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Michna A, Pomorska A, Ozcan O. Biocompatible Macroion/Growth Factor Assemblies for Medical Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040609. [PMID: 37189357 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors are a class of proteins that play a role in the proliferation (the increase in the number of cells resulting from cell division) and differentiation (when a cell undergoes changes in gene expression becoming a more specific type of cell) of cells. They can have both positive (accelerating the normal healing process) and negative effects (causing cancer) on disease progression and have potential applications in gene therapy and wound healing. However, their short half-life, low stability, and susceptibility to degradation by enzymes at body temperature make them easily degradable in vivo. To improve their effectiveness and stability, growth factors require carriers for delivery that protect them from heat, pH changes, and proteolysis. These carriers should also be able to deliver the growth factors to their intended destination. This review focuses on the current scientific literature concerning the physicochemical properties (such as biocompatibility, high affinity for binding growth factors, improved bioactivity and stability of the growth factors, protection from heat, pH changes or appropriate electric charge for growth factor attachment via electrostatic interactions) of macroions, growth factors, and macroion-growth factor assemblies, as well as their potential uses in medicine (e.g., diabetic wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer therapy). Specific attention is given to three types of growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factors, human fibroblast growth factors, and neurotrophins, as well as selected biocompatible synthetic macroions (obtained through standard polymerization techniques) and polysaccharides (natural macroions composed of repeating monomeric units of monosaccharides). Understanding the mechanisms by which growth factors bind to potential carriers could lead to more effective delivery methods for these proteins, which are of significant interest in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative and civilization diseases, as well as in the healing of chronic wounds.
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2
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Ye B, Cai Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen J. Supramolecular self-assembly of glycosaminoglycan mimetic nanostructures for cell proliferation and 3D cell culture application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123179. [PMID: 36621740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are playing important roles in various biological processes. Due to the laborious work of organic or enzymatic total synthesis of GAGs, different approaches, including glycopolymers, dendrimers, etc., have been developed to mimic the structures and bioactivities of GAGs, but the syntheses can still be difficult. In the current study, a new format of GAG mimetic structure, supramolecularly assembled polymers, have been easily prepared by mixing fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) and sulfated glyco-modified fluorenylmethoxy derivatives (FGS and FG3S). The self-assembly behavior of these polymers into different structural formats of nanoparticles, nanofibers and macroscopic hydrogels upon adjusted concentrations and composite ratios have been detailed studied. The nanofibers modified with highly sulfated glycol groups (FG3S/Fmoc-FF) showed strong promotion effect for cell proliferation, which efficiency was even similar to that of natural heparin, higher than nanoparticles or non-/low-sulfated glyco-modified nanofibers. Moreover, the supramolecular polymers were further made into hydrogels that capable of 3D cell culture. This study provided a novel and efficient approach for GAG mimicking, showing great potential for tissue engineering related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Chemical & Material Engineering, Jiangnan Universtiy, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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3
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Shanthamurthy CD, Gimeno A, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Kumar NV, Jain P, Padler-Karavani V, Jiménez-Barbero J, Kikkeri R. Sulfation Code and Conformational Plasticity of l-Iduronic Acid Homo-Oligosaccharides Mimic the Biological Functions of Heparan Sulfate. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2481-2489. [PMID: 34586794 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the activity of heparan sulfate (HS) has led to the discovery of many drug candidates that have the potential to impact both medical science and human health. However, structural diversity and synthetic challenges impede the progress of HS research. Here, we report a library of novel l-iduronic acid (IdoA)-based HS mimics that are highly tunable in conformation plasticity and sulfation patterns to produce many of the functions of native HS oligosaccharides. The NMR analysis of HS mimics confirmed that 4-O-sulfation enhances the population of the 1C4 geometry. Interestingly, the 1C4 conformer becomes exclusive upon additional 2-O-sulfation. HS mimic microarray binding studies with different growth factors showed that selectivity and avidity are greatly modulated by the oligosaccharide length, sulfation code, and IdoA conformation. Particularly, we have identified 4-O-sulfated IdoA disaccharide (I-21) as a potential ligand for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165), which in a multivalent display modulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Overall, these results encourage the consideration of HS mimics for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Gimeno
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nanjundaswamy Vijendra Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Mysuru 570025, India
| | - Prashant Jain
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ragahvendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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4
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Rojo J, Nieto PM, de Paz JL. GAG Multivalent Systems to interact with Langerin. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1173-1192. [PMID: 34225602 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210705143102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Langerin is a C-type Lectin expressed at the surface of Langerhans cells, which play a pivotal role in protecting organisms against pathogen infections. To address this aim, Langerin presents at least two recognition sites, one Ca2+-dependent and another one independent, capable of recognizing a variety of carbohydrate ligands. In contrast to other lectins, Langerin recognizes sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a family of complex and heterogeneous polysaccharides present in the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix at the interphase generated in the trimeric form of Langerin but absent in the monomeric form. The complexity of these oligosaccharides has impeded the development of well-defined monodisperse structures to study these interaction processes. However, in the last few decades, an improvement of synthetic developments to achieve the preparation of carbohydrate multivalent systems mimicking the GAGs has been described. Despite all these contributions, very few examples are reported where the GAG multivalent structures are used to evaluate the interaction with Langerin. These molecules should pave the way to explore these GAG-Langerin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Pedro M Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - José Luis de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain
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Abstract
Carbohydrates or glycans and their conjugates are involved in a wide range of biological processes and play an important role in various diseases, including inflammation, viral and bacterial infections, and tumor progression and metastasis. Studying the biological significances of carbohydrates has been challenging due in part to their structural diversity and the limited access to complex carbohydrate-containing molecules. Conventional methods such as isothermal titration calorimetry and enzyme-linked lectin assay can be laborious and require significant amounts of time and materials. The emerging of glycan microarrays as high-throughput technology for studying carbohydrate interactions has overcome some of these challenges, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of the biological roles of carbohydrates and their glycoconjugates. In addition, glycan microarrays offer new applications in biomedical research, drug discovery and development. This chapter will focus on the biomedical applications of glycan microarrays and their potential role in drug discovery and development.
