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Study on the Source Profile Characteristics of Carbon Plant. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the background of carbon neutrality, carbon emissions are basked in the attention. As a significant source of carbon emissions, the emission characteristics of carbon plant should be known. Particulate matter in flue gas was collected in a carbon plant in Tongliao. The chemical components in PM10 and PM2.5 were analyzed, and source profile of carbon plant was established. The results showed that the mass fractions of EC, Ca, Ca2+, S, Al, Si and Fe were higher in particles than other components. The chemical marker of carbon plant was EC, and the trace carbonaceous components of carbon plant were EC1 and EC2, which were very different from other carbon emission sources. In the absence of other chemical composition information, eight carbonaceous components can be used to identify the sources of particle.
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Khan C, Rehman MYA, Malik RN. Metal biomonitoring using fractioned dust to investigate urinary and oxidative stress biomarkers among occupationally exposed chromite mine workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31164-31179. [PMID: 35006571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals has been associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) among exposed individuals in occupational and environmental settings. Dust is considered a significant contributor to airborne metal exposure, and previous data suggest that their levels in dust may vary based on its particle sizes. However, no biomonitoring study has been reported so far to address the metal-induced oxidative stress using different dust fractions, particularly in occupational settings. We designed a systematic cross-sectional study involving 110 chromite mine workers stratified into loaders (n = 28), extractors (n = 47) and operators (n = 35), and controls (n = 30) to find out the association between dust-bound metal exposure and oxidative stress using urinary creatinine-adjusted metal level as a biomarker of metal exposure. Results suggested elevated urinary levels of Cr 51.34 ± 8.6 along with Pb 34.29 ± 4.39, Cd 21.1 ± 2.6, and Ni 18.98 ± 3.01 µg/g creatinine in exposed (extractor group) workers. Correlating metal levels with oxidative stress revealed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of 62.28 ± 5.52 nM/dl among the extractors showing high levels of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also found significantly correlated (P = 0.000) with urinary toxic metal levels among exposed workers. We report the association between metal exposure and oxidative stress in exposed mining workers that may give rise to workers' susceptibility towards genetic and non-genetic health implications. The current study emphasized on the need for exposure control measures in the chromite ore mining activity areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changaiz Khan
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Lin Q, Dai W, Chen JQ, Jin Y, Yang Y, Wang YY, Zhang BF, Fan JM, Lou LP, Shen ZG, Shen CF, Mao JD. Airborne lead: A vital factor influencing rice lead accumulation in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128169. [PMID: 34979386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, lead (Pb) in rice grains has been thought to be mostly derived from soil, and the contribution of aerosol Pb remains so far unknown. Based on a meta-analysis, we surprisingly found rice Pb content decreased proportionally with urban atmospheric Pb concentrations in major rice-growing provinces in China during 2001-2015, suggestive of the strong influence of long-range Pb transport on agricultural environment. With the combination of field survey, field experiment, as well as a predictive model, we confirmed high contribution of atmospheric exposure to rice grain Pb in China. We for the first time developed a predictive mathematical model which revealed that aerosol Pb accumulation ratios of rice grains were related to both grain weight and accumulation types. We successfully predicted the national-scale rice Pb in China on the basis of the public data of urban PM2.5 from 19 rice-growing provinces and proposed a seasonal atmospheric Pb limit of 0.20 µg m-3 based on the safe threshold level of Pb in rice, which was much lower than the current limit of 1 µg m-3 set in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China.
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Jun-Qiao Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Yi-Yi Wang
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310007, PR China
| | - Bao-Feng Zhang
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310007, PR China
| | - Jia-Ming Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Zhen-Guo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Chao-Feng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, PR China
| | - Jing-Dong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
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Zhang X, Eto Y, Aikawa M. Risk assessment and management of PM 2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148748. [PMID: 34328942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sampling campaign of PM2.5 was carried out in Kitakyushu City on the western edge of Japan from 2013 to 2019, and 29 heavy metals loaded in PM2.5 were measured in this study. During the whole sampling period, the PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 6.3 μg·m-3 to 57.5 μg·m-3, with a median value of 21.3 μg·m-3, and the sum concentration of heavy metals only accounted for 3%. According to the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis, it can be known that Se, Mo, Pb, As, Zn, W, Sb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, and Cs were mainly from anthropogenic sources, which had EF values larger than 10 and Igeo values larger than 0. The comprehensive ecological risk index for these 12 anthropogenic metals was far greater than 600. This large index showed severe metal pollution and very high ecological risk in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan, which should be paid great attention. The human health assessment result further revealed that children living at the sampling site faced severe non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 7.8) and moderate carcinogenic risk (CR = 1.2 × 10-4), and oral ingestion was basically the most important exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The priority control metals included Mo, Se, As, Pb, Sb, and Cr; moreover, the concentration-weighted trajectory analysis (CWT) indicated that Mo, Sb, and Cr were from ship emissions because some shipping routes around the Kyushu area were identified as their potential pollution source regions, while Se, As, and Pb were carried by the air masses from the Asian landmass. Overall, although the PM2.5 concentration in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan was not high, the heavy metal risk cannot be overlooked; it is necessary to strengthen the source control of high-risk metals and raise public protection awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yuko Eto
- Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, City of Kitakyushu, 1-2-1 Shin-ike, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0082, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Eivazzadeh M, Hassanvand MS, Faridi S, Gholampour A. Source apportionment and deposition of dustfall-bound trace elements around Tabriz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59403-59415. [PMID: 33405106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The monthly and spatial variations of atmospheric dustfall (DF) and their elemental components were determined. The DF sampling was performed using the ASTM method D-1739 from April 2017 to March 2018 in four urban and suburb sampling sites around Tabriz, Iran. The ICP-OES was utilized for the determination of the elemental components of DF.The results showed that the level of DF varied from 1.3 to 27.6 (8.0 ± 3.4) g/m2.month during the sampling period, and the level of DF was higher in warm seasons than cold seasons. Also, it was revealed that the mean DF has a direct and significant relationship with temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity.The elements of Fe (11,997-17,093 mg/Kg and 71-81%) and Al (2903-6852 mg/Kg and 14-25%), which are the main elements of the Earth crust, were the dominant metals of DF among the analyzed elements. The lowest average value of the enrichment factor (EF) was for Al and was < 1, while the highest EF belonged to Hg, Pb, Cu, Sr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cr, which were > 10 in all the sites, indicating that anthropogenic emission sources spread a considerable amount of trace elements in DF compared to the Lake Urmia bed or soil. The EF values for various elements (except than Cu and Hg) in cold seasons considerably increased compared to warm seasons.In all the study sites, Fe (540-1307 mg/m2.yr) had the highest deposition rates among the metals. This study revealed that the Earth crust is the main source of DF in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Eivazzadeh
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Abdullah SNF, Ismail A, Juahir H, Lananan F, Hashim NM, Ariffin N, Mohd TAT. Estimation of rainwater harvesting by the reflectance of the purity index of rainfall. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35613-35627. [PMID: 33666850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting is an effective alternative practice, particularly within urban regions, during periods of water scarcity and dry weather. The collected water is mostly utilized for non-potable household purposes and irrigation. However, due to the increase in atmospheric pollutants, the quality of rainwater has gradually decreased. This atmospheric pollution can damage the climate, natural resources, biodiversity, and human health. In this study, the characteristics and physicochemical properties of rainfall were assessed using a qualitative approach. The three-year (2017-2019) data on rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia were analysed via multivariate techniques. The physicochemical properties of the rainfall yielded six significant factors, which encompassed 61.39% of the total variance as a result of industrialization, agriculture, transportation, and marine factors. The purity of rainfall index (PRI) was developed based on subjective factor scores of the six factors within three categories: good, moderate, and bad. Of the 23 variables measured, 17 were found to be the most significant, based on the classification matrix of 98.04%. Overall, three different groups of similarities that reflected the physicochemical characteristics were discovered among the rain gauge stations: cluster 1 (good PRI), cluster 2 (moderate PRI), and cluster 3 (bad PRI). These findings indicate that rainwater in Peninsular Malaysia was suitable for non-potable purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Fazillah Abdullah
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azimah Ismail
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Innovative Design & Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Hafizan Juahir
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fathurrahman Lananan
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nor Muzlinda Hashim
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Muadzam Shah Polytechnic, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26700, Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nadiana Ariffin
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Kuala Terengganu Polytechnic, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 20200, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Azman Tengku Mohd
- Kuala Terengganu Polytechnic, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 20200, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Boreddy SKR, Hegde P, Aswini AR. Geochemical characteristics of trace elements in size-resolved coastal urban aerosols associated with distinct air masses over tropical peninsular India: Size distributions and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142967. [PMID: 33143921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements in atmospheric particulate matter play a significant role in air quality, health and biogeochemical cycles. The present study reports on geochemical characteristics of size-resolved trace elements in PM10 aerosols collected under different air masses over a coastal urban location in peninsular India. A contrast in elemental distribution was observed for the particle size above 7.0 μm and below 1.1 μm under the influence of northeasterly air masses as characterized by Al > Fe > Zn and Fe > Al > Zn, respectively. The concentrations of the crustal elements (Al, Fe, Ti, P, Ba, Co) were high and illustrated by a unimodal size distribution with a peak in coarse mode (>2.0 μm) during northwesterly air masses. On the other hand, combustion-derived metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Pb) were maximized under northeasterly air masses, characterized by unimodal size distribution with a peak in fine mode (<2.0 μm). The enrichment factor (EF) analysis reveals the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to Cd, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, and Sn metals, particularly to the high enrichment of trace metals in fine mode. These results suggest that crustal emissions are major sources of trace metals in coarse mode aerosols; whereas combustion derived anthropogenic emissions contribute to the fine mode aerosols. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis revealed that crustal sources (52-90%) were most abundant for particles >7.0 μm, whereas combustion related emissions such as vehicular and traffic sources are predominant for particles <1.1 μm. The present study demonstrates that trace metals in coastal urban aerosols are affected by changes in emission sources/strengths and regional transport of air masses originated from the northeasterly and northwesterly parts of the tropical Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
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PM 2.5 and Trace Elements in Underground Shopping Districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18010297. [PMID: 33401562 PMCID: PMC7795881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured PM2.5 in 41 underground shopping districts (USDs) in the Seoul metropolitan area from June to November 2017, and associated 18 trace elements to determine the sources and assess the respiratory risks. The PM2.5 concentrations were 18.0 ± 8.0 μg/m3 inside USDs, which were lower than 25.2 ± 10.6 μg/m3 outside. We identified five sources such as indoor miscellanea, soil dust, vehicle exhaust/cooking, coal combustion, and road/subway dust, using factor analysis. Almost 67% of the total trace element concentration resulted from soil dust. Soil dust contribution increased with the number of stores because of fugitive dust emissions due to an increase in passers-by. Vehicle exhaust/cooking contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were closed, whereas coal combustion contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were open. Although miscellanea and coal combustion contributions were 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively, among five elements with cancer risk, Cr and Ni were included in miscellanea, and Pb, Cd, and As were included in coal combustion. The excess cancer risk (ECR) was the highest at 67 × 10-6 for Cr, and the ECR for Pb was lower than 10-6, a goal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for hazardous air pollutants.
