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Boruta T, Englart G, Foryś M, Pawlikowska W. The repertoire and levels of secondary metabolites in microbial cocultures depend on the inoculation ratio: a case study involving Aspergillus terreus and Streptomyces rimosus. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:601-614. [PMID: 38844646 PMCID: PMC11217084 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the inoculation volume ratio on the production of secondary metabolites in submerged cocultures of Aspergillus terreus and Streptomyces rimosus. RESULTS The shake flask cocultures were initiated by using 23 inoculum variants that included different volumes of A. terreus and S. rimosus precultures. In addition, the axenic controls were propagated in parallel with the cocultures. UPLC‒MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 secondary metabolites, 12 of which were found both in the "A. terreus vs. S. rimosus" cocultures and axenic cultures of either A. terreus or S. rimosus. The production of the remaining 3 molecules was recorded solely in the cocultures. The repertoire and quantity of secondary metabolites were evidently dependent on the inoculation ratio. It was also noted that detecting filamentous structures resembling typical morphological forms of a given species was insufficient to predict the presence of a given metabolite. CONCLUSIONS The modification of the inoculation ratio is an effective strategy for awakening and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites that are not biosynthesized under axenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Englart
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Foryś
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Pawlikowska
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
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Pšeničnik A, Slemc L, Avbelj M, Tome M, Šala M, Herron P, Shmatkov M, Petek M, Baebler Š, Mrak P, Hranueli D, Starčević A, Hunter IS, Petković H. Oxytetracycline hyper-production through targeted genome reduction of Streptomyces rimosus. mSystems 2024; 9:e0025024. [PMID: 38564716 PMCID: PMC11097637 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00250-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoding the synthesis of important microbial secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, are either silent or poorly expressed; therefore, to ensure a strong pipeline of novel antibiotics, there is a need to develop rapid and efficient strain development approaches. This study uses comparative genome analysis to instruct rational strain improvement, using Streptomyces rimosus, the producer of the important antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) as a model system. Sequencing of the genomes of two industrial strains M4018 and R6-500, developed independently from a common ancestor, identified large DNA rearrangements located at the chromosome end. We evaluated the effect of these genome deletions on the parental S. rimosus Type Strain (ATCC 10970) genome where introduction of a 145 kb deletion close to the OTC BGC in the Type Strain resulted in massive OTC overproduction, achieving titers that were equivalent to M4018 and R6-500. Transcriptome data supported the hypothesis that the reason for such an increase in OTC biosynthesis was due to enhanced transcription of the OTC BGC and not due to enhanced substrate supply. We also observed changes in the expression of other cryptic BGCs; some metabolites, undetectable in ATCC 10970, were now produced at high titers. This study demonstrated for the first time that the main force behind BGC overexpression is genome rearrangement. This new approach demonstrates great potential to activate cryptic gene clusters of yet unexplored natural products of medical and industrial value.IMPORTANCEThere is a critical need to develop novel antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. Streptomyces species are very rich source of antibiotics, typically encoding 20-60 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, under laboratory conditions, most are either silent or poorly expressed so that their products are only detectable at nanogram quantities, which hampers drug development efforts. To address this subject, we used comparative genome analysis of industrial Streptomyces rimosus strains producing high titers of a broad spectrum antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC), developed during decades of industrial strain improvement. Interestingly, large-scale chromosomal deletions were observed. Based on this information, we carried out targeted genome deletions in the native strain S. rimosus ATCC 10970, and we show that a targeted deletion in the vicinity of the OTC BGC significantly induced expression of the OTC BGC, as well as some other silent BGCs, thus suggesting that this approach may be a useful way to identify new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Pšeničnik
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Slemc
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Avbelj
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Tome
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paul Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maksym Shmatkov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Educational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Mrak
- Antiinfectives, Sandoz, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Daslav Hranueli
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Starčević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iain S. Hunter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hrvoje Petković
- Chair of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Safety, University of Ljubljana Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bao HY, Li HJ, Zhang YY, Bechthold A, Yu XP, Ma Z. Transposon-based identification of genes involved in the rimocidin biosynthesis in Streptomyces rimosus M527. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:359. [PMID: 37891332 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The transposon mutagenesis strategy has been employed to generate random insertion mutants and analyze the correlation between genes and secondary metabolites in the genus Streptomyces. In this study, our primary objective was to identify an unknown gene involved in rimocidin biosynthesis and elucidate its role in rimocidin production in Streptomyces rimosus M527. To achieve this, we established a random mutant library of S. rimosus M527 using a Tn5 transposon-mediated random mutagenesis strategy. Among the 137 isolated mutants, M527-G10 and M527-W5 exhibited the most significant variations in antagonistic activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Specifically, M527-G10 displayed a 72.93% reduction, while M527-W5 showed a 49.8% increase in rimocidin production compared to the wild-type (WT) strain S. rimosus M527. Subsequently, we employed a plasmid rescue strategy to identify the insertion loci of the transposon in the genomes of mutants M527-G10 and M527-W5, revealing a response regulator transcription factor (rrt) and a hypothetical protein (hyp), respectively. The roles of rrt and hyp in rimocidin biosynthesis were determined through gene deletion, overexpression in the WT strain, and complemented expression in the transposon mutants. Notably, the gene-deletion mutants M527-ΔRRT and M527-ΔHYP exhibited similar behavior in rimocidin production compared to the corresponding transposon mutants M527-G10 and M527-W5, suggesting that transposon insertions in genes rrt and hyp led to alterations in rimocidin production. Furthermore, both gene deletion and overexpression of rrt and hyp had no discernible effects on cell growth. These results reveal that genes rrt and hyp have positive and negative impacts on rimocidin production in S. rimosus M527, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yue Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China
| | - Hui-Jie Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China
| | - Yong-Yong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China.
