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Ryan AD, Campbell KL. Time spent imagining does not influence younger and older adults' episodic simulation of helping behavior. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38461431 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2327677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Shared cognitive processes underlie our ability to remember the past (i.e., episodic memory) and imagine the future (i.e., episodic simulation) and age-related declines in episodic memory are also noted when simulating future scenarios. Given older adults' reduced cognitive control and protracted memory retrieval time, we examined whether imposing time limits on episodic simulation of future helping scenarios affects younger and older adults' willingness to help, phenomenological experience, and the type of details produced. Relative to a control task, episodic simulation increased younger and older participants' willingness to help, scene vividness, and perspective-taking regardless of the time spent imagining future helping scenarios. Notably, time spent imagining influenced the number, but not proportion of internal details produced, suggesting that participants' use of episodic-like information remained consistent regardless of the time they spent imagining. The present findings highlight the importance of collecting phenomenological experience when assessing episodic simulation abilities across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dawn Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Canada
| | - Karen L Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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2
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Hetrick AL, Jacobson RP. Receiving help at work mitigates the negative consequences of performance pressure: implications for depletion and citizenship behavior. J Soc Psychol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38170635 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2298890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Drawing from job-demands resources theory and conservation of resources theory, this study examines the effect of performance pressure on interpersonal citizenship behavior through exhaustion. We also explore the extent to which receiving help mitigates the exhaustion caused by performance pressure. In a critical incident design of employees from various industries (N = 268), performance pressure was positively associated with exhaustion. Subsequently, employee exhaustion decreased the tendency to perform acts of interpersonal citizenship. The relationship between performance pressure and exhaustion was weakened among employees who had received help from their colleagues. Thus, these results, supported by moderated mediation analyses, suggest that receiving help can mitigate the deleterious effects of performance pressure on interpersonal citizenship behavior through exhaustion. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Hetrick
- Anderson School of Management, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ryan P Jacobson
- Anderson School of Management, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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3
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Ryan AD, O’Connor BB, Schacter DL, Campbell KL. Episodic simulation of helping behavior in younger and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Appl Res Mem Cogn 2023; 12:443-456. [PMID: 37873548 PMCID: PMC10588798 DOI: 10.1037/mac0000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Imagining helping a person in need increases one's willingness to help beyond levels evoked by passively reading the same stories. We examined whether episodic simulation can increase younger and older adults' willingness to help in novel scenarios posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 3 studies we demonstrate that episodic simulation of helping behavior increases younger and older adults' willingness to help during both everyday and COVID-related scenarios. Moreover, we show that imagining helping increases emotional concern, scene imagery, and theory of mind, which in turn relate to increased willingness to help. Studies 2 and 3 also showed that people produce more internal, episodic-like details when imagining everyday compared to COVID-related scenarios, suggesting that people are less able to draw on prior experiences when simulating such novel events. These findings suggest that encouraging engagement with stories of people in need by imagining helping can increase willingness to help during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dawn Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, Canada
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4
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Pozo M, Milà-Guasch M, Haddad-Tóvolli R, Boudjadja M, Chivite I, Toledo M, Gómez-Valadés A, Eyre E, Ramírez S, Obri A, Ben-Ami Bartal I, D'Agostino G, Costa-Font J, Claret M. Negative energy balance hinders prosocial helping behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218142120. [PMID: 37023123 PMCID: PMC10104524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218142120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The internal state of an animal, including homeostatic requirements, modulates its behavior. Negative energy balance stimulates hunger, thus promoting a range of actions aimed at obtaining food. While these survival actions are well established, the influence of the energy status on prosocial behavior remains unexplored. We developed a paradigm to assess helping behavior in which a free mouse was faced with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer. We measured the willingness of the free mouse to liberate the confined mouse under diverse metabolic conditions. Around 42% of ad libitum-fed mice exhibited a helping behavior, as evidenced by the reduction in the latencies to release the trapped cagemate. This behavior was independent of subsequent social contact reward and was associated with changes in corticosterone indicative of emotional contagion. This decision-making process was coupled with reduced blood glucose excursions and higher Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratios in the forebrain of helper mice, suggesting that it was a highly energy-demanding process. Interestingly, chronic (food restriction and type 2 diabetes) and acute (chemogenetic activation of hunger-promoting AgRP neurons) situations mimicking organismal negative energy balance and enhanced appetite attenuated helping behavior toward a distressed conspecific. To investigate similar effects in humans, we estimated the influence of glycated hemoglobin (a surrogate of long-term glycemic control) on prosocial behavior (namely charity donation) using the Understanding Society dataset. Our results evidenced that organismal energy status markedly influences helping behavior and that hypothalamic AgRP neurons are at the interface of metabolism and prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Pozo
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Milà-Guasch
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mehdi Boutagouga Boudjadja
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PTManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Iñigo Chivite
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Toledo
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Gómez-Valadés
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Eyre
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ramírez
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Obri
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PTManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Costa-Font
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, WC2A 2AELondon, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Hasegawa Y, Hanaki K. Bystanders' Willingness to Perform Basic Life Support and Its Relationship with Facilitative and Obstructive Factors: A Nationwide Survey in Japan. Yonago Acta Med 2023; 66:67-77. [PMID: 36820282 PMCID: PMC9937965 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The administration of basic life support (BLS) by bystanders is essential to improve the survival rates of patients who have experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although providing BLS to individuals who experience OHCA greatly improves their chances of survival, the actual implementation rate is low. Therefore, we investigated the association between bystanders' willingness to perform BLS and facilitative/obstructive factors with the objective of identifying educational methods that would improve the likelihood of bystanders performing BLS should they encounter a patient with OHCA. Methods The study participants included 502 male and 498 female Japanese residents (total, 1000 participants) with no experience in performing BLS and 42 male and 59 female Japanese residents (total 101 participants) with experience in performing BLS. The participants were aged 15-65 years. Both groups graded the strength of their willingness to perform BLS in the future on a 4-point scale, as well as their level of agreement with factors facilitating or obstructing their willingness to perform BLS. These factors were established based on the theory of helping behavior, which defines psychological states when helping others in social psychology.We then analyzed the associations between willingness to perform BLS in the future and their level of agreement with factors facilitating or obstructing their willingness to perform BLS. Results The willingness to perform BLS decreased in accordance with the increase in the level of intervention required for patients who experienced OHCA , and was significantly associated with four facilitating factors: sufficient ability and experience to perform BLS, personal advantage, high personal norms, and psychological closeness to the patient. Conclusion Our results suggested that workshops and other educational activities focused on these facilitative factors may be helpful in increasing the rate at which bystanders perform BLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences Major in Health Sciences, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan,School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hanaki
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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6
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Chen Q, Shen Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zheng J, Xiu J. Influences of (in)congruences in psychological entitlement and felt obligation on ethical behavior. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1052759. [PMID: 36698554 PMCID: PMC9868919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychological entitlement and felt obligation are two correlated but distinctive conceptions. Prior studies have mainly explored their influences on employees' (un)ethical behavior, respectively. Recently, several studies suggest the interactive impacts of psychological entitlement with felt obligation on individual behavioral choices. In consistency with these studies, the present study focuses on the influences of (in)congruences in psychological entitlement and felt obligation on employees' (un)ethical behavior. Methods A two-wave multi-source questionnaire survey is conducted to collect 202 matched questionnaires from full-time Chinese workers. The polynomial regression with response surface analysis is employed to test hypotheses. Results The results indicate that: (1) employees have higher levels of work engagement and helping behavior but lower levels of unethical behavior when their psychological entitlement and felt obligation are balanced at higher levels rather than lower levels; (2) employees have higher levels of work engagement and helping behavior but lower levels of unethical behavior when they have higher levels of felt obligation but lower levels of psychological entitlement compared to those having lower levels of felt obligation but higher levels of psychological entitlement; and (3) work engagement mediates the relationship between (in)congruences in psychological entitlement and felt obligation and employees' helping behavior and unethical behavior. Discussion This study provides a novel insight into the interactive influences of (in)congruence in psychological entitlement and felt obligation on employees' ethical behavioral choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Junwei Zheng