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Das A, Habib G, Perumal V, Kumar A. Estimating seasonal variations of realistic exposure doses and risks to organs due to ambient particulate matter -bound metals of Delhi. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127451. [PMID: 32673876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to calculate deposition of PM2.5 -bound hazardous metals in different organs after inhalation of particulate matter for the Delhi (India), and to estimate risks to organs following inhalation. Bio-accessible fractions of three PM-associated carcinogenic metals (As, Pb &Cd) were calculated using the metal values in simulated lung fluids. Depositions of metals in different organs were calculated using an integrated model consists of HRT and PBPK models. The calculation indicates that the major or significant deposition of metal Pb occurs in tissues, such as bone, muscle and blood. Most of the depositions of Cd happens in lung whereas most of the depositions of As happens in lung, muscle and skin. Most of the deposition of studied metals was found in lung (45% for arsenic and 70% for cadmium of their bio -dissolved contents). The following order of depositions of metals in different tissues were found (from highest deposition to smallest deposition): As: Lung > muscle = liver; Pb: bone > blood > muscle; Cd: lung > intestine. The combined exposures of PM2.5 and its associated metals were found to give interaction-based hazard index greater than 1 for several months of the year, indicating a chance of health risk. Hazard quotient (HQ) <1 was seen for ingestion and dermal pathways, indicating no cause of concern. Findings indicate the need for doing periodic monitoring and estimating deposition doses and exposure risks of PM-associated metals to lungs and other organs for protecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Vivekanandan Perumal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
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Tan Q, Ma J, Zhou M, Wang D, Wang B, Nie X, Mu G, Zhang X, Chen W. Heavy metals exposure, lipid peroxidation and heart rate variability alteration: Association and mediation analyses in urban adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111149. [PMID: 32829210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals was reported to be associated with heart rate variability (HRV) alteration. However, possible pathway of such association remains unclear. In this research, we investigated the possible role of lipid peroxidation in the associations between urinary heavy metals and HRV. We performed a cross-sectional study using baseline data of Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Urinary heavy metals (including lead, barium, antimony, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese), urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α levels (common biomarker for lipid peroxidation) and HRV indices (SDNN, r-MSSD, low frequency, high frequency and total power) were measured among 3022 participants. We conducted multivariable linear regression models to quantify associations between urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and heavy metals or HRV indices. The potential role of 8-iso-PGF2α in the association of urinary heavy metals with HRV was evaluated through mediation analyses. After adjusting for potential confounders, urinary manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, antimony and barium were identified to be negatively associated with one or more HRV parameters. Each one-unit growth of log-transformed levels of urinary manganese, iron, copper, zinc, antimony and barium was associated with a 1.9%, 1.5%, 4.7%, 4.0%, 2.7% and 1.3% decrease in SDNN, respectively. We observed positive dose-response relationships between all eight urinary heavy metals and 8-iso-PGF2α, as well as negative association of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α with SDNN and total power (all P trend<0.05). The proportions mediated by 8-iso-PGF2α on SDNN were 4.6% for manganese, 9.3% for iron, 19.8% for antimony and 11.0% for barium. The proportions mediated by 8-iso-PGF2α on total power were 6.9% for manganese and 10.1% for cadmium (all P value < 0.05). This study suggested that urinary manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, antimony and barium were negatively associated with HRV indices. Lipid peroxidation may partly mediate the associations of urinary manganese, iron, cadmium, antimony and barium with specific HRV indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyou Tan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiuquan Nie
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ge Mu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Rohra H, Pipal AS, Tiwari R, Vats P, Masih J, Khare P, Taneja A. Particle size dynamics and risk implication of atmospheric aerosols in South-Asian subcontinent. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126140. [PMID: 32065995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Presented here are size-resolved aerosol measurements conducted using cascade impactor set at breathing zone in indoor-outdoor residential microenvironments. PM2.5 contributed about 64-80% of PM10 in which over 29% of mass was shared by PM0.25. Total PM concentration varied from 261 ± 22 μg/m3 (indoors) to 256 ± 64 μg/m3 (outdoors) annually; whilst summer and monsoon demonstrated 1.2- and 1.9- times lower concentration than winters. The measured metals ranged between 9% (in PM2.5-10) to 18% (in PM1-2.5) of aerosol concentration; whereby crustal elements dominated coarse fractions with relatively higher proportion of toxic elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni) in ultrafine range. Considering lognormal particle size distribution (PSD), accumulation mode represented the main surface area during entire monitoring period (Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) < 1). PSD of metal species reflected their different emission sources with respect to season integrated samples. High air exchange conditions permitted the shift of indoor PSD pattern closer to that of outdoor air while low ventilation in winters reflected modal shift of metals (Pb, Mg. K) towards larger size particles. Relative surge towards smaller diameter size of soluble metal fraction relative to the total concentration of toxic elements was noted on an annual basis with high infiltration capacity of smaller size particulates (Finf =1.36 for ultrafine particles in summers) identified through indoor-outdoor regression analysis. Principal Component Analysis identified sources such as vehicular traffic, combustion, crustal emission with activities viz. smoking and those involving use of electric appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Rohra
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - Atar S Pipal
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre of Atmospheric Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Jamson Masih
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai, 400007, India.
| | - Puja Khare
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
| | - Ajay Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, 282002, India.
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12
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Di Ciaula A, Gentilini P, Diella G, Lopuzzo M, Ridolfi R. Biomonitoring of Metals in Children Living in an Urban Area and Close to Waste Incinerators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061919. [PMID: 32187971 PMCID: PMC7143875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of waste incinerators is usually examined by measuring environmental pollutants. Biomonitoring has been limited, until now, to few metals and to adults. We explored accumulation of a comprehensive panel of metals in children free-living in an urban area hosting two waste incinerators. Children were divided by georeferentiation in exposed and control groups, and toenail concentrations of 23 metals were thereafter assessed. The percentage of children having toenail metal concentrations above the limit of detection was higher in exposed children than in controls for Al, Ba, Mn, Cu, and V. Exposed children had higher absolute concentrations of Ba, Mn, Cu, and V, as compared with those living in the reference area. The Tobit regression identified living in the exposed area as a significant predictor of Ba, Ni, Cu, Mn, and V concentrations, after adjusting for covariates. The concentrations of Ba, Mn, Ni, and Cu correlated with each other, suggesting a possible common source of emission. Exposure to emissions derived from waste incinerators in an urban setting can lead to body accumulation of specific metals in children. Toenail metal concentration should be considered a noninvasive and adequate biomonitoring tool and an early warning indicator which should integrate the environmental monitoring of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie (ASL BAT), 76011 Bisceglie, Italy
- International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.R.)
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Gentilini
- International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Giusy Diella
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Study of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Marco Lopuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Study of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Ruggero Ridolfi
- International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.R.)
