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Ummik ML, Järvik O, Reinik J, Konist A. Ecotoxicity assessment of ashes from calcium-rich fuel combustion: contrasting results and regulatory implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:48523-48533. [PMID: 39031317 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The European Union's (EU) regulation for the waste classification based on their ecotoxicological hazard (hazardous property HP14) came into force on 5 July 2018. The regulation advocates the utilisation of computational formulae for the hazard classification of waste associated with hazardous property HP14. Concurrently, ecotoxicological testing remains an alternative. To date, the absence of a consensus regarding test organisms and methodologies has vested EU member states with autonomy in determining the approach for conducting ecotoxicity assessments. The discussions on waste classification are also ongoing globally, namely the discussions under the Basel Convention. This paper endeavours to elucidate whether the widely employed test organisms, Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri, may serve as suitable indicators for the evaluation of the ecotoxicity of waste. The research is grounded in the examination of ashes derived from a combustion process of calcium-rich fuel. Ecotoxicity testing was conducted on 14 ash samples with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1. The results of the Aliivibrio fischeri testing indicated that all 14 ash samples were non-hazardous in terms of their ecotoxicity. However, the results of the Daphnia magna testing showed the opposite, suggesting that the ash samples may have the potential to be ecotoxic. This study offers valuable insights into ecotoxicity assessment and waste classification, emphasising the need for scientific rigour and comprehensive understanding before making regulatory decisions. It also situates its findings within the broader global context of waste management discussions, particularly those related to international agreements like the Basel Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Liis Ummik
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Oliver Järvik
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Janek Reinik
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Alar Konist
- Department of Energy Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Anselmi S, Cavallo A, Del Rio L, Renzi M. Impact of global change on environmental hazards of different clays: A case study on Aliivibrio fischeri. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131806. [PMID: 37329594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of global change in marine ecosystems are expected to lower pH from the current 8.1-7.5-7.0, which will have significant impacts on marine species. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the ecotoxicity of ten different natural clays change significantly in response to the acidification process and what factors are associated with the observed changes. In this study, the ecotoxicological response of a bacterium (Aliivibrio fischeri) was tested under current (pH= 8.1) and acidified (pH 7.5 and 7.0) conditions. The ecotoxicity detected in the solid phase test (SPT protocol) and in the contact water was affected by the pH, which increased the ecotoxicity from 2/10 clays (pH 8.10) to 7/10 clays (pH 7.00), also shifting the detected effects from low to high toxicity values. The analyses performed on the natural clays studied show that pH can affect the release of metals, metalloids and rare earths from the clays into the contact water phase, affecting the toxicity observed. This phenomenon depends on the type of clay and is closely related to its mineralogical composition. As consequence, in a globally changing scenario, ecotoxicity, even of natural materials such as clay, cannot be considered stable, but must be accurately revaluated depending on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the clay. Moreover, the mineralogical composition of clays showed different efficiency in absorbing bacteria on the surface of clay particles. It was found that live bacterial cells were absorbed on the clay surface in numbers that were dependent on both clay types and pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Anselmi
- Bioscience Research Center, via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello, GR, Italy; CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio, 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallo
- CERTEMA Scarl, S.P. del Cipressino km 10, 58044, Cinigiano, Italy
| | - Luca Del Rio
- CERTEMA Scarl, S.P. del Cipressino km 10, 58044, Cinigiano, Italy
| | - Monia Renzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Santos J, Cifrian E, Rodriguez-Romero A, Yoris-Nobile AI, Blanco-Fernandez E, Castro-Fresno D, Andres A. Assessment of the environmental acceptability of potential artificial reef materials using two ecotoxicity tests: Luminescent bacteria and sea urchin embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136773. [PMID: 36220438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological analysis of construction products is a relatively unexplored area at international level. Aquatic toxicity tests on construction products has been recommended recently for freshwater environment. However, the biological effects of alternative materials on marine ecosystem are still not considered. In this study, the main aim was to assess the environmental impact of alternative mortars proposed as artificial reefs (ARs) materials. The ARs specimens were developed by 3D printing, based on cement and geopolymer mortars using recycled sands of glass and seashells. For this purpose, a leaching test and two different toxicity bioassays, luminosity reduction of marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) and the success of embryo-larval development of sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus, were conducted. From the leaching results it should be noted that the mobility of all trace elements considered in both, raw materials and mortars, meet the inert landfill limits, except As, Mo, Se or Sb in the leachates geopolymer mortars. However, the results obtained from the both bioassays show low environmental acceptability for those mortars containing shell sand, probably due to the degradation of the organic matter adhered to the shells. On the other hand, cement mortars obtain better results than geopolymer mortars, regardless of the aggregate used, showing certain consistency with the leaching behaviour, since they present the lowest mobility of trace chemical elements. Therefore, the results supporting the environmental acceptability of its potential use as alternative materials in the production of ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
| | - Eva Cifrian
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain.
| | - Araceli Rodriguez-Romero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ana Andres
- Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, 39005, Spain
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Wang N, Zhang H, Ma X, Zhang J, Sun J, Wang X, Zhou J, Wang J, Ge C. Joint action of binary mixtures based on parameter k·EC x from concentration-response curves in long-term toxicity assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103917. [PMID: 35779704 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A previous acute toxicity study of binary mixtures showed that the combined toxicity can be predicted with the parameter k∙ECx. To systematically investigate the ability of k∙ECx to predict the chronic combined toxicity of binary mixtures, the toxicity of six contaminants and five binary mixtures was determined by long-term microplate toxicity analysis (L-MTA) using Aliivibrio fischeri as the test organism. The independent action model (IA) and the relative model deviation ratio (rMDR) were employed to determine the relationship between the Δ(k∙ECx)% and rMDRx. The results showed that these two factors conformed to the exponential function in long-term toxicity. Owing to the time-dependence of toxicity, the mixture type of chronic toxicity changes to the relative type of acute toxicity. If the acute toxicity of binary mixtures changes their mode of joint action throughout the concentration range, the chronic toxicity will also change their mode of joint action, and vice versa. This study clarified the change rules of the joint action of binary mixtures in acute and chronic toxicity which can promote research on chronic toxicity of binary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Huanle Zhang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Key Laboratory of Environment Engineering, Shaanxi, Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingkun Zhang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajing Sun
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Key Laboratory of Environment Engineering, Shaanxi, Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhong Zhou
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of arts and sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengmin Ge
- Shandong Dongyuan New Material Technology Co., Ltd, Dongying 257300, Shandong, China
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Popick H, Brinkmann M, McPhedran K. Assessment of stormwater discharge contamination and toxicity for a cold-climate urban landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2022; 34:43. [PMID: 35582663 PMCID: PMC9106602 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stormwater is water resulting from precipitation events and snowmelt running off the urban landscape, collecting in storm sewers, and typically being released into receiving water bodies through outfalls with minimal to no treatment. Despite a growing body of evidence observing its deleterious pollution impacts, stormwater management and treatment in cold climates remains limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data and modeling parameters. This study examines the quality of stormwater discharging during the summer season in a cold-climate, semi-arid Canadian city (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan). RESULTS Seven stormwater outfalls with mixed-land-use urban catchments > 100 km2 were sampled for four summer (June-August 2019) storm events and analyzed for a suite of quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metals, and targeted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition, assessment of stormwater toxicity was done using the two toxicity assays Raphidocelis subcapitata (algae) and Vibrio fischeri (bacteria). Notable single-event, single-outfall contaminant pulses included of arsenic (420 µg/L), cadmium (16.4 µg/L), zinc (924 µg/L), fluorene (4.95 µg/L), benzo[a]pyrene (0.949 µg/L), pyrene (0.934 µg/L), phenanthrene (1.39 µg/L), and anthracene (1.40 µg/L). The IC50 in both R. subcapitata and V. fischeri was observed, if at all, above expected toxicity thresholds for individual contaminant species. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed no clear trends for individual sampling sites or sampling dates. In contrast, parameters were correlated with each other in groups including DOC, COD, TSS, and reduced algal toxicity; and total dissolved solids (TDS), sum of metals, and pH. CONCLUSIONS In general, stormwater characteristics were similar to those of previous studies, with a bulk of contamination carried by the first volume of runoff, influenced by a combination of rainfall depth, antecedent dry period, land use, and activity within the catchment. Roads, highways, and industrial areas contribute the bulk of estimated contaminant loadings. More intensive sampling strategies are necessary to contextualize stormwater data in the context of contaminant and runoff volume peaks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00619-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Popick