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Zong G, Cao G, Fu J, Zhang P, Chen X, Yan W, Xin L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhang R. Novel mechanism of hydrogen peroxide for promoting efficient natamycin synthesis in Streptomyces. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0087923. [PMID: 37695060 PMCID: PMC10580950 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00879-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of regulation of natamycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces in response to oxidative stress is unclear. Here, we first show cholesterol oxidase SgnE, which catalyzes the formation of H2O2 from sterols, triggered a series of redox-dependent interactions to stimulate natamycin production in S. gilvosporeus. In response to reactive oxygen species, residues Cys212 and Cys221 of the H2O2-sensing consensus sequence of OxyR were oxidized, resulting in conformational changes in the protein: OxyR extended its DNA-binding domain to interact with four motifs of promoter p sgnM . This acted as a redox-dependent switch to turn on/off gene transcription of sgnM, which encodes a cluster-situated regulator, by controlling the affinity between OxyR and p sgnM , thus regulating the expression of 12 genes in the natamycin biosynthesis gene cluster. OxyR cooperates with SgnR, another cluster-situated regulator and an upstream regulatory factor of SgnM, synergistically modulated natamycin biosynthesis by masking/unmasking the -35 region of p sgnM depending on the redox state of OxyR in response to the intracellular H2O2 concentration. IMPORTANCE Cholesterol oxidase SgnE is an indispensable factor, with an unclear mechanism, for natamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces. Oxidative stress has been attributed to the natamycin biosynthesis. Here, we show that SgnE catalyzes the formation of H2O2 from sterols and triggers a series of redox-dependent interactions to stimulate natamycin production in S. gilvosporeus. OxyR, which cooperates with SgnR, acted as a redox-dependent switch to turn on/off gene transcription of sgnM, which encodes a cluster-situated regulator, by masking/unmasking its -35 region, to control the natamycin biosynthesis gene cluster. This work provides a novel perspective on the crosstalk between intracellular ROS homeostasis and natamycin biosynthesis. Application of these findings will improve antibiotic yields via control of the intracellular redox pressure in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongli Zong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Jiafang Fu
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Wenxiu Yan
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Lulu Xin
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Zhongxue Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Boruta T, Ścigaczewska A, Ruda A, Bizukojć M. Effects of the Coculture Initiation Method on the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Bioreactor Cocultures of Penicillium rubens and Streptomyces rimosus. Molecules 2023; 28:6044. [PMID: 37630296 PMCID: PMC10458595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor cocultures involving Penicillium rubens and Streptomyces rimosus were investigated with regard to secondary metabolite production, morphological development, dissolved oxygen levels, and carbon substrate utilization. The production profiles of 22 secondary metabolites were analyzed, including penicillin G and oxytetracycline. Three inoculation approaches were tested, i.e., the simultaneous inoculation of P. rubens with S. rimosus and the inoculation of S. rimosus delayed by 24 or 48 h relative to P. rubens. The delayed inoculation of S. rimosus into the P. rubens culture did not prevent the actinomycete from proliferating and displaying its biosynthetic repertoire. Although a period of prolonged adaptation was needed, S. rimosus exhibited growth and the production of secondary metabolites regardless of the chosen delay period (24 or 48 h). This promising method of coculture initiation resulted in increased levels of metabolites tentatively identified as rimocidin B, 2-methylthio-cis-zeatin, chrysogine, benzylpenicilloic acid, and preaustinoid D relative to the values recorded for the monocultures. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the delayed inoculation approach in uncovering the metabolic landscape of filamentous microorganisms and altering the levels of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
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Li H, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Bechthold A, Yu X. Identification of RimR2 as a positive pathway-specific regulator of rimocidin biosynthesis in Streptomyces rimosus M527. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:32. [PMID: 36810073 PMCID: PMC9942304 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streoptomyces rimosus M527 is a producer of the polyene macrolide rimocidin which shows activity against various plant pathogenic fungi. Notably, the regulatory mechanisms underlying rimocidin biosynthesis are yet to be elucidated. RESULTS In this study, using domain structure and amino acid alignment and phylogenetic tree construction, rimR2, which located in the rimocidin biosynthetic gene cluster, was first found and identified as a larger ATP-binding regulators of the LuxR family (LAL) subfamily regulator. The rimR2 deletion and complementation assays were conducted to explore its role. Mutant M527-ΔrimR2 lost its ability to produce rimocidin. Complementation of M527-ΔrimR2 restored rimocidin production. The five recombinant strains, M527-ER, M527-KR, M527-21R, M527-57R, and M527-NR, were constructed by overexpressing rimR2 gene using the promoters permE*, kasOp*, SPL21, SPL57, and its native promoter, respectively, to improve rimocidin production. M527-KR, M527-NR, and M527-ER exhibited 81.8%, 68.1%, and 54.5% more rimocidin production, respectively, than the wild-type (WT) strain, while recombinant strains M527-21R and M527-57R exhibited no obvious differences in rimocidin production compared with the WT strain. RT-PCR assays revealed that the transcriptional levels of the rim genes were consistent with the changes in rimocidin production in the recombinant strains. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we confirmed that RimR2 can bind to the promoter regions of rimA and rimC. CONCLUSION A LAL regulator RimR2 was identified as a positive specific-pathway regulator of rimocidin biosynthesis in M527. RimR2 regulates the rimocidin biosynthesis by influencing the transcriptional levels of rim genes and binding to the promoter regions of rimA and rimC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- grid.411485.d0000 0004 1755 1108Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yefeng Hu
- grid.411485.d0000 0004 1755 1108Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- grid.411485.d0000 0004 1755 1108Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- grid.5963.9Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Effect of Post-Polyketide Synthase Modification Groups on Property and Activity of Polyene Macrolides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010119. [PMID: 36671320 PMCID: PMC9854516 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of polyene macrolides, which are natural products produced by soil actinomycetes, have been extensively explored, and recent studies have focused on the effects of post-polyketide synthase (PKS) modifications to polyene macrolides on toxicity, water solubility, and antifungal activity. For example, there are interactions between glycosyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl or epoxy groups generated in the post-PKS modification steps; salt bridges will be formed between carboxylate and ammonium on the mycosamine; and water bridges will be formed between hydroxy and hydroxyl on mycosamine. These interactions will affect their water solubility and substrate-recognition specificity. This review summarizes research related to these post-PKS modification groups and discusses some genetic engineering operation problems and solutions that may be encountered when modifying these post-PKS modification groups. In addition, this review provides a basis for the structural research of polyene macrolide antibiotics and contributes to comprehensive and systematic knowledge, and it may thus encourage researchers to develop novel antifungal drugs with higher therapeutic indexes and medical values.
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Xu M, Wang W, Waglechner N, Culp EJ, Guitor AK, Wright GD. Phylogeny-Informed Synthetic Biology Reveals Unprecedented Structural Novelty in Type V Glycopeptide Antibiotics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:615-626. [PMID: 35647273 PMCID: PMC9136965 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rise and dissemination of glycopeptide antibiotic (GPA)-resistant pathogens in healthcare settings fuel efforts to discover GPAs that can overcome resistance. Members of the type V subclass of GPAs can evade common GPA resistance mechanisms and offer promise as new drug leads. We characterize five new type V GPAs-rimomycin-A/B/C and misaugamycin-A/B-discovered through a phylogeny-guided genome mining strategy coupled with heterologous production using our GPAHex synthetic biology platform. Rimomycin is a heptapeptide similar to kistamicin but includes an N-methyl-tyrosine at amino acid 6 (AA6) and substitutes 4-hydroxyphenylglycine for tyrosine and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine at positions AA1 and AA3. Misaugamycin is characterized by an unprecedented N-C cross-link between AA2 and AA4 and unique N-terminal acylation by malonyl (misaugamycin-A) or 2-sulfoacetyl (misaugamycin-B) groups. We demonstrate that rimomycin-A/B/C and misaugamycin-A/B are potent antibiotics with activity against GPA-resistant clinical isolates and that the mode of action is consistent with the inhibition of cell division by the evasion of autolysin activity. These discoveries expand the chemical diversity of the type V GPAs, offer new chemical scaffolds for drug development, and demonstrate the application of the GPAHex platform in mining GPA chemical "dark matter".
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Wenliang Wang
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Nicholas Waglechner
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. Culp
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Allison K. Guitor
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic
Discovery, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research,
Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Improvement of Rimocidin Biosynthesis by Increasing Supply of Precursor Malonyl-CoA via Over-expression of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in Streptomyces rimosus M527. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:174. [PMID: 35488939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Precursor engineering is an effective strategy for the overproduction of secondary metabolites. The polyene macrolide rimocidin, which is produced by Streptomyces rimosus M527, exhibits a potent activity against a broad range of phytopathogenic fungi. It has been predicted that malonyl-CoA is used as extender units for rimocidin biosynthesis. Based on a systematic analysis of three sets of time-series transcriptome microarray data of S. rimosus M527 fermented in different conditions, the differentially expressed accsr gene that encodes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was found. To understand how the formation of rimocidin is being influenced by the expression of the accsr gene and by the concentration of malonyl-CoA, the accsr gene was cloned and over-expressed in the wild-type strain S. rimosus M527 in this study. The recombinant strain S. rimosus M527-ACC harboring the over-expressed accsr gene exhibited better performances based on the enzymatic activity of ACC, intracellular malonyl-CoA concentrations, and rimocidin production compared to S. rimosus M527 throughout the fermentation process. The enzymatic activity of ACC and intracellular concentration of malonyl-CoA of S. rimosus M527-ACC were 1.0- and 1.5-fold higher than those of S. rimosus M527, respectively. Finally, the yield of rimocidin produced by S. rimosus M527-ACC reached 320.7 mg/L, which was 34.0% higher than that of S. rimosus M527. These results confirmed that malonyl-CoA is an important precursor for rimocidin biosynthesis and suggested that an adequate supply of malonyl-CoA caused by accsr gene over-expression led to the improvement in rimocidin production.
