings bring nearer the anti-bacterial prospects of symbionts against cohabiting pathobionts while introducing the presence of an active T6SS in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14104 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akiko Shiratsuchi
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) Quartier Sorge-Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) Quartier Sorge-Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mark Lindholm
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14104 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14104 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Health and Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14104 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Miles J, Lozano GL, Rajendhran J, Stabb EV, Handelsman J, Broderick NA. Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. mSystems 2024; 9:e0131723. [PMID: 38380971 PMCID: PMC10949475 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01317-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized for its ability to colonize diverse habitats and cause disease in a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates, and mammals. Understanding how this bacterium is able to occupy wide-ranging niches is important for deciphering its ecology. We used transposon sequencing [Tn-Seq, also known as insertion sequencing (INSeq)] to identify genes in P. aeruginosa that contribute to fitness during the colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results reveal a suite of critical factors, including those that contribute to polysaccharide production, DNA repair, metabolism, and respiration. Comparison of candidate genes with fitness determinants discovered in previous studies on P. aeruginosa identified several genes required for colonization and virulence determinants that are conserved across hosts and tissues. This analysis provides evidence for both the conservation of function of several genes across systems, as well as host-specific functions. These findings, which represent the first use of transposon sequencing of a gut pathogen in Drosophila, demonstrate the power of Tn-Seq in the fly model system and advance the existing knowledge of intestinal pathogenesis by D. melanogaster, revealing bacterial colonization determinants that contribute to a comprehensive portrait of P. aeruginosa lifestyles across habitats.IMPORTANCEDrosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for understanding host-pathogen interactions. Research with this system has yielded notable insights into mechanisms of host immunity and defense, many of which emerged from the analysis of bacterial mutants defective for well-characterized virulence factors. These foundational studies-and advances in high-throughput sequencing of transposon mutants-support unbiased screens of bacterial mutants in the fly. To investigate mechanisms of host-pathogen interplay and exploit the tractability of this model host, we used a high-throughput, genome-wide mutant analysis to find genes that enable the pathogen P. aeruginosa to colonize the fly. Our analysis reveals critical mediators of P. aeruginosa establishment in its host, some of which are required across fly and mouse systems. These findings demonstrate the utility of massively parallel mutant analysis and provide a platform for aligning the fly toolkit with comprehensive bacterial genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Miles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gabriel L. Lozano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric V. Stabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jo Handelsman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Xu X, Foley E. Vibrio cholerae arrests intestinal epithelial proliferation through T6SS-dependent activation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113750. [PMID: 38340318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose the host to systemic infection by gut-resident microbes. Unlike most pathogens, Vibrio cholerae blocks tissue repair by arresting progenitor proliferation in the Drosophila model. At present, we do not understand how V. cholerae circumvents such a critical antibacterial defense. We find that V. cholerae blocks epithelial repair by activating the growth inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in progenitors. Specifically, we show that interactions between V. cholerae and gut commensals initiate BMP signaling via host innate immune defenses. Notably, we find that V. cholerae also activates BMP and arrests proliferation in zebrafish intestines, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between infection and failure in tissue repair. Our study highlights how enteric pathogens engage host immune and growth regulatory pathways to disrupt intestinal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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5