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Kerry McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9 Canada
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Popick H, Brinkmann M, McPhedran K. Traffic-derived contaminant loading in snow storage facilities during spring melt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27875-27893. [PMID: 34984614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater results from precipitation events and melting snow running off urban landscapes and typically being released into receiving water bodies with little to no treatment. Despite evidence of its deleterious impacts, snowmelt (SM) management and treatment are limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data. This study examines snowmelt quality during the spring for a cold climate, semi-arid Canadian city (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan). Four snow storage facilities receiving urban snow plowed from roads in mixed land use urban catchments (228 km2) were sampled including snow piles (five events) and SM (twelve events) runoff in 2019 and 2020. Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, TSS, COD, DOC, metals, chloride, PAHs, and Raphidocelis subcapitata and Vibrio fischeri toxicity. Notable event-specific TSS spikes occurred on April 13, 2019 (3,513 mg/L), and April 24, 2019 (3,838 mg/L), and TDS, chloride, and manganese on March 26, 2020 (15,000 mg/L, 5,800 mg/L, 574 mg/L), April 17, 2020 (5,200 mg/L, 2,600 mg/L, 882 mg/L), and April 23, 2020 (5,110 mg/L, 2,900 mg/L, 919 mg/L), though chloride remained elevated through May 1, 2020, samples (1,000 mg/L). Additionally, at two sites sampled April 13, 2019, pulses of aluminum (401 mg/L) and PAHs (pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene; 71 µg/L, 317 µg/L, 182 µg/L) were detected. Concentrations of fluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene, phenanthrene, and anthracene in almost all SP samples exceeded national aquatic toxicity guideline thresholds, while 50% of SM samples exceeded guideline thresholds for benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene, and almost all exceeded the threshold for anthracene. Nevertheless, the EC50 for R. subcapitata and V. fischeri was observed, if at all, above expected toxicity thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Popick
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Kato Y, Kimura S, Kogure T, Suzuki M. Deposition of Lead Phosphate by Lead-Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Water near an Abandoned Mine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052483. [PMID: 35269625 PMCID: PMC8910126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialist bacteria can synthesize nanoparticles from various metal ions in solution. Metal recovery with high efficiency can be achieved by metal-tolerant microorganisms that proliferate in a concentrated metal solution. In this study, we isolated bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. strain KKY-29) from a bacterial library collected from water near an abandoned mine in Komatsu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. KKY-29 was maintained in nutrient medium with lead acetate and synthesized hydrocerussite and pyromorphite nanoparticles inside the cell; KKY-29 also survived nanoparticle synthesis. Quantitative PCR analysis of genes related to phosphate metabolism showed that KKY-29 decomposed organic phosphorus to synthesize lead phosphate. KKY-29 also deposited various metal ions and synthesized metal nanoparticles when incubated in various metal salt solutions other than lead. The present study considers the development of biotechnology to recover lead as an economically valuable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Toshihiro Kogure
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Kondrashova K, Inchagova K, Ryazanov V, Duskaev G. Impact of developed ruminant feed products on the surrounding ecosystem. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of feed additives based on the so-called “phytobiotics” and a complex of trace elements is a promising direction in the nutrition of farm animals and birds. However, along with the positive characteristics associated with the increase in body weight, environmental friendliness of production, etc., these biologically active additives may have a negative effect on animals and humans associated with the toxicity of the used components. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effect of such feed additives as phytochemicals and trace element metals using a recombinant luminescent strain Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 (pXen7) and a representative of ciliated protozoa Stylonychia mytilus. During the studies, the absolute toxicity of the Cu biocomplex and Scutellaria baicalensis was recorded in relation to the test organisms used. Against this background, Artemisiae absinthil herba and the Digestarom agent showed the smallest toxic effect. The toxic effect of other tested bio-additives was in high doses (0.625-10 mg/mL) and disappeared with a decrease in the concentration of the tested feed additive.
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Adnan NA, Halmi MIE, Abd Gani SS, Zaidan UH, Abd Shukor MY. Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126644. [PMID: 34205553 PMCID: PMC8296520 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the crucial effect of single metal pollutants against the aquatic ecosystem has been highly debatable for decades. However, dealing with complex metal mixtures management in toxicological studies creates a challenge, as heavy metals may evoke greater toxicity on interactions with other constituents rather than individually low acting concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity mechanisms are different between short term and long term exposure of the metal toxicant. In this study, acute and chronic toxicity based on luminescence inhibition assay using newly isolated Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE as the indicator are presented. Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE was exposed to the mixture at a predetermined ratio of 1:1. TU (Toxicity Unit) and MTI (Mixture Toxic Index) approach presented the mixture toxicity of Hg2+ + Ag+, Hg2+ + Cu2+, Ag+ + Cu2+, Hg2+ + Ag+ + Cu2+, and Cd2+ + Cu2+ showed antagonistic effect over acute and chronic test. Binary mixture of Cu2+ + Zn2+ was observed to show additive effect at acute test and antagonistic effect at chronic test while mixture of Ni2+ + Zn2+ showing antagonistic effect during acute test and synergistic effect during chronic test. Thus, the strain is suitable and their use as bioassay to predict the risk assessment of heavy metal under acute toxicity without abandoning the advantage of chronic toxicity extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Adila Adnan
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Siti Salwa Abd Gani
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (U.H.Z.); (M.Y.A.S.)
| | - Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (U.H.Z.); (M.Y.A.S.)
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Ramana S, Tripathi AK, Bharati K, Singh AB, Kumar A, Sahu A, Rajput PS, Dey P, Saha JK, Patra AK. Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6. [PMID: 33624237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant's tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg kg-1). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg kg-1 (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg g-1 dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg g-1 dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg kg-1 to 42% at 1000 mg kg -1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and N2 fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg -1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg kg-1. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakoti Ramana
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India.
| | | | - Kollah Bharati
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Amar Bahadur Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Asha Sahu
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Poonam Singh Rajput
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradip Dey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Saha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K Patra
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India
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11
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Bacterial Toxicity Testing: Modification and Evaluation of the Luminescent Bacteria Test and the Respiration Inhibition Test. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activated sludge respiration inhibition test and the luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri are important bacterial test systems for evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds. These test systems were further optimized to result in better handling, reliability and sensitivity. Concerning the Vibrio fischeri test, media components such as yeast extract and bivalent cation concentrations like Ca2+ and Mg2+ were optimized. The cultivation, storage conditions and reactivation process of the stored bacteria were also improved, which enabled simpler handling and led to good reproducibility. Additionally, the respiration inhibition test with a prolonged incubation time was further analyzed using different chlorinated phenols as reference compounds. It could be stated that a longer incubation period significantly improved the sensitivity of the test system.
