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Olfermann R, Schlegel S, Vogelsang A, Ebner-Priemer U, Zeeck A, Reichert M. Relationship between nonexercise activity and mood in patients with eating disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2024. [PMID: 39244381 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many patients with eating disorders (EDs) engage in excessive and compulsive physical activity (pathological exercise, PE) to regulate negative mood or to "burn calories." PE can lead to negative health consequences. Non-exercise activity (NEA) bears the potential to serve as intervention target to counteract PE and problematic eating behaviors since it has been associated with positive mood effects. However, to date, there is no investigation on whether the positive link between NEA and mood seen in the healthy translates to patients with ED. MATERIAL AND METHODS To study potential associations of NEA and mood in ED, we subjected 29 ED-patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs) to an ambulatory assessment study across 7 days. We measured NEA via accelerometers and repeatedly assessed mood on electronic smartphone diaries via a mixed sampling strategy based on events, activity and time. Within- and between-subject effects of NEA on mood, PE as moderator, and the temporal course of effects were analyzed via multilevel modeling. RESULTS NEA increased valence (β = 2.12, p < 0.001) and energetic arousal (β = 4.02, p < 0.001) but showed no significant effect on calmness. The effects of NEA on energetic arousal where significantly stronger for HCs (βHC = 6.26, p < 0.001) than for EDs (βED = 4.02, p < 0.001; βinteraction = 2.24, p = 0.0135). Effects of NEA were robust across most timeframes of NEA and significantly moderated by PE, that is, Lower PE levels exhibited stronger NEA effects on energetic arousal. CONCLUSION Patients with ED and HC show an affective benefit from NEA, partly depending on the level of PE. If replicated in experimental daily life studies, this evidence may pave the way towards expedient NEA interventions to cope with negative mood. Interventions could be especially promising if delivered as Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) and should be tailored according to the PE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Olfermann
- Department of eHealth and sports analytics, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department for Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabine Schlegel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Vogelsang
- Department of eHealth and sports analytics, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ebner-Priemer
- Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Reichert
- Department of eHealth and sports analytics, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department for Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Kim HS, Chung MY. A Motivational Technology Perspective on the Use of Smart Wrist-Worn Wearables for Postpartum Exercise and Weight Management. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38644619 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2343472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Exercise and weight management is crucial in preventing postpartum depression and long-term obesity that carries the risk of chronic illness among postpartum women. Although communication devices, such as a smart wrist-worn wearable (SWW), can help users be more physically active, the extent to which postpartum women might benefit from this technology is unknown. We examined how SWWs promoted exercise and helped postpartum women return to pre-pregnancy weight. We tested a model based on the premise that a motivational device that prompts users to engage with it can establish healthy daily routines. An online survey of 309 postpartum women who were living in the United States and were current users of SWWs revealed that the device encouraged them to spend time completing workout goals. Technological affordances (i.e. customization, navigability, and interactivity) and subsequent user engagement with the device positively predicted total workout hours among postpartum women. We present practical implications for postpartum care programs and smart wearable developers.
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Peterson NE, Bate DA, Macintosh JL, Trujillo Tanner C. Wearable Activity Trackers That Motivate Women to Increase Physical Activity: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e48704. [PMID: 38096000 PMCID: PMC10755652 DOI: 10.2196/48704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern, particularly among women in the United States. Wearable activity trackers (WATs) have been proposed as a potential solution to increase awareness of and engagement in physical activity (PA). However, to be effective, WATs must include features and designs that encourage daily use. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the features and designs of WATs that appeal to women and determine whether devices with these attributes are effective motivators for women to be physically active. METHODS A mixed methods study guided by the self-determination theory was conducted among 15 women. Participants trialed 3 WATs with influence in their respective accessory domains: Apple Watch for the wrist; Oura Ring for the finger; and Bellabeat Leaf Urban for multiple sites (it can be worn as a bracelet, necklace, or clip). Participants documented their daily PA levels and rated their satisfaction with each device's comfort, features, and motivational effect. Focus groups were also conducted to gather additional feedback and experiences within the a priori areas of comfort, features, and motivation. RESULTS Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 scores indicated that most participants (14/15, 93%) were motivated at baseline (amotivation score: mean 0.13, SD 0.45), but on average, participants did not meet the national minimum PA guidelines according to the self-reported Physical Activity Vital Sign questionnaire (moderate to vigorous PA score: mean 144, SD 97.5 min/wk). Mean WAT wear time was 16.9 (SD 4.4) hours, 19.4 (SD 5.3) hours, and 20.4 (SD 4.7) hours for Apple Watch, Bellabeat Leaf Urban, and Oura Ring, respectively. During focus groups, participants reinforced their quantitative ratings and rankings of the WATs based on personal experiences. Participants shared a variety of both activity-related and non-activity-related features that they look for in a motivating device. When considering what the ideal WAT would be for a woman, participants suggested features of (1) comfort, (2) extended battery life, (3) durability, (4) immediate PA feedback, (5) intuitive PA sensing, and (6) programmability. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to specifically address women's experiences with and preferences for different types of WATs. Those who work with women should realize how they view WATs and the role they play in motivation to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Peterson
