1
|
Lewis RE. The Impact of Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis on Mucormycosis Research. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:382. [PMID: 38921367 PMCID: PMC11205125 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimitrios P [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Lewis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gullì SP, Hallur V, Kale P, Menezes GA, Russo A, Singla N. From Spores to Solutions: A Comprehensive Narrative Review on Mucormycosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:314. [PMID: 38337830 PMCID: PMC10855476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an infrequent but fatal illness that mainly affects patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, solid and hematologic neoplasms, organ transplantation, chronic steroid intake, prolonged neutropenia, iron overload states, neonatal prematurity, severe malnutrition, and HIV. Many cases were reported across the world recently following the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent research has led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, and global guidelines are now available for managing this serious infection. Herein, we comprehensively review the etiological agents, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management of mucormycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palma Gullì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.P.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Vinaykumar Hallur
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751019, India
| | - Pratibha Kale
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India;
| | - Godfred Antony Menezes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.P.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Nidhi Singla
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh 160030, India;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ben-Ami R. Experimental Models to Study the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:85. [PMID: 38276032 PMCID: PMC10820959 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis presents a formidable challenge to clinicians and researchers. Animal models are an essential part of the effort to decipher the pathogenesis of mucormycosis and to develop novel pharmacotherapeutics against it. Diverse model systems have been established, using a range of animal hosts, immune and metabolic perturbations, and infection routes. An understanding of the characteristics, strengths, and drawbacks of these models is needed to optimize their use for specific research aims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ben-Ami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alqarihi A, Kontoyiannis DP, Ibrahim AS. Mucormycosis in 2023: an update on pathogenesis and management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1254919. [PMID: 37808914 PMCID: PMC10552646 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1254919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis (MCR) is an emerging and frequently lethal fungal infection caused by the Mucorales family, with Rhizopus, Mucor, and Lichtheimia, accounting for > 90% of all cases. MCR is seen in patients with severe immunosuppression such as those with hematologic malignancy or transplantation, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and immunocompetent patients with severe wounds. The recent SARS COV2 epidemy in India has resulted in a tremendous increase in MCR cases, typically seen in the setting of uncontrolled DM and corticosteroid use. In addition to the diversity of affected hosts, MCR has pleiotropic clinical presentations, with rhino-orbital/rhino-cerebral, sino-pulmonary and necrotizing cutaneous forms being the predominant manifestations. Major insights in MCR pathogenesis have brought into focus the host receptors (GRP78) and signaling pathways (EGFR activation cascade) as well as the adhesins used by Mucorales for invasion. Furthermore, studies have expanded on the importance of iron availability and the complex regulation of iron homeostasis, as well as the pivotal role of mycotoxins as key factors for tissue invasion. The molecular toolbox to study Mucorales pathogenesis remains underdeveloped, but promise is brought by RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. Important recent advancements have been made in early, culture-independent molecular diagnosis of MCR. However, development of new potent antifungals against Mucorales remains an unmet need. Therapy of MCR is multidisciplinary and requires a high index of suspicion for initiation of early Mucorales-active antifungals. Reversal of underlying immunosuppression, if feasible, rapid DKA correction and in selected patients, surgical debulking are crucial for improved outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aman AJ, Saunders LM, Carr AA, Srivatasan S, Eberhard C, Carrington B, Watkins-Chow D, Pavan WJ, Trapnell C, Parichy DM. Transcriptomic profiling of tissue environments critical for post-embryonic patterning and morphogenesis of zebrafish skin. eLife 2023; 12:RP86670. [PMID: 37695017 PMCID: PMC10495112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment patterns and skin appendages are prominent features of vertebrate skin. In zebrafish, regularly patterned pigment stripes and an array of calcified scales form simultaneously in the skin during post-embryonic development. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate stripe patterning and scale morphogenesis may lead to the discovery of fundamental mechanisms that govern the development of animal form. To learn about cell types and signaling interactions that govern skin patterning and morphogenesis, we generated and analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of skin from wild-type fish as well as fish having genetic or transgenically induced defects in squamation or pigmentation. These data reveal a previously undescribed population of epidermal cells that express transcripts encoding enamel matrix proteins, suggest hormonal control of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling, clarify the signaling network that governs scale papillae development, and identify a critical role for the hypodermis in supporting pigment cell development. Additionally, these comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic data representing skin phenotypes of biomedical relevance should provide a useful resource for accelerating the discovery of mechanisms that govern skin development and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aman
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - August A Carr
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sanjay Srivatasan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Colten Eberhard
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Blake Carrington
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Dawn Watkins-Chow
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - William J Pavan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruiz OE, Samms KM, Eisenhoffer GT. A protocol to evaluate epithelial regeneration after inducing cell loss in zebrafish larvae. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101073. [PMID: 35036954 PMCID: PMC8749296 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues sustain barrier function by removing and replacing aberrant or unfit cells. Here, we describe approaches to evaluate epithelial restorative capacity after inducing cell loss in zebrafish larvae. We provide details to quantify morphological changes to the tail fin epithelium after cell loss, and instructions to interrogate changes in gene expression and proliferation associated with replacement of the lost cells. Together, this approach establishes an in vivo vertebrate model for the rapid assessment of molecular pathways controlling epithelial regeneration. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Wurster et al. (2021). Evaluation of epithelial restorative capacity after cell loss in zebrafish larvae Quantification of morphological changes related to cell loss in the tail fin epithelium Instructions to interrogate changes in gene expression after induced cell loss Steps to assess proliferation associated with replacement of the lost cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krystin M Samms
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garre V. Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Understanding of Mucormycosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:850581. [PMID: 35281441 PMCID: PMC8907824 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.850581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an emerging infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales that has recently gained public relevance due to the high incidence among COVID-19 patients in some countries. The reduced knowledge about Mucorales pathogenesis is due, in large part, to the historically low interest for these fungi fostered by their reluctance to be genetically manipulated. The recent introduction of more tractable genetic models together with an increasing number of available whole genome sequences and genomic analyses have improved our understanding of Mucorales biology and mucormycosis in the last ten years. This review summarizes the most significant advances in diagnosis, understanding of the innate and acquired resistance to antifungals, identification of new virulence factors and molecular mechanisms involved in the infection. The increased awareness about the disease and the recent successful genetic manipulation of previous intractable fungal models using CRISPR-Cas9 technology are expected to fuel the characterization of Mucorales pathogenesis, facilitating the development of effective treatments to fight this deadly infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wurster S, Ruiz OE, Tatara AM, Kontoyiannis DP, Eisenhoffer GT. Protocol for fungal infection following the induction of epithelial cell loss in larval zebrafish. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100963. [PMID: 34849488 PMCID: PMC8609045 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia provide the first line of defense against foreign pathogens, and disruption of tissue homeostasis frequently allows for opportunistic infections. Here we provide a protocol for induction of epithelial cell loss in zebrafish larvae, followed by infection with fungal pathogens. Details are provided for monitoring larval survival after infection, assessment of fungal burden, and prophylactic treatment with antifungal compounds. Limitations of the protocol include potential antifungal toxicity and high fungal inoculums to induce lethal infection with some pathogenic fungal species. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wurster et al. (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oscar E. Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander M. Tatara
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|