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Ponton F, Tan YX, Forster CC, Austin AJ, English S, Cotter SC, Wilson K. The complex interactions between nutrition, immunity and infection in insects. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245714. [PMID: 38095228 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse animal group on the planet. Their success is reflected by the diversity of habitats in which they live. However, these habitats have undergone great changes in recent decades; understanding how these changes affect insect health and fitness is an important challenge for insect conservation. In this Review, we focus on the research that links the nutritional environment with infection and immune status in insects. We first discuss the research from the field of nutritional immunology, and we then investigate how factors such as intracellular and extracellular symbionts, sociality and transgenerational effects may interact with the connection between nutrition and immunity. We show that the interactions between nutrition and resistance can be highly specific to insect species and/or infection type - this is almost certainly due to the diversity of insect social interactions and life cycles, and the varied environments in which insects live. Hence, these connections cannot be easily generalised across insects. We finally suggest that other environmental aspects - such as the use of agrochemicals and climatic factors - might also influence the interaction between nutrition and resistance, and highlight how research on these is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yin Xun Tan
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Casey C Forster
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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6
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Jones LO, Willms RJ, Xu X, Graham RDV, Eklund M, Shin M, Foley E. Single-cell resolution of the adult zebrafish intestine under conventional conditions and in response to an acute Vibrio cholerae infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113407. [PMID: 37948182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that causes severe and potentially deadly diarrheal disease. Despite the impact on global health, our understanding of host mucosal responses to Vibrio remains limited, highlighting a knowledge gap critical for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Using a natural infection model, we combine physiological and single-cell transcriptomic studies to characterize conventionally reared adult zebrafish guts and guts challenged with Vibrio. We demonstrate that Vibrio causes a mild mucosal immune response characterized by T cell activation and enhanced antigen capture; Vibrio suppresses host interferon signaling; and ectopic activation of interferon alters the course of infection. We show that the adult zebrafish gut shares similarities with mammalian counterparts, including the presence of Best4+ cells, tuft cells, and a population of basal cycling cells. These findings provide important insights into host-pathogen interactions and emphasize the utility of zebrafish as a natural model of Vibrio infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena O Jones
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reegan J Willms
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ralph Derrick V Graham
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mckenna Eklund
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Minjeong Shin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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7
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Miles J, Lozano GL, Rajendhran J, Stabb EV, Handelsman J, Broderick NA. Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567573. [PMID: 38045230 PMCID: PMC10690197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized for its ability to colonize diverse habitats and cause disease in a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates, and mammals. Understanding how this bacterium is able to occupy wide-ranging niches is important for deciphering its ecology. We used transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq, also known as INSeq) to identify genes in P. aeruginosa that contribute to fitness during colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results reveal a suite of critical factors, including those that contribute to polysaccharide production, DNA repair, metabolism, and respiration. Comparison of candidate genes with fitness determinants discovered in previous studies of P. aeruginosa identified several genes required for colonization and virulence determinants that are conserved across hosts and tissues. This analysis provides evidence for both the conservation of function of several genes across systems, as well as host-specific functions. These findings, which represent the first use of transposon sequencing of a gut pathogen in Drosophila, demonstrate the power of Tn-Seq in the fly model system and advance existing knowledge of intestinal pathogenesis by D. melanogaster, revealing bacterial colonization determinants that contribute to a comprehensive portrait of P. aeruginosa lifestyles across habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Miles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabriel L. Lozano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Current address: Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Current address: Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, TN, India
| | - Eric V. Stabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jo Handelsman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Current address: Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Han Z, Min Y, Pang K, Wu D. Therapeutic Approach Targeting Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15654. [PMID: 37958637 PMCID: PMC10650060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While emerging evidence highlights the significance of gut microbiome in gastrointestinal infectious diseases, treatments like Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are gaining popularity, especially for diarrhea patients. However, the specific role of the gut microbiome in different gastrointestinal infectious diseases remains uncertain. There is no consensus on whether gut modulation therapy is universally effective for all such infections. In this comprehensive review, we examine recent developments of the gut microbiome's involvement in several gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including infection of Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, enteric viruses, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Giardia duodenalis. We have also incorporated information about fungi and engineered bacteria in gastrointestinal infectious diseases, aiming for a more comprehensive overview of the role of the gut microbiome. This review will provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of the gut microbiome while exploring the microbiome's potential in the prevention, diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yiyang Min
