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Wang X, Wei H, Wang P. Adolescents High in Callous-Unemotional Traits are Prone to be Bystanders: The Roles of Moral Disengagement, Moral Identity, and Perceived Social Support. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01709-y. [PMID: 38739301 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Bystanders are the most common role that adolescents play in bullying episodes, they have considerable influence on the formation of the victim's experience and the perpetrator's behavior. Based on the social-cognitive model, the current study examined the mediating role of moral disengagement in the association between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior and the moderating roles of moral identity and perceived social support. Participants included 2,286 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years (49.3% boys; Mage = 13.46, SDage = 0.93). The study showed callous-unemotional traits were significantly and positively associated with bystander behavior and this relation was partially mediated by moral disengagement. Moral identity moderated the relation between callous-unemotional traits and moral disengagement as well as callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior. Perceived social support moderated in the direct and indirect associations between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior via moral disengagement. The relation between callous-unemotional traits and moral disengagement and the relation between callous-unemotional traits and bystander behavior became weaker for adolescents with high perceived social support. Surprisingly, the relation between moral disengagement and bystander behavior became stronger for adolescents with a high level of perceived social support. The results supported two specific patterns of perceived social support: stress-buffering and reverse stress-buffering. The present study contributes to our understanding of the key mechanisms underlying the association between callous-unemotional traits and adolescents' bystander behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Wang
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Huibin Wei
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Media & Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Choudhuri A, Saraswat L. Explicating Evolutionary Epistemological Concerns on Gossip and Cyberbullying. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:1331-1353. [PMID: 37097543 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Gossip and bullying have psychosocial concerns and are usually considered as vice, bad, hence, non-virtuous. This paper deals with a plausible modest account for them to be considered not as bad, rather significant behavioral and epistemic tools from evolutionary and epistemological points of view. It adheres to a relationship between gossip and bullying in real (sociobiological-psychological domains) and within cyberspaces. Considering the formation of social relations and orders in reality and virtual platforms, it attempts to understand the issues and advantages gossip poses to societies from a reputational perspective. While evolutionary explanations of complex social behavior are not only difficult, but controversial too, this paper aims to present an evolutionary epistemological perspective to the act of gossiping, to understand the vantage it may have or provide. Usually, gossip and bullying are considered as having a negative connotation, but these are explicated as epistemic access tools for regulation, social order, knowledge gain, and niche construction. Consequently, gossip is showcased as an evolutionary epistemic achievement and virtuous enough to deal with the partly unknown features of the World.
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Zeng Y, Xiao J, Li D, Sun J, Zhang Q, Ma A, Qi K, Zuo B, Liu X. The Influence of Victim Self-Disclosure on Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:829. [PMID: 37887479 PMCID: PMC10604166 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent occurrences of cyberbullying on social platforms have sparked a great deal of social conflict, and bystander intervention plays a crucial role in preventing the escalation of cyberbullying. This research examines the impact of victim self-disclosure on bystander intervention in cyberbullying through two experimental studies. The studies collected data from March to July of 2022, utilizing a convenience sampling approach to recruit university students as experiment participants. Study 1 recruited 247 valid participants, while Study 2 recruited 522 eligible participants. The results of Study 1 indicate that the perceptible dimensions (frequency, privacy, and valence) of victim self-disclosure impact bystander intervention. Specifically, in a low privacy context, positive self-disclosure increases bystander intervention, while negative self-disclosure does the opposite. The results of Study 2 suggest that the valence of self-disclosure affects bystander intervention through the mediation of victim blaming, with interpersonal distance moderating the impact of victim self-disclosure valence on the extent of victim blaming. This moderated mediation model clarifies the psychological process by which the valence of victim self-disclosure affects bystander intervention. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the social psychological process behind bystander intervention, providing a scientific basis and pathway for reducing cyberbullying and fostering a harmonious online environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zeng
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Junze Xiao
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Danfeng Li
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100098, China
| | - Jiaxiu Sun
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qingqi Zhang
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ai Ma
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ke Qi
- The Psychological Counseling Center, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Officers College of PAP, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