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13
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Bi C, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Li Q, Zhou Q, Ye Z, Ge X. Characteristics, sources and health risks of toxic species (PCDD/Fs, PAHs and heavy metals) in PM 2.5 during fall and winter in an industrial area. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124620. [PMID: 31472354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Particulate toxic species, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals may have significant health risks. This study investigated characteristics, sources and health risks of all three classes of toxic species in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples collected at an industrial area in Changzhou, a big city in the Yangtze Delta region of China. Fourteen heavy metals altogether constituted 2.87% of PM2.5 mass, with Fe, Al and Zn as the major elements. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that heavy metals came from four sources: vehicles, industry, crustal dust, mixed coal combustion and industrial process. The daily average concentration of 18 PAHs was 235.29 ng/m3, accounting for 0.21% of PM2.5 mass. The dominant PAHs were high molecular weight ones, contributing 73.5% to the total PAHs. Diagnostic analyses indicated that sources of PAHs included vehicle/coal combustion and petroleum emissions, wherein diesel emission played a more important role than gasoline emission. PCA showed that the largest contributor of PAHs was vehicle exhaust mixed with coal combustion, followed by three industry-related sources. Total concentration of 17 PCDD/Fs varied between 3.14 and 37.07 pg/m3, with an average of 14.58 pg/m3. The 10 PCDFs accounted for 70.5% of total concentration of 17 PCDD/Fs. Health risk assessments showed that the carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was acceptable, while risks from PAHs and PCDD/Fs cannot be ignored. Back trajectory analysis indicated that local/regional transported air masses from northern China was the major source areas of the toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglu Bi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Yantong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Quanfa Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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14
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Lopes Costa SS, Alves JC, Almeida TS, Ribeiro VS, Azzolin Frescura Bascuñan VL, Andrade Maranhão T, Borges Garcia CA, Olímpio da Rocha G, Oliveira Araujo RG. Seasonality of airborne trace element sources in Aracaju, Northeastern, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:19-28. [PMID: 31229782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work the urban area of Aracaju city, located in the State of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil was the site for simultaneous collection of suspended particles (TSP) and inhalable particulate matter (PM10) aiming an evaluation of the air quality parameters. Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V in TSP and PM10 were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Iron was the most abundant element found in both particulate samples. Through chemometric tools, it was possible to point out that the contributions to the TSP and PM10 formation are similar, and strong correlations were observed between Fe-Mn (0.83) and Cd-Pb (0.93) in TSP, and Fe-Mn (0.90), Fe-Cu (0.81) and Cd-Pb (0.97) in PM10, an evidence that these species are from sources related mainly to soil resuspension and vehicular traffic. Enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed an influence of fossil fuel burning in the composition of TSP and PM10. Through principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) it was observed particle size distribution groupings according to its aerodynamic size. Evaluation of the concentrations obtained for the collected samples according to the seasons (dry and rainy), indicated the influence of both, biogenic (resuspension of soil and marine aerosols) and anthropic (vehicle traffic and biomass burning) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvânio Silvério Lopes Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Núcleo de Competência Em Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis, Laboratório de Tecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Cavalcante Alves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Silva Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Vaniele Souza Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Guanambi, Guanambi, Bahia, 46430-000, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Azzolin Frescura Bascuñan
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Andrade Maranhão
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Borges Garcia
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Núcleo de Competência Em Petróleo, Gás e Biocombustíveis, Laboratório de Tecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele Olímpio da Rocha
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araujo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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15
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Eivazzadeh M, Yadeghari A, Gholampour A. Temporal and spatial variations of deposition and elemental composition of dust fall and its source identification around Tabriz, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:29-40. [PMID: 31297200 PMCID: PMC6582000 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coarse particles are primarily deposited via sedimentation, commonly referred as dust fall (DF). This study presented the monthly and spatial variations of atmospheric DF and their elemental components (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, Si, and Hg). Dust samples were collected from four urban and suburban sampling sites around Tabriz, Iran, by using the ASTM method D-1739 during April to September 2017. Moreover, the ICP-OES was used to determine metal components of the DF. The obtained results showed that the DF amount ranged between 1.8-27.6 (7.4 ± 5.6) g/m2.month. The elements of Fe (11863-13,906 mg/Kg and 85%-89%), Al (858-1205 mg/Kg and 4%-8%), and Si (274-386 mg/Kg) were the dominant elemental concentrations of the DF. The average value of enrichment factor (EF) for Hg, Pb, Cu, Sr, Co, Ni, Mn, and V was greater than 10 in all the samples, showing that anthropogenic sources emit a considerable amount of elements in DF rather than the soil or Urmia lake bed. The result of correlations between the concentration of dust fall with humidity, temperature, wind speed, and precipitation showed that there was a direct relationship between the amount of dust fall and wind speed while humidity, precipitation, and temperature were inversely proportional to the amount of dust fall. This study revealed that earth crust and anthropogenic activities such as vehicle traffic, combustion of fossil fuel, and different industrial activities were the main sources of the DF in the studied areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Eivazzadeh
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adeleh Yadeghari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Ozaki H, Ichise H, Kitaura E, Yaginuma Y, Yoda M, Kuno K, Watanabe I. Immutable heavy metal pollution before and after change in industrial waste treatment procedure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4499. [PMID: 30872644 PMCID: PMC6418243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared state of pollution around an intermediate treatment plant of industrial wastes before and after the change of its treatment procedure. Bulk atmospheric deposition, surface soil, suspended particulate matter and groundwater were collected after the plant changed main operation to waste crushing and volume reduction. Their heavy metals content were comparatively investigated with the previous results obtained when it was burning wastes. The bulk heavy metals deposition showed a clear distance-related attenuation both in burning and crushing periods, indicating that the plant was the main emissions source in either case. High concentrations of heavy metals in suspended particles, soil, and groundwater during the crushing period indicated their diffusion to water environment over time. The bulk atmospheric heavy metals deposition decreased significantly, 0.20~ 0.49 times for Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and 0.69~0.94 times for Cr, during the crushing period than burning period. However, change of their enrichment factors was not significant. It may indicate that the pollution state did not change qualitatively in a bulk deposition basis and quantitatively in a depositing particle basis. The results showed that heavy metals deposition is dominated by suspended and precipitated particulate matters that adsorb and transport the metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ozaki
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan. .,Fukushima Branch, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2, Fukasaku, Miharu-machi, Fukushima Prefecture, 963-7700, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ichise
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kitaura
- Western Saitama Group to Protect Soil, Water and Air, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Yaginuma
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoda
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuji Kuno