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Reference-Grade Genome and Large Linear Plasmid of Streptomyces rimosus: Pushing the Limits of Nanopore Sequencing. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0243421. [PMID: 35377231 PMCID: PMC9045324 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970 is the parental strain of industrial strains used for the commercial production of the important antibiotic oxytetracycline. As an actinobacterium with a large linear chromosome containing numerous long repeat regions, high GC content, and a single giant linear plasmid (GLP), these genomes are challenging to assemble. Here, we apply a hybrid sequencing approach relying on the combination of short- and long-read next-generation sequencing platforms and whole-genome restriction analysis by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to produce a high-quality reference genome for this biotechnologically important bacterium. By using PFGE to separate and isolate plasmid DNA from chromosomal DNA, we successfully sequenced the GLP using Nanopore data alone. Using this approach, we compared the sequence of GLP in the parent strain ATCC 10970 with those found in two semi-industrial progenitor strains, R6-500 and M4018. Sequencing of the GLP of these three S. rimosus strains shed light on several rearrangements accompanied by transposase genes, suggesting that transposases play an important role in plasmid and genome plasticity in S. rimosus. The polished annotation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways compared to metabolite analysis in the ATCC 10970 strain also refined our knowledge of the secondary metabolite arsenal of these strains. The proposed methodology is highly applicable to a variety of sequencing projects, as evidenced by the reliable assemblies obtained. IMPORTANCE The genomes of Streptomyces species are difficult to assemble due to long repeats, extrachromosomal elements (giant linear plasmids [GLPs]), rearrangements, and high GC content. To improve the quality of the S. rimosus ATCC 10970 genome, producer of oxytetracycline, we validated the assembly of GLPs by applying a new approach to combine pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separation and GLP isolation and sequenced the isolated GLP with Oxford Nanopore technology. By examining the sequenced plasmids of ATCC 10970 and two industrial progenitor strains, R6-500 and M4018, we identified large GLP rearrangements. Analysis of the assembled plasmid sequences shed light on the role of transposases in genome plasticity of this species. The new methodological approach developed for Nanopore sequencing is highly applicable to a variety of sequencing projects. In addition, we present the annotated reference genome sequence of ATCC 10970 with a detailed analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters.
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11
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Zong G, Fu J, Zhang P, Zhang W, Xu Y, Cao G, Zhang R. Use of elicitors to enhance or activate the antibiotic production in streptomyces. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1260-1283. [PMID: 34706600 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1987856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces is the largest and most significant genus of Actinobacteria, comprising 961 species. These Gram-positive bacteria produce many versatile and important bioactive compounds; of these, antibiotics, specifically the enhancement or activation of their production, have received extensive research attention. Recently, various biotic and abiotic elicitors have been reported to modify the antibiotic metabolism of Streptomyces, which promotes the production of new antibiotics and bioactive metabolites for improvement in the yields of endogenous products. However, some elicitors that obviously contribute to secondary metabolite production have not yet received sufficient attention. In this study, we have reviewed the functions and mechanisms of chemicals, novel microbial metabolic elicitors, microbial interactions, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, environmental factors, and novel combination methods regarding antibiotic production in Streptomyces. This review has aimed to identify potentially valuable elicitors for stimulating the production of latent antibiotics or enhancing the synthesis of subsistent antibiotics in Streptomyces. Future applications and challenges in the discovery of new antibiotics and enhancement of existing antibiotic production using elicitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongli Zong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiafang Fu
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Boruta T, Ścigaczewska A, Bizukojć M. "Microbial Wars" in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor: Investigating the Co-Cultures of Streptomyces rimosus and Aspergillus terreus, Filamentous Microorganisms Equipped With a Rich Arsenal of Secondary Metabolites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:713639. [PMID: 34660550 PMCID: PMC8511322 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.713639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial co-cultivation is an approach frequently used for the induction of secondary metabolic pathways and the discovery of novel molecules. The studies of this kind are typically focused on the chemical and ecological aspects of inter-species interactions rather than on the bioprocess characterization. In the present work, the co-cultivation of two textbook producers of secondary metabolites, namely Aspergillus terreus (a filamentous fungus used for the manufacturing of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug) and Streptomyces rimosus (an actinobacterial producer of an antibiotic oxytetracycline) in a 5.5-L stirred tank bioreactor was investigated in the context of metabolic production, utilization of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen levels. The cultivation runs differed in terms of the applied co-culture initiation strategy and the composition of growth medium. All the experiments were performed in three bioreactors running in parallel (corresponding to a co-culture and two respective monoculture controls). The analysis based upon mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography revealed a broad spectrum of more than 40 secondary metabolites, including the molecules identified as the oxidized derivatives of rimocidin and milbemycin that were observed solely under the conditions of co-cultivation. S. rimosus showed a tendency to dominate over A. terreus, except for the runs where S. rimosus was inoculated into the already developed bioreactor cultures of A. terreus. Despite being dominated, the less aggressive strain still had an observable influence on the production of secondary metabolites and the utilization of substrates in co-culture. The monitoring of dissolved oxygen levels was evaluated as a fast approach of identifying the dominant microorganism during the co-cultivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Ścigaczewska
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojć
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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13
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Guo X, Zhang J, Li X, Xiao E, Lange JD, Rienstra CM, Burke MD, Mitchell DA. Sterol Sponge Mechanism Is Conserved for Glycosylated Polyene Macrolides. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:781-791. [PMID: 34079896 PMCID: PMC8161476 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin-like glycosylated polyene macrolides (GPMs) are a clinically and industrially important family of natural products, but the mechanisms by which they exert their extraordinary biological activities have remained unclear for more than half a century. Amphotericin B exerts fungicidal action primarily via self-assembly into an extramembranous sponge that rapidly extracts ergosterol from fungal membranes, but it has remained unclear whether this mechanism is applicable to other GPMs. Using a highly conserved polyene-hemiketal region of GPMs that we hypothesized to represent a conserved ergosterol-binding domain, we bioinformatically mapped the entirety of the GPM sequence-function space and expanded the number of GPM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) by 10-fold. We further leveraged bioinformatic predictions and tetrazine-based reactivity screening targeting the electron-rich polyene region of GPMs to discover a first-in-class methyltetraene- and diepoxide-containing GPM, kineosporicin, and to assign BGCs to many new producers of previously reported members. Leveraging a range of structurally diverse known and newly discovered GPMs, we found that the sterol sponge mechanism of fungicidal action is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department
of Biochemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emily Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justin D. Lange
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department
of Biochemistry and National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, DeLuca Biochemistry Laboratories, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 United States
| | - Douglas A. Mitchell
- Department
of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Abstract
Polyene antibiotics are macrolide antifungal compounds obtained by fermentation of producer Streptomyces strains. Here we describe commonly used methods for polyene production, detection, and their subsequent extraction and purification. While bioassays are used to detect these compounds based on their biological activity, quantification by spectrophotometry or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ) relies on their physiochemical properties and is more reliable.