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Xiu
- College of Applied Economics, University of Chinese Academics of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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He P, Wang J, Zhou H, Liu Q, Zada M. How and When Perpetrators Reflect on and Respond to Their Workplace Ostracism Behavior: A Moral Cleansing Lens. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:683-700. [PMID: 36926414 PMCID: PMC10012908 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s396921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates the association between the previous workplace ostracism of employees and their subsequent helping behavior by drawing on moral cleansing theory in the Chinese context, exploring the mediating roles of employees' guilt and perceived loss of moral credit and the moderating role of their moral identity symbolization. Sample and Method The data were collected from a two-stage time-lagged survey of 284 Chinese employees. Regression analysis and the bootstrapping method are used in this article to examine the theoretical hypotheses. Results The results indicate that employees' previous ostracism behaviors positively affected their guilt experience and perceived loss of moral credit. Subsequently, the relationship between employees' workplace ostracism and their helping behavior is mediated by guilt experience and perceived loss of moral credit. Furthermore, moral identity symbolization positively moderated the indirect "workplace ostracism-helping behavior" linkage via guilt and perceived loss of moral credits; in other words, for employees who have a higher degree of moral identity symbolization, the mediating effect is more significant, and vice versa. Conclusion This study does not merely clarify the theoretical relationship between perpetrators' workplace ostracism and their helping behavior, which enriches the explanatory logic of related research on workplace ostracism and the cause of helping behavior, but also expand the application scope of moral cleansing theory. Further, we aim practically to bring enlightenment to human resource management reform, corporate culture construction, and positive behavior management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixu He
- Business School, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Business School, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Zhou
- Business School, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- Business School, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362021, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zada
- Facultad de Administración y Negocios, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, 8320000, Chile.,Department of Management Science and Commerce, Alhamd Islamic University, Islamabad, 45400, Pakistan
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8
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Chen YQ, Han S, Yin B. Why help others? Insights from rodent to human early childhood research. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1058352. [PMID: 37025110 PMCID: PMC10070705 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1058352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helping behavior are actions aiming at assisting another individual in need or to relieve their distress. The occurrence of this behavior not only depends on automated physiological mechanisms, such as imitation or emotional contagion, that is, the individual's emotion and physiological state matching with others, but also needs motivation to sustain. From a comparative and developmental perspective, we discover that the motivation for helping behavior has a deep foundation both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. For example, empathic concern for others, relieving personal distress and the desire for social contact are universal motivations across rodents, non-human primates and human early childhoods. Therefore, a circle-layered model integrating evidences for motivation for helping behavior from rodent to human early childhood research is proposed: the inner circle contains the emotional-behavioral system and the outer circle contains the affective-cognitive system. The application of this model has significance for both behavioral neuroscience research and cultivating prosocial behavior in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Chen
- Laboratory of Learning and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shu Han
- Laboratory of Learning and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Laboratory of Learning and Behavioral Sciences, School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Yin,
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9
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Abstract
This study aimed to understand whether older adults not only received but also provided help during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Belgium, which factors motivated them to help, and whether older adults differed from younger age groups in terms of helping behavior and motives. Bivariate analyses were performed using data generated from an online cross-sectional survey in Belgium (N = 1892).The results showed that older adults who received help also provided it. This "interdependence" - mutual or reciprocal dependence - occurred regardless of age. In terms of motives for providing help, both older adults and their younger peers were primarily motivated by present-oriented and emotion-related motivation: older people were motivated to provide help by altruistic values and humanism, and enhancement motives linked to self-development.Policy implications of these results entail: during crisis situations, make use of the bond between older adults and their neighbors, such as caring communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dury
- Adult Educational Sciences, 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Brosens
- Adult Educational Sciences, 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Honghui Pan
- Adult Educational Sciences, 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Principi
- Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Ageing, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - An-Sofie Smetcoren
- Adult Educational Sciences, 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Liesbeth De Donder
- Adult Educational Sciences, 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Ming X, Fu J, Yang J. Obtaining help by standing higher: The mediating role of moral reputation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1013656. [PMID: 36619021 PMCID: PMC9813415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1013656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing on the social cognitive chain of being (SCCB) theory and heuristic perspective, the present study explored whether and how social targets' vertical spatial position influences the help the social targets can get from others. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals would be more likely to help social targets who were presented on a higher vertical spatial position than those who were presented on a lower vertical spatial position. In Study 2, an experimental-causal-chain design was adopted for further testing the mediating role of moral reputation between the social targets' vertical spatial position and the amount of help that the social targets obtain from others. Study 3 cross-validated this mediating process by a measurement-of-mediation design. Those three studies help us comprehend how helping behavior occurs from the characteristics of help recipients as well as extend the influence of vertical spatial metaphor of morality from cognitive connection to action-relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ming
- School of Business Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jingyu Fu
- Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- School of Business Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China,*Correspondence: Jianfeng Yang, ✉
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11
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Li Q, Zheng J, Xiao H. The Depleting Impact of Helping Behavior on Career Satisfaction: The Buffering Role of Strengths Use. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:161. [PMID: 36612482 PMCID: PMC9819194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have explored the dark side of helping behavior from an actor-centric perspective. Consistent with this stream of research, this study linked helping behavior to career satisfaction. In this study, we adopted perceived task demands and job strain as two sequential mediators to elaborate the underlying depletion path through which helping behavior undermines career satisfaction. We collected data using a two-wave questionnaire completed by 203 full-time workers in China. By applying path analysis using R software, the results revealed the following: (1) helping behavior undermines career satisfaction by enhancing perceived task demands and job strain; (2) the use of strengths buffers the relationship between perceived task demands and job strain; and (3) the indirect depleting impact of helping behavior on career satisfaction only emerges when the use of strengths is low. This highlights important implications for practitioners to leverage helping behavior in their management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junwei Zheng
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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12
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Chao SM, Yen M, Teng HL, Natashia D, Yueh FR. Helping Relationships From Significant Others Scale: Chinese Version. Clin Nurs Res 2022; 31:1529-1538. [PMID: 34861775 DOI: 10.1177/10547738211060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using the helping relationships from significant others (HRSO) scale assists patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease (CKD), in adopting a healthy lifestyle to decelerate disease progression, complications, and mortality. To study the efficacy of the scale, we recruited a convenience sample (n = 250) of patients with CKD from a nephrology clinic in southern Taiwan. Principal axis factor analysis and a promax rotation revealed a 15-item, three-factor explanation of 68.44 % of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit. The Composite reliability was .91, .89, and .92 in the same factors. Cronbach's alpha was .90 for the 15-item scale, with the 3 subscales ranging from .86 to .91. The split reliability was .73. The HRSO is a valid and reliable scale to measure significant others' support of patients with CKD in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Chao
- Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien
| | | | | | - Dhea Natashia
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City.,Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia
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Tuijnman A, Kleinjan M, Olthof M, Hoogendoorn E, Granic I, Engels RC. A Game-Based School Program for Mental Health Literacy and Stigma on Depression (Moving Stories): Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e26615. [PMID: 35976200 PMCID: PMC9434393 DOI: 10.2196/26615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among adolescents in Western countries. However, although treatment for depressive symptoms is available, many adolescents do not seek help when they need it. Important barriers to help-seeking among adolescents include low mental health literacy and high stigma. Therefore, we have developed a game-based school program, Moving Stories, which combines mental health literacy training for depression with contact with someone with lived experience both in the digital and nondigital world. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to conduct a first test of the effectiveness of the newly developed game-based program, Moving Stories, using a cluster randomized controlled trial. METHODS A total of 185 adolescents participated, divided over 10 classes from 4 schools. Half of the classes were randomly selected to follow the Moving Stories program, whereas the other half were in the control group, where no intervention was provided. The adolescents filled out digital questionnaires at 4 time points, with questions on mental health literacy, stigma, depressive symptoms, and the program itself (before the program, after the program, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up). Using R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), we ran linear mixed-effects models for all continuous outcome variables and generalized linear mixed-effects models for all binary outcome variables. RESULTS Compared with the control group, participants in the Moving Stories group improved after the program in personal stigma (b=-0.53, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.03; t179.16=-2.08; P=.04). Effects on personal stigma lasted over time (3-month follow-up: b=-0.57, 95% CI -1.11 to -0.03; t174.39=-2.07; P=.04). Most adolescents in the Moving Stories group participated in the introduction (97/99, 98%) and contact session (93/99, 94%), played the game for 4 or 5 days (83/99, 83%), and indicated that they would recommend the game to their peers (90/98, 92%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show the potential of Moving Stories as a stigma reduction program. With changes in the program to improve its effects on mental health literacy, Moving Stories could be implemented in schools to improve help-seeking in adolescents and reduce the negative consequences and burden of depressive symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION Dutch Trial Register NTR7033; https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7033. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/11255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Tuijnman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Trimbos-institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Trimbos-institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Youth Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Merlijn Olthof
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Isabela Granic
- Faculty of Social Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rutger Cme Engels
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Lu Y. The Good Samaritan Parable Revisited: A Survey During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:776986. [PMID: 35496213 PMCID: PMC9043862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.776986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From an integrative approach of parable interpretation that combines ethical, evolutionary, historical, and psychological perspectives, the current research empirically examined the purely theorized assumption elucidating the behaviors of the priest, Levite, and Samaritan in the good Samaritan parable (Luke 10:25-37) by the regulatory focus theory. In one experiment conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak, 93 Polish participants were randomly assigned to a simulated vignette of the good Samaritan parable where either the prevention or promotion regulatory focus was manipulated. The results confirmed a certain favorable tendency to offer quasi-realistic help in both the regulatory focus conditions. The finding highlights a dynamic association in goal pursuit motivation and prosocial behavior in a pandemic context regarding the good Samaritan parable. The current study is among rare empirical research which reflects a challenge people respond to offer help in simulated scenarios as original as the good Samaritan parable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Christian Philosophy, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Sun F, Li X, Akhtar MN. Negative Influences of Differentiated Empowering Leadership on Team Members' Helping Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Envy and Contempt. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:9-20. [PMID: 35027850 PMCID: PMC8749434 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s346470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Given the popularity of empowerment practices among scholars and practitioners, this research examines whether a manager’s differentiated empowering leadership negatively affects team members’ helping behaviors and, if so, how. Methods The authors conducted one multi-source and time-lagged survey (with 44 managers and 212 team members) and two scenario-based experiments (with 120 participants in Study 2 and 121 participants in Study 3) to test the research model. Results Team managers’ differentiated empowering leadership decreases team members’ helping behaviors. In particular, for team members who receive less empowerment, differentiated empowering leadership may decrease their helping behaviors by eliciting their envy. For team members who receive more empowerment, differentiated empowering leadership may decrease their helping behaviors by inducing their contempt. Conclusion This research introduces the concept of differentiated empowering leadership in response to calls to investigate the dark side of empowering leadership. It reveals that unequal distribution of authority among team members by managers can undermine employee relations and elicit negative emotions of envy and contempt, thereby decreasing employees’ helping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyuan Li
- Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Hensel L, Rohleder N, Niessen C. Effects of psychosocial stress on prosociality: the moderating role of current life stress and thought control. Stress 2022; 25:235-245. [PMID: 35713555 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2054697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, only a few studies have examined whether and when stressed individuals are still prosocially motivated and willing to help others, which is in contrast to the relevance and importance that helping others has for our society. The present study investigates the impact of affective and biopsychological acute stress responses on prosociality (prosocial motivation, helping behavior) under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, it was examined whether this relationship is affected by individuals' current life stress and the cognitive ability to keep stress-related thoughts at bay. To induce acute stress responses (heart rate, negative affect, salivary alpha-amylase, cortisol), 55 individuals (28 women, M = 24 years old, SD = 4.53) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Current life stress (cortisol) was assessed over two days of participants' everyday lives. Thought control ability was assessed with the think/no-think paradigm and was additionally manipulated after the acute stress intervention (TSST) via instructions. The results showed that acute stress was positively associated with prosociality. Specifically, negative affect was positively related to prosocial motivation and salivary alpha-amylase was positively associated with helping behavior. Current life stress moderated the relationship between salivary cortisol and helping behavior: the association was positive at low levels of current life stress. The instruction to control one's thoughts but not participants' general ability to do so reduced stress responses (negative affect). In sum, the findings suggest that prosociality increases following acute stress and that this effect depends on the level of current life stress. Additionally, adopting the strategy of controlling stress-related thoughts was found to be promising for attenuating individuals' stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hensel
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Work and Organizational Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Niessen
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Work and Organizational Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM, Feinn RS. Predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying among college students: A two wave study. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:40-54. [PMID: 34435367 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Existing research on cyberbullying has primarily focused on adolescents in cross-sectional survey studies, with less research focusing on college students or employed adults over longer periods of time. To extend this literature, the current study examined new predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying perpetration (CP) and victimization (CV) among college students from two different universities that were followed across two time points. Risk factors were measured in line with previous theoretical models, including biological or personality-related variables (e.g., low self-control, dark-side personality traits, empathy) and environmental variables (e.g., perceived social support, lack of rule clarity, and internet use). Additionally, we examined several possible outcomes of CV and CP. Results from path analyses revealed that involvement with traditional bullying (either as a perpetrator or a victim) as well as Machiavellianism significantly predicted CV and CP. With regard to the cross-lagged associations between CV and CP, we found that Time 1 CV predicted time 2 CP, but Time 1 CP did not predict Time 2 CV. That is, being a victim of cyberbullying during the Fall semester predicted involvement as a perpetrator in the Spring semester. However, being a perpetrator during the Fall semester did not predict being a victim during the Spring semester. Regarding outcomes, we found that CV significantly predicted anxiety, depression, and helping behavior, and CP significantly predicted deviant behavior, but not GPA nor alcohol consumption. These findings have practical implications for college students as well as university student support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Giumetti
- Department of Psychology Quinnipiac University Hamden Connecticut USA
| | - Robin M. Kowalski
- Department of Psychology Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Richard S. Feinn
- Department of Psychology Quinnipiac University Hamden Connecticut USA
- Department of Medical Sciences Quinnipiac University North Haven Connecticut USA
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18
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Chao SM, Yen M, Lin HS, Sung JM, Hung SY, Natashia D. Effects of helping relationships on health-promoting lifestyles among patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 126:104137. [PMID: 34890837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy behaviors can slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. Professional healthcare providers deliver education, physical exercise programs, motivation consultations, and stage-tailored strategies for improving health behaviors, but their effectiveness reported mixed. The helping relationships of significant others based on the transtheoretical model have been shown to be beneficial in facilitating and practicing health-promoting behaviors. However, few studies have examined the effects of helping relationships on health-promoting behaviors among patients with chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the intervention strategies of significant others in their helping relationships with patients to advance stages of exercise and diet behaviors, and to improve health-promoting lifestyles. DESIGN A randomized controlled study. SETTINGS Two outpatient nephrology clinics in southern Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Sixty participants in each of the two groups. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 60) whose significant others received strategies for helping relationships for 12 months, or the control group (n = 60). The Stage of Change of Exercise and Diet Behaviors, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Chinese version were assessed at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after receiving the helping relationship interventions tailored to stage of change from significant others. RESULTS Generalized estimating equation analyzes revealed that the intervention group, when compared to the control group, had significantly advanced stages of change in exercise and diet, and improvement in health-promoting lifestyle over time. Adult children and spouses were the most common significant others to help patients practice healthy behaviors, compared to previous studies where professional healthcare providers were the significant others. CONCLUSIONS Individualized plans for healthy behaviors should take into consideration patients' readiness for adopting stage-tailored strategies of helping relationships of significant others to adhere to the health-promoting lifestyle. To promote a healthier lifestyle, significant others, such as spouses and adult children, should be included in treatment programs.