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Chopra P, Logun MT, White EM, Lu W, Locklin J, Karumbaiah L, Boons GJ. Fully Synthetic Heparan Sulfate-Based Neural Tissue Construct That Maintains the Undifferentiated State of Neural Stem Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1921-1929. [PMID: 31389687 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are attractive components for constructing biomaterials due to their ability to recruit and regulate the activity of growth factors. The structural and functional heterogeneity of naturally derived heparin and HS is, however, an impediment for the preparation of biomaterials for regenerative medicine. To address this problem, we have prepared hydrogels modified by well-defined synthetic HS-derived disaccharides. Human induced pluripotent cell-derived neural stem cells (HIP-NSCs) encapsulated in a polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel modified by a pendent HS disaccharide that is a known ligand for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) exhibited a significant increase in proliferation and self-renewal. This observation is important because evidence is emerging that undifferentiated stems cells can yield significant therapeutic benefits via their paracrine signaling mechanisms. Our data indicate that the HS disaccharide protects FGF-2, which has a very short biological half-live, from degradation. It is anticipated that, by careful selection of a synthetic HS oligosaccharide, it will be possible to control retention and release of specific growth factor, which in turn will provide control over cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Meghan T. Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, 422 River Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Evan M. White
- New Material Institute, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- New Material Institute, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, 422 River Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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The synthesis and biological evaluation of chondroitin sulfate E glycodendrimers. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1403-1415. [PMID: 31304829 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of highly sulfated polysaccharides that possess many important biological functions. The heterogeneity of CS limits pharmacological research and leads to ambiguous mechanisms. Thus, glycomimetics are demanded as replacement of natural polysaccharides to explore important biological processes. Results & methodology: Here the preparation of CS glycodendrimers is reported as well as their use as CS mimetics to regulate the NF-κB pathway. Multivalent presentation of sugar epitopes on appropriate dendrimer scaffolds increased the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. The interaction between CS-E molecules and TNF-α was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance technology. Conclusion: Overall, the glycodendrimer reported here may be potentially employed as molecular tool to investigate the biological functions of CS.
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Pomin VH, Wang X. Synthetic Oligosaccharide Libraries and Microarray Technology: A Powerful Combination for the Success of Current Glycosaminoglycan Interactomics. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:648-661. [PMID: 29160016 PMCID: PMC5895483 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are extracellular matrix and/or cell-surface sulfated glycans crucial to the regulation of various signaling proteins, the functions of which are essential in many pathophysiological systems. Because structural heterogeneity is high in GAG chains and purification is difficult, the use of structurally defined GAG oligosaccharides from natural sources as molecular models in both biophysical and pharmacological assays is limited. To overcome this obstacle, GAG-like oligosaccharides of well-defined structures are currently being synthesized by chemical and/or enzymatic means in many research groups around the world. These synthetic GAG oligosaccharides serve as useful molecular tools in studies of GAG-protein interactions. In this review, besides discussing the commonest routes used for the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides, we also survey some libraries of these synthetic models currently available for research and discuss their activities in interaction studies with functional proteins, especially through the microarray approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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9
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Maza S, Gandia-Aguado N, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Fluorous-tag assisted synthesis of a glycosaminoglycan mimetic tetrasaccharide as a high-affinity FGF-2 and midkine ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1076-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Silva C, Carretero A, Soares da Costa D, Reis RL, Novoa-Carballal R, Pashkuleva I. Design of protein delivery systems by mimicking extracellular mechanisms for protection of growth factors. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:283-293. [PMID: 28864252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are responsible for the storage and stabilization of numerous growth factors in the extracellular matrix. In this complex native environment, the efficient binding of the growth factors is determined by multivalent, specific and reversible electrostatic interactions between the sulfate groups of HSPGs and the positively charged amino acids of the growth factor. Inspired by this naturally occurring stabilization process, we propose the use of diblock copolymers of heparin and polyethylene glycol (Hep-b-PEG) for protection and delivery of FGF-2. We describe the encapsulation of FGF-2 into spontaneously assembling polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with Hep-b-PEG in which the Hep block ensures the formation of the PECs, while the PEG moiety confers stability of the generated complex by a stealth corona. Our results demonstrate that by this method we can generate homogeneous complexes (ca. 400nm diameter, PDI 0.29±0.07) with a very high encapsulation efficiency (about 99% encapsulated FGF-2). The release of the growth factor in response to different stimuli such as pH, ionic strength or presence of heparinase was also studied. We report a sustained release of up to 80% during 28days which is not influenced by the presence of heparinase - a result that clearly demonstrates the protective effect of the stealth corona. We also show that FGF-2 remains bioactive as it influences the morphology of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We describe a biopolymer that uses the way the cells shield a type of proteins (growth factors) to simultaneously assemble, slowly deliver and shield the protein in a "nanocarrier". Growth factors are essential for the regeneration of cartilage, bones by stem cell therapies but have a short life time as when added directly to tissues. Our design makes use of the heparin bioactivity towards such proteins in combination with a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG) that makes a protecting shell. PEG, is biocompatible and used in approved medicines and countless cosmetic products. The highest novelty is the reaction (oxime click) used to bound these molecules that does not require modification of heparin and allows preservation of its bioactivity.