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12
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Ecotoxicity of Pore Water in Meadow Soils Affected by Historical Spills of Arsenic-Rich Tailings. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out in Złoty Stok, a historical centre of gold and arsenic mining. Two kinds of soil material, containing 5020 and 8000 mg/kg As, represented a floodplain meadow flooded in the past by tailings spills and a dry meadow developed on the plateau built of pure tailings, respectively. The effects of soil treatment with a cattle manure and mineral fertilizers were examined in an incubation experiment. Soil pore water was collected after 2, 7, 21, 90, and 270 days, using MacroRhizon samplers and analyzed on As concentrations and toxicity, and assessed in three bioassays: Microtox, the Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA), and Phytotox, with Sinapis alba as a test plant. In all samples, As concentrations were above 4.5 mg/L. Fertilization with manure caused an intensive release of As, and its concentration in pore water of floodplain soil reached 81.8 mg/L. Mineral fertilization caused a release of As only from the pure tailings soil. The results of bioassays, particularly of Phytotox and MARA, correlated well with As concentrations, while Microtox indices depended additionally on other factors. Very high toxicity was associated with As > 20 mg/L. Despite an effect of “aging”, pore water As remained at the level of several mg/L, causing a potential environmental risk.
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Cheema AI, Liu G, Yousaf B, Abbas Q, Zhou H. A comprehensive review of biogeochemical distribution and fractionation of lead isotopes for source tracing in distinct interactive environmental compartments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:135658. [PMID: 31874752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a non-essential and extremely noxious metallic-element whose biogeochemical cycle has been influenced predominantly by increasing human activities to a great extent. The introduction and enrichment of this ubiquitous contaminant in the terrestrial-environment has a long history and getting more attention due to its adverse health effects to living organisms even at very low exposure levels. Its lethal-effects can vary widely depending on the atmospheric-depositions, fates and distribution of Pb isotopes (i.e., 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb &208Pb) in the terrestrial-environment. Thus, it is essential to understand the depositional behavior and transformation mechanism of Pb and the factors affecting Pb isotopes composition in the terrestrial-compartments. Owing to the persistence nature of Pb-isotopic fractions, regardless of ongoing biogeochemical-processes taking place in soils and in other interlinked terrestrial-compartments of the biosphere makes Pb isotope ratios (Pb-IRs) more recognizable as a powerful and an efficient-tool for tracing the source(s) and helped uncover pertinent migration and transformation processes. This review discusses the ongoing developments in tracing migration pathway and distribution of lead in various terrestrial-compartments and investigates the processes regulating the Pb isotope geochemistry taking into account the source identification of lead, its transformation among miscellaneous terrestrial-compartments and detoxification mechanism in soil-plant system. Additionally, this compendium reveals that Pb-pools in various terrestrial-compartments differ in Pb isotopic fractionations. In order to improve understanding of partition behaviors and biogeochemical pathways of Pb isotope in the terrestrial environment, future works should involve investigation of changes in Pb isotopic compositions during weathering processes and atmospheric-biological sub-cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, PR China.
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, PR China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Qumber Abbas
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Huihui Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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Kujala K, Besold J, Mikkonen A, Tiirola M, Planer-Friedrich B. Abundant and diverse arsenic-metabolizing microorganisms in peatlands treating arsenic-contaminated mining wastewaters. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1572-1587. [PMID: 31984582 PMCID: PMC7187466 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mining operations produce large quantities of wastewater. At a mine site in Northern Finland, two natural peatlands are used for the treatment of mining‐influenced waters with high concentrations of sulphate and potentially toxic arsenic (As). In the present study, As removal and the involved microbial processes in those treatment peatlands (TPs) were assessed. Arsenic‐metabolizing microorganisms were abundant in peat soil from both TPs (up to 108 cells gdw−1), with arsenate respirers being about 100 times more abundant than arsenite oxidizers. In uninhibited microcosm incubations, supplemented arsenite was oxidized under oxic conditions and supplemented arsenate was reduced under anoxic conditions, while little to no oxidation/reduction was observed in NaN3‐inhibited microcosms, indicating high As‐turnover potential of peat microbes. Formation of thioarsenates was observed in anoxic microcosms. Sequencing of the functional genemarkers aioA (arsenite oxidizers), arrA (arsenate respirers) and arsC (detoxifying arsenate reducers) demonstrated high diversity of the As‐metabolizing microbial community. The microbial community composition differed between the two TPs, which may have affected As removal efficiencies. In the present situation, arsenate reduction is likely the dominant net process and contributes substantially to As removal. Changes in TP usage (e.g. mine closure) with lowered water tables and heightened oxygen availability in peat might lead to re‐oxidation and re‐mobilization of bound arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kujala
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Besold
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anu Mikkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Dradrach A, Szopka K, Karczewska A. Ecotoxicity of pore water in soils developed on historical arsenic mine dumps: The effects of forest litter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:202-213. [PMID: 31195229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic release from dump soils in historical mining sites poses the environmental risk. Decomposing forest litter can affect mobilization of As and other toxic elements, change their speciation in pore water and influence the toxicity to biota. This study examined the chemistry and ecotoxicity of pore water acquired from four soils that developed on the dumps in former As mining sites, in the presence and absence of forest litter collected from beech and spruce stands. Soils contained 1540-19600 mg/kg of As. Pore water was collected after 2, 7, 21 and 90 days of incubation, using MacroRhizon suction samplers. Its chemical analysis involved determination of pH, the concentrations of As, Cu and Pb (the elements with high enrichment factor Igeo>3), as well as metals considered most mobile: Cd, Zn and Mn. Ecotoxicity of pore water was examined in three bioassays: Microtox, MARA and Phytotox with Sinapis alba as test plant. The release of As, unlike heavy metals, was particularly intensive from the soils with neutral and alkaline pH. The concentrations of toxic elements in pore water were in broad ranges, up to dozens mg/L. The results of Phytotox had a poor precision, but their means correlated well with As concentrations in pore water, which indicates that As made a crucial factor of phytotoxicity. The outcomes of Microtox bioassay indicated poorer relationships between As concentrations and toxicity, and other factors contributed to ecotoxicity at very low and very high As concentrations. The highest toxicity was recorded from the soils treated with forest litter. MARA turned out to be not sensitive enough to give reproducible results in experimental conditions. The PCA analysis confirmed that the growth of microbes in MARA bioassay was poorly dependent on As and metals in pore water except for a yeast Pichia anomala (No 11). The results let us conclude that the bioassays Phytotox and Microtox can provide useful information on ecotoxicity of pore water in soils that develop on As-rich dumps whereas applicability of MARA in those conditions proved limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dradrach
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-350, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szopka
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Karczewska
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland.