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19
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Spagnolli A, Masotina M, Furlan M, Pluchino P, Martinelli M, Gamberini L. Sharing the Space With the "Victim" Can Increase Help Rates. A Study With Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2021; 12:729077. [PMID: 34566815 PMCID: PMC8455842 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical protocol for the psychological study of helping behavior features two core roles: a help seeker suffering from some personal or situational emergency (often called “victim”) and a potential helper. The setting of these studies is such that the victim and the helper often share the same space. We wondered whether this spatial arrangement might affect the help rate. Thus, we designed a simple study with virtual reality in which space sharing could be manipulated. The participant plays the role of a potential helper; the victim is a humanoid located inside the virtual building. When the request for help is issued, the participant can be either in the same spatial region as the victim (the virtual building) or outside it. The effect of space was tested in two kinds of emergencies: a mere request for help and a request for help during a fire. The analysis shows that, in both kinds of emergencies, the participants were more likely to help the victim when sharing the space with it. This study suggests controlling the spatial arrangement when investigating helping behavior. It also illustrates the expediency of virtual reality to further investigate the role of space on pro-social behavior during emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spagnolli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariavittoria Masotina
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Furlan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrik Pluchino
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Gamberini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Centre, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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20
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Meier BP, Kitchens MB, Kupersmith DE, Houck KE, Keyton NS, Petrasic SE, Schultz EH, Sheriff SS, Simmers MM, Underwood JO, Walker S, Zweizig DN. Be Responsible? Exp Psychol 2021; 68:107-112. [PMID: 34405691 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bystander effect reveals that people are less likely to help a person in need when others are present. We examined the impact of priming the concept of responsibility on the bystander effect in a field study. Lone pedestrians (N = 259) were randomly assigned to a two (Bystanders: none and three nonresponsive bystanders) by two (Shirt: blank shirt and shirt with "Be Responsible" written on the front) design. A researcher dropped eight pens approximately 15 ft from a lone pedestrian, while wearing one of the two shirts in the presence/absence of bystanders (confederates). The bystander effect was found: Pedestrians helped pick up pens more frequently in the no bystanders condition (59.05% helped) compared to the nonresponsive bystanders condition (41.67% helped). The responsibility prime tended to boost helping rates, but it did not significantly increase helping rates either as a main effect or as part of an interaction term. The bystander effect was replicated in a field setting, but priming the concept of responsibility did not appear to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Meier
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nevada S Keyton
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Walker
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
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21
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Bouldin ED, Taylor CA, Knapp KA, Miyawaki CE, Mercado NR, Wooten KG, McGuire LC. Unmet needs for assistance related to subjective cognitive decline among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in the US: prevalence and impact on health-related quality of life. Int Psychogeriatr 2021; 33:689-702. [PMID: 32883384 PMCID: PMC8630807 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610220001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of unmet needs for assistance among middle-aged and older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in the US and to evaluate whether unmet needs were associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING US - 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling adults aged 45 years and older who completed the Cognitive Decline module on the 2015--2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System reported experiencing SCD and always, usually, or sometimes needed assistance with day-to-day activities because of SCD (n = 6,568). MEASUREMENTS We defined SCD as confusion or memory loss that was happening more often or getting worse over the past 12 months. Respondents with SCD were considered to have an unmet need for assistance if they sometimes, rarely, or never got the help they needed with day-to-day activities. We measured three domains of HRQOL: (1) mental (frequent mental distress, ≥14 days of poor mental health in the past 30 days), (2) physical (frequent physical distress, ≥14 days of poor physical health in the past 30 days), and (3) social (SCD always, usually, or sometimes interfered with the ability to work, volunteer, or engage in social activities outside the home). We used log-binomial regression models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs). All estimates were weighted. RESULTS In total, 40.2% of people who needed SCD-related assistance reported an unmet need. Among respondents without depression, an unmet need was associated with a higher prevalence of frequent mental distress (PR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12-2.13, p = 0.007). Frequent physical distress and social limitations did not differ between people with met and unmet needs. CONCLUSIONS Middle-aged and older adults with SCD-related needs for assistance frequently did not have those needs met, which could negatively impact their mental health. Interventions to identify and meet the unmet needs among people with SCD may improve HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Bouldin
- Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A Taylor
- Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Knapp
- Department of Public Health, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Mercado
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Division of Medical Ethics, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen G Wooten
- Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa C McGuire
- Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Liu Y, Yin X, Li S, Zhou X, Zhu R, Zhang F. The Relationship Between Employee's Status Perception and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Psychological Path of Work Vitality. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:743-757. [PMID: 34140817 PMCID: PMC8203274 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s307664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies have shown that status-based rankings exist within almost every human social group and influence most aspects of organizational life. However, few studies have discussed the relationship between employees’ status and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Based on social cognitive theory, this paper explores the relationship between employees’ status perception and two types of OCBs: challenging and affiliative, as well as the mechanism underlying this relationship by introducing work vitality as the mediator and dominance motivation as the moderator. Methods We collected the empirical data from different enterprises located in major cities in China following a two-stage sampling procedure. The final sample consists of 330 employees. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Results Employee status perception is positively related to work vitality (b = 0.103, p = 0.027), challenging OCBs (b = 0.160, p < 0.001) and affiliative OCBs (b = 0.105, p = 0.006). Work vitality mediates the relationship between employee status perception and challenging OCBs with 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals [0.004, 0.063], and it also mediates the relationship between employee status perception and affiliative OCBs with 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals [0.004, 0.049]. The interaction of status perception and dominance motivation is significantly related to work vitality (b = 0.121, p = 0.041). Specifically, when dominance motivation is at low level, the effect of status perception on work vitality is −0.008 (non-significant); when dominance motivation is high level, the effect is 0.175 (p = 0.005). Conclusion The result suggests that employees’ perceptions of status are positively and significantly related to their challenging and affiliative OCBs, and employee’s work vitality mediates this relationship. It further indicates that dominance motivation moderates the relation between status perception and work vitality. Specifically, the positive relationship between employee status perception and work vitality is stronger when an employee has high dominance motivation than low dominance motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhou Yin
- School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Li
- School of Public Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchi Zhou
- School of Management, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Zhu
- Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Management, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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23
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Boudin P, Hassan F, Massart Y, Mugnier G, Peter F, Veillon J. ['Dites Je Suis Là', a platform to guide the relatives of suicidal people]. Soins Psychiatr 2021; 42:21-23. [PMID: 34144754 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the 'Dites Je Suis Là' platform is to disseminate a simple, clear and scientifically validated message to the general public to raise awareness of the warning signs of suicide. This awareness-raising campaign complements the existing support systems for suicidal people. Their loved ones can find tools for understanding and questioning their potential as caregivers. If they are willing to support a person in pain, six steps guide them in how to act to prevent suicide. Lifting the taboo around suicidal thoughts, encouraging the use of help and care, and maintaining a sincere and warm relationship are among the key elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Boudin
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Frédéric Hassan
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Yann Massart
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Gabrièle Mugnier
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Frédéric Peter
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Julie Veillon
- Association Dites je suis là, 38 avenue François-Mitterrand, 72000 Le Mans, France
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24
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Olivo D, Di Ciano A, Mauro J, Giudetti L, Pampallona A, Kubera KM, Hirjak D, Wolf RC, Sambataro F. Neural Responses of Benefiting From the Prosocial Exchange: The Effect of Helping Behavior. Front Psychol 2021; 12:606858. [PMID: 33746829 PMCID: PMC7969530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.606858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior is critical for the natural development of an individual as well as for promoting social relationships. Although this complex behavior results from gratuitous acts occurring between an agent and a recipient and a wealth of literature on prosocial behavior has investigated these actions, little is known about the effects on the recipient and the neurobiology underlying them. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify neural correlates of receiving prosocial behavior in the context of real-world experiences, with different types of action provided by the agent, including practical help and effort appreciation. Practical help was associated with increased activation in a network of regions spanning across bilateral superior temporal sulcus, temporoparietal junction, temporal pole, and medial prefrontal cortex. Effort appreciation was associated with activation and increased task-modulated connectivity of the occipital cortex. Prosocial-dependent brain responses were associated with positive affect. Our results support the role of the theory of mind network and the visual cortices in mediating the positive effects of receiving gratuitous help. Moreover, they indicate that specific types of prosocial behavior are mediated by distinct brain networks, which further demonstrates the uniqueness of the psychological processes underlying prosocial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Olivo
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Mauro
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert Christian Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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25
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Zhan Y, Zhou J, Cheng H, Mu R. Feeling Gratitude and Depletion: The Ambivalent Consequences of Receiving Help in the Workplace. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2039. [PMID: 33669766 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drawing from social exchange theory, we developed a dual-path model of employees’ reactions to episodic help received from colleagues. Through a diary study, using data collected from 127 full-time employees working in a large Chinese bank, we tested this model, revealing that receiving episodic help from colleagues is positively related to the help receivers’ gratitude and ego depletion. Through these two ambivalent psychological states, help receivers were found to simultaneously engage in more organizational citizenship behaviors and deviance behaviors on a daily basis. These empirical findings contribute to research that adopts a target-centric perspective in examining the consequences of helping behavior in the workplace.