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15
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Liao Z, Song Z, Xu J, Ma Z, Bechthold A, Yu X. Identification of a gene from Streptomyces rimosus M527 negatively affecting rimocidin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10191-10202. [PMID: 33057790 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyene macrolide rimocidin, produced by Streptomyces rimosus M527, was found to be highly effective against a broad range of fungal plant pathogens. Current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of rimocidin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation in S. rimosus M527 is limited. NsdA is considered a negative regulator involved in morphological differentiation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in some Streptomyces species. In this study, nsdAsr was cloned from S. rimosus M527. The role of nsdAsr in rimocidin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation was investigated by gene deletion, complementation, and over-expression. A ΔnsdAsr mutant was obtained using CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant produced more rimocidin (46%) and accelerated morphological differentiation than the wild-type strain. Over-expression of nsdAsr led to a decrease in rimocidin production and impairment of morphological differentiation. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcription of rim genes responsible for rimocidin biosynthesis was upregulated in the ΔnsdAsr mutant but downregulated in the nsdAsr over-expression strain. Similar effects have been described for Streptomyces coelicolor M145 and the industrial toyocamycin-producing strain Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628. KEY POINTS: • A negative regulator for sporulation and rimocidin production was identified. • The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used for gene deletion in S. rimosus M527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhangqing Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
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16
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Sigrist R, Luhavaya H, McKinnie SMK, Ferreira da Silva A, Jurberg ID, Moore BS, Gonzaga de Oliveira L. Nonlinear Biosynthetic Assembly of Alpiniamide by a Hybrid cis/ trans-AT PKS-NRPS. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1067-1077. [PMID: 32195572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpiniamide A is a linear polyketide produced by Streptomyces endophytic bacteria. Despite its relatively simple chemical structure suggestive of a linear assembly line biosynthetic construction involving a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase enzymatic protein machine, we report an unexpected nonlinear synthesis of this bacterial natural product. Using a combination of genomics, heterologous expression, mutagenesis, isotope-labeling, and chain terminator experiments, we propose that alpiniamide A is assembled in two halves and then ligated into the mature molecule. We show that each polyketide half is constructed using orthogonal biosynthetic strategies, employing either cis- or trans-acyl transferase mechanisms, thus prompting an alternative proposal for the operation of this PKS-NRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sigrist
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Hanna Luhavaya
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amanda Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Igor D. Jurberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Luciana Gonzaga de Oliveira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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17
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Song Z, Ma Z, Bechthold A, Yu X. Effects of addition of elicitors on rimocidin biosynthesis in Streptomyces rimosus M527. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4445-4455. [PMID: 32221690 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The polyene macrolide rimocidin, produced by Streptomyces rimosus M527, is highly effective against a broad range of fungal plant pathogens, but at low yields. Elicitation is an effective method of stimulating the yield of bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, the biomass and filtrate of a culture broth of Escherichia coli JM109, Bacillus subtilis WB600, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum were employed as elicitors to promote rimocidin production in S. rimosus M527. Adding culture broth and biomass of S. cerevisiae (A3) and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (B4) resulted in an increase of rimocidin production by 51.2% and 68.3% respectively compared with the production under normal conditions in 5-l fermentor. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcriptions of ten genes (rimA to rimK) located in the gene cluster involved in rimocidin biosynthesis in A3 or B4 elicitation experimental group were all higher than those of a control group. Using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system, GUS enzyme activity assay, and Western blot analysis, we discovered that elicitation of A3 or B4 increased protein synthesis in S. rimosus M527. These results demonstrate that the addition of elicitors is a useful approach to improve rimocidin production.Key Points • An effective strategy for enhancing rimocidin production in S. rimosus M527 is demonstrated. • Overproduction of rimocidin is a result of higher expressed structural genes followed by an increase in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqing Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Park CJ, Andam CP. Within-Species Genomic Variation and Variable Patterns of Recombination in the Tetracycline Producer Streptomyces rimosus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:552. [PMID: 30949149 PMCID: PMC6437091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces rimosus is best known as the primary source of the tetracycline class of antibiotics, most notably oxytetracycline, which have been widely used against many gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and protozoan parasites. However, despite the medical and agricultural importance of S. rimosus, little is known of its evolutionary history and genome dynamics. In this study, we aim to elucidate the pan-genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of 32 S. rimosus genomes. The S. rimosus pan-genome contains more than 22,000 orthologous gene clusters, and approximately 8.8% of these genes constitutes the core genome. A large part of the accessory genome is composed of 9,646 strain-specific genes. S. rimosus exhibits an open pan-genome (decay parameter α = 0.83) and high gene diversity between strains (genomic fluidity φ = 0.12). We also observed strain-level variation in the distribution and abundance of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and that each individual S. rimosus genome has a unique repertoire of BGCs. Lastly, we observed variation in recombination, with some strains donating or receiving DNA more often than others, strains that tend to frequently recombine with specific partners, genes that often experience recombination more than others, and variable sizes of recombined DNA sequences. We conclude that the high levels of inter-strain genomic variation in S. rimosus is partly explained by differences in recombination among strains. These results have important implications on current efforts for natural drug discovery, the ecological role of strain-level variation in microbial populations, and addressing the fundamental question of why microbes have pan-genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper J Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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19
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Zhao Y, Song Z, Ma Z, Bechthold A, Yu X. Sequential improvement of rimocidin production in Streptomyces rimosus M527 by introduction of cumulative drug-resistance mutations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:697-708. [PMID: 30697650 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rimocidin is a polyene macrolide that exhibits a strong inhibitory activity against a broad range of plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, fermentation optimization and ribosome engineering technology were employed to enhance rimocidin production in Streptomyces rimosus M527. After the optimization of fermentation, rimocidin production in S. rimosus M527 increased from 0.11 ± 0.01 to 0.23 ± 0.02 g/L during shake-flask experiments and reached 0.41 ± 0.05 g/L using 5-L fermentor. Fermentation optimization was followed by the generation of mutants of S. rimosus M527 through treatment of the strain with different concentrations of gentamycin (Gen) or rifamycin. One Genr mutant named S. rimosus M527-G37 and one Rifr mutant named S. rimosus M527-R5 showed increased rimocidin production. Double-resistant (Genr and Rifr) mutants were selected using S. rimosus M527-G37 and S. rimosus M527-R5, and subsequently tested. One mutant, S. rimosus M527-GR7, which was derived from M527-G37, achieved the greatest cumulative improvement in rimocidin production. In the 5-L fermentor, the maximum rimocidin production achieved by S. rimosus M527-GR7 was 25.36% and 62.89% greater than those achieved by S. rimosus M527-G37 and the wild-type strain S. rimosus M527, respectively. Moreover, in the mutants S. rimosus M527-G37 and S. rimosus M527-GR7 the transcriptional levels of ten genes (rimAsr to rimKsr) located in the gene cluster involved in rimocidin biosynthesis were all higher than those in the parental strain M527 to varying degrees. In addition, after expression of the single rimocidin biosynthetic genes in S. rimosus M527 a few recombinants showed an increase in rimocidin production. Expression of rimE led to the highest production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqing Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education District, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Paulus C, Rebets Y, Zapp J, Rückert C, Kalinowski J, Luzhetskyy A. New Alpiniamides From Streptomyces sp. IB2014/011-12 Assembled by an Unusual Hybrid Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Trans-AT Polyketide Synthase Enzyme. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1959. [PMID: 30186270 PMCID: PMC6113372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of Lake Baikal is a well-known source of microbial diversity. The strain Streptomyces sp. IB2014/011-12, isolated from samples collected at Lake Baikal, was found to exhibit potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report isolation and characterization of linear polyketide alpiniamide A (1) and its new derivatives B-D (2-5). The structures of alpiniamides A-D were established and their relative configuration was determined by combination of partial Murata's method and ROESY experiment. The absolute configuration of alpiniamide A was established through Mosher's method. The gene cluster, responsible for the biosynthesis of alpiniamides (alp) has been identified by genome mining and gene deletion experiments. The successful expression of the cloned alp gene cluster in a heterologous host supports these findings. Analysis of the architecture of the alp gene cluster and the feeding of labeled precursors elucidated the alpiniamide biosynthetic pathway. The biosynthesis of alpiniamides is an example of a rather simple polyketide assembly line generating unusual chemical diversity through the combination of domain/module skipping and double bond migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Paulus