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Godinho D, Nogueira M, Bernardo M, Dias D, Lapa N, Fonseca I, Pinto F. Recovery of Cr(III) by using chars from the co-gasification of agriculture and forestry wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22723-22735. [PMID: 31168718 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the efficiency of biochars obtained from the co-gasification of blends of rice husk + corn cob (biochar 50CC) and rice husk + eucalyptus stumps (biochar 50ES), as potential renewable low-cost adsorbents for Cr(III) recovery from wastewaters. The two gasification biochars presented a weak porous structure (ABET = 63-144 m2 g-1), but a strong alkaline character, promoted by a high content of mineral matter (59.8% w/w of ashes for 50CC biochar and 81.9% w/w for 50ES biochar). The biochars were used for Cr(III) recovery from synthetic solutions by varying the initial pH value (3, 4, and 5), liquid/solid (L/S) ratio (100-500 mL g-1), contact time (1-120 h), and initial Cr(III) concentration (10-150 mg L-1). High Cr(III) removal percentages (around 100%) were obtained for both biochars, due to Cr precipitation, at low L/S ratios (100 and 200 mL g-1), for the initial pH 5 and initial Cr concentration of 50 mg L-1. Under the experimental conditions in which other removal mechanisms rather than precipitation occurred, a higher removal percentage (49.9%) and the highest uptake capacity (6.87 mg g-1) were registered for 50CC biochar. In the equilibrium, 50ES biochar presented a Cr(III) removal percentage of 27% with a maximum uptake capacity of 2.58 mg g-1. The better performance on Cr(III) recovery for the biochar 50CC was attributed to its better textural properties, as well as its higher cation exchange capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Godinho
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Nogueira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Bernardo
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Diogo Dias
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lapa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Ed. Departamental, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Pinto
- Unidade de Bioenergia, Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Ed. J, 1649-038, Lisbon, Portugal
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Grenni P, Barra Caracciolo A, Mariani L, Cardoni M, Riccucci C, Elhaes H, Ibrahim MA. Effectiveness of a new green technology for metal removal from contaminated water. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Dabour K, Al Naggar Y, Masry S, Naiem E, Giesy JP. Cellular alterations in midgut cells of honey bee workers (Apis millefera L.) exposed to sublethal concentrations of CdO or PbO nanoparticles or their binary mixture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1356-1367. [PMID: 30360267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beside many beneficial applications in industry, agriculture and medicine, nanoparticles (NPs) released into the environment might cause adverse effects. In the present study, effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of PbO and CdO NPs, either separately or in combination on honey bee (A. mellifera) workers were assessed. Honey bee workers were fed sugar syrup contained (20% of LC50) of CdO (0.01 mg ml-1) and PbO (0.65 mg ml-1) NPs either separately or combined for nine days under laboratory conditions. Control bees were fed 1.5 M sucrose syrup without NPs. Effects on histological and cellular structure of mid gut cells were investigated using light and electron microscope. Percentages of incidence of apoptosis or/and necrosis in mid gut cells were also quantified by use of flow cytometry. Rapture of the peritrophic membrane (PM) was among the most observed histopathological alteration in bees fed sugar syrup contained CdO NPs separately or combined with PbO NPs. Common cytological alterations observed in epithelial cells were irregular distribution or/and condensation of nuclear chromatin, mitochondrial swelling and lysis, and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) dilation, fragmentation, and vesiculation and were quite similar in all treated groups compared to control. The greatest incidence (%) of necrosis was observed in bees fed the diet that contained CdO NPs alone. The greatest % of both apoptosis and necrosis was observed in bees fed sugar syrup spiked with sublethal concentrations of both metal oxide NPs. Joint action of the binary mixture of Cd and Pb oxide NPs on honey bees was concluded to be antagonistic. Collectively, exposure of honey bees to these metal oxide NPs even at sublethal concentrations will adversely affect viability of the colony and further studies are still required to determine the effects of these metal oxide NPs on behavior and pollination ecology of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Dabour
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Centre of Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Entomology Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Saad Masry
- Department of Plant Protection and Molecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation, Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), 21934 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsaied Naiem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5B3, Canada
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Mahamoud Ahmed A, Lyautey E, Bonnineau C, Dabrin A, Pesce S. Environmental Concentrations of Copper, Alone or in Mixture With Arsenic, Can Impact River Sediment Microbial Community Structure and Functions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1852. [PMID: 30158909 PMCID: PMC6104476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In many aquatic ecosystems, sediments are an essential compartment, which supports high levels of specific and functional biodiversity thus contributing to ecological functioning. Sediments are exposed to inputs from ground or surface waters and from surrounding watershed that can lead to the accumulation of toxic and persistent contaminants potentially harmful for benthic sediment-living communities, including microbial assemblages. As benthic microbial communities play crucial roles in ecological processes such as organic matter recycling and biomass production, we performed a 21-day laboratory channel experiment to assess the structural and functional impact of metals on natural microbial communities chronically exposed to sediments spiked with copper (Cu) and/or arsenic (As) alone or mixed at environmentally relevant concentrations (40 mg kg-1 for each metal). Heterotrophic microbial community responses to metals were evaluated both in terms of genetic structure (using ARISA analysis) and functional potential (using exoenzymatic, metabolic and functional genes analyses). Exposure to Cu had rapid marked effects on the structure and most of the functions of the exposed communities. Exposure to As had almost undetectable effects, possibly due to both lack of As bioavailability or toxicity toward the exposed communities. However, when the two metals were combined, certain functional responses suggested a possible interaction between Cu and As toxicity on heterotrophic communities. We also observed temporal dynamics in the functional response of sediment communities to chronic Cu exposure, alone or in mixture, with some functions being resilient and others being impacted throughout the experiment or only after several weeks of exposure. Taken together, these findings reveal that metal contamination of sediment could impact both the genetic structure and the functional potential of chronically exposed microbial communities. Given their functional role in aquatic ecosystems, it poses an ecological risk as it may impact ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayanleh Mahamoud Ahmed
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
- CARRTEL, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRA, Chambéry, France
- Centre de Recherche, Université de Djibouti, Djibouti, Djibouti
| | - Emilie Lyautey
- CARRTEL, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRA, Chambéry, France
| | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aymeric Dabrin
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Pesce
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
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Abbas M, Adil M, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Munir B, Yameen M, Ghaffar A, Shar GA, Asif Tahir M, Iqbal M. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1295-1309. [PMID: 29898537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay (VFBIA) has been widely applied for the monitoring of toxicity on account of multiple advantages encompassing shorter test duration, sensitive, cost-effective and ease of operation. Moreover, this bioassay found to be equally applicable to all types of matrices (organic & inorganic compounds, metals, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, landfill leachate, herbicides, treated wastewater etc.) for toxicity monitoring. This review highlights the apparent significance of Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicological screening and evaluation of diverse chemical substances toxicity profile. The biochemical and genetic basis of the bioluminescence assay and its regulatory mechanism have been concisely discussed. The basic test protocol with ongoing improvements, widespread applications, typical advantages and probable limitations of the assay have been overviewed. The sensitivity of VFBIA and toxicity bioassays has also been compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Abbas
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yameen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shar
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M Asif Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Wu S, Zhang X, Yang P, Li L, Tang S. Rapid detection and toxicity assessment of citreoviridin using luminescent Vibrio qinghaiensis