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Jiang S, Luo J, Ye Y, Yang G, Pi W, He W. Using Pb Isotope to Quantify the Effect of Various Sources on Multi-Metal Polluted soil in Guiyu. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:413-418. [PMID: 30603769 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-02534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu is known as one of the largest e-waste disposal and recycling sites in China, which suffers greatly from heavy metal pollution. By evaluating the concentrations and distribution of 21 metal elements with Principal Component Analyses (PCA), five principal components were identified, which accounted for 70.4% of the information of the initial data matrix, including one e-waste recycling source, two geological sources, one source of human activities and one ocean aerosol source. Among them, the source of human activities cannot be detailed only by PCA. By using Pb isotope, the unexplained source was judged as battery sludge. Combining 21 metallic and metalloid element datasets with Pb isotope concentrations is more accurate and effective to identify uncertain sources in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Jiang
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yuqun Ye
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ge Yang
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Pi
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiang He
- KLETOR Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Xiao L, Zhou Y, Ma J, Sun W, Cao L, Wang B, Zhu C, Yang S, Wang D, Yuan J, Chen W. Oxidative DNA damage mediates the association between urinary metals and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1327-1333. [PMID: 30857096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous publications have indicated that some metals are associated with an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to quantify the associations of oxidative DNA damage with urinary metals and prevalence of T2DM among the general population, and further to assess the role of oxidative DNA damage in mediating the association of urinary metals with prevalence of T2DM. Diagnoses of T2DM were performed clinically or by measuring fasting levels of plasma glucose ≥7.0mmol/L. Concentrations of urinary metals and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in 2127 participants were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Relationships among urinary metals, 8-OHdG (a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage), and prevalence of T2DM were analyzed using mediation analysis. After adjusting for covariates, we found that the log-transformed levels of urinary copper, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, and antimony were positively associated with prevalence of T2DM. Urinary 8-OHdG was not only positively correlated with copper, arsenic, selenium, and antimony in an upwardly trending, dose-responsive manner but was also positively associated with prevalence of T2DM (odds ratio (OR): 1.95; 95% CI: 1.17-3.24). Mediation analysis estimated that urinary 8-OHdG mediated 13.22% and 8.84% of associations between prevalence of T2DM and concentrations of urinary arsenic and antimony, respectively (all P value<0.05). Our findings suggested that urinary arsenic and antimony concentrations were associated with an increased prevalence of T2DM by a mechanism partly involving oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xiao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chunmei Zhu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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19
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Li R, Yang X, Fu H, Hu Q, Zhang L, Chen J. Characterization of typical metal particles during haze episodes in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:259-269. [PMID: 28448907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles were collected during three heavy haze episodes at Shanghai in the winter of 2013. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to study the morphology and speciation of typical metal particles at a single-particle level. In addition, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) was applied to identify the speciation of the Fe-containing particles. TEM analysis indicated that various metal-containing particles were hosted by sulfates, nitrates, and oxides. Fe-bearing particles mainly originated from vehicle emissions and/or steel production. Pb-, Zn-, and Sb-bearing particles were mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Fe-bearing particles were clustered into six groups by ATOFMS: Fe-Carbon, Fe-Inorganic, Fe-Trace metal, Fe-CN, Fe-PO3, and Fe-NO3. ATOFMS data suggested that Fe-containing particles corresponded to different origins, including industrial activities, resuspension of dusts, and vehicle emissions. Fe-Carbon and Fe-CN particles displayed significant diurnal variation, and high levels were observed during the morning rush hours. Fe-Inorganic and Fe-Trace metal particle levels peaked at night. Furthermore, Fe-Carbon and Fe-PO3 were mainly concentrated in the fine particles. Fe-CN, Fe-Inorganic, and Fe-Trace metal exhibited bimodal distribution. The mixing state of the particles revealed that all Fe-bearing particles tended to be mixed with sulfate and nitrate. The data presented herein is essential for elucidating the origin, evolution processes, and health effects of metal-bearing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Leng X, Wang J, Ji H, Wang Q, Li H, Qian X, Li F, Yang M. Prediction of size-fractionated airborne particle-bound metals using MLR, BP-ANN and SVM analyses. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:513-522. [PMID: 28431389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Size-fractionated heavy metal concentrations were observed in airborne particulate matter (PM) samples collected from 2014 to 2015 (spanning all four seasons) from suburban (Xianlin) and industrial (Pukou) areas in Nanjing, a megacity of southeast China. Rapid prediction models of size-fractionated metals were established based on multiple linear regression (MLR), back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) by using meteorological factors and PM concentrations as input parameters. About 38% and 77% of PM2.5 concentrations in Xianlin and Pukou, respectively, were beyond the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard limit of 75 μg/m3. Nearly all elements had higher concentrations in industrial areas, and in winter among the four seasons. Anthropogenic elements such as Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu showed larger percentages in the fine fraction (ø≤2.5 μm), whereas the crustal elements including Al, Ba, Fe, Ni, Sr and Ti showed larger percentages in the coarse fraction (ø > 2.5 μm). SVM showed a higher training correlation coefficient (R), and lower mean absolute error (MAE) as well as lower root mean square error (RMSE), than MLR and BP-ANN for most metals. All the three methods showed better prediction results for Ni, Al, V, Cd and As, whereas relatively poor for Cr and Fe. The daily airborne metal concentrations in 2015 were then predicted by the fully trained SVM models and the results showed the heaviest pollution of airborne heavy metals occurred in December and January, whereas the lightest pollution occurred in June and July.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang'zi Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haibo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Fengying Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Luo J, Qi S, Xie X, Gu XWS, Wang J. The assessment of source attribution of soil pollution in a typical e-waste recycling town and its surrounding regions using the combined organic and inorganic dataset. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3131-3141. [PMID: 27858274 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu is a well-known electronic waste dismantling and recycling town in south China. Concentrations and distribution of the 21 mineral elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected there were evaluated. Principal component analyses (PCA) applied to the data matrix of PAHs in the soil extracted three major factors explaining 85.7% of the total variability identified as traffic emission, coal combustion, and an unidentified source. By using metallic or metalloid element concentrations as variables, five principal components (PCs) were identified and accounted for 70.4% of the information included in the initial data matrix, which can be denoted as e-waste dismantling-related contamination, two different geological origins, anthropogenic influenced source, and marine aerosols. Combining the 21 metallic and metalloid element datasets with the 16 PAH concentrations can narrow down the coarse source and decrease the unidentified contribution to soil in the present study and therefore effectively assists the source identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianming Xie
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China
| | - X W Sophie Gu
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jinji Wang
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China
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Abstract
Airborne particulate matter is considered to be most challenging environmental issues in the world today due to its impact on various atmospheric processes like regional and global climate change, ecosystem, agriculture and most importantly on human health in recent times. Analysis reveals that particulate matter contains various inorganic and organic compounds and biological entities and their secretions and toxic trace metals. The main regions affected are urban centers due to an increasing population, number of diverse industries, fossil fuel driven vehicles and various construction activities. The present chapter deals with the scenario of particulate matter, their sources of generation, size and their impact on human health and environment mainly in urban dwellings.