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuriy Rebets
- Department for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Department for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
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21
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Global evolution of glycosylated polyene macrolide antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:239-247. [PMID: 29885934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are the most marvelous evolutionary products of microbes to obtain competitive advantage and maintain ecological balance. However, the origination and development of antibiotics has yet to be explicitly investigated. Due to diverse structures and similar biosynthesis, glycosylated polyene macrolides (gPEMs) were chosen to explore antibiotic evolution. A total of 130 candidate and 38 transitional gPEM clusters were collected from actinomycetes genomes, providing abundant references for phenotypic gaps in gPEM evolution. The most conserved parts of gPEM biosynthesis were found and used for phylogeny construction. On this basis, we proposed ancestral gPEM clusters at different evolutionary stages and interpreted the possible evolutionary histories in detail. The results revealed that gPEMs evolved from small rings to large rings and continuously increased structural diversity through acquiring, discarding and exchanging genes from different evolutionary origins, as well as co-evolution of functionally related proteins. The combination of horizontal gene transfers, environmental effects and host preference resulted in the diversity and worldwide distribution of gPEMs. This study is not only a useful exploration on antibiotic evolution but also an inspiration for diversity and biogeographic investigations on antibiotics in the era of Big Data.
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Selvamicin, an atypical antifungal polyene from two alternative genomic contexts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12940-12945. [PMID: 27803316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613285113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria harbored by fungus-growing ants produce a variety of small molecules that help maintain a complex multilateral symbiosis. In a survey of antifungal compounds from these bacteria, we discovered selvamicin, an unusual antifungal polyene macrolide, in bacterial isolates from two neighboring ant nests. Selvamicin resembles the clinically important antifungals nystatin A1 and amphotericin B, but it has several distinctive structural features: a noncationic 6-deoxymannose sugar at the canonical glycosylation site and a second sugar, an unusual 4-O-methyldigitoxose, at the opposite end of selvamicin's shortened polyene macrolide. It also lacks some of the pharmacokinetic liabilities of the clinical agents and appears to have a different target. Whole genome sequencing revealed the putative type I polyketide gene cluster responsible for selvamicin's biosynthesis including a subcluster of genes consistent with selvamicin's 4-O-methyldigitoxose sugar. Although the selvamicin biosynthetic cluster is virtually identical in both bacterial producers, in one it is on the chromosome, in the other it is on a plasmid. These alternative genomic contexts illustrate the biosynthetic gene cluster mobility that underlies the diversity and distribution of chemical defenses by the specialized bacteria in this multilateral symbiosis.
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Aparicio JF, Barreales EG, Payero TD, Vicente CM, de Pedro A, Santos-Aberturas J. Biotechnological production and application of the antibiotic pimaricin: biosynthesis and its regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:61-78. [PMID: 26512010 PMCID: PMC4700089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pimaricin (natamycin) is a small polyene macrolide antibiotic used worldwide. This efficient antimycotic and antiprotozoal agent, produced by several soil bacterial species of the genus Streptomyces, has found application in human therapy, in the food and beverage industries and as pesticide. It displays a broad spectrum of activity, targeting ergosterol but bearing a particular mode of action different to other polyene macrolides. The biosynthesis of this only antifungal agent with a GRAS status has been thoroughly studied, which has permitted the manipulation of producers to engineer the biosynthetic gene clusters in order to generate several analogues. Regulation of its production has been largely unveiled, constituting a model for other polyenes and setting the leads for optimizing the production of these valuable compounds. This review describes and discusses the molecular genetics, uses, mode of action, analogue generation, regulation and strategies for increasing pimaricin production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús F Aparicio
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Eva G Barreales
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Tamara D Payero
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Cláudia M Vicente
- Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, UMR 1128, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Antonio de Pedro
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Javier Santos-Aberturas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Escudero L, Al-Refai M, Nieto C, Laatsch H, Malpartida F, Seco EM. New Rimocidin/CE-108 Derivatives Obtained by a Crotonyl-CoA Carboxylase/Reductase Gene Disruption in Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108: Substrates for the Polyene Carboxamide Synthase PcsA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135891. [PMID: 26284936 PMCID: PMC4540446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rimJ gene, which codes for a crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase, lies within the biosynthetic gene cluster for two polyketides belonging to the polyene macrolide group (CE-108 and rimocidin) produced by Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108. Disruption of rimJ by insertional inactivation gave rise to a recombinant strain overproducing new polyene derivatives besides the parental CE-108 (2a) and rimocidin (4a). The structure elucidation of one of them, CE-108D (3a), confirmed the incorporation of an alternative extender unit for elongation step 13. Other compounds were also overproduced in the fermentation broth of rimJ disruptant. The new compounds are in vivo substrates for the previously described polyene carboxamide synthase PcsA. The rimJ disruptant strain, constitutively expressing the pcsA gene, allowed the overproduction of CE-108E (3b), the corresponding carboxamide derivative of CE-108D (3a), with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Escudero
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahmoud Al-Refai
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristina Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francisco Malpartida
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena M. Seco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Liu SP, Yuan PH, Wang YY, Liu XF, Zhou ZX, Bu QT, Yu P, Jiang H, Li YQ. Generation of the natamycin analogs by gene engineering of natamycin biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10. Microbiol Res 2015; 173:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Kong D, Lee MJ, Lin S, Kim ES. Biosynthesis and pathway engineering of antifungal polyene macrolides in actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:529-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyene macrolides are a large family of natural products typically produced by soil actinomycetes. Polyene macrolides are usually biosynthesized by modular and large type I polyketide synthases (PKSs), followed by several steps of sequential post-PKS modifications such as region-specific oxidations and glycosylations. Although known as powerful antibiotics containing potent antifungal activities (along with additional activities against parasites, enveloped viruses and prion diseases), their high toxicity toward mammalian cells and poor distribution in tissues have led to the continuous identification and structural modification of polyene macrolides to expand their general uses. Advances in in-depth investigations of the biosynthetic mechanism of polyene macrolides and the genetic manipulations of the polyene biosynthetic pathways provide great opportunities to generate new analogues. Recently, a novel class of polyene antibiotics was discovered (a disaccharide-containing NPP) that displays better pharmacological properties such as improved water-solubility and reduced hemolysis. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the biosynthesis, pathway engineering, and regulation of polyene antibiotics in actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Kong