sp.-Q67 in drinking water. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shizheng Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Shuze Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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Chen SS, Sun Y, Tsang DCW, Graham NJD, Ok YS, Feng Y, Li XD. Potential impact of flowback water from hydraulic fracturing on agricultural soil quality: Metal/metalloid bioaccessibility, Microtox bioassay, and enzyme activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1419-1426. [PMID: 27913018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has advanced the development of shale gas extraction, while inadvertent spills of flowback water may pose a risk to the surrounding environment due to its high salt content, metals/metalloids (As, Se, Fe and Sr), and organic additives. This study investigated the potential impact of flowback water on four representative soils from shale gas regions in Northeast China using synthetic flowback solutions. The compositions of the solutions were representative of flowback water arising at different stages after fracturing well establishment. The effects of solution composition of flowback water on soil ecosystem were assessed in terms of metal mobility and bioaccessibility, as well as biological endpoints using Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) and enzyme activity tests. After one-month artificial aging of the soils with various flowback solutions, the mobility and bioaccessibility of As(V) and Se(VI) decreased as the ionic strength of the flowback solutions increased. The results inferred a stronger binding affinity of As(V) and Se(VI) with the soils. Nevertheless, the soil toxicity to Vibrio fischeri only presented a moderate increase after aging, while dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase activities were significantly suppressed with increasing ionic strength of flowback solutions. On the contrary, polyacrylamide in the flowback solutions led to higher dehydrogenase activity. These results indicated that soil enzyme activities were sensitive to the composition of flowback solutions. A preliminary human health risk assessment related to As(V) suggested a low level of cancer risk through exposure via ingestion, while holistic assessment of environmental implications is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Jacob RS, Santos LVDS, de Souza AFR, Lange LC. A toxicity assessment of 30 pharmaceuticals using Aliivibrio fischeri: a comparison of the acute effects of different formulations. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2760-2767. [PMID: 27020342 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1164249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Considerable quantities of different classes of drugs are consumed annually worldwide. These drugs, once disposed, often remain stable, even after conventional or advanced treatments. Although there have been a number of studies on the potential harm caused by drugs when released into the environment, few studies have investigated the toxicity of pharmaceutical excipients. In the present study, the acute toxicity of 30 drugs was tested to Aliivibrio fischeri. Ten different active ingredients were investigated, each in three distinct formulations: generic, similar and reference (brand drug). The aim of the study was to evaluate the harmful potential of drugs frequently sold in drugstores and to assess the contribution of excipients towards the observed acute toxicity. Within the 10 drugs evaluated, only one, dexchlorpheniramine maleate, was not toxic in any formulation. The toxicities of the three formulations were often different, even though the active ingredient has been the same. For some drugs, such as diazepam, glibenclamide, metformin, nimesulide, hydrochlorothiazide and simvastatin, only one or two of the three formulations tested were toxic to A. fischeri. These results highlight the toxicological potential of drug excipients, but not exclusively the toxicity of the active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sampaio Jacob
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Rodrigues de Souza
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Liséte Celina Lange
- a Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
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Pujol-Vila F, Vigués N, Guerrero-Navarro A, Jiménez S, Gómez D, Fernández M, Bori J, Vallès B, Riva M, Muñoz-Berbel X, Mas J. Paper-based chromatic toxicity bioassay by analysis of bacterial ferricyanide reduction. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kováts N, Horváth E. Bioluminescence-based assays for assessing eco- and genotoxicity of airborne emissions. LUMINESCENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia; Institute of Environmental Sciences; Egyetem Str. 10 H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Eszter Horváth
- University of Pannonia; Institute of Environmental Sciences; Egyetem Str. 10 H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
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26
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Fast and sensitive optical toxicity bioassay based on dual wavelength analysis of bacterial ferricyanide reduction kinetics. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tišler T, Erjavec B, Kaplan R, Şenilă M, Pintar A. Unexpected toxicity to aquatic organisms of some aqueous bisphenol A samples treated by advanced oxidation processes. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:29-37. [PMID: 26114268 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, photocatalytic and catalytic wet-air oxidation (CWAO) processes were used to examine removal efficiency of bisphenol A from aqueous samples over several titanate nanotube-based catalysts. Unexpected toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) samples treated by means of the CWAO process to some tested species was determined. In addition, the CWAO effluent was recycled five- or 10-fold in order to increase the number of interactions between the liquid phase and catalyst. Consequently, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis indicated higher concentrations of some toxic metals like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, silver, and zinc in the recycled samples in comparison to both the single-pass sample and the photocatalytically treated solution. The highest toxicity of five- and 10-fold recycled solutions in the CWAO process was observed in water fleas, which could be correlated to high concentrations of chromium, nickel, and silver detected in tested samples. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that aqueous samples treated by means of advanced oxidation processes should always be analyzed using (i) chemical analyses to assess removal of BPA and total organic carbon from treated aqueous samples, as well as (ii) a battery of aquatic organisms from different taxonomic groups to determine possible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tišler
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail:
| | - Boštjan Erjavec
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail:
| | - Renata Kaplan
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail:
| | - Marin Şenilă
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Albin Pintar
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: ; Centre of Excellence 'Low Carbon Technologies', Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rubinos DA, Calvo V, Iglesias L, Barral MT. Acute toxicity of arsenic to Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay) as influenced by potential competitive-protective agents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8631-8644. [PMID: 24705848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of some potential alleviative compounds against the acute toxicity of arsenic (As(V), As(III) and DMA(V)) on Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri), a bioluminescent model bacterium, through the Microtox bioassay. The compounds studied differed in their mechanism of action, and they included the following: phosphate and glycerol, as chemical analogues (and potential competitors) of As(V) or As(III), respectively; citrate, a weak natural organic ligand; and the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Special attention was paid to phosphate effects, a widespread pollutant in natural environments. As(V) was found to be more acutely toxic than As(III) to A. fischeri, in accordance with its higher interaction with the bacteria. Both As(V) and As(III) were found to be much more acutely toxic than DMA(V), which was essentially non-acutely toxic even at very high concentrations. Phosphate presence (at equimolar P/As ratios or higher) resulted in the almost total suppression of bioluminescence inhibition, suggesting it exerts an alleviative effect against As(V) acute toxicity on A. fischeri. Interestingly, the uptake and the percentage of extracellular As(V) were not affected by the addition of phosphate, suggesting that such protective effect does not result from the competition for their common transporters. In contrast, the acute toxicity of As(III) was essentially unaffected by phosphate. Glycerol did not decrease the acute toxicity or the uptake of As(III) by A. fischeri, denoting the likely occurrence of an additional mechanism for As(III) uptake in such bacteria. Similarly, citrate and ascorbic acid essentially did not caused alleviation of As(V) or As(III) acute toxicity. As for environmental and operational implications, P could beneficially protect aquatic microorganisms against acute detrimental effects of As(V), whilst its presence could mask the toxicity due to As(V) when assessed using the Microtox bioassay, thus leading to seriously underestimate the actual ecological and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rubinos
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
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Ge HL, Liu SS, Su BX, Qin LT. Predicting synergistic toxicity of heavy metals and ionic liquids on photobacterium Q67. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 268:77-83. [PMID: 24468529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Results from three mathematical approaches to predict the toxicity of uniform design mixtures of four heavy metals (HMs) including Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) and six ionic liquids (ILs) were compared to the observed toxicity of these mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. Single toxicity analysis indicated that the ILs had greater toxicity than the HMs. Combined toxicities of HMs and ILs were found to be synergistic. The combined toxicities were underestimated by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. However, the mixture toxicities were effectively predicted by the integrated CA with IA based on multiple linear regression model (ICIM). We propose that ICIM model can serve as a useful tool for predicting the toxicity of interactive mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bing-Xia Su
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Baran A, Tarnawski M. Phytotoxkit/Phytotestkit and Microtox® as tools for toxicity assessment of sediments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:19-27. [PMID: 24210349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use bioassays to evaluate the toxicity of pore water, sediments and sediments elutriates. Furthermore, a possible relationship between observed toxicity and results of chemical analysis was examined. Sediment (0-10 cm) samples were collected from 21 locations in Zeslawice reservoir, Southern Poland using an Ekman sampler. Toxicity assessment of the sediment and pore water samples was performed using direct-contact tests Phytotoxkit/Phytotestkit and Microtox®. Inhibition of seed germination in the test plants was from -25 to 38 percent for sediment and from 0 to 50 percent for pore water, whereas inhibition of root growth was within a range from -42 to 37 percent for sediment and from -49 to 37 percent for pore water. Depending on the sediments, Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition was from -18 to 40 percent for sediments elutriates and from -12 to 28 percent for pore water. The toxicity tests showed a positive correlation between metals and the root growth inhibition in Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba as well as the luminescence inhibition in V. fischeri. No significant correlations were found between the inhibition of luminescence and the phytotoxicity assays, so these analyses do not show a similar sensitivity to toxicants in the sediments. While estimating the sensitivity of the performed biotests, the highest number of toxic responses was recorded in the Microtox® test towards V. fischeri. Among the plant species, Sorghum saccharatum appears to be the most sensitive plant species. Most of the examined sediment samples (67 percent) were classified as class II (low-toxic samples, low acute hazard) and 33 percent of the examined samples were class I (no essential toxic effect, non-toxic sample, no acute hazard) in terms of toxicity. Most of the pore water samples (71 percent) were also classified as class II.