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26
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Besse R, Whitaker WK, Brannon LA. Loneliness Among College Students: The Influence of Targeted Messages on Befriending. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:1121-1144. [PMID: 33593152 DOI: 10.1177/0033294121993067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current research was to examine the influence of targeted messages in increasing helping behaviors towards lonely individuals. Previous research on loneliness interventions typically focuses on the lonely individual and working to reduce feelings of loneliness. The current study expands on this research by targeting individuals around lonely others to notice and consider helping those who might be lonely. Five targeted messages, based on Latané and Darley's (1970) bystander intervention model, were utilized. These messages included a "notice" condition (increasing awareness of lonely others), an "assume responsibility" condition (awareness and responsibility towards helping lonely others), a "decide" condition (awareness, responsibility, and steps to reach out to lonely others), and two control conditions. Participants in the "decide" condition were significantly more likely to report feeling prepared to help lonely others in the future. Those in the "assume responsibility" and "decide" conditions also reported more awareness of lonely individuals during a one-week follow-up. Overall, findings indicate that it might be advantageous to approach reducing loneliness from the perspective of those around lonely individuals. Future research and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Besse
- The University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | | | - Laura A Brannon
- Psychological Sciences, 5308Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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27
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Williamson LE, Lawson KL. Canadian Support for IVF Access and Use. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2020; 43:175-181. [PMID: 33229279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apply Weiner's attribution-affect-action (AAA) model to the context of societal support for access to assisted reproductive technology (ART). METHODS Five hundred and fifty-four Canadians were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 vignette conditions describing reproductively challenged women differentiated by the root cause of their need for ART. Following this, participants completed an online questionnaire measuring the components of the AAA model. RESULTS The overall expected relationships among the AAA framework variables were found. Participants were least willing to support access to ART for women perceived as relatively more responsible for their fertility issues and who elicited lower levels of sympathy, whereas participants were most willing to support access for women viewed as less responsible and who elicited more sympathy. Additionally, participants were most supportive of general access to ART and least supportive when asked to offer personal funds to assist the women with access. CONCLUSION These findings have potential implications for Canadian health care policy decisions on funding fertility treatments through the universal health care system. Further research on this issue, as well as the development and testing of interventions aimed at addressing beliefs around equitable and inclusive access to ART, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L Lawson
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
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Murayama S, Kuraoka M, Nonaka K, Tanaka M, Nemoto Y, Yasunaga M, Kobayashi E, Murayama H, Fujiwara Y. [School students' greeting behavior and its association with their community attachment and helping behavior]. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2020; 67:452-460. [PMID: 32741876 DOI: 10.11236/jph.67.7_452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Many local governments and elementary and junior high schools in Japan have conducted a "greeting campaign". This has been done in order to activate communication among local residents, and to instill public spirit and sociability in students' minds. However, few studies have explored the significance of greeting campaigns. The present study investigates greeting in neighborhoods and its relationship with students' spontaneous greeting behavior. The study also seeks to understand the quantity of greeting in daily life and its association with a student's community attachment and helping behavior.Methods A self-completion questionnaire survey was conducted with 1,346 students studying in the fourth and higher grades at elementary schools, and 1,357 students in the first and second grade at junior high schools. There were 2,692 valid respondents. We performed the following analyses using the data of elementary school students and junior high school students separately. A partial correlation analysis was conducted wherein gender and grade were introduced as control variables. This analysis tested the correlation between the frequency of being greeted by surrounding people and the frequency of greeting by students, of their own accord. A path analysis that tested the relationship between students' greeting behavior, their attachment to residential areas, and helping behavior was also conducted.Results The results of the partial correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between the frequency of being greeted by surrounding people and the frequency of greeting by students, of their own accord, regardless of gender and grade. Moreover, the results of the path analysis revealed that the frequency of being greeted was positively associated with community attachment and that the frequency of students' spontaneous greeting behavior was positively associated not only with community attachment but also with helping behavior. The goodness of model fit was high for both the data of elementary school students as well as the data of junior high school students.Conclusion We found that exchanging greetings with surrounding people in daily life enhanced students' attachment to the community. In particular, we showed that students' spontaneous greeting behavior led to their helping behavior, which supports the significance of recommending greeting at home, school, or in the local community. Since there was a correlation between the frequency of being greeted and the frequency of greeting willingly, we consider that actions of surrounding adults become important to help students acquire spontaneous greeting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murayama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology.,Graduate School of Education, Psychology and Human Studies, Aoyama Gakuin University
| | - Masataka Kuraoka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Support Center for Preventative Long-term and Frail Elderly Care
| | - Kumiko Nonaka
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Motoki Tanaka
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Yuta Nemoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Masashi Yasunaga
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Erika Kobayashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Hiroshi Murayama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
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Liang L, Tian G, Zhang X, Tian Y. Help Comes from Understanding: The Positive Effect of Communication Visibility on Employee Helping Behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145022. [PMID: 32668650 PMCID: PMC7400427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extant research focuses on the antecedents of employee helping behavior, but the role of social technologies in enhancing employee helping behavior remains understudied. The purpose of our research is to investigate the relationship between communication visibility and employee helping behavior. Drawing on both communication visibility theory and social cognitive theory, we propose that the association between communication visibility and helping behavior is mediated by employee psychological state assessed by a cognitive state variable: trust in coworkers. Further, we also propose that proactive personality moderates the positive effect of trust in coworkers on employee helping behavior. We examined our hypothesized relationships using 149 employees collected in a field experiment in China. As hypothesized, we find that trust in coworkers mediates the relationship between communication visibility and helping behavior. Moreover, proactive personality strengthens the effectiveness of communication visibility. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research and practice.
