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Li Z, Huang Y, Shen Z, Wu M, Huang M, Hong SB, Xu L, Zang Y. Advances in functional studies of plant MYC transcription factors. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:195. [PMID: 39103657 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors (TFs) belong to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family in plants and play a central role in governing a wide range of physiological processes. These processes encompass plant growth, development, adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as secondary metabolism. In recent decades, significant strides have been made in comprehending the multifaceted regulatory functions of MYCs. This advancement has been achieved through the cloning of MYCs and the characterization of plants with MYC deficiencies or overexpression, employing comprehensive genome-wide 'omics' and protein-protein interaction technologies. MYCs act as pivotal components in integrating signals from various phytohormones' transcriptional regulators to orchestrate genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming. In this review, we have compiled current research on the role of MYCs as molecular switches that modulate signal transduction pathways mediated by phytohormones and phytochromes. This comprehensive overview allows us to address lingering questions regarding the interplay of signals in response to environmental cues and developmental shift. It also sheds light on the potential implications for enhancing plant resistance to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses through genetic improvements achieved by plant breeding and synthetic biology efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunshuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mujun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX, 77058-1098, USA
| | - Liai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Mamun MA, Lee BR, Park SH, Muchlas M, Bae DW, Kim TH. Interactive regulation of immune-related resistance genes with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling in systemic acquired resistance in the Xanthomonas-Brassica pathosystem. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 302:154323. [PMID: 39106735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen-responsive immune-related genes (resistance genes [R-genes]) and hormones are crucial mediators of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, their integrated functions in regulating SAR signaling components in local and distal leaves remain largely unknown. To characterize SAR in the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)-Brassica napus pathosystem, the responses of R-genes, (leaf and phloem) hormone levels, H2O2 levels, and Ca2+ signaling-related genes were assessed in local and distal leaves of plants exposed to four Xcc-treatments: Non-inoculation (control), only secondary Xcc-inoculation in distal leaves (C-Xcc), only primary Xcc-inoculation in local leaves (Xcc), and both primary and secondary Xcc-inoculation (X-Xcc). The primary Xcc-inoculation provoked disease symptoms as evidenced by enlarged destructive necrosis in the local leaves of Xcc and X-Xcc plants 7 days post-inoculation. Comparing visual symptoms in distal leaves 5 days post-secondary inoculation, yellowish necrotic lesions were clearly observed in non Xcc-primed plants (C-Xcc), whereas no visual symptom was developed in Xcc-primed plants (X-Xcc), demonstrating SAR. Pathogen resistance in X-Xcc plants was characterized by distinct upregulations in expression of the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI)-related kinase-encoding gene, BIK1, the (CC-NB-LRR-type) R-gene, ZAR1, and its signaling-related gene, NDR1, with a concurrent enhancement of the kinase-encoding gene, MAPK6, and a depression of the (TIR-NB-LRR-type) R-gene, TAO1, and its signaling-related gene, SGT1, in distal leaves. Further, in X-Xcc plants, higher salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, both in phloem and distal leaves, were accompanied by enhanced expressions of the SA-signaling gene, NPR3, the JA-signaling genes, LOX2 and PDF1.2, and the Ca2+-signaling genes, CAS and CBP60g. However, in distal leaves of C-Xcc plants, an increase in SA level resulted in an antagonistic depression of JA, which enhanced only SA-dependent signaling, EDS1 and NPR1. These results demonstrate that primary Xcc-inoculation in local leaves induces resistance to subsequent pathogen attack by upregulating BIK1-ZAR1-mediated synergistic interactions with SA and JA signaling as a crucial component of SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Mamun
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Muchamad Muchlas
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Core-Facility Center for High-Tech Materials Analysis, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Harshith CY, Pal A, Chakraborty M, Nair A, Raju S, Shivaprasad PV. Wound-induced small-peptide-mediated signaling cascade, regulated by OsPSKR, dictates balance between growth and defense in rice. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114515. [PMID: 39003743 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wounding is a general stress in plants that results from various pest and pathogenic infections in addition to environment-induced mechanical damages. Plants have sophisticated molecular mechanisms to recognize and respond to wounding, with those of monocots being distinct from dicots. Here, we show the involvement of two distinct categories of temporally separated, endogenously derived peptides, namely, plant elicitor peptides (PEPs) and phytosulfokine (PSK), mediating wound responses in rice. These peptides trigger a dynamic signal relay in which a receptor kinase involved in PSK perception named OsPSKR plays a major role. Perturbation of OsPSKR expression in rice leads to compromised development and constitutive autoimmune phenotypes. OsPSKR regulates the transitioning of defense to growth signals upon wounding. OsPSKR displays mutual antagonism with the OsPEPR1 receptor involved in PEP perception. Collectively, our work indicates the presence of a stepwise peptide-mediated signal relay that regulates the transition from defense to growth upon wounding in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitthavalli Y Harshith
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Avik Pal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Monoswi Chakraborty
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Ashwin Nair
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Steffi Raju
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Padubidri V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu P, Grierson D, Gao L. Ripening and rot: How ripening processes influence disease susceptibility in fleshy fruits. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016673 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits become more susceptible to pathogen infection when they ripen; for example, changes in cell wall properties related to softening make it easier for pathogens to infect fruits. The need for high-quality fruit has driven extensive research on improving pathogen resistance in important fruit crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In this review, we summarize current progress in understanding how changes in fruit properties during ripening affect infection by pathogens. These changes affect physical barriers that limit pathogen entry, such as the fruit epidermis and its cuticle, along with other defenses that limit pathogen growth, such as preformed and induced defense compounds. The plant immune system also protects ripening fruit by recognizing pathogens and initiating defense responses involving reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, and jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling. These phytohormones regulate an intricate web of transcription factors (TFs) that activate resistance mechanisms, including the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In tomato, ripening regulators, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR and NON_RIPENING, not only regulate ripening but also influence fruit defenses against pathogens. Moreover, members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) family play pivotal and distinct roles in ripening and defense, with different members being regulated by different phytohormones. We also discuss the interaction of ripening-related and defense-related TFs with the Mediator transcription complex. As the ripening processes in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits share many similarities, these processes have broad applications across fruiting crops. Further research on the individual contributions of ERFs and other TFs will inform efforts to diminish disease susceptibility in ripe fruit, satisfy the growing demand for high-quality fruit and decrease food waste and related economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Li S, He L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Han X, Hu Y, Jiang Y. INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 promotes cold-enhanced immunity by directly activating salicylic acid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2587-2606. [PMID: 38536743 PMCID: PMC11218786 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress affects plant immune responses, and this process may involve the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism by which low-temperature signals coordinate with SA signaling to regulate plant immunity remains unclear. Here, we found that low temperatures enhanced the disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. This process required INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 (ICE1), the core transcription factor in cold-signal cascades. ICE1 physically interacted with NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master regulator of the SA signaling pathway. Enrichment of ICE1 on the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE 1 (PR1) promoter and its ability to transcriptionally activate PR1 were enhanced by NPR1. Further analyses revealed that cold stress signals cooperate with SA signals to facilitate plant immunity against pathogen attack in an ICE1-dependent manner. Cold treatment promoted interactions of NPR1 and TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 3 (TGA3) with ICE1 and increased the ability of the ICE1-TGA3 complex to transcriptionally activate PR1. Together, our results characterize a critical role of ICE1 as an indispensable regulatory node linking low-temperature-activated and SA-regulated immunity. Understanding this crucial role of ICE1 in coordinating multiple signals associated with immunity broadens our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanru Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Lei C, Dang Z, Zhu M, Zhang M, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang H. Identification of the ERF gene family of Mangifera indica and the defense response of MiERF4 to Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Gene 2024; 912:148382. [PMID: 38493974 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