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Abstract
Heavy metal determination in ambient air is an important task for environmental researchers because of their toxicity to human beings. Some heavy metals (hexavalent chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)) have been listed as carcinogens. Furthermore, heavy metals in the atmosphere can accumulate in various plants and animals and enter humans through the food chain. This article reviews the determination of heavy metals in the atmosphere in different areas of the world since 2006. The results showed that most researchers concentrated on toxic metals, such as Cr, Cd, Ni, As and lead. A few studies used plant materials as bio-monitors for the atmospheric levels of heavy metals. Some researchers found higher concentrations of heavy metals surrounding industrial areas compared with residential and/or commercial areas. Most studies reported the major sources of the particulate matter and heavy metals in the atmosphere to be industrial emissions, vehicular emissions and secondary aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Ok Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
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Şahin ÜA, Polat G, Onat B. Mass size distribution and source identification of particulate matter metal components at four urban sites and a background site of Istanbul. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11085-11099. [PMID: 26906008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the size distribution characteristics and metal contents of particulate matter (PM) have been determined. In this scope, PM sampling has been done at five stations in Istanbul. PM filter samples were collected for eight different sizes using the Anderson cascade impactor. PM filters were decomposed and analyzed for 20 metals. The highest median concentration for Fe, Ca, K, and Mg, known as soil metals, were observed as follows: Fe and Ca were observed at Goztepe station (1.20 and 8.28 μg/m(3)), K was observed at Kilyos station (0.33 μg/m(3)), and Mg was observed at Avcilar station (0.37 μg/m(3)). The highest median concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, V, As, Se, Co, and Cd, known as anthropogenic metals, were observed at Avcilar, Goztepe, and Besiktas stations. Although the lowest metal concentrations was determined at Kilyos stations that was selected as the urban background. The enrichment factors (EFs) of most metals in the fine PM is higher than those in the coarse mode. According to the factor analyses, the most important emission source was observed to be industrial facilities at Avcilar; traffic at Besiktas; traffic and domestic heating at Goztepe; and domestic heating, sea salt aerosols, and ship traffic (in the Bosphorus Channel of Istanbul) at Rasathane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkü Alver Şahin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gülfem Polat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Onat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH. Elemental composition of particulate matters around Urmia Lake, Iran. TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2016.1166226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Gholampour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Malandrino M, Casazza M, Abollino O, Minero C, Maurino V. Size resolved metal distribution in the PM matter of the city of Turin (Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:477-489. [PMID: 26802934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A work on the characterization of the air quality in the city of Turin was carried out in different sampling periods, reflecting early autumn and winter conditions, including a snow episode during the early 2012 European cold wave. The concentrations of 13 elements in eight size fractions of the aerosol were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The collection was carried out with a Andersen MkII cascade impactor. The size distribution of elements allowed the identification of three main behavioural types: (a) elements associated with coarse particles (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Sn); (b) elements found within fine particles (As, Co, Pb and V) and (c) elements spread throughout the entire size range (Ni and Zn). Principal Component Analysis allowed to examine the relationships between the inorganic elements and to infer about their origin. Chemometric investigation and assessment of similarity in the distribution led to similar conclusions on the sources. The concentration of gaseous trace pollutants (O3, NOx and VOCs) was determined. The concentrations of these pollutants are scarcely correlated with the metal contents of all the size classes of the PM. The differences found in the O3, NO2 and VOCs levels of the two winter campaigns due to the high photochemical reactivity in the period after the snow episode, do not reflect in differences in the metals distribution in the PM. Since PM metals, NOx and VOC have common sources, this behaviour is due to relevant differences in the transformation and deposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Malandrino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Casazza
- University ‛Parthenope' of Napoli, Department of Science and Technologies, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valter Maurino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Izhar S, Goel A, Chakraborty A, Gupta T. Annual trends in occurrence of submicron particles in ambient air and health risk posed by particle bound metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:582-590. [PMID: 26771939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Risk analysis is highly important in toxicology and public health studies. Health risk related to exposure to toxic metals of PM1 was assessed. Concentrations of 13 heavy metals, adsorbed to submicron particulate matter PM1 were experimentally examined but only 12 metals were found at detectable levels inside IIT Kanpur campus in 2008-2009 for all months excluding June and October. A total of 90 samples collected for 8 h sampling time by a single stage round nozzle, grease impaction substrate based impactor type PM1 sampler were analysed by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry). Results showed daily average PM1 concentration is 102.46 ± 35.9 μg/m(3) and metal concentration followed the trend: Ca > Fe > Mg > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Ni > Se > Cd > V > As. Contamination level assessment using geo-accumulation index showed Ca, Fe and Mg exhibited non contamination whereas metals like Cr, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Se, Ni and Cu exhibited ranges from moderate to extreme contamination. Ingestion is found to be the major exposure pathway for heavy metals. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for Pb, Cd and Cr (HI > 1) signified strong chances of adverse impact on children whereas adults are well under safe limit. Cancer Risk for adults and children followed the same decreasing order, Cr(VI)>Cd > Ni > As > Pb. It was found to be higher than permissible limits (10(-6)) for adults and children both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifi Izhar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Anubha Goel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
| | | | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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28