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Leung ANM, Chiu MM. Adolescents' Cyber-Defending for Cyberbullying: A Socio-Emotional, Beliefs, and Past Experience Model. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:789-797. [PMID: 37831893 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents experiencing cyberbullying attacks (i.e., cyber-victims) can suffer severe psychological harm (e.g., suicide). To combat cyberbullying, people can defend the cyber-victims (cyber-defending). Unlike past studies, we proposed a comprehensive theoretical model of cyber-defending that includes socio-emotional aspects, beliefs, and past bullying experiences (as a bully, victim, and/or witness; face-to-face vs. online). We then empirically tested it among 817 students across seven secondary schools using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results revealed that participants with higher social competence, depression, affective empathy, or stronger pro-victim beliefs reported more cyber-defending. Furthermore, beliefs and past experiences mediated the relationships between socio-emotional factors and cyber-defending. These findings help build a theory of cyber-defending, provide practical implications, and offer future directions for promoting cyber-defending, which will ultimately reduce cyberbullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Nga Man Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Ming Chiu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Analytics\Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Hu Y, Zhang T, Shi HF, Fan CY. Empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents: the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196571. [PMID: 37731887 PMCID: PMC10508182 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cyberbullying poses a significant challenge among adolescents. If bystanders stand up and help victims, their helping behavior may be able to reduce the frequency and negative impact of cyberbullying. This study investigates the association of empathy, internet moral judgment, and internet self-efficacy with bystander helping behavior among adolescents, building upon the empathy-altruism hypothesis, bystander intervention model, and dual-process model of morality. Methods A sample of 919 Chinese adolescents from 3 schools in Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces completed the Basic Empathy Scale, Internet Moral Judgment Questionnaire, Internet Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Styles of Bystander Intervention Scale. And we constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying and assessed the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy. Results Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying. Internet moral judgment mediated the relationship between empathy and helping behavior, whereas internet self-efficacy moderated the latter half of the mediation pathway. Specifically, the association between internet moral judgment and helping behavior was stronger for bystanders with higher levels of internet self-efficacy compared with those that have lower levels. Discussion These results further deepen our understanding of the mechanisms involved in bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying, thus providing a basis for future interventions to encourage more helping actions from bystanders during cyberbullying incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- School of Preschool Education, Hubei Preschool Teachers College, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-fen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Rong K, Chu X, Zhao Y. Qualitative analyses on the classification model of bystander behavior in cyberbullying. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1152331. [PMID: 37496794 PMCID: PMC10367091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bystanders account for the largest proportion of those involve in cyberbullying and play an important role in the development of cyberbullying incidents. Regarding the classification of bystander behavior in cyberbullying, there exist some limitations in the previous research, such as not considering the complexity of the online environment. Therefore, this study constructed a new classification model of bystander behavior in cyberbullying. Methods By separately utilizing questionnaires and experimental methods, the study collected participants' behavioral intentions and actual behavioral responses to deal with cyberbullying incidents. Results Based on two qualitative studies, this study summarized a new classification model, which included three first-level factors and six second-level factors. Specifically, the classification model included positive bystander behavior (i.e., pointing at the victim, bully, and others), neutral bystander behavior (i.e., inaction), and negative bystander behavior (i.e., supporting and excessively confronting the bully). Discussion The classification model has important contributions to the research on bystander behavior in cyberbullying. This model helps researchers to develop more effective intervention approaches on cyberbullying from the perspective of each category of bystander behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Rong
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Intelligent Laboratory of Zhejiang Province in Mental Health and Crisis Intervention for Children and Adolescents, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaowei Chu
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Intelligent Laboratory of Zhejiang Province in Mental Health and Crisis Intervention for Children and Adolescents, Jinhua, China
| | - Yujing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Intelligent Laboratory of Zhejiang Province in Mental Health and Crisis Intervention for Children and Adolescents, Jinhua, China