An important regulatory role for ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) is in plant growth and development, stress response, and hormone signaling. However, AP2/ERF family genes in mango have not been systematically studied. In this study, a total of 113 AP2/ERF family genes were identified from the mango genome and phylogenetically classified into five subfamilies: AP2 (28 genes), DREB (42 genes), ERF (33 genes), RAV (6 genes), and Soloist (4 genes). Of these, the ERF family, in conjunction with Arabidopsis and rice, forms a phylogenetic tree divided into seven groups, five of which have MiERF members. Analysis of gene structure and cis-elements showed that each MiERF gene contains only one AP2 structural domain, and that MiERF genes contain a large number of cis-elements associated with hormone signaling and stress response. Collinearity tests revealed a high degree of homology between MiERFs and CsERFs. Tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression profiling revealed that MiERF genes are primarily involved in the regulation of reproductive growth and are differentially and positively expressed in response to external hormones and pathogenic bacteria. Physiological results from a gain-of-function analysis of MiERF4 transiently overexpressed in tobacco and mango showed that transient expression of MiERF4 resulted in decreased colony count and callose deposition, as well as varying degrees of response to hormonal signals such as ETH, JA, and SA. Thus, MiERF4 may be involved in the JA/ETH signaling pathway to enhance plant defense against pathogenic bacteria. This study provides a basis for further research on the function and regulation of MiERF genes and lays a foundation for the selection of disease-resistant genes in mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhiguo Dang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yeyuan Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - He Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Lazarus HPS, Easwaran N. Molecular insights into PGPR fluorescent Pseudomonads complex mediated intercellular and interkingdom signal transduction mechanisms in promoting plant's immunity. Res Microbiol 2024:104218. [PMID: 38879059 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The growth-promoting and immune modulatory properties of different strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) fluorescent Pseudomonads complex (PFPC) can be explored to combat food security challenges. These PFPC prime plants through induced systemic resistance, fortify plants to overcome future pathogen-mediated vulnerability by eliciting robust systemic acquired resistance through regulation by nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1. Moreover, outer membrane vesicles released from Pseudomonas fluorescens also elicit a broad spectrum of immune responses, presenting a rapid viable alternative to whole cells. Thus, PFPC can help the host to maintain an equilibrium between growth and immunity, ultimately leads to increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalini Easwaran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bleker C, Ramšak Ž, Bittner A, Podpečan V, Zagorščak M, Wurzinger B, Baebler Š, Petek M, Križnik M, van Dieren A, Gruber J, Afjehi-Sadat L, Weckwerth W, Županič A, Teige M, Vothknecht UC, Gruden K. Stress Knowledge Map: A knowledge graph resource for systems biology analysis of plant stress responses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100920. [PMID: 38616489 PMCID: PMC11211517 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Stress Knowledge Map (SKM; https://skm.nib.si) is a publicly available resource containing two complementary knowledge graphs that describe the current knowledge of biochemical, signaling, and regulatory molecular interactions in plants: a highly curated model of plant stress signaling (PSS; 543 reactions) and a large comprehensive knowledge network (488 390 interactions). Both were constructed by domain experts through systematic curation of diverse literature and database resources. SKM provides a single entry point for investigations of plant stress response and related growth trade-offs, as well as interactive explorations of current knowledge. PSS is also formulated as a qualitative and quantitative model for systems biology and thus represents a starting point for a plant digital twin. Here, we describe the features of SKM and show, through two case studies, how it can be used for complex analyses, including systematic hypothesis generation and design of validation experiments, or to gain new insights into experimental observations in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Bleker
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andras Bittner
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vid Podpečan
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Zagorščak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernhard Wurzinger
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annelotte van Dieren
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Gruber
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leila Afjehi-Sadat
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facility Shared Services, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anže Županič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 121, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Zhang D, Zhu Z, Yang B, Li X, Zhang H, Zhu H. CsWRKY11 cooperates with CsNPR1 to regulate SA-triggered leaf de-greening and reactive oxygen species burst in cucumber. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:21. [PMID: 38773570 PMCID: PMC11110285 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a multi-functional phytohormone, regulating diverse processes of plant growth and development, especially triggering plant immune responses and initiating leaf senescence. However, the early SA signaling events remain elusive in most plant species apart from Arabidopsis, and even less is known about the multi-facet mechanism underlying SA-regulated processes. Here, we report the identification of a novel regulatory module in cucumber, CsNPR1-CsWRKY11, which mediates the regulation of SA-promoted leaf senescence and ROS burst. Our analyses demonstrate that under SA treatment, CsNPR1 recruits CsWRKY11 to bind to the promoter of CsWRKY11 to activate its expression, thus amplifying the primary SA signal. Then, CsWRKY11 cooperates with CsNPR1 to directly regulate the expression of both chlorophyll degradation and ROS biosynthesis related genes, thereby inducing leaf de-greening and ROS burst. Our study provides a solid line of evidence that CsNPR1 and CsWRKY11 constitute a key module in SA signaling pathway in cucumber, and gains an insight into the interconnected regulation of SA-triggered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Hongfang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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Rai S, Lemke MD, Arias AM, Mendez MFG, Dehesh K, Woodson JD. Plant U-Box 4 regulates chloroplast stress signaling and programmed cell death via Salicylic acid modulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593788. [PMID: 38798329 PMCID: PMC11118471 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, chloroplasts generate reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen (1O2), which regulates nuclear gene expression (retrograde signaling), chloroplast turnover, and programmed cell death (PCD). Yet, the central signaling mechanisms and downstream responses remain poorly understood. The Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2) mutant conditionally accumulates 1O2 and involves Plant U-Box 4 (PUB4), a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase, in propagating these signals. To gain insights into 1O2 signaling pathways, we compared transcriptomes of fc2 and fc2 pub4 mutants. The accumulation of 1O2 in fc2 plants broadly repressed genes involved in chloroplast function and photosynthesis, while 1O2 induced genes and transcription factors involved in abiotic and biotic stress, the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), and Salicylic acid (SA). Elevated JA and SA levels were observed in stressed fc2 plants, but were not responsible for PCD. pub4 reversed the majority of 1O2-induced gene expression in fc2 and reduced the JA content, but maintained elevated levels of SA even in the absence of 1O2 stress. Reducing SA levels in fc2 pub4 restored 1O2 signaling and light sensitivity. Together, this work demonstrates that SA plays a protective role during photo-oxidative stress and that PUB4 mediates 1O2 signaling by modulating its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Rai