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11
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Domínguez-Rodríguez P, Reina JJ, Gil-Caballero S, Nieto PM, de Paz JL, Rojo J. Glycodendrimers as Chondroitin Sulfate Mimetics: Synthesis and Binding to Growth Factor Midkine. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - José J. Reina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
- Current address: Singular Research Centre in Chemical Biology and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); Organic Chemistry Department; University of Santiago de Compostela (USC); Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Sergio Gil-Caballero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - José L. de Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
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12
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Lee SS, Fyrner T, Chen F, Álvarez Z, Sleep E, Chun DS, Weiner JA, Cook RW, Freshman RD, Schallmo MS, Katchko KM, Schneider AD, Smith JT, Yun C, Singh G, Hashmi SZ, McClendon MT, Yu Z, Stock SR, Hsu WK, Hsu EL, Stupp SI. Sulfated glycopeptide nanostructures for multipotent protein activation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12. [PMID: 28650443 PMCID: PMC5553550 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems have evolved to utilize numerous proteins with capacity to bind polysaccharides for the purpose of optimizing their function. A well-known subset of these proteins with binding domains for the highly diverse sulfated polysaccharides are important growth factors involved in biological development and tissue repair. We report here on supramolecular sulfated glycopeptide nanostructures, which display a trisulfated monosaccharide on their surfaces and bind five critical proteins with different polysaccharide-binding domains. Binding does not disrupt the filamentous shape of the nanostructures or their internal β-sheet backbone, but must involve accessible adaptive configurations to interact with such different proteins. The glycopeptide nanostructures amplified signalling of bone morphogenetic protein 2 significantly more than the natural sulfated polysaccharide heparin, and promoted regeneration of bone in the spine with a protein dose that is 100-fold lower than that required in the animal model. These highly bioactive nanostructures may enable many therapies in the future involving proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsoo S. Lee
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Timmy Fyrner
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Zaida Álvarez
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Eduard Sleep
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Danielle S. Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph A. Weiner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ralph W. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ryan D. Freshman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Michael S. Schallmo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Karina M. Katchko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Andrew D. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Justin T. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Chawon Yun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Sohaib Z. Hashmi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Mark T. McClendon
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Zhilin Yu
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Stuart R. Stock
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Corresponding author:
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13
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Dalton CE, Quinn SD, Rafferty A, Morten MJ, Gardiner JM, Magennis SW. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Detection of a Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Disaccharide. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3442-3446. [PMID: 27538128 PMCID: PMC5111599 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first single-molecule fluorescence detection of a structurally-defined synthetic carbohydrate is reported: a heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharide fragment labeled with Alexa488. Single molecules have been measured whilst freely diffusing in solution and controlled encapsulation in surface-tethered lipid vesicles has allowed extended observations of carbohydrate molecules down to the single-molecule level. The diverse and dynamic nature of HS-protein interactions means that new tools to investigate pure HS fragments at the molecular level would significantly enhance our understanding of HS. This work is a proof-of-principle demonstration of the feasibility of single-molecule studies of synthetic carbohydrates which offers a new approach to the study of pure glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Dalton
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Steven D Quinn
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Aidan Rafferty
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael J Morten
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Steven W Magennis
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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14
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Huang ML, Godula K. Nanoscale materials for probing the biological functions of the glycocalyx. Glycobiology 2016; 26:797-803. [PMID: 26916883 PMCID: PMC5018045 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are among the most intriguing carriers of biological information in living systems. The structures of glycans not only convey the cells' physiological state, but also regulate cellular communication and responses by engaging receptors on neighboring cells and in the extracellular matrix. The assembly of simple monosaccharide building blocks into linear or branched oligo- and polysaccharides gives rise to a large repertoire of diverse glycan structures. Despite their structural complexity, individual glycans rarely engage their protein partners with high affinity. Yet, glycans modulate biological processes with exquisite selectivity and specificity. To correctly evaluate glycan interactions and their biological consequences, one needs to look beyond individual glycan structures and consider the entirety of the cell-surface landscape. There, glycans are presented on protein scaffolds, or are linked directly to membrane lipids, forming a complex, hierarchically organized network with specialized functions, called the glycocalyx. Nanoscale glycomaterials, which can mimic the various components of the glycocalyx, have been instrumental in revealing how the presentation of glycans can influence their biological functions. In this review, we wish to highlight some recent developments in this area, while placing emphasis on the applications of glycomaterials providing new insights into the mechanisms through which glycans mediate cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia L Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0358, USA
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15
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Paradigms in the structural biology of the mitogenic ternary complex FGF:FGFR:heparin. Biochimie 2016; 127:214-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mende M, Bednarek C, Wawryszyn M, Sauter P, Biskup MB, Schepers U, Bräse S. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8193-255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mende
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christin Bednarek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirella Wawryszyn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul Sauter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz B. Biskup
- Division
2—Informatics, Economics and Society, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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17
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In vitro and in vivo uptake studies of PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers in breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:45. [PMID: 27297021 PMCID: PMC4906583 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Nanotechnology approaches can overcome the side effects of chemotherapy as well as improve the efficacy of drugs. Dendrimers are nanometric size polymers which are suitable as drug delivery systems. To the best of our knowledge, studies on the application of PAMAM G4.5 (polyamidoamine half generation 4) dendrimers as potential drug delivery systems in breast cancer have not been reported. In this work we developed a PAMAM G4.5 dendrimer containing FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) dye to study their uptake by murine breast cancer cells and BALB/c mice breast tumors. Results We performed a reaction between FITC and PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers which were previously derivatized with piperazine (linker molecule), characterized them by 1H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- time-of-flight) mass spectrometry. The experimental data indicated that 2 FITC molecules could be bound covalently at the PAMAM G4.5 dendrimer surface, with 17 FITC molecules probably occluded in PAMAM dendrimers cavity. PAMAM-FITC dendrimer (PAMAM G4.5-piperazinyl-FITC dendrimer) size distribution was evaluated by DLS (dynamic light scattering) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). The nanoparticle hydrodynamic size was 96.3 ± 1.4 nm with a PdI (polydispersion index) of 0.0296 ± 0.0171, and the size distribution measured by TEM was 44.2 ± 9.2 nm. PAMAM-FITC dendrimers were neither cytotoxic in 4T1 cells nor hemolytic up to 24 h of incubation. In addition, they were uptaken in vitro by 4T1 cells and in vivo by BALB/c mice breast tumors. PAMAM G4.5-piperazinyl-FITC dendrimer intracellular distribution was observed through histologic analysis of the tumor by laser confocal microscopy. Conclusion These results indicate that PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers enter tumor tissue cells, being good candidates to be used as antitumor drug delivery systems for breast cancer treatment and diagnosis.