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ke Pang
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
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9
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Yitbarek S, Guittar J, Knutie SA, Ogbunugafor CB. Deconstructing taxa x taxa xenvironment interactions in the microbiota: A theoretical examination. iScience 2023; 26:107875. [PMID: 37860776 PMCID: PMC10583047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A major objective of microbial ecology is to identify how the composition of microbial taxa shapes host phenotypes. However, most studies focus on pairwise interactions and ignore the potentially significant effects of higher-order microbial interactions.Here, we quantify the effects of higher-order interactions among taxa on host infection risk. We apply our approach to an in silico dataset that is built to resemble a population of insect hosts with gut-associated microbial communities at risk of infection from an intestinal parasite across a breadth of nutrient environmental contexts.We find that the effect of higher-order interactions is considerable and can change appreciably across environmental contexts. Furthermore, we show that higher-order interactions can stabilize community structure thereby reducing host susceptibility to parasite invasion.Our approach illustrates how incorporating the effects of higher-order interactions among gut microbiota across environments can be essential for understanding their effects on host phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Yitbarek
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John Guittar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA
| | - Sarah A. Knutie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - C. Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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10
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Walton MG, Cubillejo I, Nag D, Withey JH. Advances in cholera research: from molecular biology to public health initiatives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178538. [PMID: 37283925 PMCID: PMC10239892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquatic bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, which has plagued the world for centuries. This pathogen has been the subject of studies in a vast array of fields, from molecular biology to animal models for virulence activity to epidemiological disease transmission modeling. V. cholerae genetics and the activity of virulence genes determine the pathogenic potential of different strains, as well as provide a model for genomic evolution in the natural environment. While animal models for V. cholerae infection have been used for decades, recent advances in this area provide a well-rounded picture of nearly all aspects of V. cholerae interaction with both mammalian and non-mammalian hosts, encompassing colonization dynamics, pathogenesis, immunological responses, and transmission to naïve populations. Microbiome studies have become increasingly common as access and affordability of sequencing has improved, and these studies have revealed key factors in V. cholerae communication and competition with members of the gut microbiota. Despite a wealth of knowledge surrounding V. cholerae, the pathogen remains endemic in numerous countries and causes sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. Public health initiatives aim to prevent cholera outbreaks and provide prompt, effective relief in cases where prevention is not feasible. In this review, we describe recent advancements in cholera research in these areas to provide a more complete illustration of V. cholerae evolution as a microbe and significant global health threat, as well as how researchers are working to improve understanding and minimize impact of this pathogen on vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey H. Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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11
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Type VI Secretion Systems: Environmental and Intra-host Competition of Vibrio cholerae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:41-63. [PMID: 36792870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Vibrio Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a harpoon-like nanomachine that serves as a defense system and is encoded by approximately 25% of all gram-negative bacteria. In this chapter, we describe the structure of the T6SS in different Vibrio species and outline how the use of different T6SS effector and immunity proteins control kin selection. We summarize the genetic loci that encode the structural elements that make up the Vibrio T6SSs and how these gene clusters are regulated. Finally, we provide insights into T6SS-based competitive dynamics, the role of T6SS genetic exchange in those competitive dynamics, and roles for the Vibrio T6SS in virulence.