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Anika M. Arias
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Maria F. Gomez Mendez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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11
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Spoel SH, Dong X. Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1451-1464. [PMID: 38163634 PMCID: PMC11062473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defence have revealed many new research frontiers and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and, most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of post-translational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signalling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration of SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Takagi H, Lee N, Hempton AK, Purushwani S, Notaguchi M, Yamauchi K, Shirai K, Kawakatsu Y, Uehara S, Albers WG, Downing BLR, Ito S, Suzuki T, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Mitsuda N, Kurihara D, Matsushita T, Song YH, Sato Y, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Hanada K, Cuperus JT, Queitsch C, Imaizumi T. Florigen-producing cells express FPF1-LIKE PROTEIN 1 that accelerates flowering and stem growth in long days with sunlight red/far-red ratio in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591289. [PMID: 38746097 PMCID: PMC11092471 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in spring induce flowering by expressing the florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), in Arabidopsis. FT is expressed in unique phloem companion cells with unknown characteristics. The question of which genes are co-expressed with FT and whether they have roles in flowering remains elusive. Through tissue-specific translatome analysis, we discovered that under long-day conditions with the natural sunlight red/far-red ratio, the FT-producing cells express a gene encoding FPF1-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (FLP1). The master FT regulator, CONSTANS (CO), controls FLP1 expression, suggesting FLP1's involvement in the photoperiod pathway. FLP1 promotes early flowering independently of FT, is active in the shoot apical meristem, and induces the expression of SEPALLATA 3 (SEP3), a key E-class homeotic gene. Unlike FT, FLP1 facilitates inflorescence stem elongation. Our cumulative evidence indicates that FLP1 may act as a mobile signal. Thus, FLP1 orchestrates floral initiation together with FT and promotes inflorescence stem elongation during reproductive transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Andrew K. Hempton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Savita Purushwani
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kota Yamauchi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shirai
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Uehara
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - William G. Albers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
| | | | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Izumi C. Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Young Hun Song
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Josh T. Cuperus
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5065, USA
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5065, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-8047, USA
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800, USA
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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14
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Yun SH, Khan IU, Noh B, Noh YS. Genomic overview of INA-induced NPR1 targeting and transcriptional cascades in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3572-3588. [PMID: 38261978 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) triggers transcriptional reprogramming that leads to SA-induced immunity in plants. NPR1 is an SA receptor and master transcriptional regulator in SA-triggered transcriptional reprogramming. Despite the indispensable role of NPR1, genome-wide direct targets of NPR1 specific to SA signaling have not been identified. Here, we report INA (functional SA analog)-specific genome-wide targets of Arabidopsis NPR1 in plants expressing GFP-fused NPR1 under its native promoter. Analyses of NPR1-dependently expressed direct NPR1 targets revealed that NPR1 primarily activates genes encoding transcription factors upon INA treatment, triggering transcriptional cascades required for INA-induced transcriptional reprogramming and immunity. We identified genome-wide targets of a histone acetyltransferase, HAC1, including hundreds of co-targets shared with NPR1, and showed that NPR1 and HAC1 regulate INA-induced histone acetylation and expression of a subset of the co-targets. Genomic NPR1 targeting was principally mediated by TGACG-motif binding protein (TGA) transcription factors. Furthermore, a group of NPR1 targets mostly encoding transcriptional regulators was already bound to NPR1 in the basal state and showed more rapid and robust induction than other NPR1 targets upon SA signaling. Thus, our study unveils genome-wide NPR1 targeting, its role in transcriptional reprogramming, and the cooperativity between NPR1, HAC1, and TGAs in INA-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Yun
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Irfan Ullah Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bosl Noh
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sun Noh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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15
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Cui Y, Wang K, Zhang C. Carbon Nanomaterials for Plant Priming through Mechanostimulation: Emphasizing the Role of Shape. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10829-10839. [PMID: 38607639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials to improve plant immunity for sustainable agriculture is gaining increasing attention; yet, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In contrast to metal-based counterparts, carbon-based nanomaterials do not release components. Determining how these carbon-based nanomaterials strengthen the resistance of plants to diseases is essential as well as whether shape influences this process. Our study compared single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) infiltration against the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Compared with plants treated with GO, plants primed with SWNTs showed a 29% improvement in the pathogen resistance. Upon nanopriming, the plant displayed wound signaling with transcriptional regulation similar to that observed under brushing-induced mechanostimulation. Compared with GO, SWNTs penetrated more greatly into the leaf and improved transport, resulting in a heightened wound response; this effect resulted from the tubular structure of SWNTs, which differed from the planar form of GO. The shape effect was further demonstrated by wrapping SWNTs with bovine serum albumin, which masked the sharp edges of SWNTs and resulted in a significant decrease in the overall plant wound response. Finally, we clarified how the local wound response led to systemic immunity through increased calcium ion signaling in distant plant areas, which increased the antimicrobial efficacy. In summary, our systematic investigation established connections among carbon nanomaterial priming, mechanostimulation, and wound response, revealing recognition patterns in plant immunity. These findings promise to advance nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture by strengthening plant defenses, enhancing resilience, and reducing reliance on traditional chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Cui
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kean Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
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16
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Xu T, Zheng X, Yang Y, Yang S, Yi X, Yu C, Luo L, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. Indole-3 acetic acid negatively regulates rose black spot disease resistance through antagonizing the salicylic acid signaling pathway via jasmonic acid. PLANTA 2024; 259:129. [PMID: 38639804 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION IAA cooperates with JA to inhibit SA and negatively regulates rose black spot disease resistance. Black spot disease caused by the fungus Marssonina rosae is the most prevalent and severe ailment in rose cultivation, leading to the appearance of black spots on leaves and eventual leaf fall, significantly impacting the utilization of roses in gardens. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are pivotal hormones that collaborate with indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) in regulating plant defense responses; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying the induction of black spot disease resistance by IAA, JA, and SA remain unclear. In this study, transcript analysis was conducted on resistant (R13-54) and susceptible (R12-26) lines following M. rosae infection. In addition, the impact of exogenous interference with IAA on SA- and JA-mediated disease resistance was examined. The continuous accumulation of JA, in synergy with IAA, inhibited activation of the SA signaling pathway in the early infection stage, thereby negatively regulating the induction of effective resistance to black spot disease. IAA administration alleviated the inhibition of SA on JA to negatively regulate the resistance of susceptible strains by further enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of JA. However, IAA did not contribute to the negative regulation of black spot resistance when high levels of JA were inhibited. Virus-induced gene silencing of RcTIFY10A, an inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway, further suggested that IAA upregulation led to a decrease in disease resistance, a phenomenon not observed when the JA signal was inhibited. Collectively, these findings indicate that the IAA-mediated negative regulation of black spot disease resistance relies on activation of the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingliang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Landscape Plants Research, Plateau Flower Research Centre, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Landscape Plants Research, Plateau Flower Research Centre, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xingwan Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Le Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding; National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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17