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18
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Meneghetti MCZ, Hughes AJ, Rudd TR, Nader HB, Powell AK, Yates EA, Lima MA. Heparan sulfate and heparin interactions with proteins. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:0589. [PMID: 26289657 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of all multicellular animals, whereas heparin is present within mast cells and can be viewed as a more sulfated, tissue-specific, HS variant. HS and heparin regulate biological processes through interactions with a large repertoire of proteins. Owing to these interactions and diverse effects observed during in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments, manifold biological/pharmacological activities have been attributed to them. The properties that have been thought to bestow protein binding and biological activity upon HS and heparin vary from high levels of sequence specificity to a dependence on charge. In contrast to these opposing opinions, we will argue that the evidence supports both a level of redundancy and a degree of selectivity in the structure-activity relationship. The relationship between this apparent redundancy, the multi-dentate nature of heparin and HS polysaccharide chains, their involvement in protein networks and the multiple binding sites on proteins, each possessing different properties, will also be considered. Finally, the role of cations in modulating HS/heparin activity will be reviewed and some of the implications for structure-activity relationships and regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Ashley J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QC, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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19
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Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, HIV-Tat, and Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-A in HIV-Infected Children with Renal Disease Activate Rho-A and Src in Cultured Renal Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153837. [PMID: 27097314 PMCID: PMC4838216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal endothelial cells (REc) are the first target of HIV-1 in the kidney. The integrity of REc is maintained at least partially by heparin binding growth factors that bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans located on their cell surface. However, previous studies showed that the accumulation of two heparin-binding growth factors, Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2), in combination with the viral protein Tat, can precipitate the progression of HIV-renal diseases. Nonetheless, very little is known about how these factors affect the behavior of REc in HIV+ children. We carried out this study to determine how VEGF-A, FGF-2, and HIV-Tat, modulate the cytoskeletal structure and permeability of cultured REc, identify key signaling pathways involved in this process, and develop a functional REc assay to detect HIV+ children affected by these changes. We found that VEGF-A and FGF-2, acting in synergy with HIV-Tat and heparin, affected the cytoskeletal structure and permeability of REc through changes in Rho-A, Src, and Rac-1 activity. Furthermore, urine samples from HIV+ children with renal diseases, showed high levels of VEGF-A and FGF-2, and induced similar changes in cultured REc and podocytes. These findings suggest that FGF-2, VEGF-A, and HIV-Tat, may affect the glomerular filtration barrier in HIV+ children through the induction of synergistic changes in Rho-A and Src activity. Further studies are needed to define the clinical value of the REc assay described in this study to identify HIV+ children exposed to circulating factors that may induce glomerular injury through similar mechanisms.
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20
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Anticoagulant and FGF/FGFR signal activating activities of the heparinoid propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate and its oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:641-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Pomin VH. A Dilemma in the Glycosaminoglycan-Based Therapy: Synthetic or Naturally Unique Molecules? Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1195-219. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913 Brazil
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22
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Single-Entity Heparan Sulfate Glycomimetic Clusters for Therapeutic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Tyler PC, Guimond SE, Turnbull JE, Zubkova OV. Single-entity heparan sulfate glycomimetic clusters for therapeutic applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2718-23. [PMID: 25640820 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan with a variety of critical functions in cell signaling and regulation. HS oligosaccharides can mimic or interfere with HS functions in biological systems; however, their exploitation has been hindered by the complexity of their synthesis. Polyvalent displays of small specific HS structures on dendritic cores offer more accessible constructs with potential advantages as therapeutics, but the synthesis of single-entity HS polyvalent compounds has not previously been described. Herein we report the synthesis of a novel targeted library of single-entity glycomimetic clusters capped with varied HS saccharides. They have the ability to mimic longer natural HS saccharides in their inhibition of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) protease BACE-1. We have identified several single-entity HS clusters with IC50 values in the low-nanomolar range. These HS clusters are drug leads for AD and offer a novel framework for the manipulation of heparan sulfate-protein interactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt (New Zealand)
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24
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Appelhans D, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Janaszewska A, Lazniewska J, Voit B. Dendritic glycopolymers based on dendritic polyamine scaffolds: view on their synthetic approaches, characteristics and potential for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3968-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dendritic glycopolymers based on dendritic polyamine scaffolds for biomedical applications is presented and compared with that of the structurally related anti-adhesive dendritic glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Anna Janaszewska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Joanna Lazniewska
- Department of General Biophysics
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection
- University of Lodz
- 90-236 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers
- Technische Universität Dresden
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25
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Liu P, Chen L, Toh JKC, Ang YL, Jee JE, Lim J, Lee SS, Lee SG. Tailored chondroitin sulfate glycomimetics via a tunable multivalent scaffold for potentiating NGF/TrkA-induced neurogenesis. Chem Sci 2015; 6:450-456. [PMID: 28694940 PMCID: PMC5485393 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges inherent in the synthesis of large glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides have made chemically accessible multivalent glycoligands a valuable tool in the field of GAG mimetics. However, the difficulty of positioning sulfated sugar motifs at desired sites has hindered efforts to precisely tailor their biofunctions. Here, we achieved precise orientation of sulfated disaccharide motifs by taking advantage of a structurally well-defined polyproline scaffold, and describe systematic explorations into the importance of the spatial arrangement of sulfated sugars along the scaffold backbone in designing multivalent glycoligands. Our protein binding studies demonstrate that the specific conformational display of pendant sugars is central to direct their multivalent interactions with NGF. By employing computational modeling and cellular studies, we have further applied this approach to engineer NGF-mediated signaling by regulating the NGF/TrkA complexation process, leading to enhanced neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Our findings offer a promising strategy for the pinpoint engineering of GAG-mediated biological processes and a novel method of designing new therapeutic agents that are highly specific to GAG-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Liwei Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Jerry K C Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Yi Li Ang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Joo-Eun Jee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Jaehong Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Su Seong Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
| | - Song-Gil Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos , Singapore 138669 , Singapore . ; ; Tel: +65 6824 7131
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26
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Tatara Y, Kakizaki I, Suto S, Ishioka H, Negishi M, Endo M. Chondroitin sulfate cluster of epiphycan from salmon nasal cartilage defines binding specificity to collagens. Glycobiology 2014; 25:557-69. [PMID: 25533443 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiphycan (EPY) from salmon nasal cartilage has a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) domain that is heavily modified by chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. The functional role of the GAG domain has not been investigated. The interaction of EPY with collagen was examined in vitro using surface plasmon resonance analysis. EPY was found to bind to type I collagen via clustered chondroitin sulfate (CS), while a single chain of CS was unable to bind. Types I, III, VII, VIII and X collagen showed high binding affinity with EPY, whereas types II, IV, V, VI and IX showed low binding affinities. Chemical modification of lysine residues in collagen decreased the affinity with the clustered CS. These results suggest that lysine residues of collagen are involved in the interaction with the clustered CS, and the difference in lysine modification defines the binding affinity to EPY. The clustered CS was also involved in an inter-saccharide interaction, and formed self-associated EPY. CS of EPY promoted fibril formation of type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Suto
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishioka
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Mika Negishi
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masahiko Endo
- Department of Glycobiomedicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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27
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Angiogenic growth factors interactome and drug discovery: The contribution of surface plasmon resonance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:293-310. [PMID: 25465594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, and in regenerative processes, including the formation of collateral blood vessels after stroke. Physiological angiogenesis is the outcome of a fine balance between the action of angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) and anti-angiogenic molecules, while pathological angiogenesis occurs when this balance is pushed toward AGFs. AGFs interact with multiple endothelial cell (EC) surface receptors inducing cell proliferation, migration and proteases upregulation. On the contrary, free or extracellular matrix-associated molecules inhibit angiogenesis by sequestering AGFs (thus hampering EC stimulation) or by interacting with specific EC receptors inducing apoptosis or decreasing responsiveness to AGFs. Thus, angiogenesis results from an intricate network of interactions among pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, EC receptors and various modulators. All these interactions represent targets for the development of pro- or anti-angiogenic therapies. These aims call for suitable technologies to study the countless interactions occurring during neovascularization. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time. It has become the golden standard technology for interaction analysis in biomedical research, including angiogenesis. From a survey of the literature it emerges that SPR has already contributed substantially to the better understanding of the neovascularization process, laying the basis for the decoding of the angiogenesis "interactome" and the identification of "hub molecules" that may represent preferential targets for an efficacious modulation of angiogenesis. Here, the still unexploited full potential of SPR is enlightened, pointing to improvements in its use for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neovascularization and the identification of novel anti-angiogenic drugs.