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Martí E, Sierra J, Cáliz J, Montserrat G, Vila X, Garau MA, Cruañas R. Ecotoxicity of Cr, Cd, and Pb on two Mediterranean soils. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:377-87. [PMID: 23212577 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three potentially toxic elements [chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)] were tested to assess their effects on two soils of different properties and origin. The soils were a granitic soil (Haplic Arenosol), which meets the requirements of OECD ecotoxicity testing, and a calcareous soil (Calcaric Regosol) with properties often found in the Mediterranean areas. The metal concentrations used ranged from 0.001 to 5,000 mg kg(-1) soil. The effects on soil microbial activity and community composition (respirometry and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis), as well as the effects on plant germination and elongation (Lactuca sativa), were assessed. The toxicity of the soil water extracts was also evaluated by the growth inhibition of algal populations (Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata). Cr showed the highest level of toxicity to soil organisms in the assays performed because this element remains in soil as anionic form and is less retained by the soil solid matrix than Cd and Pb. The lowest observed-adverse effect level for Cr ranged from approximately 0.1 mg kg(-1) [substrate induced respiration (SIR) test for the granitic soil] to 10 mg kg(-1) (basal respiration and SIR tests for the calcareous soil). For Pb (SIR) and Cd (SIR and alga tests), these levels were approximately 100 mg kg(-1). Germination and algal tests showed higher sensitivity in Regosol soil than in Arenosol soil for Cr due to differences in the bioavailability between the soils. In the cases or areas where alkaline soils are abundant, these should also be considered in laboratory ecotoxicity testing to avoid underestimation of ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Martí
- Laboratori d'Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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Mamindy-Pajany Y, Hurel C, Géret F, Galgani F, Battaglia-Brunet F, Marmier N, Roméo M. Arsenic in marine sediments from French Mediterranean ports: geochemical partitioning, bioavailability and ecotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2730-2736. [PMID: 23267728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates arsenic mobility, bioavailability and toxicity in marine port sediments using chemical sequential extraction and laboratory toxicity tests. Sediment samples were collected from two different Mediterranean ports, one highly polluted with arsenic and other inorganic and organic pollutants (Estaque port (EST)), and the other one, less polluted, with a low arsenic content (Saint Mandrier port (SM)). Arsenic distribution in the solid phase was studied using a sequential extraction procedure specifically developed for appraising arsenic mobility in sediments. Toxicity assessment was performed on sediment elutriates, solid phases and aqueous arsenic species as single substance using the embryo-toxicity test on oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) and the Microtox test with Vibrio fischeri. Toxicity results showed that all sediment samples presented acute and sub-chronic toxic effects on oyster larvae and bacteria, respectively. The Microtox solid phase test allow to discriminate As-contaminated samples from the less contaminated ones, suggesting that toxicity of whole sediment samples is related to arsenic content. Toxicity of dissolved arsenic species as single substance showed that Vibrio fischeri and oyster larvae are most sensitive to As(V) than As(III). The distribution coefficient (Kd) of arsenic in sediment samples was estimated using results obtained in chemical sequential extractions. The Kd value is greater in SM (450 Lkg(-1)) than in EST (55 Lkg(-1)), indicating that arsenic availability is higher for the most toxic sediment sample (Estaque port). This study demonstrates that arsenic speciation play an important role on arsenic mobility and its bioavailability in marine port sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes marins côtiers et réponses aux stress (ECOMERS/EA 4228), Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France.
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Roig N, Sierra J, Rovira J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Nadal M. In vitro tests to assess toxic effects of airborne PM(10) samples. Correlation with metals and chlorinated dioxins and furans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:791-797. [PMID: 23231889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation is an important exposure pathway to airborne pollutants such as heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and particulate matter. Chronic exposure to those chemicals, which form part of complex environmental mixtures, may mean important human health risks. In the present study, the suitability of different in vitro tests to evaluate the toxic effects of air PM(10) pollutants is investigated. In addition, it is also assessed how to distinguish the contribution of chemical pollutants to toxicity. Sixty-three air samples were collected in various areas of Catalonia (Spain), and the levels of ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated. Aqueous acidic extractions of quartz fiber filters, where PM(10) had been retained, were performed. The photo-luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) bioassay was performed to assess ecotoxicity. Moreover, MTT and Comet Assays, both using human lung epithelial cells A549 as target cells, were applied to assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of air samples, respectively. The results show that Microtox® is an excellent screening test to perform a first evaluation of air quality, as it presented a significant correlation with chemical contaminants, contrasting with MTT Assay. Although none of the samples exhibited genotoxicity, a high correlation was found between this in vitro test and carcinogenic agents. Urban samples from traffic-impacted areas would be significantly more toxic. Finally, environmental temperature was identified as a key parameter, as higher values of ecotoxicity were found in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Roig
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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SASAKI S, MOCHIZUKI M, IGARASHI M. Development of a Bioluminescent Bacteria Sheet for the Measurement of Oxygen Concentration. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:267-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi SASAKI
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Mika MOCHIZUKI
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Makoto IGARASHI
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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Sepehri M, Khodaverdiloo H, Zarei M. Fungi and Their Role in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33811-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Peraferrer C, Martínez M, Poch J, Villaescusa I. Toxicity of metal-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution as a function of chemical speciation: an approach for toxicity assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:484-494. [PMID: 22864588 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of complexation by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the toxicity of Cd(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) was investigated. Result of the Microtox test, which is based on measuring the decrease of light emitted by Vibrio fischeri bacterium when exposed to a toxicant, was used as an indication of toxicity. The effect of pH and EDTA molar ratio that might potentially modify the percentage of chemical species in solution on toxicity was evaluated. In general, results indicate that toxicity decreases when increasing the pH value as well as the EDTA molar ratio. Chemical modeling was used to predict metal speciation and correlation analysis to relate chemical species with the obtained toxicity results. The species that most contribute to toxicity resulted to be MeCl(+) (Me = metal), which is formed as a consequence of the presence of the bioassay medium (2 % NaCl). A model that predicts metal-solution toxicity by using the chemical species, which most contribute to toxicity is proposed as a useful tool for toxicity assessment in waters containing metal ions and EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peraferrer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politècnica Superior, Universitat de Girona, Gerona, Spain