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Ali J, Tonğa A, Islam T, Mir S, Mukarram M, Konôpková AS, Chen R. Defense strategies and associated phytohormonal regulation in Brassica plants in response to chewing and sap-sucking insects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1376917. [PMID: 38645389 PMCID: PMC11026728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1376917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved distinct defense strategies in response to a diverse range of chewing and sucking insect herbivory. While chewing insect herbivores, exemplified by caterpillars and beetles, cause visible tissue damage and induce jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense responses, sucking insects, such as aphids and whiteflies, delicately tap into the phloem sap and elicit salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses. This review aims to highlight the specificity of defense strategies in Brassica plants and associated underlying molecular mechanisms when challenged by herbivorous insects from different feeding guilds (i.e., chewing and sucking insects). To establish such an understanding in Brassica plants, the typical defense responses were categorized into physical, chemical, and metabolic adjustments. Further, the impact of contrasting feeding patterns on Brassica is discussed in context to unique biochemical and molecular modus operandi that governs the resistance against chewing and sucking insect pests. Grasping these interactions is crucial to developing innovative and targeted pest management approaches to ensure ecosystem sustainability and Brassica productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Ali
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Tonğa
- Entomology Department, Diyarbakır Plant Protection Research Institute, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sajad Mir
- Entomology Section, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alena Sliacka Konôpková
- Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Rizhao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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18
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Ghosh D, Chakraborty S. Targeting NPR1: a strategy went viral. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:385-387. [PMID: 38135603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related 1 (NPR1) acts as master regulator of plant immunity by promoting salicylic acid (SA) signalling. Some bacterial and fungal pathogens target NPR1 to inhibit SA-mediated immunity. Recently, Zhang et al. and Liu et al. demonstrated that a diverse spectrum of plant-infecting viruses have evolved distinct counter-defence strategies to weaken NPR1-mediated antiviral defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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19
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Qiu P, Zheng B, Yuan H, Yang Z, Lindsey K, Wang Y, Ming Y, Zhang L, Hu Q, Shaban M, Kong J, Zhang X, Zhu L. The elicitor VP2 from Verticillium dahliae triggers defence response in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:497-511. [PMID: 37883523 PMCID: PMC10826990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne vascular pathogenic fungus that causes serious diseases in dicot plants. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the number of genes upregulated in defoliating pathotype V991 was significantly higher than in the non-defoliating pathotype 1cd3-2 during the early response of cotton. Combined with analysis of the secretome during the V991-cotton interaction, an elicitor VP2 was identified, which was highly upregulated at the early stage of V991 invasion, but was barely expressed during the 1cd3-2-cotton interaction. Full-length VP2 could induce cell death in several plant species, and which was dependent on NbBAK1 but not on NbSOBIR1 in N. benthamiana. Knock-out of VP2 attenuated the pathogenicity of V991. Furthermore, overexpression of VP2 in cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae without causing abnormal plant growth and development. Several genes involved in JA, SA and lignin synthesis were significantly upregulated in VP2-overexpressing cotton. The contents of JA, SA, and lignin were also significantly higher than in the wild-type control. In summary, the identified elicitor VP2, recognized by the receptor in the plant membrane, triggers the cotton immune response and enhances disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Baoxin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Ming
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsUniversity of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Jie Kong
- Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesUrumqiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
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20
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Hann CT, Ramage SF, Negi H, Bequette CJ, Vasquez PA, Stratmann JW. Dephosphorylation of the MAP kinases MPK6 and MPK3 fine-tunes responses to wounding and herbivory in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111962. [PMID: 38103696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis MAP Kinases (MAPKs) MPK6 and MPK3 and orthologs in other plants function as major stress signaling hubs. MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation and are negatively regulated by MAPK-inactivating phosphatases (MIPPs), which alter the intensity and duration of MAPK signaling via dephosphorylation. Unlike in other plant species, jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation in Arabidopsis is apparently not MPK6- and MPK3-dependent, so their role in JA-mediated defenses against herbivorous insects is unclear. Here we explore whether changes in MPK6/3 phosphorylation kinetics in Arabidopsis MIPP mutants lead to changes in hormone synthesis and resistance against herbivores. The MIPPs MKP1, DsPTP1, PP2C5, and AP2C1 have been implicated in responses to infection, drought, and osmotic stress, which all impinge on JA-mediated defenses. In loss-of-function mutants, we found that the four MIPPs alter wound-induced MPK6/3 phosphorylation kinetics and affect the accumulation of the defense hormones JA, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid, as compared to wild type plants (Col-0). Moreover, MPK6/3 misregulation in MIPP or MAPK mutant plants resulted in slight changes in the resistance to Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera exigua larvae as compared to Col-0. Our data indicate that MPK6/3 and the four MIPPs moderately contribute to wound signaling and defense against herbivorous insects in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire T Hann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Sophia F Ramage
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Harshita Negi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Carlton J Bequette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Paula A Vasquez
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Johannes W Stratmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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21
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Zavaliev R, Dong X. NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. Mol Cell 2024; 84:131-141. [PMID: 38103555 PMCID: PMC10929286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensively studied; however, only in recent years have the underlying molecular mechanisms been uncovered, particularly NPR1's role in SA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming, stress protein homeostasis, and cell survival. Structural analyses ultimately defined NPR1 and its paralogs as SA receptors. The SA-bound NPR1 dimer induces transcription by bridging two TGA transcription factor dimers, forming an enhanceosome. Moreover, NPR1 orchestrates its multiple functions through the formation of distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. Furthermore, NPR1 plays a central role in plant health by regulating the crosstalk between SA and other defense and growth hormones. In this review, we focus on these recent advances and discuss how NPR1 can be utilized to engineer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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22