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Butovskaya M, Marczak M, Misiak M, Karelin D, Białek M, Sorokowski P. Approach to Resource Management and Physical Strength Predict Differences in Helping: Evidence From Two Small-Scale Societies. Front Psychol 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 32269535 PMCID: PMC7110700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Helping behavior is likely to have evolved to increase chances of survival of an individual and their group. Nevertheless, populations differ significantly in their eagerness to help, and little is known about populational and inter-individual determinants of these differences. Previous studies indicated that economic and physiological factors might influence helping behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of approach to resource management of a society (immediate-return economy vs. delayed-return economy), prenatal androgenization (based on second-to-fourth digit ratio), and physical strength (based on hand grip strength) on helping behavior toward others. Helping was assessed in terms of both general eagerness to help and differential helping toward: (1) kin, (2) other group members indiscriminately, (3) friends, and (4) those from whom help was obtained in the past. Based on data collected in two small-scale societies (n = 306), we found that people in the egalitarian immediate-return society (the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania) displayed helping behavior significantly more often than people in a more stratified delayed-return economy (Yali horticulturalists of Papua). Additionally, our results revealed that physical strength was a significant predictor of helping behavior in women but not in men. We discuss our findings in the light of the adaptive value of helping behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, RAS, Moscow, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michalina Marczak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michał Misiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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31
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Tuijnman A, Kleinjan M, Hoogendoorn E, Granic I, Engels RC. A Game-Based School Program for Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Regarding Depression (Moving Stories): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e11255. [PMID: 30869652 PMCID: PMC6437615 DOI: 10.2196/11255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms among youth in most western societies is high. Yet, most adolescents who are experiencing depressive symptoms do not seek help. Low mental health literacy, high stigma, and low social support have been shown to hinder help-seeking. A small number of interventions has been developed to target mental health literacy and stigma, but few focus on actual help-seeking and first aid behavior. We have developed a game-based school program called Moving Stories that targets mental health literacy, including knowledge and behavior, and stigma among adolescents, in regard to depression specifically. Objective Our aim is to describe the protocol for a study that will test the effectiveness of the program Moving Stories in a Dutch adolescent sample. We hypothesize that adolescents who participate in the program Moving Stories will have better mental health literacy and less stigma regarding depression compared to adolescents in the nonintervention control group at posttest and at 3- and 6-months follow-up. We also expect a positive change in actual help-seeking and first aid behavior at 3- and 6-months follow-up. Methods Moving Stories has been developed by a professional game design company in collaboration with researchers and relevant stakeholders. The effectiveness of Moving Stories will be tested through a randomized controlled trial with two conditions: Moving Stories versus control. Participants will fill in questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and 3- and 6-months follow-up. Our power analysis showed a required sample size of 180 adolescents. Results Four high schools have agreed to participate with a total of 10 classes. A total of 185 adolescents filled in the pretest questionnaire. The last of the follow-up data was collected in December 2018. Conclusions If Moving Stories proves to be effective, it could be implemented as a school-based program to target mental health literacy and stigma regarding depression; this could, in turn, improve early help-seeking in adolescents suffering from depression. Trial Registration Nederlands Trial Register NTR7033; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6855 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/11255
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Tuijnman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Cme Engels
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Köster M, Itakura S, Omori M, Kärtner J. From understanding others' needs to prosocial action: Motor and social abilities promote infants' helping. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12804. [PMID: 30706665 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we test the main hypothesis that infants' understanding of others' needs translates into helping behavior, when critical motor and social competencies have emerged, early in the second year. We assessed the understanding of others' needs in an eye-tracking paradigm and the helping behavior of 10- (n = 41) and 16-month-olds (n = 37). Furthermore, we assessed the motor and social abilities of 16-month-olds. Critically, while infants understood others' needs already at 10 months, fine motor and social interaction skills moderated the link between infants' prosocial understanding and helping behavior at 16 months. This provides first evidence that infants' helping behavior relates to their understanding of others' needs. Furthermore, we found that fine motor, gross motor, and social interaction skills predicted early helping behavior by themselves. These findings highlight that the emergence of infants' helping behavior is the result of a developmental system that includes infants' understanding of others' needs and also their motor and social competencies. The link between infants' understanding of others' needs and their early helpful actions provide further support for the prosocial nature of early helping behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Köster
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Omori
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Joscha Kärtner
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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33
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De Clercq D, Haq IU, Azeem MU, Ahmad HN. The Relationship between Workplace Incivility and Helping Behavior: Roles of Job Dissatisfaction and Political Skill. J Psychol 2019; 153:507-527. [PMID: 30696391 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2019.1567453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article investigates the mediating role of job dissatisfaction in the relationship between employees' perceptions of workplace incivility and their helping behavior, as well as the buffering role of political skill in this process. Three-wave, time-lagged data collected from employees and their supervisors revealed that employees' exposure to workplace incivility diminished their helping behavior through their sense of job dissatisfaction. This mediating role of job dissatisfaction was less salient, however, to the extent that employees were equipped with political skill. For organizations, this study accordingly pinpoints a key mechanism-namely, unhappiness about their job situation-through which rude coworker treatment links to lower voluntary workplace behaviors among employees, and it reveals how this mechanism can be better contained in the presence of political skill.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inam Ul Haq
- b Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore
| | - Muhammad Umer Azeem
- c School of Business and Economics , University of Management and Technology
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Im S, Chung YW, Yang JY. The Mediating Roles of Happiness and Cohesion in the Relationship between Employee Volunteerism and Job Performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15122903. [PMID: 30567411 PMCID: PMC6313706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the mediating effects of happiness and cohesion in the relationship between employee volunteerism, in-role behavior, and helping behavior. The study surveyed 312 full-time employees in South Korea, and regression analyses and the bootstrapping method were used to test the hypotheses. The study found happiness and cohesion to mediate the relationships between employee volunteerism and in-role and helping behavior. The findings suggest that employee volunteerism can promote a healthy working environment through increased feelings of happiness and cohesion as well as by improving performance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Im
- Department of Business Administration, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Korea.
| | - Yang Woon Chung
- Department of Business Administration, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Korea.
| | - Ji Yeon Yang
- Department of Global Business, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Korea, .
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Abstract
Key constituents of morality emerge during the first 4 years of life. Recent research with infants and toddlers holds a promise to explain the origins of human morality. This article takes a constructivist approach to the acquisition of morality, and makes three main proposals. First, research on moral development needs an explicit definition of morality. Definitions are crucial for scholarly communication and for settling empirical questions. Second, researchers would benefit from eschewing the dichotomy between innate and learned explanations of morality. Based on work on developmental biology, we propose that all developmental transitions involve both genetic and environmental factors. Third, attention is needed to developmental changes, alongside continuities, in the development of morality from infancy through childhood. Although infants and toddlers show behaviors that resemble the morally relevant behaviors of older children and adults, they do not judge acts as morally right or wrong until later in childhood. We illustrate these points by discussing the development of two phenomena central to morality: Orientations toward helping others and developing concepts of social equality. We assert that a constructivist approach will help to bridge research on infants and toddlers with research on moral developmental later in childhood and into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Dahl
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Killen
- University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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36
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Abstract
The bystander effect, the reduction in helping behavior in the presence of other people, has been explained predominantly by situational influences on decision making. Diverging from this view, we highlight recent evidence on the neural mechanisms and dispositional factors that determine apathy in bystanders. We put forward a new theoretical perspective that integrates emotional, motivational, and dispositional aspects. In the presence of other bystanders, personal distress is enhanced, and fixed action patterns of avoidance and freezing dominate. This new perspective suggests that bystander apathy results from a reflexive emotional reaction dependent on the personality of the bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Hortensius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University.,Department of Computer Science, University College London
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Abstract
The recent flow of refugees around the world evokes diametrically opposed reactions by the host countries’ citizens. Many people are willing to help refugees, whereas many others are not. Yet, the underlying mechanisms that lead to refugee helping versus rejection are not well understood. We use an economic game to investigate how economic and psychological factors shape citizens’ helping behavior toward refugees. We find that costs associated with refugee helping are a key determinant of citizens’ willingness to do so. It is especially people with a higher degree of prosociality that are willing to bear the personal cost of helping. Emphasizing the neediness of refugees as well as their integration efforts increases the willingness among citizens to provide help. Recent political instabilities and conflicts around the world have drastically increased the number of people seeking refuge. The challenges associated with the large number of arriving refugees have revealed a deep divide among the citizens of host countries: one group welcomes refugees, whereas another rejects them. Our research aim is to identify factors that help us understand host citizens’ (un)willingness to help refugees. We devise an economic game that captures the basic structural properties of the refugee situation. We use it to investigate both economic and psychological determinants of citizens’ prosocial behavior toward refugees. In three controlled laboratory studies, we find that helping refugees becomes less likely when it is individually costly to the citizens. At the same time, helping becomes more likely with the refugees’ neediness: helping increases when it prevents a loss rather than generates a gain for the refugees. Moreover, particularly citizens with higher degrees of prosocial orientation are willing to provide help at a personal cost. When refugees have to exert a minimum level of effort to be eligible for support by the citizens, these mandatory “integration efforts” further increase prosocial citizens’ willingness to help. Our results underscore that economic factors play a key role in shaping individual refugee helping behavior but also show that psychological factors modulate how individuals respond to them. Moreover, our economic game is a useful complement to correlational survey measures and can be used for pretesting policy measures aimed at promoting prosocial behavior toward refugees.