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Cyberbullying experience and bystander behavior in cyberbullying incidents: The serial mediating roles of perceived incident severity and empathy. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jeyagobi S, Munusamy S, Kamaluddin MR, Ahmad Badayai AR, Kumar J. Factors influencing negative cyber-bystander behavior: A systematic literature review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:965017. [PMID: 36262235 PMCID: PMC9574391 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.965017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyber-aggression is global epidemic affecting citizens of cyberspace, without regards to physical, geographical and time constraints. Recent research has identified the significant role of cyber-bystanders in exacerbating and de-escalating incidents on cyber-aggression they come across. Additionally, frequent exposure to cyber-aggression is found to have been associated with negative effects on participants of cyber-aggression, ranging from self-esteem problems to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, and in the worst cases even suicidal behaviors and ideation. Moreover, past research had also identified that negative bystanders could potentially become aggressors themselves. Therefore, the current review is aimed at uncovering the common themes and factors that drive individuals to resort to negative bystander behavior. Hence, a systematic literature review using the PRISMA framework was carried out, involving articles published between January 2012 to March 2022, on online databases such as SCOPUS, Science Direct, SAGE Journals, Web of Science, and Springer Link. Results obtained through the synthesis of 27 selected articles, were grouped into three categories, namely situational factors, personal factors and social influence. Upon further synthesis of the results, it was noted that many of the factors had interacted with each other. Thus, practical suggestion for prevention and future research would include addressing these interactions in preventative methodologies and research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobana Jeyagobi
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shalini Munusamy
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Creative Industries, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin
| | - Abdul Rahman Ahmad Badayai
- Centre for Research in Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Hayashi Y, Tahmasbi N. Psychological Predictors of Bystanders' Intention to Help Cyberbullying Victims Among College Students: An Application of Theory of Planned Behavior. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11333-NP11357. [PMID: 33554727 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521992158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as an explanation for bystanders' intention to help cyberbullying victims among college students. Participants completed an online survey in which their intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control toward helping cyberbullying victims were assessed. In addition to these traditional TPB variables, empathy toward cyberbullying victims and anticipated regret from not helping victims were included in the model. Results showed that empathy and anticipated regret significantly predicted intention to help cyberbullying victims over and above the traditional TPB variables. Results also showed that gender altered how traditional TPB variables, empathy, and anticipated regret predict bystander's intention to help cyberbullying victims: Empathy and anticipated regret were most robust predictors for males and females, respectively. These results suggest that the TPB is a useful theoretical framework for understanding bystanders' intention to help cyberbullying victims. Implications for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies are discussed.
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Macaulay PJ, Betts LR, Stiller J, Kellezi B. Bystander responses to cyberbullying: The role of perceived severity, publicity, anonymity, type of cyberbullying, and victim response. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Hong YJ, Lee K. Adolescent bystanders’ moral emotions in cyberbullying. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01430343221088186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to extensively investigate not only bystander roles but also individual bystanders’ moral emotional responses in the context of cyberbullying based on the perpetrator's perceived popularity and the message type. Data from 566 adolescents in grade 7 attending six middle schools in South Korea were used to identify their bystander behavior and moral emotions in response to vignettes about cyber scenarios. Using latent profile analysis, the current study identified five types of bystanders: limited bystanders, pro-bullies, outsiders, defenders, and inconsistent bystanders. Moreover, multinomial logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictive power of the moral emotions of each bystander type. The findings indicated the importance of understanding bystanders’ roles for designing effective intervention strategies regarding moral emotions, leading to adolescents’ improved moral sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea-Ji Hong
- Department of Child Studies, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangyi Lee
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Cyber-bystanders’ reactions toward tourism companies’ prejudice practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2021; 49:74-83. [PMCID: PMC8428705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Prejudice against tourists from the epidemic areas or those infected during the COVID-19 pandemic has attracted much attention. While many studies examined the influence of this prejudice on tourists themselves, little research has been conducted to identify cyber-bystanders’ reactions to tourism companies' prejudice practice. This study aims to fill this gap by revealing the process of how cyber-bystanders identify, evaluate, and respond online to prejudice practice in the context of the tourism industry. The study developed a conceptual model to examine the influential factors and their internal relationship of cyber-bystanders’ reactions. A multistage model was proposed based on the social comparison theory. An online survey was conducted in mainland China, and 558 useable questionnaires were collected. The three-process model was estimated using the Bootstrap mediation test and hierarchical regression analysis. The results indicate that cyber-bystanders’ prejudice recognizing process could impact their reactions through the influence of their evaluation behaviors. Meanwhile, the collective sentiment on social media has a moderating effect on the relationship between cyber-bystanders’ evaluating process and their reactions to prejudice practice. Both theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Unique and interactive effects of guilt and sympathy on bystander aggressive defender intervention in cyberbullying: The mediation of self-regulation. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Meier BP, Kitchens MB, Kupersmith DE, Houck KE, Keyton NS, Petrasic SE, Schultz EH, Sheriff SS, Simmers MM, Underwood JO, Walker S, Zweizig DN. Be Responsible? Exp Psychol 2021; 68:107-112. [PMID: 34405691 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bystander effect reveals that people are less likely to help a person in need when others are present. We examined the impact of priming the concept of responsibility on the bystander effect in a field study. Lone pedestrians (N = 259) were randomly assigned to a two (Bystanders: none and three nonresponsive bystanders) by two (Shirt: blank shirt and shirt with "Be Responsible" written on the front) design. A researcher dropped eight pens approximately 15 ft from a lone pedestrian, while wearing one of the two shirts in the presence/absence of bystanders (confederates). The bystander effect was found: Pedestrians helped pick up pens more frequently in the no bystanders condition (59.05% helped) compared to the nonresponsive bystanders condition (41.67% helped). The responsibility prime tended to boost helping rates, but it did not significantly increase helping rates either as a main effect or as part of an interaction term. The bystander effect was replicated in a field setting, but priming the concept of responsibility did not appear to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Meier
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nevada S Keyton
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Walker
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
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Polanco-Levicán K, Salvo-Garrido S. Bystander Roles in Cyberbullying: A Mini-Review of Who, How Many, and Why. Front Psychol 2021; 12:676787. [PMID: 34122273 PMCID: PMC8194816 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyberbullying has progressively increased due to the massive use of the internet and social networks. Bystanders constitute the largest group, occupying a key role in the evolution of the cyberbullying situation and its consequences for the victim. Research shows different ways in which bystanders behave, suggesting different types of sub-roles associated with different study variables. The objective of this literature review is to identify and characterize the roles of bystanders in cyberbullying situations that involve adolescent students. To achieve this objective, a systematic search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles published between 2015 and 2020, resulting in 233 articles. Articles were then selected by relevant title and summary. Subsequently, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in a total of nine articles. The findings of this review allowed us to identify two to five types of bystanders, the largest type representing outsiders and the smallest type representing assistants of the aggressor. The identified types of bystanders are characterized for variables such as sex, age, previous experience, and empathy. The results are discussed considering the available theoretical and empirical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Polanco-Levicán
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Sonia Salvo-Garrido
- Departamento de Matemática y Estadística, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales (LICSA), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Wong RYM, Cheung CMK, Xiao B, Thatcher JB. Standing Up or Standing By: Understanding Bystanders’ Proactive Reporting Responses to Social Media Harassment. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2020.0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Social media harassment, a cyberbullying behavior, poses a serious threat to users and platform owners of social media. In this paper, we contextualize the bystander intervention framework and reporting literature to social media in order to understand why bystanders report social media harassment. Our contextualized intervention framework focuses on three sociotechnical aspects—the online social environment, characteristics of the technology platform, and their interplay—that explain bystander reporting on social media platforms. We tested the model using data gathered from active Facebook users. Our findings direct practitioners’ attention to the role of the platform in encouraging bystanders to help stop social media harassment. For policy makers, our findings direct attention to supporting programs that encourage social media users to feel responsible for reporting harassment and making transparent the outcomes of reporting social media harassment using anonymous reporting tools. For platform owners, our findings direct attention to investing in tools that enable anonymous reporting, to fostering a climate that encourages reporting, and to ensuring that all users understand that reporting social media harassment results in swift, effective responses from platform owners. Taken together, we believe our research offer insight into how to build safer and secure social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Yee Man Wong
- Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christy M. K. Cheung
- Department of Finance and Decision Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Xiao