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12
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Arellano AA, Sommer AJ, Coon KL. Beyond canonical models: why a broader understanding of Diptera-microbiota interactions is essential for vector-borne disease control. Evol Ecol 2022; 37:165-188. [PMID: 37153630 PMCID: PMC10162596 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases constitute a major global public health threat. The most significant arthropod disease vectors are predominantly comprised of members of the insect order Diptera (true flies), which have long been the focus of research into host-pathogen dynamics. Recent studies have revealed the underappreciated diversity and function of dipteran-associated gut microbial communities, with important implications for dipteran physiology, ecology, and pathogen transmission. However, the effective parameterization of these aspects into epidemiological models will require a comprehensive study of microbe-dipteran interactions across vectors and related species. Here, we synthesize recent research into microbial communities associated with major families of dipteran vectors and highlight the importance of development and expansion of experimentally tractable models across Diptera towards understanding the functional roles of the gut microbiota in modulating disease transmission. We then posit why further study of these and other dipteran insects is not only essential to a comprehensive understanding of how to integrate vector-microbiota interactions into existing epidemiological frameworks, but our understanding of the ecology and evolution of animal-microbe symbiosis more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Arellano
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew J. Sommer
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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Wizenty J, Müllerke S, Kolesnichenko M, Heuberger J, Lin M, Fischer AS, Mollenkopf HJ, Berger H, Tacke F, Sigal M. Gastric stem cells promote inflammation and gland remodeling in response to Helicobacter pylori via Rspo3-Lgr4 axis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109996. [PMID: 35767364 PMCID: PMC9251867 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that colonizes the stomach and causes chronic gastritis. Helicobacter pylori can colonize deep inside gastric glands, triggering increased R‐spondin 3 (Rspo3) signaling. This causes an expansion of the “gland base module,” which consists of self‐renewing stem cells and antimicrobial secretory cells and results in gland hyperplasia. The contribution of Rspo3 receptors Lgr4 and Lgr5 is not well explored. Here, we identified that Lgr4 regulates Lgr5 expression and is required for H. pylori‐induced hyperplasia and inflammation, while Lgr5 alone is not. Using conditional knockout mice, we reveal that R‐spondin signaling via Lgr4 drives proliferation of stem cells and also induces NF‐κB activity in the proliferative stem cells. Upon exposure to H. pylori, the Lgr4‐driven NF‐κB activation is responsible for the expansion of the gland base module and simultaneously enables chemokine expression in stem cells, resulting in gland hyperplasia and neutrophil recruitment. This demonstrates a connection between R‐spondin‐Lgr and NF‐κB signaling that links epithelial stem cell behavior and inflammatory responses to gland‐invading H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wizenty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müllerke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manqiang Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Fischer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
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14
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Armitage SA, Genersch E, McMahon DP, Rafaluk-Mohr C, Rolff J. Tripartite interactions: how immunity, microbiota and pathogens interact and affect pathogen virulence evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100871. [PMID: 34999035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bipartite interactions between insect hosts and their bacterial gut microbiota, or their bacterial pathogens, are empirically and theoretically well-explored. However, direct, and indirect tripartite interactions will also likely occur inside a host. These interactions will almost certainly affect the trajectory of pathogen virulence evolution, an area that is currently under researched. The interactions within tripartite associations can be competitive, that is, exploitative-competition, interference-competition or apparent-competition. Competitive interactions will be significantly influenced by non-competitive effects, for example, immunopathology, immunosuppression, and microbiota-mediated tolerance. Considering a combination of these interactions and effects, will enable an increased understanding of the evolution of pathogen virulence. This new perspective allows us to identify several novel research questions, which we hope will be a useful framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ao Armitage
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Straße 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Rafaluk-Mohr
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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15
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Shin M, Ferguson M, Willms RJ, Jones LO, Petkau K, Foley E. Immune regulation of intestinal-stem-cell function in Drosophila. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:741-755. [PMID: 35303435 PMCID: PMC9023782 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal progenitor cells integrate signals from their niche, and the gut lumen, to divide and differentiate at a rate that maintains an epithelial barrier to microbial invasion of the host interior. Despite the importance of evolutionarily conserved innate immune defenses to maintain stable host-microbe relationships, we know little about contributions of stem-cell immunity to gut homeostasis. We used Drosophila to determine the consequences of intestinal-stem-cell immune activity for epithelial homeostasis. We showed that loss of stem-cell immunity greatly impacted growth and renewal in the adult gut. In particular, we found that inhibition of stem-cell immunity impeded progenitor-cell growth and differentiation, leading to a gradual loss of stem-cell numbers with age and an impaired differentiation of mature enteroendocrine cells. Our results highlight the importance of immune signaling in stem cells for epithelial function in the adult gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Shin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Meghan Ferguson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada; Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Reegan J Willms
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Lena O Jones
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Kristina Petkau
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton, AB Canada; Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton, Edmonton AB, Canada.