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Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Taghipour H, Rafee M, Alizadeh Z, Faridi S, Mahvi AH. Characterization and source identification of trace elements in airborne particulates at urban and suburban atmospheres of Tabriz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 23:1703-13. [PMID: 26392093 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Gholampour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Taghipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Alizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Niu L, Ye H, Xu C, Yao Y, Liu W. Highly time- and size-resolved fingerprint analysis and risk assessment of airborne elements in a megacity in the Yangtze River Delta, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:112-121. [PMID: 24972178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The frequent haze episodes in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China have been of great public concern due to the high risks to human health. Therefore, a better understanding of the sources and characteristics of particulate matters (PM) and associated elements is crucial and urgent for haze controlling. In this study, air particulates were collected from six different functional areas in a megacity of the YRD, China in early winter of 2012. Highly time- and size-resolved analysis of PM-elements was conducted to trace their sources. Our results showed that the main donors to particulate elements were crustal dust, followed by traffic and industrial influences due to the mixed residential, commercial and industrial zones at most sites. Anthropogenesis contributed more to the sources of finer particles and associated elements than those of coarser ones. Besides the local emission sources, meteorological conditions also affected the distribution patterns of ambient elements. Furthermore, the risks of hazard metals in PM2.5 and PM1.0 to human health were estimated. The highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were observed at urban living quarter (ULQ) and eco-industrial park (EIP), respectively. In addition, the general risks at rural living quarters (RLQ) were the lowest. Results from this study may provide valuable information for air pollution control and management in the YRD, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huajun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- IJRC-PTS, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yijun Yao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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30
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Tan JH, Duan JC, Ma YL, Yang FM, Cheng Y, He KB, Yu YC, Wang JW. Source of atmospheric heavy metals in winter in Foshan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:262-270. [PMID: 24951884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Foshan is a ceramics manufacturing center in the world and the most polluted city in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China measured by the levels of atmospheric heavy metals. PM2.5 samples were collected in Foshan in winter 2008. Among the 22 elements and ions analyzed, 7 heavy metals (Zn, V, Mn, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) were studied in depth for their levels, spatiotemporal variations and sources. The ambient concentrations of the heavy metals were much higher than the reported average concentrations in China. The levels of Pb (675.7 ± 378.5 ng/m(3)), As (76.6 ± 49.1 ng/m(3)) and Cd (42.6 ± 45.2 ng/m(3)) exceeded the reference values of NAAQS (GB3095-2012) and the health guidelines of the World Health Organization. Generally, the levels of atmospheric heavy metals showed spatial distribution as: downtown site (CC, Chancheng District)>urban sites (NH and SD, Nanhai and Shunde Districts)>rural site (SS, Shanshui District). Two sources of heavy metals, the ceramic and aluminum industries, were identified during the sampling period. The large number of ceramic manufactures was responsible for the high levels of atmospheric Zn, Pb and As in Chancheng District. Transport from an aluminum industry park under light north-west winds contributed high levels of Cd to the SS site (Shanshui District). The average concentration of Cd under north-west wind was 220 ng/m(3), 20.5 times higher than those under other wind directions. The high daily maximum enrichment factors (EFs) of Cd, Pb, Zn, As and Cu at all four sites indicated extremely high contamination by local emissions. Back trajectory analysis showed that the heavy metals were also closely associated with the pathway of air mass. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was applied to determine the source apportionment of these heavy metals. Five factors (industry including the ceramic industry and coal combustion, vehicle emissions, dust, transportation and sea salt) were identified and industry was the most important source of atmospheric heavy metals. The present paper suggests a control policy on the four heavy metals Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu, and suggests the inclusion of As in the ceramic industry emission standard in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Tan
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Chun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fu-Mo Yang
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Chang Yu
- Foshan Environmental Protection Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jie-Wen Wang
- Foshan Environmental Protection Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
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31
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Huang W, Duan D, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Ran Y. Heavy metals in particulate and colloidal matter from atmospheric deposition of urban Guangzhou, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:720-726. [PMID: 24418749 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and colloidal matter (COM) in annual dry and wet deposition samples in urban Guangzhou were for the first time collected, and their trace metals were investigated by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The deposition flux of SPM and of metal elements varied largely among the investigated seasons, and reached the maximum in spring. The correlation analysis indicated that significant correlations existed among some of the metal elements in the deposition samples. The enrichment factors (EF) of metals in COM in the deposition ranging from 79.66 to 130,000 were much higher than those of SPM ranging from 1.65 to 286.48, indicating the important role of COM. The factor analysis showed that emissions from street dust, non-ferrous metal production, and heavy fuel oil were major sources of the trace metals. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to quantitatively estimate anthropogenic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehuajie, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dandan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehuajie, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehuajie, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehuajie, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehuajie, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Sakata K, Sakaguchi A, Tanimizu M, Takaku Y, Yokoyama Y, Takahashi Y. Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:343-352. [PMID: 25076525 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima (Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.