- Shidler College of Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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Gönültaş S, Mulvey KL. Bystander responses to bias-based bullying and retaliation: Is retaliation perceived as more acceptable than bias-based bullying? BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 39:442-461. [PMID: 33629758 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined intergroup-related and social-cognitive correlates of bystanders' acceptability judgements and their responses to bias-based bullying of immigrant peers and to possible retaliation for the bullying. Participants included 179 immigrant-origin and non-immigrant-origin youth (Mage = 13.23; SD = 1.55; 79 immigrant-origin youth). Participants' bystander judgements and responses to bullying and retaliation were examined via a hypothetical scenario. Further, participants' intergroup attitudes towards immigrants and their social-cognitive skills were evaluated. ANOVA results showed that immigrant-origin youth judged bullying as less acceptable and retaliation as more acceptable compared to non-immigrant-origin youth, documenting that group membership is related to adolescents' judgements. A similar pattern was observed in active bystander responses. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that immigration background, intergroup process in the context of immigration, and social-cognitive skills predict bystander responses to bullying and retaliation. This study provides important implications for anti-bullying intervention programmes to overcome the negative consequences of retaliation in the escalation of aggressive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Gönültaş
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Stanciu D, Chis A. A study of cyberstander reactions under community-related influence: When gender complicates matters. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The Role of Emotions, Moral Disengagement and Gender in Supporting Victims of Bullying. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci10120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that classmates supporting victims’ defence is fundamental to combat bullying. To find a suitable response for the bullying problem, we must bear in mind how all the victim’s classmates respond and what variables can determine their helping behaviour. Moral disengagement has been demonstrated to be a factor that explains behaviour when faced with bullying. Emotions have also been shown to be relevant for bullying behaviour. This research aimed to gain knowledge of how adolescents behave when faced with bullying and to analyse how their behaviour relates to moral disengagement and both positive and negative emotions, specifically supportive behaviour for victims. In the present study 1029 students participated, all of whom came from Secondary Education, Training Cycles and Higher Secondary Education Stages in Spain. The regression analysis confirmed that being male increased the likelihood of performing active and passive behaviours. Conversely, being female involved displaying more proactive behaviours. Feeling positive/pleasant emotions about bullying increased active behaviour. Feeling negative/unpleasant emotions about bullying increased behaviour in the proactive behavior group. Adolescents should be aware that stopping bullying is their personal responsibility, which depends on their behaviour with the victim. Interventions must aim to reduce moral disengagement and positive emotions about bullying by increasing negative emotions about such behaviour.
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Machackova H. Bystander reactions to cyberbullying and cyberaggression: individual, contextual, and social factors. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 36:130-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Huang CL, Zhang S, Yang SC. How students react to different cyberbullying events: Past experience, judgment, perceived seriousness, helping behavior and the effect of online disinhibition. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Lo Cricchio MG, García-Poole C, te Brinke LW, Bianchi D, Menesini E. Moral disengagement and cyberbullying involvement: A systematic review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1782186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Lo Cricchio
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLILPSI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chloe García-Poole
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad De La Laguna, Santa Cruz De Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Dora Bianchi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia Menesini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology (FORLILPSI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kim JH, Choi HJ, Yu JP, Lim JH, Lee HJ, Jung SH. Argumentum ad hominem and coercive company culture influences on workaholism: Results and implications of a cross-cultural South Korea study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2020.1744277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-ho Kim
- The Cultural Policy Network, Sangmyung University, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Hyun-ju Choi
- Department of Cultural & Arts Management, Sangmyung University, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Jong-pil Yu
- Department of Business Administration, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-hee Lim
- Research Institute Multicultural Community, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuck-jin Lee
- Department of Economics & Trade, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-hye Jung
- School of Dance, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Decision-making process underlying bystanders’ helping cyberbullying victims: A behavioral economic analysis of role of social discounting. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Rebollo-Catalan A, Mayor-Buzon V. Adolescent Bystanders Witnessing Cyber Violence Against Women and Girls: What They Observe and How They Respond. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:2024-2040. [PMID: 31779537 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219888025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of social networks has turned cyber violence into a serious problem. We performed a survey with 1,468 adolescents aged 13-17 years and found that almost one in four frequently observed different forms of cyber violence against women and girls. More than a third of the adolescents who witnessed the violence did nothing, and while girls gave more active responses to help the victim, both girls and boys normalized and even justified this behavior. Our findings also underline how little is known about institutional resources for victims. We also discuss the implications for awareness and prevention.