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28
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Huang ML, Smith RA, Trieger GW, Godula K. Glycocalyx remodeling with proteoglycan mimetics promotes neural specification in embryonic stem cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10565-8. [PMID: 25019314 PMCID: PMC4121001 DOI: 10.1021/ja505012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) signaling is a key determinant of stem cell fate. Interactions of GFs with their receptors are often mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Here, we report a cell surface engineering strategy that exploits the function of HSPGs to promote differentiation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We have generated synthetic neoproteoglycans (neoPGs) with affinity for the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and introduced them into plasma membranes of ESCs deficient in HS biosynthesis. There, the neoPGs assumed the function of native HSPGs, rescued FGF2-mediated kinase activity, and promoted neural specification. This glycocalyx remodeling strategy is versatile and may be applicable to other types of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg W. Trieger
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0358, United States
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29
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Mead G, Hiley M, Ng T, Fihn C, Hong K, Groner M, Miner W, Drugan D, Hollingsworth W, Udit AK. Directed Polyvalent Display of Sulfated Ligands on Virus Nanoparticles Elicits Heparin-Like Anticoagulant Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1444-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500200t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Mead
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Megan Hiley
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Taryn Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Conrad Fihn
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Kevin Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Myles Groner
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Walker Miner
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Daniel Drugan
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - William Hollingsworth
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
| | - Andrew K. Udit
- Department
of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041, United States
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30
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Synthetic di-sulfated iduronic acid attenuates asthmatic response by blocking T-cell recruitment to inflammatory sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8173-8. [PMID: 24835176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319870111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of carbohydrate sequences that determine affinity to specific chemokines is a critical step for strategies to interfere with chemokine-mediated leukocyte trafficking. Here, we first characterized the development of allergic asthma in Tie2-dependent and inducible Ext1-knockout (Tie2-Ext1(iKO)) mice. We showed that heparan sulfate is essential for leukocyte recruitment in the peribronchial region and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and is crucial for induction of airway hyperresponsiveness. Our glycan microarray showed a unique affinity profile of chemokine CCL20 to substructures of heparin and heparin-like oligo/di/monosaccharides. Among them, we identified a synthetic and not naturally occurring monosaccharide, 2,4-O-di-sulfated iduronic acid (Di-S-IdoA), as a potential inhibitor for CCL20-heparan sulfate interaction. Mice injected with Di-S-IdoA via tail vain or nasal inhalation showed attenuated leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites and BALF. These results demonstrate a critical role of chemokine-heparan sulfate interaction in the asthma development and Di-S-IdoA as a potential drug for asthma treatment.
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31
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Tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of a heparin-like dodecasaccharide and radiolabelling for in vivo tissue distribution studies. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2016. [PMID: 23828390 PMCID: PMC3715853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-like oligosaccharides mediate numerous important biological interactions, of which many are implicated in various diseases. Synthetic improvements are central to the development of such oligosaccharides as therapeutics and, in addition, there are no methods to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of structurally defined heparin-like oligosaccharides. Here we report an efficient two-cycle [4+4+4] tetrasaccharide-iteration-based approach for rapid chemical synthesis of a structurally defined heparin-related dodecasaccharide, combined with the incorporation of a latent aldehyde tag, unmasked in the final step of chemical synthesis, providing a generic end group for labelling/conjugation. We exploit this latent aldehyde tag for 3H radiolabelling to provide the first example of this kind of agent for monitoring in vivo tissue distribution and in vivo stability of a biologically active, structurally defined heparin related dodecasaccharide. Such studies are critical for the development of related saccharide therapeutics, and the data here establish that a biologically active, synthetic, heparin-like dodecasaccharide provides good organ distribution, and serum lifetimes relevant to developing future oligosaccharide therapeutics. Heparin-like oligosaccharides are implicated in various diseases. Hansen et al. report an efficient two-cycle [4+4+4] tetrasaccharide-iteration-based approach to synthesize a structurally defined heparin dodecasaccharide with a latent aldehyde tag for labelling and conjugation.