- grid.16821.3c 0000000403688293 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mi-Jin Lee
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
| | - Shuangjun Lin
- grid.16821.3c 0000000403688293 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- grid.202119.9 0000000123648385 Department of Biological Engineering Inha University 402-751 Incheon Korea
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Pethick FE, MacFadyen AC, Tang Z, Sangal V, Liu TT, Chu J, Kosec G, Petkovic H, Guo M, Kirby R, Hoskisson PA, Herron PR, Hunter IS. Draft Genome Sequence of the Oxytetracycline-Producing Bacterium Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:e0006313. [PMID: 23516198 PMCID: PMC3593331 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00063-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the draft genome of Streptomyces rimosus (ATCC 10970), a soil isolate that produces oxytetracycline, a commercially important and clinically useful antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence E. Pethick
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C. MacFadyen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zhenyu Tang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tze-Tze Liu
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ralph Kirby
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Genome Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Iain S. Hunter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Cao B, Yao F, Zheng X, Cui D, Shao Y, Zhu C, Deng Z, You D. Genome mining of the biosynthetic gene cluster of the polyene macrolide antibiotic tetramycin and characterization of a P450 monooxygenase involved in the hydroxylation of the tetramycin B polyol segment. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2234-42. [PMID: 22961947 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A polyene macrolide antibiotic tetramycin biosynthetic gene cluster was identified by genome mining and isolated from Streptomyces hygrospinosus var. beijingensis. Genetic and in silico analyses gave insights into the mechanism of biosynthesis of tetramycin, and a model of the tetramycin biosynthetic pathway is proposed. Inactivation of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene, tetrK, resulted in the production of a tetramycin B precursor: tetramycin A, which lacks a hydroxy group in its polyol region. TetrK was subsequently overexpressed heterologously in E. coli with a His(6) tag, and purified TetrK efficiently hydroxylated tetramycin A to afford tetramycin B. Kinetic studies revealed no inhibition of TetrK by substrate or product. Surprisingly, sequence-alignment analysis showed that TetrK, as a hydroxylase, has much higher homology with epoxidase PimD than with hydroxylases NysL and AmphL. The 3D structure of TetrK was then constructed by homology modeling with PimD as reference. Although TetrK and PimD catalyzed different chemical reactions, homology modeling indicated that they might share the same catalytic sites, despite also possessing some different sites correlated with substrate binding and substrate specificity. These findings offer good prospects for the production of improved antifungal polyene analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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29
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Efficient bioconversion of quercetin into a novel glycoside by Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus ATCC 10970. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:24-6. [PMID: 22920589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of quercetin with Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus ATCC 10970 yielded an unusual glycosylated derivative. The structure of the product was determined to be quercetin-7-O-β-4″-deoxy-hex-4″-enopyranosiduronic acid based on the spectral data. Quercetin was completely converted into the glycoside in 72 h.
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30
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Sun Y, Zeng F, Zhang W, Qiao J. Structure-based phylogeny of polyene macrolide antibiotic glycosyltransferases. Gene 2012; 499:288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Initiation of polyene macrolide biosynthesis: interplay between polyketide synthase domains and modules as revealed via domain swapping, mutagenesis, and heterologous complementation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6982-90. [PMID: 21821762 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05781-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyene macrolides are important antibiotics used to treat fungal infections in humans. In this work, acyltransferase (AT) domain swaps, mutagenesis, and cross-complementation with heterologous polyketide synthase domain (PKS) loading modules were performed in order to facilitate production of new analogues of the polyene macrolide nystatin. Replacement of AT(0) in the nystatin PKS loading module NysA with the propionate-specific AT(1) from the nystatin PKS NysB, construction of hybrids between NysA and the loading module of rimocidin PKS RimA, and stepwise exchange of specific amino acids in the AT(0) domain by site-directed mutagenesis were accomplished. However, none of the NysA mutants constructed was able to initiate production of new nystatin analogues. Nevertheless, many NysA mutants and hybrids were functional, providing for different levels of nystatin biosynthesis. An interplay between certain residues in AT(0) and an active site residue in the ketosynthase (KS)-like domain of NysA in initiation of nystatin biosynthesis was revealed. Some hybrids between the NysA and RimA loading modules carrying the NysA AT(0) domain were able to prime rimocidin PKS with both acetate and butyrate units upon complementation of a rimA-deficient mutant of the rimocidin/CE-108 producer Streptomyces diastaticus. Expression of the PimS0 loading module from the pimaricin producer in the same host, however, resulted in production of CE-108 only. Taken together, these data indicate relaxed substrate specificity of NysA AT(0) domain, which is counteracted by a strict specificity of the first extender module KS domain in the nystatin PKS of Streptomyces noursei.
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32
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Du YL, Li SZ, Zhou Z, Chen SF, Fan WM, Li YQ. The pleitropic regulator AdpAch is required for natamycin biosynthesis and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces chattanoogensis. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1300-1311. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.046607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete natamycin (NTM) biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces chattanoogensis was cloned and confirmed by the disruption of pathway-specific activator genes. Comparative cluster analysis with its counterpart in Streptomyces natalensis revealed different cluster architecture between these two clusters. Compared with the highly conserved coding sequences, sequence variations appear to occur frequently in the intergenic regions. The evolutionary change of nucleotide sequence in the intergenic regions has given rise to different transcriptional organizations in the two clusters and resulted in altered gene regulation. These results provide insight into the evolution of antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters. In addition, we cloned a pleitropic regulator gene, adpAch
, in S. chattanoogensis. Using the genetic system that we developed for this strain, adpAch
was deleted from the genome of S. chattanoogensis. The ΔadpAch
mutant showed a conditionally sparse aerial mycelium formation phenotype and defects in sporulation; it also lost the ability to produce NTM and a diffusible yellow pigment normally produced by S. chattanoogensis. RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcription of adpAch
was constitutive in YEME liquid medium. By using rapid amplification of 5′ complementary DNA ends, two transcription start sites were identified upstream of the adpAch
coding region. Quantitative transcriptional analysis showed that the expression level of the NTM regulatory gene scnRI decreased 20-fold in the ΔadpAch
mutant strain, while the transcription of the other activator gene scnRII was not significantly affected. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that AdpAch binds to its own promoter but fails to bind to the promoter region of scnRI, indicating that the control of scnRI by AdpAch is exerted in an indirect way. This work not only provides a platform and a new potential target for increasing the titre of NTM by genetic manipulation, but also advances the understanding of the regulation of NTM biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Du
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shan-Zhen Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shi-Fei Chen
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Wei-Ming Fan
- Zhejiang Zhenyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
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Abstract
An important aspect of catalysis performed by cholesterol oxidase (3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase) concerns the nature of its association with the lipid bilayer that contains the sterol substrate. Efficient catalytic turnover is affected by the association of the protein with the membrane as well as the solubility of the substrate in the lipid bilayer. In this review, the binding of cholesterol oxidase to the lipid bilayer, its turnover of substrates presented in different physical environments, and how these conditions affect substrate specificity, are discussed. The physiological functions of the enzyme in bacterial metabolism, pathogenesis and macrolide biosynthesis are reviewed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kreit
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Miranzo D, Seco EM, Cuesta T, Malpartida F. Isolation and characterization of pcsB, the gene for a polyene carboxamide synthase that tailors pimaricin into AB-400. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1809-19. [PMID: 19707754 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