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16
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Vega NM, Ludington WB. From a parts list to assembly instructions and an operating manual: how small host models can re-write microbiome theory. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:146-151. [PMID: 34739919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nic M Vega
- Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - William B Ludington
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Liu X, Wang W, Li J, Li Y, Zhang J, Tan H. A widespread response of Gram-negative bacterial acyl-homoserine lactone receptors to Gram-positive Streptomyces γ-butyrolactone signaling molecules. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1575-1589. [PMID: 34319534 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for bacterial survival in natural habitats, in which miscellaneous regulatory networks are encompassed. However, elucidating the interaction networks of a microbial community has been hindered by the population complexity. This study reveals that γ-butyrolactone (GBL) molecules from Streptomyces species, the major antibiotic producers, can directly bind to the acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) receptor of Chromobacterium violaceum and influence violacein production controlled by the quorum sensing (QS) system. Subsequently, the widespread responses of more Gram-negative bacterial AHL receptors to Gram-positive Streptomyces signaling molecules are unveiled. Based on the cross-talk between GBL and AHL signaling systems, combinatorial regulatory circuits (CRC) are designed and proved to be workable in Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is significant that the QS systems of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be bridged via native Streptomyces signaling molecules. These findings pave a new path for unlocking the comprehensive cell-cell communications in microbial communities and facilitate the exploitation of innovative regulatory elements for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Huarong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Abstract
The gut microbiota affects the physiology and metabolism of animals and its alteration can lead to diseases such as gut dysplasia or metabolic disorders. Several reports have shown that the immune system plays an important role in shaping both bacterial community composition and abundance in Drosophila, and that immune deficit, especially during aging, negatively affects microbiota richness and diversity. However, there has been little study at the effector level to demonstrate how immune pathways regulate the microbiota. A key set of Drosophila immune effectors are the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which confer defense upon systemic infection. AMPs and lysozymes, a group of digestive enzymes with antimicrobial properties, are expressed in the gut and are good candidates for microbiota regulation. Here, we take advantage of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the role of AMPs and lysozymes in regulation of gut microbiota structure and diversity. Using flies lacking AMPs and newly generated lysozyme mutants, we colonized gnotobiotic flies with a defined set of commensal bacteria and analyzed changes in microbiota composition and abundance in vertical transmission and aging contexts through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Our study shows that AMPs and, to a lesser extent, lysozymes are necessary to regulate the total and relative abundance of bacteria in the gut microbiota. We also decouple the direct function of AMPs from the immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway that regulates AMPs but also many other processes, more narrowly defining the role of these effectors in the microbial dysbiosis observed in IMD-deficient flies upon aging.
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19
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Jugder BE, Kamareddine L, Watnick PI. Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex. Immunity 2021; 54:1683-1697.e3. [PMID: 34107298 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-derived acetate activates the Drosophila immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway in a subset of enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the anterior midgut. In these cells, the IMD pathway co-regulates expression of antimicrobial and enteroendocrine peptides including tachykinin, a repressor of intestinal lipid synthesis. To determine whether acetate acts on a cell surface pattern recognition receptor or an intracellular target, we asked whether acetate import was essential for IMD signaling. Mutagenesis and RNA interference revealed that the putative monocarboxylic acid transporter Tarag was essential for enhancement of IMD signaling by dietary acetate. Interference with histone deacetylation in EECs augmented transcription of genes regulated by the steroid hormone ecdysone including IMD targets. Reduced expression of the histone acetyltransferase Tip60 decreased IMD signaling and blocked rescue by dietary acetate and other sources of intracellular acetyl-CoA. Thus, microbe-derived acetate induces chromatin remodeling within enteroendocrine cells, co-regulating host metabolism and intestinal innate immunity via a Tip60-steroid hormone axis that is conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Erdene Jugder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Hussain NAS, Kirchberger PC, Case RJ, Boucher YF. Modular Molecular Weaponry Plays a Key Role in Competition Within an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Population. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:671092. [PMID: 34122386 PMCID: PMC8189183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.671092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) operons of Vibrio cholerae contain extraordinarily diverse arrays of toxic effector and cognate immunity genes, which are thought to play an important role in the environmental lifestyle and adaptation of this human pathogen. Through the T6SS, proteinaceous "spears" tipped with antibacterial effectors are injected into adjacent cells, killing those not possessing immunity proteins to these effectors. Here, we investigate the T6SS-mediated dynamics of bacterial competition within a single environmental population of V. cholerae. We show that numerous members of a North American V. cholerae population possess strain-specific repertoires of cytotoxic T6SS effector and immunity genes. Using pairwise competition assays, we demonstrate that the vast majority of T6SS-mediated duels end in stalemates between strains with different T6SS repertoires. However, horizontally acquired effector and immunity genes can significantly alter the outcome of these competitions. Frequently observed horizontal gene transfer events can both increase or reduce competition between distantly related strains by homogenizing or diversifying the T6SS repertoire. Our results also suggest temperature-dependent outcomes in T6SS competition, with environmental isolates faring better against a pathogenic strain under native conditions than under those resembling a host-associated environment. Taken altogether, these interactions produce density-dependent fitness effects and a constant T6SS-mediated arms race in individual V. cholerae populations, which could ultimately preserve intraspecies diversity. Since T6SSs are widespread, we expect within-population diversity in T6SS repertoires and the resulting competitive dynamics to be a common theme in bacterial species harboring this machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. S. Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul C. Kirchberger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yann F. Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Ferguson M, Foley E. Microbial recognition regulates intestinal epithelial growth in homeostasis and disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3666-3691. [PMID: 33977656 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is constantly exposed to a dynamic community of microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells respond to microbes through evolutionarily conserved recognition pathways, such as the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway of Drosophila, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response of flies and vertebrates, and the vertebrate nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) pathway. Microbial recognition pathways are tightly controlled to respond effectively to pathogens, tolerate the microbiome, and limit intestinal disease. In this review, we focus on contributions of different model organisms to our understanding of how epithelial microbe recognition impacts intestinal proliferation and differentiation in homeostasis and disease. In particular, we compare how microbes and subsequent recognition by the intestine influences barrier integrity, intestinal repair and tumorigenesis in Drosophila, zebrafish, mice, and organoids. In addition, we discuss the importance of microbial recognition in homeostatic intestinal growth and discuss how immune pathways directly impact stem cell and crypt dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Ferguson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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22
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Buddika K, Xu J, Ariyapala IS, Sokol NS. I-KCKT allows dissection-free RNA profiling of adult Drosophila intestinal progenitor cells. Development 2021; 148:dev196568. [PMID: 33246929 PMCID: PMC7803463 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adult Drosophila intestinal epithelium is a model system for stem cell biology, but its utility is limited by current biochemical methods that lack cell type resolution. Here, we describe a new proximity-based profiling method that relies upon a GAL4 driver, termed intestinal-kickout-GAL4 (I-KCKT-GAL4), that is exclusively expressed in intestinal progenitor cells. This method uses UV crosslinked whole animal frozen powder as its starting material to immunoprecipitate the RNA cargoes of transgenic epitope-tagged RNA binding proteins driven by I-KCKT-GAL4 When applied to the general mRNA-binder, poly(A)-binding protein, the RNA profile obtained by this method identifies 98.8% of transcripts found after progenitor cell sorting, and has low background noise despite being derived from whole animal lysate. We also mapped the targets of the more selective RNA binder, Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), using enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (eCLIP), and report for the first time its binding motif in Drosophila cells. This method will therefore enable the RNA profiling of wild-type and mutant intestinal progenitor cells from intact flies exposed to normal and altered environments, as well as the identification of RNA-protein interactions crucial for stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Buddika
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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23