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Wang M, Wang Z, Ding Y, Kang S, Jiang S, Yang Z, Xie Z, Wang J, Wei S, Huang J, Li D, Jiang X, Tang H. Host-pathogen interaction between pitaya and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum reveals the mechanisms of immune response associated with defense regulators and metabolic pathways. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:4. [PMID: 38163897 PMCID: PMC10759344 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how plants and pathogens regulate each other's gene expression during their interactions is key to revealing the mechanisms of disease resistance and controlling the development of pathogens. Despite extensive studies on the molecular and genetic basis of plant immunity against pathogens, the influence of pitaya immunity on N. dimidiatum metabolism to restrict pathogen growth is poorly understood, and how N. dimidiatum breaks through pitaya defenses. In this study, we used the RNA-seq method to assess the expression profiles of pitaya and N. dimidiatum at 4 time periods after interactions to capture the early effects of N. dimidiatum on pitaya processes. RESULTS The study defined the establishment of an effective method for analyzing transcriptome interactions between pitaya and N. dimidiatum and to obtain global expression profiles. We identified gene expression clusters in both the host pitaya and the pathogen N. dimidiatum. The analysis showed that numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the recognition and defense of pitaya against N. dimidiatum, as well as N. dimidiatum's evasion of recognition and inhibition of pitaya. The major functional groups identified by GO and KEGG enrichment were responsible for plant and pathogen recognition, phytohormone signaling (such as salicylic acid, abscisic acid). Furthermore, the gene expression of 13 candidate genes involved in phytopathogen recognition, phytohormone receptors, and the plant resistance gene (PG), as well as 7 effector genes of N. dimidiatum, including glycoside hydrolases, pectinase, and putative genes, were validated by qPCR. By focusing on gene expression changes during interactions between pitaya and N. dimidiatum, we were able to observe the infection of N. dimidiatum and its effects on the expression of various defense components and host immune receptors. CONCLUSION Our data show that various regulators of the immune response are modified during interactions between pitaya and N. dimidiatum. Furthermore, the activation and repression of these genes are temporally coordinated. These findings provide a framework for better understanding the pathogenicity of N. dimidiatum and its role as an opportunistic pathogen. This offers the potential for a more effective defense against N. dimidiatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhouwen Wang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Yi Ding
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shaoling Kang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Senrong Jiang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Zhuangjia Yang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Zhan Xie
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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23
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Monte I. Jasmonates and salicylic acid: Evolution of defense hormones in land plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102470. [PMID: 37801737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of plant hormone signaling pathways is deeply intertwined with land plant evolution. In angiosperms, two plant hormones, salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonates (JAs), play a key role in plant defense, where JAs-mediated defenses are typically activated in response to herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens, whereas SA is prioritized against hemi/biotrophic pathogens. Thus, studying the evolution of SA and JAs and their crosstalk is essential to understand the evolution of molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) in land plants. Recent advances in the evolution of SA and JAs biosynthesis, signaling, and crosstalk in land plants illustrated that the insight gained in angiosperms does not necessarily apply to non-seed plant lineages, where the receptors perceive different ligands and the hormones activate pathways independently on the canonical receptors. In this review, recent findings on the two main defense hormones (JAs and SA) in non-seed plants, including functional studies in the bryophyte model Marchantia polymorpha, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Monte
- ZMBP, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tuebingen Germany.
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24
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu T, Luo X, Wang Y, Chu L, Li J, An H, Wan P, Xu D, Yang Y, Zhang J. GhMYC1374 regulates the cotton defense response to cotton aphids by mediating the production of flavonoids and free gossypol. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108162. [PMID: 37951101 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors (TFs) in plants are well-known regulators of plant defense against herbivores. However, the role and mechanism of MYC TFs in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) defense against cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) remain still elusive. Herein, on the basis of aphid-induced cotton transcriptome analysis, GhMYC1374, a cotton MYC2-like TF that was highly induced by cotton aphid attack, has been identified that confers cotton aphid resistance in cotton. GhMYC1374 was an intranuclear transcription factor with three domains: bHLH-MYC_N, RBR and bHLH_AtAIB_like. GhMYC1374 was induced under cotton aphid feeding, exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. GhMYC1374 transient overexpression in cotton plants enhanced cotton aphid-resistance, while GhMYC1374 silence through VIGS (virus induced gene silencing) decreased cotton aphid-resistance. GhMYC1374 transient overexpression of in cotton plants activated the phenylpropane pathway and promoted the synthesis of flavonoids, and resistance to thus enhanced the cotton resistance against aphids. In contrast, GhMYC1374 silence inhibited the biosynthesis of flavonoids. In addition, GhMYC1374 also positively activated the expression of the biosynthetic genes of free gossypol, leading to the high content of free gossypol. Taken together, our results suggest that GhMYC1374 is involved in the cotton defense response against cotton aphids by regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids and free gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xincheng Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Longyan Chu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jianpin Li
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hongliu An
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yazhen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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25
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Rossi CAM, Marchetta EJR, Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Molecular regulation of the salicylic acid hormone pathway in plants under changing environmental conditions. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:699-712. [PMID: 37258325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a central plant hormone mediating immunity, growth, and development. Recently, studies have highlighted the sensitivity of the SA pathway to changing climatic factors and the plant microbiome. Here we summarize organizing principles and themes in the regulation of SA biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism by changing abiotic/biotic environments, focusing on molecular nodes governing SA pathway vulnerability or resilience. We especially highlight advances in the thermosensitive mechanisms underpinning SA-mediated immunity, including differential regulation of key transcription factors (e.g., CAMTAs, CBP60g, SARD1, bHLH059), selective protein-protein interactions of the SA receptor NPR1, and dynamic phase separation of the recently identified GBPL3 biomolecular condensates. Together, these nodes form a biochemical paradigm for how the external environment impinges on the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Eric J R Marchetta
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Jong Hum Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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26
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Graska J, Fidler J, Gietler M, Prabucka B, Nykiel M, Labudda M. Nitric Oxide in Plant Functioning: Metabolism, Signaling, and Responses to Infestation with Ecdysozoa Parasites. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:927. [PMID: 37508359 PMCID: PMC10376146 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in endogenous NO concentration lead to activation/deactivation of NO signaling and NO-related processes. This paper presents the current state of knowledge on NO biosynthesis and scavenging pathways in plant cells and highlights the role of NO in post-translational modifications of proteins (S-nitrosylation, nitration, and phosphorylation) in plants under optimal and stressful environmental conditions. Particular attention was paid to the interactions of NO with other signaling molecules: reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, auxins (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. In addition, potential common patterns of NO-dependent defense responses against attack and feeding by parasitic and molting Ecdysozoa species such as nematodes, insects, and arachnids were characterized. Our review definitely highlights the need for further research on the involvement of NO in interactions between host plants and Ecdysozoa parasites, especially arachnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.G.); (B.P.); (M.N.)