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Ranjan R, Rastogi NK, Thakur MS. Development of immobilized biophotonic beads consisting of Photobacterium leiognathi for the detection of heavy metals and pesticide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 225-226:114-123. [PMID: 22626628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present communication deals with construction of immobilized robust biophotonic bead using P. leiognathi, a marine luminescent bacterium for their possible application in monitoring of environmental toxicants. Immobilization efficiency of agar, carrageenan and sodium alginate was evaluated separately in terms of luminescence response and was recorded as 30.3, 77.4 or 99.5%, respectively. Under optimized storage conditions, the luminescent response of P. leiognathi in the immobilized state was studied over a period of 30 days. These biophotonic beads were further used as a rapid and reliable optical biosensing tool for the detection of heavy metals [Hg(II), As(V) or Cd(II)] and pesticide [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)] in water systems. The concentration range for the detection of Hg(II), As(V), Cd(II) and 2,4-D was 2-32ppm, 4-128ppm, 16-512ppm and 100-600ppm, respectively, while corresponding sensitivity threshold was 2.0ppm, 4.0ppm, 16.0ppm and 100ppm. A comparison of inhibition constant (K(d)) (or EC(20)) values indicated that the sensitivity thresholds rank as Hg(II)>As(V)>Cd(II)>2,4-D. Moreover, the time taken for the detection of heavy metals and pesticide was less than 30min. Using the bioluminescence inhibition method, the concentration of heavy metals and pesticide could be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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Foreman AL, Phillips L, Kanellis VG, Hammoudeh D, Naumann C, Wong H, Chisari R, Hibbert DB, Lee GSH, Patra R, Julli M, Chapman J, Cooke AR, dos Remedios CG. A DNA-based assay for toxic chemicals in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:1810-1818. [PMID: 21560144 DOI: 10.1002/etc.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicants, particularly metal ions, are a major contaminant in global waterways. Live-organism bioassays used to monitor chemical toxicants commonly involve measurements of activity or survival of a freshwater cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia) or light emitted by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, used in the commercial Microtox® bioassay. Here we describe a novel molecule-based assay system employing DNA as the chemical biosensor. Metals bind to DNA, causing structural changes that expel a bound (intercalated) fluorescent reporter dye. Analyses of test data using 48 wastewater samples potentially contaminated by metal ions show that the DNA-dye assay results correlate with those from C. dubia and Microtox bioassays. All three assays exhibit additive, antagonistic, and synergistic responses that cannot be predicted by knowing individual metal concentrations. Analyses of metals in these samples imply the presence of chemical toxicants other than metal ions. The DNA-dye assay is robust, has a 12-month shelf life, and is only slightly affected by sample pH in the range 4 to 9. The assay is completed in a matter of minutes, and its portability makes it well suited as a screening assay for use in the field. We conclude that the DNA-dye test is a surrogate bioassay suitable for screening chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Foreman
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Martí E, Sierra J, Cáliz J, Montserrat G, Vila X, Garau MA, Cruañas R. Ecotoxicity of chlorophenolic compounds depending on soil characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2707-16. [PMID: 21531445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three chlorophenolic compounds (2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) were tested to assess their effects on two soils with different properties: a granitic soil (Haplic Arenosol) and a calcareous one (Calcaric Regosol). Different concentrations of the pollutants (ranging from 0.001 to 10,000 mg kg(-1) soil, d.w.) were assayed for their effects on soil microbial activity and composition, using manometric respirometry and PCR-DGGE analysis, respectively. Other ecotoxicity tests such as Lactuca sativa seedling growth in the contaminated soils and algal growth inhibition (Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata) in their water extracts were done. The behaviour of the pollutants in the soils with respect to biodegradability and volatilization was also investigated. In the Haplic Arenosol, volatilization is the main process affecting 2-chlorophenol. Degradation and fixation of this compound in the soil matrix are favored in the Calcaric Regosol. This is the least toxic pollutant assayed. For 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, the soil pH is a critical parameter in the toxicity assays due to the neutral pKa of the compound. It is toxic in the soil microbial activity assay, but some recovery of the biotic processes can be observed, particularly in the Calcaric Regosol. This compound is more toxic in the Haplic Arenosol than in the Calcaric Regosol. Pentachlorophenol is ionized in both soils due to its low pKa, increasing its water solubility. It is highly toxic to the soil microbiota, thus inhibiting respiration, biodegradation and other biotic dissipation processes. Plant and alga tests, were more sensitive than soil microbial tests, except for PCP. The microbial populations tend to show changes at lower concentrations than the microbial activity. Some soil types (abundant in the Mediterranean area), with alkaline pH and fine textures could show higher level of ecotoxicity for ionizable organic pollutants than the soil type recommended by the OECD in ecotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Martí
- Laboratori d'Edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain.
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Asano T, Wang PC, Iwasaki A. Spectrophotometric detection of labile zinc(II) released from metallothionein: A simple method to evaluate heavy metal toxicity. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sasaki S, Mori Y, Ogawa M, Funatsuka S. Spatio-Temporal Control of Bacterial-Suspension Luminescence Using a PDMS Cell. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.10we137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuke Mori
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology
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Elgh-Dalgren K, Arwidsson Z, Camdzija A, Sjöberg R, Ribé V, Waara S, Allard B, von Kronhelm T, van Hees PAW. Laboratory and pilot scale soil washing of PAH and arsenic from a wood preservation site: changes in concentration and toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:1033-1040. [PMID: 19699582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing of a soil with a mixture of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and As was evaluated in laboratory and pilot scale, utilizing both single and mixtures of different additives. The highest level of decontamination was achieved with a combination of 0.213 M of the chelating agent MGDA and 3.2 x CMC* of a non-ionic, alkyl glucoside surfactant at pH 12 (Ca(OH)(2)). This combination managed to reach Swedish threshold values within 1 0 min of treatment when performed at elevated temperature (50 degrees C), with initial contaminant concentrations of As=105+/-4 mg/kg and US-EPA PAH(16)=46.0+/-2.3mg/kg. The main mechanisms behind the removal were the pH effect for As and a combination of SOM ionization as a result of high pH and micellar solubilization for PAHs. Implementation of the laboratory results utilizing a pilot scale equipment did not improve the performance, which may be due to the shorter contact time between the washing solution and the particles, or changes in physical characteristics of the leaching solution due to the elevated pressure utilized. The ecotoxicological evaluation, Microtox, demonstrated that all soil washing treatments increased the toxicity of soil leachates, possibly due to increased availability of contaminants and toxicity of soil washing solutions to the test organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elgh-Dalgren
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden.
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43
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Abstract
AbstractThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensitivity of two bacterial tests commonly used in metal toxicity screening — the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test and the Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition test — in comparison to the standard acute Daphnia magna test, and to estimate applicability of the selected methods to the toxicity testing of environmental samples. The D. magna acute test proved to be more sensitive to cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) than the two bacterial assays, whereas P. putida seems to be the most sensitive species to lead (Pb). Manganese appears to be slightly toxic to D. magna and non-toxic to the two selected bacteria. This leads to the conclusion that even in regions with high background concentrations, manganese would not act as a confounding factor. Low sensitivity of V. fischeri to heavy metals questions its applicability as the first screening method in assessing various environmental samples. Therefore, it is not advisable to replace D. magna with bacterial species for metal screening tests. P. putida, V. fischeri and/or other bacterial tests should rather be applied in a complex battery of ecotoxicological tests, as their tolerance to heavy metals can unravel other potentially present toxic substances and mixtures, undetectable by metal-sensitive species.