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Cho JY, Liu R, Macbeth JC, Hsiao A. The Interface of Vibrio cholerae and the Gut Microbiome. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1937015. [PMID: 34180341 PMCID: PMC8244777 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1937015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of the severe human diarrheal disease cholera. The gut microbiome, or the native community of microorganisms found in the human gastrointestinal tract, is increasingly being recognized as a factor in driving susceptibility to infection, in vivo fitness, and host interactions of this pathogen. Here, we review a subset of the emerging studies in how gut microbiome structure and microbial function are able to drive V. cholerae virulence gene regulation, metabolism, and modulate host immune responses to cholera infection and vaccination. Improved mechanistic understanding of commensal-pathogen interactions offers new perspectives in the design of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for cholera control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - John C. Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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24
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Qin Z, Yang X, Chen G, Park C, Liu Z. Crosstalks Between Gut Microbiota and Vibrio Cholerae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:582554. [PMID: 33194819 PMCID: PMC7644805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.582554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, could proliferate in aquatic environment and infect humans through contaminated food and water. Enormous microorganisms residing in human gastrointestinal tract establish a special microecological system, which immediately responds to the invasion of V. cholerae, through “colonization resistance” mechanisms, such as antimicrobial peptide production, nutrients competition, and intestinal barrier maintenances. Meanwhile, V. cholerae could quickly sense those signals and modulate the expression of relevant genes to circumvent those stresses during infection, leading to successful colonization on the surface of small intestinal epithelial cells. In this review, we summarized the crosstalks profiles between gut microbiota and V. cholerae in the terms of Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), Quorum Sensing (QS), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)/pH stress, and Bioactive metabolites. These mechanisms can also be applied to molecular bacterial pathogenesis of other pathogens in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaiwoo Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Wood TE, Aksoy E, Hachani A. From Welfare to Warfare: The Arbitration of Host-Microbiota Interplay by the Type VI Secretion System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:587948. [PMID: 33194832 PMCID: PMC7604300 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of mammals depends on a complex interplay with their microbial ecosystems. Compartments exposed to external environments such as the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract accommodate the gut microbiota, composed by a wide range of bacteria. The gut microbiome confers benefits to the host, including expansion of metabolic potential and the development of an immune system that can robustly protect from external and internal insults. The cooperation between gut microbiome and host is enabled in part by the formation of partitioned niches that harbor diverse bacterial phyla. Bacterial secretion systems are commonly employed to manipulate the composition of these local environments. Here, we explore the roles of the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS), present in ~25% of gram-negative bacteria, including many symbionts, in the establishment and perturbation of bacterial commensalism, and symbiosis in host mucosal sites. This versatile apparatus drives bacterial competition, although in some cases can also interfere directly with host cells and facilitate nutrient acquisition. In addition, some bacterial pathogens cause disease when their T6SS leads to dysbiosis and subverts host immune responses in defined animal models. This review explores our knowledge of the T6SS in the context of the “host-microbiota-pathogen” triumvirate and examines contexts in which the importance of this secretion system may be underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ezra Aksoy
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Mutreja A, Okamoto K, Miyoshi SI, Nair GB, Ghosh A. Virulence Regulation and Innate Host Response in the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:572096. [PMID: 33102256 PMCID: PMC7554612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.572096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of severe diarrheal disease known as cholera. Of the more than 200 "O" serogroups of this pathogen, O1 and O139 cause cholera outbreaks and epidemics. The rest of the serogroups, collectively known as non-O1/non-O139 cause sporadic moderate or mild diarrhea and also systemic infections. Pathogenic V. cholerae circulates between nutrient-rich human gut and nutrient-deprived aquatic environment. As an autochthonous bacterium in the environment and as a human pathogen, V. cholerae maintains its survival and proliferation in these two niches. Growth in the gastrointestinal tract involves expression of several genes that provide bacterial resistance against host factors. An intricate regulatory program involving extracellular signaling inputs is also controlling this function. On the other hand, the ability to store carbon as glycogen facilitates bacterial fitness in the aquatic