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27
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Liu J, Wu X, Fang Y, Liu Y, Bello EO, Li Y, Xiong R, Li Y, Fu ZQ, Wang A, Cheng X. A plant RNA virus inhibits NPR1 sumoylation and subverts NPR1-mediated plant immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3580. [PMID: 37328517 PMCID: PMC10275998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NONEXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) is the master regulator of salicylic acid-mediated basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants. Here, we report that NPR1 plays a pivotal role in restricting compatible infection by turnip mosaic virus, a member of the largest plant RNA virus genus Potyvirus, and that such resistance is counteracted by NUCLEAR INCLUSION B (NIb), the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We demonstrate that NIb binds to the SUMO-interacting motif 3 (SIM3) of NPR1 to prevent SUMO3 interaction and sumoylation, while sumoylation of NIb by SUMO3 is not essential but can intensify the NIb-NPR1 interaction. We discover that the interaction also impedes the phosphorylation of NPR1 at Ser11/Ser15. Moreover, we show that targeting NPR1 SIM3 is a conserved ability of NIb from diverse potyviruses. These data reveal a molecular "arms race" by which potyviruses deploy NIb to suppress NPR1-mediated resistance through disrupting NPR1 sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Esther Oreofe Bello
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruyi Xiong
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
- A&L Canada Laboratories Lnc., London, N5V 3P5, ON, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 4T3, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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28
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Zhou P, Zavaliev R, Xiang Y, Dong X. Seeing is believing: Understanding functions of NPR1 and its paralogs in plant immunity through cellular and structural analyses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102352. [PMID: 36934653 PMCID: PMC10257749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, our knowledge of how nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) serves as a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses in plants has been informed largely by molecular genetic studies. Despite extensive efforts, the biochemical functions of this protein in promoting plant survival against a wide range of pathogens and abiotic stresses are not completely understood. Recent breakthroughs in cellular and structural analyses of NPR1 and its paralogs have provided a molecular framework for reinterpreting decades of genetic observations and have revealed new functions of these proteins. Besides NPR1's well-known nuclear activity in inducing stress-responsive genes, it has also been shown to control stress protein homeostasis in the cytoplasm. Structurally, NPR4's direct binding to SA has been visualized at the molecular level. Analysis of the cryo-EM and crystal structures of NPR1 reveals a bird-shaped homodimer containing a unique zinc finger. Furthermore, the TGA32-NPR12-TGA32 complex has been imaged, uncovering a dimeric NPR1 bridging two TGA3 transcription factor dimers as part of an enhanceosome complex to induce defense gene expression. These new findings will shape future research directions for deciphering NPR functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yezi Xiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, PO Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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29
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Zhang H, Wang F, Song W, Yang Z, Li L, Ma Q, Tan X, Wei Z, Li Y, Li J, Yan F, Chen J, Sun Z. Different viral effectors suppress hormone-mediated antiviral immunity of rice coordinated by OsNPR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3011. [PMID: 37230965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are plant hormones that typically act antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants and SA and JA signaling is often manipulated by pathogens. However, in monocotyledonous plants, the detailed SA-JA interplay in response to pathogen invasion remains elusive. Here, we show that different types of viral pathogen can disrupt synergistic antiviral immunity mediated by SA and JA via OsNPR1 in the monocot rice. The P2 protein of rice stripe virus, a negative-stranded RNA virus in the genus Tenuivirus, promotes OsNPR1 degradation by enhancing the association of OsNPR1 and OsCUL3a. OsNPR1 activates JA signaling by disrupting the OsJAZ-OsMYC complex and boosting the transcriptional activation activity of OsMYC2 to cooperatively modulate rice antiviral immunity. Unrelated viral proteins from different rice viruses also interfere with the OsNPR1-mediated SA-JA interplay to facilitate viral pathogenicity, suggesting that this may be a more general strategy in monocot plants. Overall, our findings highlight that distinct viral proteins convergently obstruct JA-SA crosstalk to facilitate viral infection in monocot rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fengmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weiqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zihang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Ullah C, Chen YH, Ortega MA, Tsai CJ. The diversity of salicylic acid biosynthesis and defense signaling in plants: Knowledge gaps and future opportunities. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 72:102349. [PMID: 36842224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is known to regulate plant immunity against pathogens. Plants synthesize SA via the isochorismate synthase (ICS) pathway or the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway. The ICS pathway has been fully characterized using Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant that exhibits pathogen-inducible SA accumulation. Many species including Populus (poplar) depend instead on the partially understood PAL pathway for constitutive as well as pathogen-stimulated SA synthesis. Diversity of SA-mediated defense is also evident in SA accumulation, redox regulation, and interplay with other hormones like jasmonic acid. This review highlights the contrast between Arabidopsis and poplar, discusses potential drivers of SA diversity in plant defenses, and offers future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yen-Ho Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - María A Ortega
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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31
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Li X, Niu G, Fan Y, Liu W, Wu Q, Yu C, Wang J, Xiao Y, Hou L, Jin D, Chen S, Hu R, Yang Y, Pei Y. Synthetic dual hormone-responsive promoters enable engineering of plants with broad-spectrum resistance. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023:100596. [PMID: 36998212 PMCID: PMC10363552 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In plant immunity, the mutually antagonistic hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are implicated in resistance to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, respectively. Promoters that can respond to both SA and JA signals are urgently needed to engineer plants with enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. However, few natural pathogen-inducible promoters are available for this purpose. To address this problem, we have developed a strategy to synthesize dual SA- and JA-responsive promoters by combining SA- and JA-responsive cis elements based on the interaction between their cognate trans-acting factors. The resulting promoters respond rapidly and strongly to both SA and Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), as well as different types of phytopathogens. When such a synthetic promoter was used to control expression of an antimicrobial peptide, transgenic plants displayed enhanced resistance to a diverse range of biotrophic, necrotrophic, and hemi-biotrophic pathogens. A dual-inducible promoter responsive to the antagonistic signals auxin and cytokinin was generated in a similar manner, confirming that our strategy can be used for the design of other biotically or abiotically inducible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Song Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Rongyu Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yumei Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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32
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MYC2: A Master Switch for Plant Physiological Processes and Specialized Metabolite Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043511. [PMID: 36834921 PMCID: PMC9963318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays important roles in plant defenses, development, and the synthesis of specialized metabolites synthesis. Transcription factor MYC2 is a major regulator of the JA signaling pathway and is involved in the regulation of plant physiological processes and specialized metabolite synthesis. Based on our understanding of the mechanism underlying the regulation of specialized metabolite synthesis in plants by the transcription factor MYC2, the use of synthetic biology approaches to design MYC2-driven chassis cells for the synthesis of specialized metabolites with high medicinal value, such as paclitaxel, vincristine, and artemisinin, seems to be a promising strategy. In this review, the regulatory role of MYC2 in JA signal transduction of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant growth, development and specialized metabolite synthesis is described in detail, which will provide valuable reference for the use of MYC2 molecular switches to regulate plant specialized metabolite biosynthesis.