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Leung ANM, Wong N, Farver JM. You Are What You Read: The Belief Systems of Cyber-Bystanders on Social Networking Sites. Front Psychol 2018; 9:365. [PMID: 29740362 PMCID: PMC5924789 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested how exposure to two types of responses to a hypothetical simulated Facebook setting influenced cyber-bystanders' perceived control and normative beliefs using a 4 cyberbully-victim group (pure cyberbullies, non-involved, pure cyberbullied victims, and cyberbullied-victims) × 2 condition (offend vs. defend) experimental design. 203 Hong Kong Chinese secondary school and university students (132 females, 71 males; 12 to 28; M = 16.70; SD = 3.03 years old) were randomly assigned into one of two conditions. Results showed that participants' involvement in cyberbullying significantly related to their control beliefs about bully and victim assisting behaviors, while exposure to the two different conditions (offend vs. defend comments) was related to both their control and normative beliefs. In general, the defend condition promoted higher control beliefs to help the victims and promoted higher normative beliefs to help the victims. Regardless of their past involvement in cyberbullying and exposure to offend vs. defend conditions, both cyber-bullies and cyber-victims were more inclined to demonstrate normative beliefs to help victims than to assist bullies. These results have implications for examining environmental influences in predicting bystander behaviors in cyberbullying contexts, and for creating a positive environment to motivate adolescents to become "upstanders" in educational programs to combat cyberbullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel N M Leung
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Natalie Wong
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - JoAnn M Farver
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Liu B, Han L. Why Don't I Help You? The Relationship between Role Stressors and Helping Behavior from a Cognitive Dissonance Perspective. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2220. [PMID: 29416516 PMCID: PMC5787564 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes that role stressors decrease helping behavior by undermining employees’ normative commitment from a cognitive dissonance perspective and social exchange theory. We also propose two competitive assumptions of the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS). In this paper, we first examine these hypotheses in Study 1 and then verify the cognitive dissonance perspective in Study 2. In Study 1, we collected data from 350 employees of two enterprises in China. The results indicated that role stressors had a negative link with helping behavior via the mediating role of normative commitment. The results also showed that POS strengthened the negative relationship between role stressors and normative commitment. In Study 2, we invited 104 employees to participate in a scenario experiment. The results found that role stressors had an impact on normative commitment via dissonance. Our studies verified the combination of cognitive dissonance perspective and social exchange theory to explain the impact of role stressors on helping behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Business, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xia
- School of Business, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Baowei Liu
- School of Business, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Han
- Beijing Peony Electronic Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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Chung YW. Workplace ostracism And workplace behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and psychological empowerment. Anxiety Stress Coping 2018; 31:304-317. [PMID: 29325438 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1424835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Workplace ostracism research has examined numerous underlying mechanisms to understand the link between workplace ostracism and behavioral outcomes. Ostracism has been suggested to be an interpersonal stressor; however, research has not investigated workplace ostracism from a stress perspective. Therefore, the study investigated the mediating effect of perceived stress for the relationships between workplace ostracism and helping behavior, voicing behavior, and task performance. The study also investigated the moderating effect of psychological empowerment for the relationships between perceived stress and behavioral outcomes. DESIGN The study design was a three-wave self-reported questionnaire. METHOD The study sampled 225 full-time employees in South Korea and regression analyses with bootstrapping were conducted to test the moderated mediation models. RESULTS The bootstrapped 95% CI around the indirect effects did not contain zero; therefore, perceived stress mediated the relationship between workplace ostracism and helping behavior (-.06), voicing behavior (-.07), and task performance (-.07). Further, the moderated mediation analyses found perceived stress mediated the relationships between workplace ostracism and behavioral outcomes only when individuals perceived low levels of psychological empowerment. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that workplace ostracism is a stressor and psychological empowerment can mitigate the negative effects of ostracism on behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Woon Chung
- a Department of Business Administration , University of Suwon , Hwaseong , Republic of Korea
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41
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Abstract
Rescue behavior focused on injured individuals has rarely been observed in animals. These observations though are from very different taxa's: birds, mammals and social insects. Here we discuss likely antecedents to rescue behaviors in ants, like social carrying and alarm pheromones. We then compare similarities and preconditions necessary for rescue behavior focused on injured individuals to evolve across taxa's: a high value of individuals, a high injury risk and social interaction. Ultimately we argue that a similar problem, how to rescue injured group members, has led to different mechanisms to save injured individuals across different taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Frank
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Eduard Linsenmair
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Wang W, Fu Y, Qiu H, Moore JH, Wang Z. Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model of Organizational Identification and Moral Identity. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1906. [PMID: 29163287 PMCID: PMC5671997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) research is not new, but its importance to today's socially conscious market environment is even more evident in recent years. This study moves beyond CSR as simply the socially responsible actions and policies of organizations and focuses on the complex psychology of CSR as it relates to individuals within the organization. Given CSR can positively affect both the individuals within the organization and the organization itself, better understanding and leveraging the mechanisms and conditions of CSR that facilitate desired employee outcomes is crucial for organizational performance. However, scholars lack consensus in determining a theoretical framework for understanding how and under what conditions CSR will make an impact on employees and ultimately organizational performance. This study adds clarity by exploring the effect of perceived CSR on a more comprehensive set of employees' attitudinal and behavioral reactions (i.e., turnover intention, in-role job performance, and helping behavior) via the mediating mechanism of organizational identification and the moderating condition of moral identity. Hypotheses were derived using social identity theory. Results were based on data obtained from 340 Chinese manufacturing employee-supervisor dyads. This study found that employees' perceived CSR had an indirect relationship via organizational identification with each of the variables: (1) turnover intention, (2) in-role job performance, and (3) helping behavior. Specifically, the negative relationship between perceived CSR and turnover intention was stronger when employees had higher moral identity and the positive relationship between perceived CSR and in-role job performance and helping behavior was amplified by moral identity. Our findings show how the mediating mechanism of organizational identity and the moderating condition of moral identity work together to improve organizational effectiveness. The findings reveal several ways in which organizations can strategically focus their CSR and human resource efforts, such as applying this model and focusing on moral identity as a key indicator when evaluating employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Qingdao International Airport Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Huiqing Qiu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - James H. Moore
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequent demands from others in relationships are associated with worse physiological and health outcomes. The present research investigated 2 potential moderators of the relationship between frequency of demands from one's family and inflammatory profiles among adolescents: (a) closeness of adolescents' relationships with their families, and (b) the frequency with which adolescents provided help to their families. METHOD Two hundred thirty-four adolescents, ages 13-16 (Mage = 14.53; 47.83% male), completed a daily dairy in which they reported on the frequency of demands made by family members. They were also interviewed about the closeness of their family relationships and reported in the daily diary on how frequently they provided help to their families. Adolescents also underwent a blood draw to assess low-grade inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial stimulation. RESULTS More frequent demands from family predicted higher levels of low-grade inflammation and cytokine production in response to bacterial stimulation in adolescents. Family closeness moderated the relationship between frequent demands and stimulated cytokine production such that more frequent demands predicted higher cytokine production among adolescents who were closer to their families. Furthermore, frequency of providing help moderated the relationship between frequent demands and both low-grade inflammation and stimulated cytokine production, such that more frequent demands predicted worse inflammatory profiles among adolescents who provided more help to their families. CONCLUSIONS These findings build on previous work on family demands and health to show under what circumstances family demands might have a physiological cost. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S. Levine
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - Lauren C. Hoffer
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
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44
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Nielsen M, Gigante J, Collier-Baker E. Direct cost does not impact on young children's spontaneous helping behavior. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1509. [PMID: 25566167 PMCID: PMC4274792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity of humans to engage in prosocial behavior is unlike that of any other species. Individuals will help others even when it comes at a cost to themselves, and even when the others are complete strangers. However, to date, scant empirical evidence has been forthcoming on young children's altruistic tendencies. To investigate this 45 4-year-olds were presented with a task in which they had opportunity to help an adult confederate retrieve a reward from a novel box. In a control condition children were given no information about the effect of potential helping behavior. Alternatively they were informed that helping would either cost them (i.e., they would miss out on getting the reward) or benefit them (i.e., they would get the reward). It was hypothesized that children would be less likely, and slower, to help in the cost condition, compared to the other two conditions. This hypothesis was not supported: children across all conditions provided help at near ceiling levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nielsen
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban, South Africa
| | - Julia Gigante
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Collier-Baker
- Early Cognitive Development Centre, School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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45
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Abstract
This study is a replication and extension of Reeve, Reeve, Townsend, and Poulson (2007) evaluating the effects of a treatment package that included multiple-exemplar training, video modeling, prompting, and reinforcement on helping of 3 adolescents with autism. Results demonstrated that all participants acquired the helping responses. Probes before and after intervention also demonstrated generalization of helping across settings and categories of helping behavior.