environment. To initiate the infection, V. cholerae must colonize the small intestine after successfully passing through the acid barrier in the stomach and survive in the presence of bile and antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal lumen and mucus, respectively. In V. cholerae, virulence is a multilocus phenomenon with a large functionally associated network. More than 200 proteins have been identified that are functionally linked to the virulence-associated genes of the pathogen. Several of these genes have a role to play in virulence and/or in functions that have importance in the human host or the environment. A total of 524 genes are differentially expressed in classical and El Tor strains, the two biotypes of V. cholerae serogroup O1. Within the host, many immune and biological factors are able to induce genes that are responsible for survival, colonization, and virulence. The innate host immune response to V. cholerae infection includes activation of several immune protein complexes, receptor-mediated signaling pathways, and other bactericidal proteins. This article presents an overview of regulation of important virulence factors in V. cholerae and host response in the context of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjan K Nandy
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Global Health-Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Microbiome Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Consuegra J, Grenier T, Akherraz H, Rahioui I, Gervais H, da Silva P, Leulier F. Metabolic Cooperation among Commensal Bacteria Supports Drosophila Juvenile Growth under Nutritional Stress. iScience 2020; 23:101232. [PMID: 32563155 PMCID: PMC7305377 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota shapes animal growth trajectory in stressful nutritional environments, but the molecular mechanisms behind such physiological benefits remain poorly understood. The gut microbiota is mostly composed of bacteria, which construct metabolic networks among themselves and with the host. Until now, how the metabolic activities of the microbiota contribute to host juvenile growth remains unknown. Here, using Drosophila as a host model, we report that two of its major bacterial partners, Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum, engage in a beneficial metabolic dialogue that boosts host juvenile growth despite nutritional stress. We pinpoint that lactate, produced by L. plantarum, is utilized by A. pomorum as an additional carbon source, and A. pomorum provides essential amino acids and vitamins to L. plantarum. Such bacterial cross-feeding provisions a set of anabolic metabolites to the host, which may foster host systemic growth despite poor nutrition. L. plantarum feeds lactate to A. pomorum A. pomorum supplies essential amino acids and vitamins to L. plantarum Microbiota metabolic dialogue boosts Drosophila's larval growth Lactate utilization by Acetobacter releases anabolic metabolites to larvae
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Consuegra
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, 69364 Cedex 07, Lyon, France.
| | - Théodore Grenier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, 69364 Cedex 07, Lyon, France
| | - Houssam Akherraz
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, 69364 Cedex 07, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, UMR0203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hugo Gervais
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, 69364 Cedex 07, Lyon, France
| | - Pedro da Silva
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, UMR0203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, 69364 Cedex 07, Lyon, France.
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Lesperance DN, Broderick NA. Microbiomes as modulators of Drosophila melanogaster homeostasis and disease. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:84-90. [PMID: 32339931 PMCID: PMC7302976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster harbors a simple gut microbial community, or microbiome, that regulates several facets of its physiology. As a result, the host employs multiple mechanisms of maintaining control over its microbiome in an effort to promote overall organismal homeostasis. Perturbations to the balance between microbiome and host can result in states of instability or disease, making maintenance of microbial homeostasis a fundamental physiologic aspect of D. melanogaster biology. While the interactions between microbes and their hosts can be direct, particularly in the context of immunity and gut renewal, effects resulting from indirect interactions, such as those between microbiota members, can be equally as important. This review highlights the major ways, in which D. melanogaster regulates microbial homeostasis, the consequences of disruptions to homeostasis, and the different mechanisms, by which the microbiome interacts with its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Na Lesperance
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06296, USA.
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The Microbiome Sets the Stage for Cholera. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:430-432. [PMID: 32396824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the eukaryotic host, microbiome members, and invading pathogens help to shape disease outcomes. Using the Drosophila model, Fast et al. identified that Vibrio cholerae acts to inhibit epithelial renewal through complex interactions between the type VI secretion system of V. cholerae and the microbial community of the fly.
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