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Li WF, Ma ZH, Guo ZG, Zuo CW, Chu MY, Mao J, Chen BH. Insights on the stem elongation of spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious' apple. PLANTA 2023; 257:48. [PMID: 36740622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The decreased capacity of auxin-, CTK-, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways, combined with the enhanced capacity of GA and ETH-, JA-, ABA-, SA-mediated stress-resistant pathways were presumed to be the crucial reasons for the formation of spur-type 'Red Delicious' mutants. Vallee Spur', which exhibit short internodes and compact tree shape, is the fourth generation of the spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious'. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these properties remains unclear. Here, comparative phenotypic, full-length transcriptome and phytohormone analyses were performed between 'Red Delicious' (NSP) and 'Vallee Spur' (SP). The new shoot internode length of NSP was ˃ 1.53-fold higher than that of the SP mutant. Cytological analysis showed that the stem cells of the SP mutant were smaller and more tightly arranged relative to the NSP. By Iso-Seq, a total of 1426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 808 upregulated and 618 downregulated genes in new shoot apex with 2 leaves of the SP mutant. Gene expressions involved in auxin, cytokinin (CTK), and brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction were mostly downregulated in the SP mutant, whereas those involved in gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA), ABA, and salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction were mostly upregulated. The overall thermogram analysis of hormone levels in the shoot apex carrying two leaves detected by LC-MS/MS absolute quantification showed that the levels of IAA-Asp, IAA, iP7G, OPDA, and 6-deoxyCS were significantly upregulated in the SP mutant, while the remaining 28 hormones were significantly downregulated. It is speculated that the decreased capacity of auxin, CTK, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways is crucial for the formation of the SP mutant. GA and stress-resistant pathways of ETH, JA, ABA, and SA also play vital roles in stem elongation. These results highlight the involvement of phytohormones in the formation of stem elongation occurring in 'Red Delicious' spur-type bud sport mutants and provide information for exploring its biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zong-Huan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, 741000, China
| | - Cun-Wu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ming-Yu Chu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Bai-Hong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Zhu J, Wang WS, Yan DW, Hong LW, Li TT, Gao X, Yang YH, Ren F, Lu YT, Yuan TT. CK2 promotes jasmonic acid signaling response by phosphorylating MYC2 in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:619-630. [PMID: 36546827 PMCID: PMC9881174 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling plays a pivotal role in plant development and defense. MYC2 is a master transcription factor in JA signaling, and was found to be phosphorylated and negatively regulated by MAP kinase and receptor-like kinase. However, the kinases that positively regulate MYC2 through phosphorylation and promote MYC2-mediated activation of JA response have not been identified. Here, we identified CK2 as a kinase that phosphorylates MYC2 and thus regulates the JA signaling. CK2 holoenzyme can interact with MYC2 using its regulatory subunits and phosphorylate MYC2 at multiple sites with its catalytic subunits. Inhibition of CK2 activity in a dominant-negative plant line, CK2mut, repressed JA response. On the other hand, increasing CK2 activity by overexpression of CKB4, a regulatory subunit gene of CK2, enhanced JA response in a MYC2-dependent manner. Substitution of the Ser and Thr residues at phosphorylation sites of MYC2 by CK2 with Ala impaired MYC2 function in activating JA response. Further investigations evidenced that CK2 facilitated the JA-induced increase of MYC2 binding to the promoters of JA-responsive genes in vivo. Our study demonstrated that CK2 plays a positive role in JA signaling, and reveals a previously undiscovered mechanism that regulates MYC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li-Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yun-Huang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Ying-Tang Lu. Tel: +86 27 68752619; Fax: +86 27 68753551;
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 27 68752619; Fax: +86 27 68753551;
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35
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Ribeiro B, Erffelinck ML, Lacchini E, Ceulemans E, Colinas M, Williams C, Van Hamme E, De Clercq R, Perassolo M, Goossens A. Interference between ER stress-related bZIP-type and jasmonate-inducible bHLH-type transcription factors in the regulation of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903793. [PMID: 36247618 PMCID: PMC9562455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins (TS) are a structurally diverse group of metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. They primarily serve as defense compounds and their production is often triggered by biotic stresses through signaling cascades that are modulated by phytohormones such as the jasmonates (JA). Two JA-modulated basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), triterpene saponin biosynthesis activating regulator 1 (TSAR1) and TSAR2, have previously been identified as direct activators of TS biosynthesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we report on the involvement of the core endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs bZIP17 and bZIP60 in the regulation of TS biosynthesis. Expression and processing of M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were altered in roots with perturbed TS biosynthesis or treated with JA. Accordingly, such roots displayed an altered ER network structure. M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were shown to localize in the nucleus and appeared to be capable of interfering with the TSAR-mediated transactivation of TS biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, interference between ER stress-related bZIP and JA-modulated bHLH TFs in the regulation of JA-dependent terpene biosynthetic pathways may be widespread in the plant kingdom, as we demonstrate that it also occurs in the regulation of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Erffelinck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evi Ceulemans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maite Colinas
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Williams
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Perassolo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Stroud EA, Jayaraman J, Templeton MD, Rikkerink EHA. Comparison of the pathway structures influencing the temporal response of salicylate and jasmonate defence hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952301. [PMID: 36160984 PMCID: PMC9504473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence phytohormone pathways evolved to recognize and counter multiple stressors within the environment. Salicylic acid responsive pathways regulate the defence response to biotrophic pathogens whilst responses to necrotrophic pathogens, herbivory, and wounding are regulated via jasmonic acid pathways. Despite their contrasting roles in planta, the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defence networks share a common architecture, progressing from stages of biosynthesis, to modification, regulation, and response. The unique structure, components, and regulation of each stage of the defence networks likely contributes, in part, to the speed, establishment, and longevity of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in response to hormone treatment and various biotic stressors. Recent advancements in the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways are reviewed here, with a focus on how the structure of the pathways may be influencing the temporal regulation of the defence responses, and how biotic stressors and the many roles of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in planta may have shaped the evolution of the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Stroud
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:607-620. [PMID: 35726519 PMCID: PMC9528082 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional reprogramming is an integral part of plant immunity. Tight regulation of the immune transcriptome is essential for a proper response of plants to different types of pathogens. Consequently, transcriptional regulators are proven targets of pathogens to enhance their virulence. The plant immune transcriptome is regulated by many different, interconnected mechanisms that can determine the rate at which genes are transcribed. These include intracellular calcium signaling, modulation of the redox state, post-translational modifications of transcriptional regulators, histone modifications, DNA methylation, modulation of RNA polymerases, alternative transcription inititation, the Mediator complex and regulation by non-coding RNAs. In addition, on their journey from transcription to translation, mRNAs are further modulated through mechanisms such as nuclear RNA retention, storage of mRNA in stress granules and P-bodies, and post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this review, we highlight the latest insights into these mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss some emerging technologies that promise to greatly enhance our understanding of the regulation of the plant immune transcriptome in the future.