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46
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Rotkirch A, Lyons M, David-Barrett T, Jokela M. Gratitude for help among adult friends and siblings. Evol Psychol 2014; 12:673-86. [PMID: 25300047 PMCID: PMC10556435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gratitude is a key prosocial emotion reinforcing reciprocal altruism, it has been largely ignored in the empirical literature. We examined feelings of gratitude and the importance of reciprocity in same-sex peer relations. Participants were 772 individuals (189 men; mean age = 28.80) who completed an online survey using a vignette design. We investigated (i) differences in reported gratitude and the importance of reciprocity among same-sex siblings and same-sex friends, and (ii) how relationship closeness moderates these associations. Based on the theory of kin altruism, we expect that people would feel more grateful towards friends than towards their siblings, and that lack of gratitude or failure to pay back a loan would bother more with friends than with siblings, irrespective of emotional closeness. Results showed that levels of gratitude and expectations of reciprocity were higher towards friends compared to siblings. This was the case also after controlling for emotional closeness. Being close generally made participants feel more grateful and expect lower displays of gratitude in the other. Closeness was also strongly associated with emotional gratitude among siblings compared to friends. We conclude that feelings and displays of gratitude have a special role in friendships. Although a close sibling may elicit as much gratitude as a friend does, even a very close friend is not exempt from the logic of reciprocity in the same way that a sibling is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rotkirch
- Population Research Institute, Väestöliitto – Finnish Family Federation, Finland
| | - Minna Lyons
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Stolarova M, Brielmann AA. Does anyone need help? Age and gender effects on children's ability to recognize need-of-help. Front Psychol 2014; 5:170. [PMID: 24578698 PMCID: PMC3936112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploratory study presented here examines children's ability to recognize another person's need-of-help. This social perception process necessarily precedes the decision to actively help others. Fifty-eight children aged between 5 and 13 completed three experimental paradigms. They were asked to look at black-and-white drawings and to indicate which ones showed somebody in need of help. A control task requiring children to differentiate between pictures of humans and birds measured general categorization abilities. This experimental design enabled us to consider confounding effects of children's developmental status and motivation and to distinguish them from specific need-of-help recognition abilities. As gender and age have been shown to influence social perception as well as helping behavior, we explored whether these factors also have an impact on need-of-help recognition. Children's response accuracies and response times (RTs) were analyzed. We observed clearly higher accuracy rates for younger girls compared to younger boys specifically in the need-of-help recognition tasks. For boys, an age-related performance improvement was found. Younger girls performed at a similarly high level as older girls and boys. No gender differences were observed for children aged over nine. This report provides first evidence that the developmental trajectory of children's ability to recognize another person's need-of-help differs for girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Stolarova
- Department of Psychology and Zukunftskolleg, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
- Department of Society and Economics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied SciencesKleve, Germany
| | - Aenne A. Brielmann
- Department of Psychology and Zukunftskolleg, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
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48
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Hollis KL, Nowbahari E. Toward a behavioral ecology of rescue behavior. Evol Psychol 2013; 11:647-64. [PMID: 23864298 PMCID: PMC10480990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the study of helping behavior has revolutionized the field of behavioral ecology, scientific examination of rescue behavior remains extremely rare, except perhaps in ants, having been described as early as 1874. Nonetheless, recent work in our laboratories has revealed several new patterns of rescue behavior that appear to be much more complex than previously studied forms. This precisely-directed rescue behavior bears a remarkable resemblance to what has been labeled empathy in rats, and thus raises numerous philosophical and theoretical questions: How should rescue behavior (or empathy) be defined? What distinguishes rescue from other forms of altruism? In what ways is rescue behavior in ants different from, and similar to, rescue in other non-human animals? What selection pressures dictate its appearance? In this paper, we review our own experimental studies of rescue in both laboratory and field, which, taken together, begin to reveal some of the behavioral ecological conditions that likely have given rise to rescue behavior in ants. Against this background, we also address important theoretical questions involving rescue, including those outlined above. In this way, we hope not only to encourage further experimental analysis of rescue behavior, but also to highlight important similarities and differences in very distant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Hollis
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA.
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49
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Nowbahari E, Hollis KL. Rescue behavior: Distinguishing between rescue, cooperation and other forms of altruistic behavior. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 3:77-9. [PMID: 20585494 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.2.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of rescue behavior in non-human animals are exceedingly rare, except in ants where rescue is well known, but has not been explored experimentally until recently. Although we predict that rescue behavior should be limited to circumstances in which the victim and the rescuer are highly related to one another, or in which unrelated individuals must cooperate very closely with one another, we also predict that it is likely to be far more common than the current literature would suggest. To address this oversight, we propose a rigorous definition of rescue behavior, one that helps researchers to focus on its necessary and sufficient components, at the same time that it helps to differentiate rescue behavior from cooperation and other forms of helping behavior. In this way we also hope to expand our understanding of altruism in particular and kin selection in general.
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50
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We test associations of frequency of performing three types of socially productive activities (voluntary work, informal help and caring for a person) with depressive symptoms in older people. Are depressive symptoms negatively associated with frequency in all three types or rather in those activities that are characterized by a high degree of autonomy and perceived control? METHODS Data on social activities and frequency of performance were collected in the frame of the annual follow-up of the French GAZEL cohort study in 2005. Depressive symptoms were measured by the CES-D scale. Perceived control was assessed by two items of a quality of life measure (CASP-19). Total of 14477 respondents aged 52-66 years completed a standardized questionnaire. Linear regression models were calculated adjusting for important confounders including self-rated health assessed during the previous year. RESULTS In activities characterized by high autonomy (in particular voluntary work) a negative association of frequency with depressive symptoms was observed, whereas the reverse effect was found in the type of activity with low autonomy (care for a person). Perceived control mediated in part the association of frequency of activity with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Being often socially productive in early old age may contribute to well-being to the extent that autonomy and perceived control are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Wahrendorf
- Department of Medical Sociology
University of DuesseldorfDE,* Correspondence should be adressed to: Morten Wahrendorf
| | - Céline Ribet
- Santé publique et épidémiologie des déterminants professionnels et sociaux de la santé
INSERM : U687IFR69Université Paris Sud - Paris XIUniversité de Versailles-Saint Quentin en YvelinesHôpital Paul Brousse 16, av Paul Vaillant Couturier 94807 VILLEJUIF,FR
| | - Marie Zins
- Santé publique et épidémiologie des déterminants professionnels et sociaux de la santé
INSERM : U687IFR69Université Paris Sud - Paris XIUniversité de Versailles-Saint Quentin en YvelinesHôpital Paul Brousse 16, av Paul Vaillant Couturier 94807 VILLEJUIF,FR
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