From cell-free extracts of Streptomyces RGU5.3, a tailoring activity of pimaricin, leading to the biosynthesis of its natural carboxamide derivative AB-400, was recently identified. The two polyene macrolides, pimaricin and AB-400, were produced in almost equal quantities and can be detected in the fermentation broth of the producer strain. This report concerns the isolation and partial characterization of the gene, polyene carboxamide synthase (pcsB), responsible for the bioconversion. The gene encoded an asparagine synthase-like protein, belonging to the type II glutamine amidotransferase family, and was named pcsB. The fermentation broth of a recombinant strain carrying the engineered pcsB gene under the control of the inducible tipA promoter within an integrative vector produces the carboxamide AB-400 as the main polyene macrolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Miranzo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC, Campus de la UAM, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Seco EM, Miranzo D, Nieto C, Malpartida F. The pcsA gene from Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108 encodes a polyene carboxamide synthase with broad substrate specificity for polyene amides biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1797-807. [PMID: 19707755 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally related polyene macrolides are produced by Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108: rimocidin (3a) and CE-108 (2a). Both bioactive metabolites are biosynthesized from the same pathway through type I polyketide synthases by choosing a starter unit either acetate or butyrate, resulting in 2a or 3a formation, respectively. Two additional polyene amides, CE-108B (2b) and rimocidin B (3b), are also produced "in vivo" when this strain was genetically modified by transformation with engineered SCP2*-derived vectors carrying the ermE gene. The two polyene amides, 2b and 3b, showed improved pharmacological properties, and are generated by a tailoring activity involved in the conversion of the exocyclic carboxylic group of 2a and 3a into their amide derivatives. The improvement on some biological properties of the resulting polyenes, compared with that of the parental compounds, encourages our interest for isolating the tailoring gene responsible for the polyene carboxamide biosynthesis, aimed to use it as tool for generating new bioactive compounds. In this work, we describe the isolation from S. diastaticus var. 108 the corresponding gene, pcsA, encoding a polyene carboxamide synthase, belonging to the Class II glutamine amidotransferases and responsible for "in vivo" and "in vitro" formation of CE-108B (2b) and rimocidin B (3b). The fermentation broth from S. diastaticus var. 108 engineered with the appropriate pcsA gene construction, showed the polyene amides to be the major bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Seco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC, Campus de la UAM, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Enzymology of the polyenes pimaricin and candicidin biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 2009; 459:215-42. [PMID: 19362642 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pimaricin and candicidin are prototypical representatives of the "small" and the "aromatic" polyene macrolides, respectively. Pimaricin, produced by Streptomyces natalensis, is an important antifungal agent used in human therapy for the treatment of fungal keratitis, and in the food industry to prevent mould contamination. Five large polyketide synthase subunits are implicated in the formation of the pimaricin macrolactone ring, while P450 mono-oxygenases and a glycosyltransferase are responsible for ring "decoration." Two transcriptional regulators directly modulate transcription of certain genes in the cluster; an extracellular cholesterol oxidase also participates in such control. Two regulatory locus external to the pimaricin gene cluster, encoding the two-component PhoR-PhoP system for phosphate limitation response, and a gamma-butyrolactone receptor, contribute to the control of pimaricin production. A quorum-sensing inducer of pimaricin biosynthesis (PI-factor) has been identified recently. Candicidin (also named FR-008) contains an aromatic para-aminoacetophenone moiety derived from para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which acts as a starter unit in the biosynthesis. Two genes in the candicidin cluster, pabAB and pabC, are involved in the biosynthesis of PABA. Six polyketide synthase subunits encoded by fscA to fscF, containing 21 modules, are involved in the synthesis of the candicidin aglycone. At least three genes (fscO, fscP, and fscTE) encode aglycone modification enzymes. Three genes-fscM1, M2, and M3-are involved in mycosamine biosynthesis and its attachment to the aglycone. The candicidin cluster also includes two ABC transporter genes and four putative transcriptional regulators. Expression of the PABA synthase gene (pabAB) is drastically repressed by phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Universidad de León, Dpto. Biología Molecular - Area de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales and Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, León, Spain
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Solanki R, Khanna M, Lal R. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:410-31. [PMID: 23100742 PMCID: PMC3476783 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes are one of the most efficient groups of secondary metabolite producers and are very important from an industrial point of view. Among its various genera, Streptomyces, Saccharopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Micromonospora and Actinoplanes are the major producers of commercially important biomolecules. Several species have been isolated and screened from the soil in the past decades. Consequently the chance of isolating a novel actinomycete strain from a terrestrial habitat, which would produce new biologically active metabolites, has reduced. The most relevant reason for discovering novel secondary metabolites is to circumvent the problem of resistant pathogens, which are no longer susceptible to the currently used drugs. Existence of actinomycetes has been reported in the hitherto untapped marine ecosystem. Marine actinomycetes are efficient producers of new secondary metabolites that show a range of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes possess distinct chemical structures that may form the basis for synthesis of new drugs that could be used to combat resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Solanki
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110 019 India
| | - Monisha Khanna
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110 019 India
| | - Rup Lal
- Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007 India
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Zhang C, Moretti R, Jiang J, Thorson JS. The in vitro characterization of polyene glycosyltransferases AmphDI and NysDI. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2506-14. [PMID: 18798210 PMCID: PMC2947747 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction, purification, and in vitro characterization of the polyene glycosyltransferases (GTs) AmphDI and NysDI are reported. A novel nucleotidyltransferase mutant (RmlA Q83D) for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of unnatural GDP-sugar donors in conjunction with polyene GT-catalyzed sugar exchange/reverse reactions allowed the donor and acceptor specificities of these novel enzymes to be probed. The evaluation of polyene GT aglycon and GDP-sugar donor specificity revealed some tolerance to aglycon structural diversity, but stringent sugar specificity, and culminated in new polyene analogues in which L-gulose or D-mannose replace the native sugar D-mycosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Zhang
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, UW-National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Rocco Moretti
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, UW-National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, UW-National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, UW-National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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39
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Aparicio JF, Martín JF. Microbial cholesterol oxidases: bioconversion enzymes or signal proteins? MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:804-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b717500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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40
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41
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Mendes MV, Recio E, Antón N, Guerra SM, Santos-Aberturas J, Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Cholesterol Oxidases Act as Signaling Proteins for the Biosynthesis of the Polyene Macrolide Pimaricin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:279-90. [PMID: 17379143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gene cluster responsible for pimaricin biosynthesis in Streptomyces natalensis contains a cholesterol oxidase-encoding gene (pimE) surrounded by genes involved in pimaricin production. Gene-inactivation and -complementation experiments revealed that pimE encodes a functional cholesterol oxidase and, surprisingly, that it is also involved in pimaricin biosynthesis. This extracellular enzyme was purified from S. natalensis culture broths to homogeneity, and it was shown to restore pimaricin production when added to the mutant culture broths. Other cholesterol oxidases also triggered pimaricin production, suggesting that these enzymes could act as signaling proteins for polyene biosynthesis. This finding constitutes the description of a cholesterol oxidase gene with an involvement in antibiotic biosynthesis, and it broadens the scope of the biological functions for this type of oxidase.