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38
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Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:647-656. [PMID: 35698792 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are major players in plant immunity. Numerous studies have provided evidence that SA- and JA-mediated signaling interact with each other (SA-JA crosstalk) to orchestrate plant immune responses against pathogens. At the same time, SA-JA crosstalk is often exploited by pathogens to promote their virulence. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms for and modulations of SA-JA crosstalk during pathogen infection.
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39
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Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Profiling Analysis of SPL Gene Family during the Inflorescence Development in Trifolium repens. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050900. [PMID: 35627286 PMCID: PMC9140761 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trifolium repens is the most widely cultivated perennial legume forage in temperate region around the world. It has rich nutritional value and good palatability, seasonal complementarity with grasses, and can improve the feed intake and digestibility of livestock. However, flowering time and inflorescence development directly affects the quality and yield of T. repens, as well as seed production. The Squa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) gene family is a plant specific transcription factor family, which has been proved to play a critical role in regulating plant formation time and development of flowers. In this study, a total of 37 TrSPL genes were identified from the whole genome of T. repens and were divided into nine clades based on phylogenetic tree. Seventeen TrSPL genes have potential target sites for miR156. The conserved motif of squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP) contains two zinc finger structures and one NLS structure. Gene structure analysis showed that all TrSPL genes contained SBP domain, while ankyrin repeat region was just distributed in part of genes. 37 TrSPL genes were relatively dispersedly distributed on 16 chromosomes, and 5 pairs of segmental repeat genes were found, which indicated that segmental duplication was the main way of gene expansion. Furthermore, the gene expression profiling showed that TrSPL11, TrSPL13, TrSPL22, and TrSPL26 were highly expressed only in the early stage of inflorescence development, while TrSPL1 and TrSPL6 are highly expressed only in the mature inflorescence. Significantly, the expression of TrSPL4 and TrSPL12 increased gradually with the development of inflorescences. The results of this study will provide valuable clues for candidate gene selection and elucidating the molecular mechanism of T. repens flowering regulation.
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Mechanosensory trichome cells evoke a mechanical stimuli-induced immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1216. [PMID: 35260555 PMCID: PMC8904797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of pathogen-derived ligands by corresponding host receptors is a pivotal strategy in eukaryotic innate immunity. In plants, this is complemented by circadian anticipation of infection timing, promoting basal resistance even in the absence of pathogen threat. Here, we report that trichomes, hair-like structures on the epidermis, directly sense external mechanical forces, including raindrops, to anticipate pathogen infections in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exposure of leaf surfaces to mechanical stimuli initiates the concentric propagation of intercellular calcium waves away from trichomes to induce defence-related genes. Propagating calcium waves enable effective immunity against pathogenic microbes through the CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR 3 (CAMTA3) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. We propose an early layer of plant immunity in which trichomes function as mechanosensory cells that detect potential risks.
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Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Hernández-Coronado et al. present genetic and pharmacological evidence that reveals the central role of plant glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs) in the tradeoff between wounding-triggered regeneration and defense, offering new strategies to improve plant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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42
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Kashyap AS, Manzar N, Nebapure SM, Rajawat MVS, Deo MM, Singh JP, Kesharwani AK, Singh RP, Dubey SC, Singh D. Unraveling Microbial Volatile Elicitors Using a Transparent Methodology for Induction of Systemic Resistance and Regulation of Antioxidant Genes at Expression Levels in Chili against Bacterial Wilt Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020404. [PMID: 35204287 PMCID: PMC8869530 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatiles benefit the agricultural ecological system by promoting plant growth and systemic resistance against diseases without harming the environment. To explore the plant growth-promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens PDS1 and Bacillus subtilis KA9 in terms of chili plant growth and its biocontrol efficiency against Ralstonia solanacearum, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. A closure assembly was designed using a half-inverted plastic bottle to demonstrate plant–microbial interactions via volatile compounds. The most common volatile organic compounds were identified and reported; they promoted plant development and induced systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen R. solanacearum. The PDS1 and KA9 VOCs significantly increased defensive enzyme activity and overexpressed the antioxidant genes PAL, POD, SOD, WRKYa, PAL1, DEF-1, CAT-2, WRKY40, HSFC1, LOX2, and NPR1 related to plant defense. The overall gene expression was greater in root tissue as compared to leaf tissue in chili plant. Our findings shed light on the relationship among rhizobacteria, pathogen, and host plants, resulting in plant growth promotion, disease suppression, systemic resistance-inducing potential, and antioxidant response with related gene expression in the leaf and root tissue of chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Nazia Manzar
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
| | | | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Man Mohan Deo
- Farm Machinery and Power, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India;
| | - Jyoti Prakash Singh
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Amit Kumar Kesharwani
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
| | - Ravinder Pal Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
| | - S. C. Dubey
- Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi 110012, India;
- Krishi Bhawan, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Dinesh Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (D.S.)
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