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Is cyberbullying a group process? Online and offline bystanders of cyberbullying act as defenders, reinforcers and outsiders. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Killer B, Bussey K, Hawes DJ, Hunt C. A meta-analysis of the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying roles in youth. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:450-462. [PMID: 30900277 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years, researchers have become increasingly interested in the influence of moral factors on bullying behaviors. This is the first meta-analytic review to exclusively examine the relationship between moral disengagement (MD) and the key bullying roles of bully, victim, defender, and bystander. Forty-seven independent samples examining a total of 43,809 children/adolescents (aged 7-19) were included in this meta-analysis. Results indicated a positive relationship between MD and bullying (r = 0.31; 95% CI [0.27, 0.34]), MD and victimization (r = 0.08; 95% CI [0.05, 0.12]), and a negative relationship between MD and defending (r = -0.11; 95% CI [-0.17, -0.04]). No significant relationship was found for MD and bystanding behavior. Moderators of bullying type (traditional vs. cyberbullying), reporting type (self vs. peer report), age, and gender were included in the analyses. The results are discussed in the context of relevant literature with particular emphasis on the importance of distinguishing between guilty and unconcerned bystanders, and the significant overlap between bullying and victimization in the cyber context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Killer
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kay Bussey
- Department of PsychologyMacquarie UniversitySydney New South Wales Australia
| | - David J Hawes
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Caroline Hunt
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydney New South Wales Australia
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Cuadrado-Gordillo I, Fernández-Antelo I. Analysis of Moral Disengagement as a Modulating Factor in Adolescents' Perception of Cyberbullying. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1222. [PMID: 31191411 PMCID: PMC6546841 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been various studies establishing a relationship between moral reasoning and the perpetration of cyberbullying, but very few analyzing either the moderating role played by moral disengagement in how both aggressor and victim perceive cyberbullying, or the repercussions of this moderation for the determination of the prevalence of the problem and for the design of prevention programs. The present study examines the relationship between moral disengagement, moral identity, and how victims of this type of abuse perceive cyberbullying. The participants were 1912 adolescents (51% women) from Extremadura (Spain) of ages from 14 to 18 years. They completed three questionnaires addressing perception of cyberbullying, moral disengagement, and moral identity. Factorial, structural, correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to construct their perceptual structure of cyberbullying. These analyses showed the influence of their different levels of moral disengagement on those perceptions, and the moderating role that moral identity plays in the direct and indirect relationships between moral disengagement and the perception of cyberbullying. They revealed, on the one hand, the key and the subsidiary criteria victims use to classify some given cybernetic behavior as a case of cyberbullying, and, on the other, that the victims’ levels of moral disengagement explain both the justifications they resort to in order to interpret occurrences of cyberbullying and their shifting or spreading of responsibility onto others. Finally, the results can be a key element in the design of effective psychological interventions aimed at improving adolescents’ moral identity in situations of cybernetic victimization.