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Griffin ME, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Synthetic probes of glycosaminoglycan function. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:1014-22. [PMID: 24148269 PMCID: PMC3934325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in many critical biological processes by modulating the activities of a wide range of proteins, including growth factors, chemokines, and viral receptors. Recent studies using synthetic oligosaccharides and glycomimetic polymers have established the importance of specific structural determinants in controlling GAG function. These findings illustrate the power of synthetic molecules to elucidate glycan-mediated signaling events, as well as the prospect of further advancements to understand the roles of GAGs in vivo and explore their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Percec V, Leowanawat P, Sun HJ, Kulikov O, Nusbaum CD, Tran TM, Bertin A, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Zhang S, Kamat NP, Vargo K, Moock D, Johnston ED, Hammer DA, Pochan DJ, Chen Y, Chabre YM, Shiao TC, Bergeron-Brlek M, André S, Roy R, Gabius HJ, Heiney PA. Modular synthesis of amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers and their self-assembly into glycodendrimersomes and other complex architectures with bioactivity to biomedically relevant lectins. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9055-77. [PMID: 23692629 DOI: 10.1021/ja403323y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of 7 libraries containing 51 self-assembling amphiphilic Janus dendrimers with the monosaccharides D-mannose and D-galactose and the disaccharide D-lactose in their hydrophilic part is reported. These unprecedented sugar-containing dendrimers are named amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers. Their self-assembly by simple injection of THF or ethanol solution into water or buffer and by hydration was analyzed by a combination of methods including dynamic light scattering, confocal microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform analysis, and micropipet-aspiration experiments to assess mechanical properties. These libraries revealed a diversity of hard and soft assemblies, including unilamellar spherical, polygonal, and tubular vesicles denoted glycodendrimersomes, aggregates of Janus glycodendrimers and rodlike micelles named glycodendrimer aggregates and glycodendrimermicelles, cubosomes denoted glycodendrimercubosomes, and solid lamellae. These assemblies are stable over time in water and in buffer, exhibit narrow molecular-weight distribution, and display dimensions that are programmable by the concentration of the solution from which they are injected. This study elaborated the molecular principles leading to single-type soft glycodendrimersomes assembled from amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers. The multivalency of glycodendrimersomes with different sizes and their ligand bioactivity were demonstrated by selective agglutination with a diversity of sugar-binding protein receptors such as the plant lectins concanavalin A and the highly toxic mistletoe Viscum album L. agglutinin, the bacterial lectin PA-IL from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and, of special biomedical relevance, human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-3 and galectin-4. These results demonstrated the candidacy of glycodendrimersomes as new mimics of biological membranes with programmable glycan ligand presentations, as supramolecular lectin blockers, vaccines, and targeted delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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Nguyen TKN, Tran VM, Sorna V, Eriksson I, Kojima A, Koketsu M, Loganathan D, Kjellén L, Dorsky RI, Chien CB, Kuberan B. Dimerized glycosaminoglycan chains increase FGF signaling during zebrafish development. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:939-48. [PMID: 23614643 DOI: 10.1021/cb400132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) modulate numerous signaling pathways during development through binding of their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains to various signaling molecules, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). A majority of PGs possess two or more GAG side chains, suggesting that GAG multivalency is imperative for biological functions in vivo. However, only a few studies have examined the biological significance of GAG multivalency. In this report, we utilized a library of bis- and tris-xylosides that produce two and three GAG chains on the same scaffold, respectively, thus mimicking PGs, to examine the importance of GAG valency and chain type in regulating FGF/FGFR interactions in vivo in zebrafish. A number of bis- and tris-xylosides, but not mono-xylosides, caused an elongation phenotype upon their injection into embryos. In situ hybridization showed that elongated embryos have elevated expression of the FGF target gene mkp3 but unchanged expression of reporters for other pathways, indicating that FGF/FGFR signaling was specifically hyperactivated. In support of this observation, elongation can be reversed by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5402, mRNA for the FGFR antagonist sprouty4, or FGF8 morpholino. Endogenous GAGs seem to be unaffected after xyloside treatment, suggesting that this is a gain-of-function phenotype. Furthermore, expression of a multivalent but not a monovalent GAG containing syndecan-1 proteoglycan recapitulates the elongation phenotype observed with the bivalent xylosides. On the basis of these in vivo findings, we propose a new model for GAG/FGF/FGFR interactions in which dimerized GAG chains can activate FGF-mediated signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao K. N. Nguyen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry
and Bioengineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Vy M. Tran
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry
and Bioengineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Venkataswamy Sorna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600
036, India
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of
Medical Biochemistry
and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akinori Kojima
- Department
of Materials Science
and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu,
Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department
of Materials Science
and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu,
Japan
| | | | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of
Medical Biochemistry
and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry
and Bioengineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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35
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Tran VM, Nguyen TKN, Sorna V, Loganathan D, Kuberan B. Synthesis and assessment of glycosaminoglycan priming activity of cluster-xylosides for potential use as proteoglycan mimetics. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:949-57. [PMID: 23402705 DOI: 10.1021/cb300665u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the distinct structural features of many proteoglycans (PGs) is the presence of two or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains covalently linked to a core protein. Previous studies have shown that the synergistic biological activity of multiple GAG chains, as found in the majority of PGs, cannot be accomplished by the sum of the activities of individual GAG chains. To delineate the biological significance of GAG valency, a number of cluster-xylosides carrying two, three, or four xylose residues on the same scaffold were synthesized using click chemistry. Assessment of cluster-xylosides for their GAG chain priming activity in a cellular system revealed that these cluster-xylosides prime multiple GAG chains per scaffold. Multivalent GAG chains, produced by cluster-xylosides, can better mimic PGs as they carry two or more GAG chains attached to a core protein and therefore can be used as molecular probes to examine the biological significance of GAG multivalency in model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venkataswamy Sorna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600
036, India
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36
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Bavireddi H, Bharate P, Kikkeri R. Use of Boolean and fuzzy logics in lactose glycocluster research. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9185-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lazniewska J, Milowska K, Gabryelak T. Dendrimers--revolutionary drugs for infectious diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:469-91. [PMID: 22761054 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years innovative nanomolecules in a form of dendrimers have been gaining increasing interest. These compounds can be designed and modified in many ways giving a molecule which meets required expectations. For this reason dendrimers are the object of intensive studies in many fields of nanoscience including one of the most thriving--biomedicine. Numerous studies provide evidence that some dendrimers exhibit activities against many species/strains of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and prions. These types of dendritic nanostructures which are distinguished by antipathogenic properties and low cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells may be potentially applied in medicine as novel drugs for various infectious diseases, especially those which are persistent, marked by high mortality rate, or untreatable. Dendrimers can exert their effect via different mechanisms of action, which are, in most cases, related to multivalency of the nanomolecule. The application of dendrimers is likely to be a breakthrough in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases which still beset humanity and may significantly improve the quality of people's life.