- College of Nursing, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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O’Loughlin EK, Marashi M, Sabiston CM, Lucibello KM, Sylvestre MP, O’Loughlin JL. Predictors of Food and Physical Activity Tracking Among Young Adults. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2023; 50:647-657. [PMID: 36942324 PMCID: PMC10492434 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231159679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring food intake and physical activity (PA) using tracking applications may support behavior change. However, few longitudinal studies identify the characteristics of young adults who track their behavior, findings that could be useful in designing tracking-related interventions. Our objective was to identify predictors of past-year food and PA tracking among young adults. METHODS Data were available for 676 young adults participating in the ongoing longitudinal Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study. Potential predictors were measured in 2017-2020 at age 31, and past-year food and PA tracking were measured in 2021-2022 at age 34. Each potential predictor was studied in a separate multivariable logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, and educational attainment. RESULTS One third (37%) of participants reported past-year PA tracking; 14% reported past-year food, and 10% reported both. Nine and 11 of 41 potential predictors were associated with food and PA tracking, respectively. Compensatory behaviors after overeating, trying to lose weight, self-report overweight, reporting a wide variety of exercise behaviors, and pressure to lose weight predicted both food and PA tracking. CONCLUSION Food and PA tracking are relatively common among young adults. If the associations observed herein between compensatory behavior after overeating and tracking (among other observed associations) are replicated and found to be causal, caution may need to be exercised in making "blanket" recommendations to track food intake and/or PA to all young adults seeking behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. O’Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. O’Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bennett JP, Liu YE, Kelly NN, Quon BK, Wong MC, McCarthy C, Heymsfield SB, Shepherd JA. Next generation smartwatches to estimate whole body composition using bioimpedance analysis: accuracy and precision in a diverse multiethnic sample. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1418-1429. [PMID: 35883219 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel advancements in wearable technologies include continuous measurement of body composition via smart watches. The accuracy and stability of devices are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated smart watches with integrated bioimpedance (BIA) sensors for their ability to measure and monitor change in body composition. DESIGN Participants recruited across body mass indexes received duplicate body composition measures using two wearable smart watch (W-BIA) models in sitting and standing positions and multiple versions of each watch were used to evaluate inter- and intra-model precision. Duplicate laboratory-grade octapolar bioimpedance (8-BIA) and criterion dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were acquired to compare estimates between the watches and laboratory methods. Test-retest precision and least significant changes assessed the ability to monitor change in body composition. RESULTS Of 109 participants recruited, 75 subjects completed the full manufacturer-recommended protocol. No significant differences were observed between W-BIA watches in position or between watch models. Significant fat-free mass (FFM) differences (p < 0.05) were observed between both W-BIA and 8-BIA when compared to DXA, though the systematic biases to the criterion were correctable. No significant difference was observed between the W-BIA and the laboratory-grade BIA technology for FFM (55.3 ± 14.5 kg for W-BIA versus 56.0 ± 13.8 kg for 8-BIA, p > 0.05, CCC = 0.97). FFM was less precise on the watches than DXA (CV = 0.7%, RMSE = 0.4 kg versus CV = 1.3%, RMSE = 0.7 kg for W-BIA), requiring more repeat measures to equal the same confidence in body composition change over time as DXA. CONCLUSIONS After systematic correction, smart watch BIA devices are capable of stable, reliable and accurate body composition with precision comparable but lower than laboratory measures. These devices allow for measurement in environments not accessible to laboratory systems such as the home, training centers, and geographically remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Bennett
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Hawai'i Manoa, Agricultural Science Building, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
| | - Yong En Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
| | - Nisa N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
| | - Brandon K Quon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
| | - Michael C Wong
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Hawai'i Manoa, Agricultural Science Building, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
| | - Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70808 USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70808 USA
| | - John A Shepherd
- Graduate Program in Human Nutrition, University of Hawai'i Manoa, Agricultural Science Building, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813 USA
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Burford K, Golaszewski NM, Bartholomew J. " I shy away from them because they are very identifiable": A qualitative study exploring user and non-user's perceptions of wearable activity trackers. Digit Health 2021; 7:20552076211054922. [PMID: 34820134 PMCID: PMC8606926 DOI: 10.1177/20552076211054922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wearable activity trackers hold potential as a research tool to increase physical activity. However, long-term wearable adherence is low among users, which may be due to the limited understanding of the factors related to use and relation to health behavior theory. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the perceptions of wearables among active adult users and non-users. Findings will inform potential barriers and facilitators for the adherence and adoption of wearables through the application of the Self-Determination Theory. METHODS Six focus groups were conducted and equally stratified to wearable users (n = 10) and non-users (n = 10). Data were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative approach creating first-level codes. This was followed by developing second-level codes that allowed for generating themes. RESULTS For users, the wearables' feedback provided them with validation, a sense of achievement, and other-determined motivation. Users appreciated the functionality of wearables, particularly with simpler and newer models. They also reported improvements in health behaviors. While both users and non-users had a general positive feeling towards wearables, they held similar concerns about cost, guilt, dependency, and accuracy. Non-users were unique in their concerns for materialism and functionality (i.e. ease of use and charge) associated with wearables. They also seemed to be more intrinsically motivated to be physically active by relying less on external sources of motivation as potentially provided by wearables. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that while both adult users and non-users held positive perceptions of wearables and concerns for feelings of guilt and dependency, widespread adoption and adherence may be prevented by differences in motivation for physical activity and concerns for cost, materialism, and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Burford
- Michael Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Natalie M Golaszewski
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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