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42
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Liang D, Qiao J. Phylogenetic Analysis of Antibiotic Glycosyltransferases. J Mol Evol 2007; 64:342-53. [PMID: 17334710 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-006-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzed by a family of enzymes called glycosyltransferases, glycosylation reactions are essential for the bioactivities of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Due to the special characters of antibiotic glycosyltransferases (AGts), antibiotics can function by attaching some unusual deoxy-sugars to their aglycons. Comprehensive similarity searches on the amino acid sequences of AGts have been performed. We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of AGts with neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. The phylogenetic trees show a distinct separation of polyene macrolide (PEM) AGts and other polyketide AGts. The former are more like eukaryotic glycosyltransferases and were deduced to be the results of horizontal gene transfer from eukaryotes. Protein tertiary structural comparison also indicated that some glycopeptide AGts (Gtf-proteins) have a close evolutionary relationship with MurGs, essential glycosyltransferases involved in maturation of bacterial cell walls. The evolutionary relationship of glycopeptide antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters was speculated according to the phylogenetic analysis of Gtf-proteins. Considering the fact that polyketide AGts and Gtf-proteins are all GT Family 1 members and their aglycon acceptor biosynthetic patterns are very similar, we deduced that AGts and the synthases of their aglycon acceptors have some evolutionary relevance. Finally, the evolutionary origins of AGts that do not fall into GT Family 1 are discussed, suggesting that their ancestral proteins appear to be derived from various proteins responsible for primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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43
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Petković H, Cullum J, Hranueli D, Hunter IS, Perić-Concha N, Pigac J, Thamchaipenet A, Vujaklija D, Long PF. Genetics of Streptomyces rimosus, the oxytetracycline producer. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:704-28. [PMID: 16959966 PMCID: PMC1594589 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00004-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From a genetic standpoint, Streptomyces rimosus is arguably the best-characterized industrial streptomycete as the producer of oxytetracycline and other tetracycline antibiotics. Although resistance to these antibiotics has reduced their clinical use in recent years, tetracyclines have an increasing role in the treatment of emerging infections and noninfective diseases. Procedures for in vivo and in vitro genetic manipulations in S. rimosus have been developed since the 1950s and applied to study the genetic instability of S. rimosus strains and for the molecular cloning and characterization of genes involved in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. Recent advances in the methodology of genome sequencing bring the realistic prospect of obtaining the genome sequence of S. rimosus in the near term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Petković
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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44
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Rolón M, Seco EM, Vega C, Nogal JJ, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A, Malpartida F. Selective activity of polyene macrolides produced by genetically modified Streptomyces on Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28:104-9. [PMID: 16844353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The growth inhibitory effects on Trypanosoma cruzi of several natural tetraene macrolides and their derivatives were studied and compared with that of amphotericin B. All tetraenes strongly inhibited in vitro multiplication. Proliferation of epimastigotes was arrested by all these drugs at < or =3.6 microM, which were also active on amastigotes proliferating in fibroblasts. Compared with amphotericin B, the compounds were less effective but also less toxic, showing no effect on the proliferation of J774 and NCTC 929 mammalian cells at concentrations active against the parasites. CE-108B (a polyene amide) appeared to be an especially potent trypanocidal compound, with strong in vivo trypanocidal activity and very low or no toxic side effects, and thus should be considered for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rolón
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Seco EM, Fotso S, Laatsch H, Malpartida F. A tailoring activity is responsible for generating polyene amide derivatives in Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:1093-101. [PMID: 16242652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently characterized rimocidin B (3b) and CE-108B (4b) as two polyene amides with improved pharmacological properties, produced by genetically modified Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108. In this work, genetic and biochemical analysis of the producer strain show that the two amides are derived from the parental polyenes rimocidin (3a) and CE-108 (4a) by a post-PKS modification of the free side chain carboxylic acid. This modification is mediated by an amidotransferase activity operating after the biosynthesis of rimocidin (3a) and CE-108 (4a) are completed. Two polyenes, intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway of rimocidin (3a) and CE-108 (4a), were also isolated and shown to have some improved pharmacological properties compared with the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Seco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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46
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Seco EM, Cuesta T, Fotso S, Laatsch H, Malpartida F. Two polyene amides produced by genetically modified Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:535-43. [PMID: 15911374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108, a newly isolated strain, was recently characterized as a producer of two polyene macrolide antibiotics (rimocidin and CE-108), and the biosynthetic gene cluster was partially characterized. When the producer strain was genetically modified by transformation with some engineered SCP2*-derived vectors carrying the ermE gene, two previously uncharacterized macrolides were detected in the fermentation broth of the recombinant strain and chemically characterized as the amides of the parental polyene carboxylic acids. The biological activity and some in vitro toxicity assays showed that this chemical modification resulted in pharmaceuticals with improved biological properties compared with the parental products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Seco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de la UAM, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Aparicio JF. Generating novel polyene antifungal drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:509-10. [PMID: 15911369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Francisco Malpartida and colleagues [1] report the formation of novel polyene amide derivatives upon transformation of the producer strain with SCP2*-derived vectors carrying the erythromycin resistance gene ermE. This unexpected finding provides a new tool for generating antifungal drugs by biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús F Aparicio
- Instituto de Biotecnología INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León y Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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48
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Carmody M, Murphy B, Byrne B, Power P, Rai D, Rawlings B, Caffrey P. Biosynthesis of amphotericin derivatives lacking exocyclic carboxyl groups. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34420-6. [PMID: 16079135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506689200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B is a medically important antifungal antibiotic that is also active against human immunodeficiency virus, Leishmania parasites, and prion diseases. The therapeutic use of amphotericin B is restricted by severe side effects that can be moderated by liposomal formulation or structural alteration. Chemical modification has shown that suppression of charge on the exocyclic carboxyl group of amphotericin B substantially reduces toxicity. We report targeted deletions of the amphN cytochrome P450 gene from the chromosome of the amphotericin-producing bacterium Streptomyces nodosus. The mutant strains produced amphotericin analogues in which methyl groups replace the exocyclic carboxyl groups. These compounds retained antifungal activity and had reduced hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmody
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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49
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Carmody M, Byrne B, Murphy B, Breen C, Lynch S, Flood E, Finnan S, Caffrey P. Analysis and manipulation of amphotericin biosynthetic genes by means of modified phage KC515 transduction techniques. Gene 2005; 343:107-15. [PMID: 15563836 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B is a medically important antifungal antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces nodosus. Genetic manipulation of this organism has led to production of the first amphotericin analogues by engineered biosynthesis. Here, these studies were extended by sequencing the chromosomal regions flanking the amphotericin polyketide synthase genes, and by refining the phage KC515 transduction method for disruption and replacement of S. nodosus genes. A hybrid vector was constructed from KC515 DNA and the Escherichia coli plasmid pACYC177. This vector replicated as a plasmid in E. coli and the purified DNA yielded phage plaques on Streptomyces lividans after polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection of protoplasts. The left flank of the amphotericin gene cluster was found to include amphRI, RII, RIII and RIV genes that are similar to regulatory genes in other polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. One of these regulatory genes, amphRI, was found to have a homologue, amphRVI, located in the right flank at a distance of 127 kbp along the chromosome. However, disruption of amphRVI using the hybrid vector had no effect on the yield of amphotericin obtained from cultures grown on production medium. The hybrid vector was also used for precise deletion of the DNA coding for two modules of the AmphC polyketide synthase protein. Analysis by UV spectrophotometry revealed that the deletion mutant produced a novel pentaene, with reduced antifungal activity but apparently greater water-solubility than amphotericin B. This shows the potential for use of the new vector in engineering of this and other biosynthetic pathways in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmody
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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