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Saddoud A, Abdelkafi S, Sayadi S. Effects of domestic wastewater toxicity on anaerobic membrane-bioreactor (MBR) performances. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2009; 30:1361-1369. [PMID: 20088200 DOI: 10.1080/09593330903100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated for 367 days to treat domestic wastewater originating from the Sfax wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the MBR was not very efficient because of the considerable fluctuations in the domestic wastewater composition and the presence of toxic compounds resulting from the industrial effluents in the Sfax region. The acute toxicity tests used for this purpose were the LUMIStox test with the luminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the phytotoxicity test with Lepidium sativum. The results of these tests showed that the Sfax wastewaters were highly toxic. The rate of inhibition of Vibrio fischeri ranged from 11.7% to 95%. In all the samples tested, the germination index was less than 15%, as compared with the 100% germination index obtained with distilled water. In addition, the fact that the tendency towards microtoxicity and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased during the day, when industrial activities are most intense, confirms that these wastewaters are particularly toxic during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Saddoud
- Laboratoire des Bioprocédés, Pôle d'Excellence Régionale AUF, (PER-LBP), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Kungolos A, Emmanouil C, Tsiridis V, Tsiropoulos N. Evaluation of toxic and interactive toxic effects of three agrochemicals and copper using a battery of microbiotests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4610-4615. [PMID: 19447473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three commonly used test organisms of different trophic levels (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna) were exposed to selected agrochemicals (fosthiazate, metalaxyl-M, imidacloprid) and copper, in single doses or in binary mixtures. The toxicity of each single compound varied up to two orders of magnitude, depending on the test species examined. V. fischeri was the most sensitive test organism regarding fosthiazate and metalaxyl-M, indicating an IC(50) value of 0.20 mg/L (0.17-0.25 mg/L) and 0.88 mg/L (0.35-1.57 mg/L), respectively. Imidacloprid was the least toxic compound, indicating an EC(50) value on D. magna of 64.6 mg/L (43.3-122.5 mg/L) and an IC(50) value on V. fischeri of 226 mg/L (159-322 mg/L), while for imidacloprid at a concentration of 1000 mg/L the effect on P. subcapitata was lower than 50%. Copper was the most toxic compound towards all test organisms exhibiting the highest toxic effect on P. subcapitata, with an IC(50) value of 0.05 mg/L (0.003-0.008 mg/L). The toxic effects of the binary mixtures have been compared to the theoretically expected effect, resulting from a simple mathematical model based on the theory of probabilities. The independent action model was used in order to predict the theoretically expected effect. The interactive effects were mostly antagonistic or additive, while in few cases (interactive effects of metalaxyl-M and copper on V. fischeri) a synergistic mode of action was observed for some concentration combinations. Experiments showed that interactive effects of chemicals may vary depending on the test species used as well as on the chemicals and their respective concentrations. Although most of the concentrations of chemicals tested in this study are higher than the ones usually found in natural environment, the evaluation of their interactive toxic effects using a battery of bioassays may comprise a useful tool for the estimation of the environmental hazard of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kungolos
- Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334, Volos, Greece
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Vouitsis E, Ntziachristos L, Pistikopoulos P, Samaras Z, Chrysikou L, Samara C, Papadimitriou C, Samaras P, Sakellaropoulos G. An investigation on the physical, chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of particulate matter emitted from light-duty vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2320-2327. [PMID: 19386405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) emitted from three light-duty vehicles was studied in terms of its physicochemical and ecotoxicological character using Microtox bioassay tests. A diesel vehicle equipped with an oxidation catalyst emitted PM which consisted of carbon species at over 97%. PM from a diesel vehicle with a particle filter (DPF) consisted of almost equal amounts of carbon species and ions, while a gasoline vehicle emitted PM consisting of approximately 90% carbon and approximately 10% ions. Both the DPF and the gasoline vehicles produced a distinct nucleation mode at 120 km/h. The PM emitted from the DPF and the gasoline vehicles was less ecotoxic than that of conventional diesel, but not in direct proportion to the emission levels of the different vehicles. These results indicate that PM emission reductions are not equally translated into ecotoxicity reductions, implying some deficiencies on the actual environmental impact of emission control technologies and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Vouitsis
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Liu C, Sun T, Xu X, Dong S. Direct toxicity assessment of toxic chemicals with electrochemical method. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 641:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Macken A, Giltrap M, Ryall K, Foley B, McGovern E, McHugh B, Davoren M. A test battery approach to the ecotoxicological evaluation of cadmium and copper employing a battery of marine bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:470-480. [PMID: 19283472 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are ubiquitous contaminants of the marine environment and can accumulate and persist in sediments. The toxicity of metal contaminants in sediments to organisms is dependent on the bioavailability of the metals in both the water and sediment phases and the sensitivity of the organism to the metal exposure. This study investigated the effects of two metal contaminants of concern (CdCl(2) and CuCl(2)) on a battery of marine bioassays employed for sediment assessment. Cadmium, a known carcinogen and widespread marine pollutant, was found to be the least toxic of the two assayed metals in all in vivo tests. However, CdCl(2) was found to be more toxic to the fish cell lines PLHC-1 and RTG-2 than CuCl(2). Tisbe battagliai was the most sensitive species to both metals and the Microtox and cell lines were the least sensitive (cadmium was found to be three orders of magnitude less toxic to Vibrio fischeri than to T. battagliai). The sensitivity of Tetraselmis suecica to the two metals varied greatly. Marine microalgae are among the organisms that can tolerate higher levels of cadmium. This hypothesis is demonstrated in this study where it was not possible to derive an EC(50) value for CdCl(2) and the marine prasinophyte, T. suecica. Conversely, CuCl(2) was observed to be highly toxic to the marine alga, EC(50) of 1.19 mg l(-1). The genotoxic effect of Cu on the marine phytoplankton was evaluated using the Comet assay. Copper concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.50 mg l(-1) were used to evaluate the effects. DNA damage was measured as percent number of comets and normal cells. There was no significant DNA damage observed at any concentration of CuCl(2) tested and no correlation with growth inhibition and genetic damage was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailbhe Macken
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Institute, DIT, Dublin, Ireland.
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Effects of heavy metal contamination upon soil microbes: lead-induced changes in general and denitrifying microbial communities as evidenced by molecular markers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 5:450-6. [PMID: 19151442 PMCID: PMC3700007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a common environmental contaminant found in soils. Unlike other metals, Pb has no biological role, and is potentially toxic to microorganisms. Effects of low (1 ppm) and high (500–2000) levels of lead (Pb) upon the soil microbial community was investigated by the PCR/DGGE analysis of the 16S and nirK gene markers, indicative of general microbial community and denitrifying community, respectively. Community analysis by use of those markers had shown that Pb has detectable effects upon the community diversity even at the lowest concentration tested. Analysis of sample diversity and similarity between the samples suggested that there are several thresholds crossed as metal concentration increase, each causing a substantial change in microbial diversity. Preliminary data obtained in this study suggest that the denitrifying microbial community adapts to elevated levels of Pb by selecting for metal-resistant forms of nitrite reductases.
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50
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Antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines and toxicity test on Mediterranean dietary plants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3325-32. [PMID: 18768152 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. cardunculus on C32 and ACHN cell lines with IC(50) of 21 and 18 microg/ml, respectively. Mentha aquatica showed a selective antiproliferative activity on breast cancer while significant activity was exerted by Cichorium intybus on melanoma. These species contained the highest amount of phenolics. The acute toxicity of the hydroalcohol extracts from all the plants were evaluated by using the Microtox acute toxicity test. This bacterial test measures the decrease in light emission from the marine luminescent Vibrio fischeri bacteria when exposed to organic extracts. This inhibition test was revealed to be highly sensitive, cost effective and easy to operate, requiring just 15 min to predict the sample toxicity. All the extracts analyzed resulted to give values very less than a limit of 20% value, demonstrating so an irrelevant toxicity for the human health. In contrast, Echium vulgare and Malva sylvestris showed bioluminescence inhibition values of 19.42% and 17.32%, respectively, just under the established limit.
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