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38
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Liu J, Gray WD, Davis ME, Luo Y. Peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for targeted drug delivery: a concise review. Interface Focus 2012; 2:307-24. [PMID: 23741608 PMCID: PMC3363024 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers comprise a category of branched materials with diverse functions that can be constructed with defined architectural and chemical structures. When decorated with bioactive ligands made of peptides and saccharides through peripheral chemical groups, dendrimer conjugates are turned into nanomaterials possessing attractive binding properties with the cognate receptors. At the cellular level, bioactive dendrimer conjugates can interact with cells with avidity and selectivity, and this function has particularly stimulated interests in investigating the targeting potential of dendrimer materials for the design of drug delivery systems. In addition, bioactive dendrimer conjugates have so far been studied for their versatile capabilities to enhance stability, solubility and absorption of various types of therapeutics. This review presents a brief discussion on three aspects of the recent studies to use peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for drug delivery: (i) synthesis methods, (ii) cell- and tissue-targeting properties and (iii) applications of conjugated dendrimers in drug delivery nanodevices. With more studies to elucidate the structure-function relationship of ligand-dendrimer conjugates in transporting drugs, the conjugated dendrimers hold promise to facilitate targeted delivery and improve drug efficacy for discovery and development of modern pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Warren D. Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Room 2127, Atlanta, GA 30322-0535, USA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Room 2127, Atlanta, GA 30322-0535, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Room 206, Fangzheng Building, 298 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Regenerative and Implantable Medical Devices, Room 408, Building D, Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou 510663, People's Republic of China
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Maza S, Macchione G, Ojeda R, López-Prados J, Angulo J, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Synthesis of amine-functionalized heparin oligosaccharides for the investigation of carbohydrate-protein interactions in microtiter plates. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2146-63. [PMID: 22294265 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined oligosaccharides is crucial for the establishment of structure-activity relationships for specific sequences of heparin, contributing to the understanding of the biological role of this polysaccharide. It is highly convenient that the synthetic oligosaccharides contain an orthogonal functional group that allows selective conjugation of the probes and expands their use as chemical tools in glycobiology. We present here the synthesis of a series of amine-functionalized heparin oligosaccharides using an n+2 modular approach. The conditions of the glycosylation reactions were carefully optimized to produce efficiently the desired synthetic intermediates with an N-benzyloxycarbonyl-protected aminoethyl spacer at the reducing end. The use of microwave heating greatly facilitates O- and N-sulfation steps, avoiding experimental problems associated with these reactions. The synthesized oligosaccharides were immobilized in 384-well microtiter plates and successfully probed with a heparin-binding protein, the basic fibroblast growth factor FGF-2. The use of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide minimized the amount of sugar required for attachment to the solid support. Using this approach we quantified heparin-protein interactions, and surface dissociation constants for the synthetic heparin derivatives were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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40
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Abstract
Glycan microarrays, carrying hundreds of different sugars on chip surfaces, have become a standard tool for the study of interactions of biomolecules with carbohydrates. The chip-based format offers important advantages, including the ability to screen in parallel several thousand binding events on a single slide, the minimal amount of sample required for one experiment, and the multivalent display of sugars on the chip that mimics the presentation of carbohydrates in nature. This chapter presents recent advances and future challenges in glycan microarray technology. We describe different immobilization and detection methods as well as applications in glycomics, drug discovery, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L de Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, CSIC and US, Sevilla, Spain.
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Grünstein D, Maglinao M, Kikkeri R, Collot M, Barylyuk K, Lepenies B, Kamena F, Zenobi R, Seeberger PH. Hexameric Supramolecular Scaffold Orients Carbohydrates To Sense Bacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13957-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2036767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Grünstein
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maha Maglinao
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Elucidating glycosaminoglycan-protein-protein interactions using carbohydrate microarray and computational approaches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9747-52. [PMID: 21628576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102962108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides play critical roles in many cellular processes, ranging from viral invasion and angiogenesis to spinal cord injury. Their diverse biological activities are derived from an ability to regulate a remarkable number of proteins. However, few methods exist for the rapid identification of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions and for studying the potential of glycosaminoglycans to assemble multimeric protein complexes. Here, we report a multidisciplinary approach that combines new carbohydrate microarray and computational modeling methodologies to elucidate glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. The approach was validated through the study of known protein partners for heparan and chondroitin sulfate, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and its receptor FGFR1, the malarial protein VAR2CSA, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We also applied the approach to identify previously undescribed interactions between a specific sulfated epitope on chondroitin sulfate, CS-E, and the neurotrophins, a critical family of growth factors involved in the development, maintenance, and survival of the vertebrate nervous system. Our studies show for the first time that CS is capable of assembling multimeric signaling complexes and modulating neurotrophin signaling pathways. In addition, we identify a contiguous CS-E-binding site by computational modeling that suggests a potential mechanism to explain how CS may promote neurotrophin-tyrosine receptor kinase (Trk) complex formation and neurotrophin signaling. Together, our combined microarray and computational modeling methodologies provide a general, facile means to identify new glycosaminoglycan-protein-protein interactions, as well as a molecular-level understanding of those complexes.
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43
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Horlacher T, Noti C, de Paz JL, Bindschädler P, Hecht ML, Smith DF, Fukuda MN, Seeberger PH. Characterization of annexin A1 glycan binding reveals binding to highly sulfated glycans with preference for highly sulfated heparan sulfate and heparin. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2650-9. [PMID: 21370880 DOI: 10.1021/bi101121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a multifunctional, calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein involved in a host of processes including inflammation, regulation of neuroendocrine signaling, apoptosis, and membrane trafficking. Binding of annexin A1 to glycans has been implicated in cell attachment and modulation of annexin A1 function. A detailed characterization of the glycan binding preferences of annexin A1 using carbohydrate microarrays and surface plasmon resonance served as a starting point to understand the role of glycan binding in annexin A1 function. Glycan array analysis identified annexin A1 binding to a series of sulfated oligosaccharides and revealed for the first time that annexin A1 binds to sulfated non-glycosaminoglycan carbohydrates. Using heparin/heparan sulfate microarrays, highly sulfated heparan sulfate/heparin were identified as preferred ligands of annexin A1. Binding of annexin A1 to heparin/heparan sulfate is calcium- but not magnesium-dependent. An in-depth structure-activity relationship of annexin A1-heparan sulfate interactions was established using chemically defined sugars. For the first time, a calcium-dependent heparin binding protein was characterized with such an approach. N-Sulfation and 2-O-sulfation were identified as particularly important for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horlacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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44