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Pozzoli T, Gini G. Behavior during cyberbullying episodes: Initial validation of a new self-report scale. Scand J Psychol 2019; 61:22-29. [PMID: 30690730 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research on cyberbullying has been growing worldwide, with much of the focus on the characteristics of perpetrators and targets of cyberbullying. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid on bystanders of cyber-attacks. This study presents the Italian validation of a newly developed self-report scale that measures different forms of participation in cyberbullying, namely cyberbullying, cybervictimization, cyber-defending and cyber-passive bystanding. We used responses from 561 young adolescents (289 girls; mean age = 12 years, 1 month; SD = 9 months) attending middle schools in Italy. A 16-item scale was developed paralleling the content of an already existing scale that measures young adolescents' behavior in traditional bullying. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-dimensional structure of the scale and the four subscale's scores showed acceptable levels of internal consistency. Multigroup analyses demonstrated full scalar invariance of the scale across gender groups. Finally, each behavior in the electronic context was positively correlated with its counterpart in the school context, suggesting certain stability across contexts. It is concluded that the scale may be a first, promising attempt to measure different youths' behavior during cyberbullying episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pozzoli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gini
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
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Balakrishnan V, Fernandez T. Self-esteem, empathy and their impacts on cyberbullying among young adults. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among college students: the mediating effect of moral disengagement. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Actions, emotional reactions and cyberbullying – From the lens of bullies, victims, bully-victims and bystanders among Malaysian young adults. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mehari KR, Moore W, Waasdorp TE, Varney O, Berg K, Leff SS. Cyberbullying prevention: Insight and recommendations from youths, parents, and paediatricians. Child Care Health Dev 2018; 44:616-622. [PMID: 29766542 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify injunctive norms for cyberbullying prevention among youths, parents, and primary care providers, as well as barriers to preventive behaviours. METHODS Semi-structured interviews on the topic of cyberbullying were conducted with 29 adolescents, 13 paediatricians, and 15 parents recruited from 3 primary care sites. Transcripts were coded for themes related to various stakeholders' perceived roles in cyberbullying prevention and barriers to preventive behaviours. RESULTS Participants reported perceptions that youths should intervene in the moment and get outside help for others. Fear of repercussions emerged as a significant barrier to these behaviours. Participants believed that parents should communicate with their children and monitor and supervise youths' online activities. Barriers included perception of priority and low parental efficacy or naiveté. Participants believed that providers should provide education and resources and ask screening questions; the most frequently identified barrier to those behaviours was the perception of providers' role. CONCLUSIONS Youths and providers may not be aware of their potential to prevent cyberbullying before it occurs. Educating youths, parents, and providers about cyberbullying prevention is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Moore
- Private consultant, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T E Waasdorp
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - O Varney
- WellSpan Behavioral Health, Lancaster, PA
| | - K Berg
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermilion, SD
| | - S S Leff
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Barlińska J, Szuster A, Winiewski M. Cyberbullying Among Adolescent Bystanders: Role of Affective Versus Cognitive Empathy in Increasing Prosocial Cyberbystander Behavior. Front Psychol 2018; 9:799. [PMID: 29899715 PMCID: PMC5988850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate if affective (vicarious sharing of emotions) and cognitive empathy (mental perspective taking) induction may stimulate adolescent online bystanders’ intervention in cyberbullying cases. The role of reporting the abuse is crucial because it is a form of active support to the victim, initiated by children, to stop the bullying. The effectiveness of empathy activation in decreasing negative cyberbystander reinforcing behavior has been proved in previous studies. The effects of affective and cognitive empathy activation on positive cyberbystander behavior, defined as reporting the bullying online, were explored in two follow-up studies N = 271 and N = 265. The influence of experiencing cyberbullying as perpetrator, victim, and as determined by gender on prosocial cyberbystander behavior was also controlled. The results indicate that only cognitive empathy activation increases the likelihood of intervening bystander behavior. Neither affective empathy induction, previous experience of cyberperpetration, cybervictimization, nor gender affected the engagement in prosocial bystander behavior. The conclusion of the research is that a program consequently activating more reflective cognitive empathy induction can contribute toward the establishment of healthier behavioral patterns among bystanders to cyberbullying, increasing the probability of their reporting the cyberbullying acts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Szuster
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Holfeld B, Mishna F. Longitudinal Associations in Youth Involvement as Victimized, Bullying, or Witnessing Cyberbullying. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2018; 21:234-239. [PMID: 29624446 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although cyberbullying has been linked to cyber victimization, it is unknown whether witnessing cyberbullying impacts and is impacted by experiences of cyberbullying and victimization. In the current study, we examine the frequency of youth involved as victimized, bullying, and witnessing cyberbullying and how these experiences are associated across three academic years. Participants comprised 670 Canadian students who began the longitudinal study in grades 4, 7, or 10 at Time 1 (T1). Cyber witnessing represented the largest role of youth involvement in cyberbullying. Cyber witnessing was positively associated with both cyberbullying and victimization. Cyber victimization at T1 was positively associated with cyber witnessing at T2, which was positively related to both cyberbullying and victimization at T3. Findings highlight the significance of addressing the role of cyber witnesses in cyberbullying prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Holfeld
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Faye Mishna
- 2 Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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