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Li X, Gao J, Liu D, Wang Z. Studying the interaction of carbohydrate–protein on the dendrimer-modified solid support by microarray-based plasmon resonance light scattering assay. Analyst 2011; 136:4301-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15230k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Hernández-Rocamora VM, Reulen SWA, de Waal B, Meijer EW, Sanz JM, Merkx M. Choline dendrimers as generic scaffolds for the non-covalent synthesis of multivalent protein assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5997-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05605g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Wang Z, Xu Y, Yang B, Tiruchinapally G, Sun B, Liu R, Dulaney S, Liu J, Huang X. Preactivation-based, one-pot combinatorial synthesis of heparin-like hexasaccharides for the analysis of heparin-protein interactions. Chemistry 2010; 16:8365-75. [PMID: 20623566 PMCID: PMC3094016 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) play important roles in many biological events. Increasing evidence has shown that the biological functions of HP and HS can be critically dependent upon their precise structures, including the position of the iduronic acids and sulfation patterns. However, unraveling the HP code has been extremely challenging due to the enormous structural variations. To overcome this hurdle, we investigated the possibility of assembling a library of HP/HS oligosaccharides using a preactivation-based, one-pot glycosylation method. A major challenge in HP/HS oligosaccharide synthesis is stereoselectivity in the formation of the cis-1,4-linkages between glucosamine and the uronic acid. Through screening, suitable protective groups were identified on the matching glycosyl donor and acceptor, leading to stereospecific formation of both the cis-1,4- and trans-1,4-linkages present in HP. The protective group chemistry designed was also very flexible. From two advanced thioglycosyl disaccharide intermediates, all of the required disaccharide modules for library preparation could be generated in a divergent manner, which greatly simplified building-block preparation. Furthermore, the reactivity-independent nature of the preactivation-based, one-pot approach enabled us to mix the building blocks. This allowed rapid assembly of twelve HP/HS hexasaccharides with systematically varied and precisely controlled backbone structures in a combinatorial fashion. The speed and the high yields achieved in glycoassembly without the need to use a large excess of building blocks highlighted the advantages of our approach, which can be of general use to facilitate the study of HP/HS biology. As a proof of principle, this panel of hexasaccharides was used to probe the effect of backbone sequence on binding with the fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). A trisaccharide sequence of 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid flanked by N-sulfated glucosamines was identified to be the minimum binding motif and N-sulfation was found to be critical. This provides useful information for further development of more potent compounds towards FGF-2 binding, which can have potential applications in wound healing and anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | | | - Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Renpeng Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Steven Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
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47
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Doménech R, Abian O, Bocanegra R, Correa J, Sousa-Herves A, Riguera R, Mateu MG, Fernandez-Megia E, Velázquez-Campoy A, Neira JL. Dendrimers as Potential Inhibitors of the Dimerization of the Capsid Protein of HIV-1. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2069-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100432x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Doménech
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Olga Abian
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Rebeca Bocanegra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Juan Correa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Ana Sousa-Herves
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Mauricio G. Mateu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
| | - José L. Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, I+CS (Aragon Health Sciences Institute), CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de
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Kikkeri R, Grünstein D, Seeberger PH. Lectin Biosensing Using Digital Analysis of Ru(II)-Glycodendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10230-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103688s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Grünstein
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, and Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Cipolla L, Araújo AC, Bini D, Gabrielli L, Russo L, Shaikh N. Discovery and design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:721-37. [PMID: 22827796 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.497811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Till now, the importance of carbohydrates has been underscored, if compared with the two other major classes of biopolymers such as oligonucleotides and proteins. Recent advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry have imparted a strong interest in the study of this enormous family of biomolecules. Carbohydrates have been shown to be implicated in recognition processes, such as cell-cell adhesion, cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and cell-intruder recognition phenomena. In addition, carbohydrates are recognized as differentiation markers and as antigenic determinants. Due to their relevant biological role, carbohydrates are promising candidates for drug design and disease treatment. However, the growing number of human disorders known as congenital disorders of glycosylation that are being identified as resulting from abnormalities in glycan structures and protein glycosylation strongly indicates that a fast development of glycobiology, glycochemistry and glycomedicine is highly desirable. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The topics give an overview of different approaches that have been used to date for the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics; this includes the use of native synthetic carbohydrates, the use of carbohydrate mimics designed on the basis of their native counterpart, the use of carbohydrates as scaffolds and finally the design of glyco-fused therapeutics, one of the most recent approaches. The review covers mainly literature that has appeared since 2000, except for a few papers cited for historical reasons. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an overview of the current strategies applied to the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics; in particular, the advantages/disadvantages of different approaches are highlighted. The topic is presented in a general, basic manner and will hopefully be a useful resource for all readers who are not familiar with it. In addition, in order to stress the potentialities of carbohydrates, several examples of carbohydrate-based marketed therapeutics are given. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Carbohydrates are a rich class of natural compounds, possessing an intriguing and still not fully understood biological role. This richness offers several strategies for the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cipolla
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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50
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Saxena K, Schieborr U, Anderka O, Duchardt-Ferner E, Elshorst B, Gande SL, Janzon J, Kudlinzki D, Sreeramulu S, Dreyer MK, Wendt KU, Herbert C, Duchaussoy P, Bianciotto M, Driguez PA, Lassalle G, Savi P, Mohammadi M, Bono F, Schwalbe H. Influence of heparin mimetics on assembly of the FGF.FGFR4 signaling complex. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26628-40. [PMID: 20547770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.095109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates mammalian development and metabolism, and its dysregulation is implicated in many inherited and acquired diseases, including cancer. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) are essential for FGF signaling as they promote FGF.FGF receptor (FGFR) binding and dimerization. Using novel organic synthesis protocols to prepare homogeneously sulfated heparin mimetics (HM), including hexasaccharide (HM(6)), octasaccharide (HM(8)), and decasaccharide (HM(10)), we tested the ability of these HM to support FGF1 and FGF2 signaling through FGFR4. Biological assays show that both HM(8) and HM(10) are significantly more potent than HM(6) in promoting FGF2-mediated FGFR4 signaling. In contrast, all three HM have comparable activity in promoting FGF1.FGFR4 signaling. To understand the molecular basis for these differential activities in FGF1/2.FGFR4 signaling, we used NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and size-exclusion chromatography to characterize binding interactions of FGF1/2 with the isolated Ig-domain 2 (D2) of FGFR4 in the presence of HM, and binary interactions of FGFs and D2 with HM. Our data confirm the existence of both a secondary FGF1.FGFR4 interaction site and a direct FGFR4.FGFR4 interaction site thus supporting the formation of the symmetric mode of FGF.FGFR dimerization in solution. Moreover, our results show that the observed higher activity of HM(8) relative to HM(6) in stimulating FGF2.FGFR4 signaling correlates with the higher affinity of HM(8) to bind and dimerize FGF2. Notably FGF2.HM(8) exhibits pronounced positive binding cooperativity. Based on our findings we propose a refined symmetric FGF.FGFR dimerization model, which incorporates the differential ability of HM to dimerize FGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Saxena
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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