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Wang B, Li K, Jin W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Shen G, Wang R, Shen H, Li W, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li X, Liu W, Cao H, Tao S. Properties and inflammatory effects of various size fractions of ambient particulate matter from Beijing on A549 and J774A.1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10583-10590. [PMID: 23957470 DOI: 10.1021/es401394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major ambient air pollutant causing millions of premature deaths each year in China. The toxicity of PM is property and size dependent. In this study, ambient PM samples collected in Beijing were divided into five size fractions with nominal aerodynamic ranges of <0.40, 0.40-1.1, 1.1-3.3, 3.3-5.8, and 5.8-10 μm. Individual size fractions were characterized for a number of properties including particle size distribution, specific surface area, zeta potential, dithiothreitol (DTT)-based redox ability, and contents of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), selected metals, and endotoxin. Human adenocarcinomic alveolar epithelial cell line A549 and small mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line J774A.1 were tested for their relative viabilities and inflammatory effects (interleukine-8 for A549 and tumor necrosis factor-α for J774A.1) after exposure to PM of various sizes. It was found that PM specific area was positively correlated with WSOC, high molecular weight PAHs, DTT-based redox ability, negatively correlated with surface zeta potential and lithophile metals. Several trace metals from combustion sources were enriched in intermediate size fractions. For both endotoxin concentrations of the PM and PM induced inflammatory cytokine expressions by the two cell lines, there were general increasing trends as PM size increased with an exception of the finest fraction, which induced the highest inflammatory effects. It seems that the size dependence of cytokine expression was associated with a number of properties including endotoxin content, zeta potential, settling velocity, metal content, and DTT-based redox ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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Kuwae M, Tsugeki NK, Agusa T, Toyoda K, Tani Y, Ueda S, Tanabe S, Urabe J. Sedimentary records of metal deposition in Japanese alpine lakes for the last 250 years: recent enrichment of airborne Sb and In in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23178779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 18 elements, including Sb, In, Sn, and Bi, were measured in sediment cores from two pristine alpine lakes on Mount Hachimantai, northern Japan, representing the past 250 years. Vertical variations in concentrations are better explained by atmospheric metal deposition than by diagenetic redistribution of Fe and Mn hydroxide and organic matter. Anthropogenic metal fluxes were estimated from (210)Pb-derived accumulation rates and metal concentrations in excess of the Al-normalized mean background concentration before 1850. Anthropogenic fluxes of Sb and In showed gradual increases starting around 1900 in both lakes, and marked increases after 1980. Comparison of Sb/Pb and Pb stable isotope ratios in sediments with those in aerosols of China or northern Japan and Japanese source materials (recent traffic- and incinerator-derived dust) suggest that the markedly elevated Sb flux after 1980 resulted primarily from enhanced long-range transport in aerosols containing Sb and Pb from coal combustion on the Asian continent. The fluxes of In, Sn, and Bi which are present in Chinese coal showed increasing trends similar to Sb for both study lakes. This suggests that the same source although incinerators in Japan may not be ruled out as sources of In. The sedimentary records for the last 250 years indicate that atmospheric pollution of Sb and In in East Asia have intensified during recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinobu Kuwae
- Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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Wu CF, Li YR, Kuo IC, Hsu SC, Lin LY, Su TC. Investigating the association of cardiovascular effects with personal exposure to particle components and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:176-182. [PMID: 22683757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies included information on components and sources when exploring the cardiovascular health effects from personal exposure to particulate matters (PM). We previously reported that exposure to PM between 1.0 and 2.5 μm (PM(2.5-1)) was associated with increased cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI, an arterial stiffness index), while exposure to PM smaller than 0.25 μm (PM(0.25)) decreased the heart rate variability (HRV) indices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between PM elements and cardiovascular health effects and identify responsible sources. METHODS In a panel study of seventeen mail carriers, the subjects were followed for 5-6 days while delivering mail outdoors. Personal filter samples of PM(2.5-1) and PM(0.25) were analyzed for their elemental concentrations. The source-specific exposures were further estimated by using absolute principal factor analysis. We analyzed the component- and source-specific health effects on HRV indices and CAVI using mixed models. RESULTS Several elements in PM(2.5-1) (e.g., cadmium and strontium) were associated with the CAVI. Subsequent analyses showed that an interquartile range increase in exposure to PM from regional sources was significantly associated with a 3.28% increase in CAVI (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47%-5.13%). This significant effect remained (3.35%, CI: 1.62%-5.11%) after controlling for the ozone exposures. For exposures to PM(0.25), manganese, calcium, nickel, and chromium were associated with the CAVI and/or the HRV indices. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PM(2.5-1) and PM(0.25) components may be associated with different cardiovascular effects. Health risks from exposure to PM from sources other than vehicle exhaust should not be underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-fu Wu
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Duan J, Tan J, Wang S, Hao J, Chai F. Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:87-94. [PMID: 22783618 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Khan MF, Hirano K, Masunaga S. Assessment of the sources of suspended particulate matter aerosol using US EPA PMF 3.0. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1063-1083. [PMID: 21472386 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper was to carry out a source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples using positive matrix factorization procedure. The central and local Government of Japan introduced strict emission regulations in 2002/10 and 2003/10, respectively, in curbing SPM pollution from major metropolitans. This paper also highlighted the impact of the measures taken by the central and local Government of Japan on the reduction of SPM and the contributions of sources. SPM samples were collected for 6 years starting from 1999 to 2005 at two sites, i.e., site A (urban) and site B (suburban) of Yokohama, Japan. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were employed to measure Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and Bi, while water soluble ions (Na(+), NH₄⁺, K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cl(-), NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ as well as carbonaceous mass (EC and OC) were analyzed using ion chromatograph and CHN analyzer, respectively. The sources identified at two sites were automobile, soil dust, marine aerosol, mixed sources, and secondarily formed aerosol. Also, source quantification was performed. Automobile and soil dust were striking contributors at site A. Automobile and soil dust of SPM aerosol might be produced from local origin at current study areas. Besides, Asian dust had an impact on high concentrations of SPM aerosol in some certain period of the year due to the outflows of East Asian emission. In contrast, secondary aerosol in the form of sulfate and ammonium as well as mixed sources (coal, long-transported Cs, and other unknown sources) were remarkable at site B. Stationary/industrial combustion has apparently more impact on the release of SPM components at site B than A. Automobile regulations in 2002 and 2003, respectively, resulted in reduction of SPM by 28% for site A and 16% for site B. There was also net reduction of automobile contribution at both sites due to the above measures being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Firoz Khan
- Graduate School of Environment & Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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Toscano G, Moret I, Gambaro A, Barbante C, Capodaglio G. Distribution and seasonal variability of trace elements in atmospheric particulate in the Venice Lagoon. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1518-1524. [PMID: 22018739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution and selected element concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were investigated in the Venice Lagoon, at three sites characterised by different anthropogenic influence. The PM(10) samples were collected in six size fractions (10-7.2, 7.2-3.0, 3.0-1.5, 1.5-0.95; 0.95-0.49 and <0.49 μm) with high volume cascade impactors, and the concentration of 17 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectroscopy. More than 1 year of sampling activities allowed the examination of seasonal variability in size distribution of atmospheric particulates and element contents for each site. At all the stations, particles with an aerodynamic diameter <3 μm were predominant, thus accounting for more than 78% of the total aerosol mass concentration. The highest PM(10) concentrations for almost all elements were found at the site which is more influenced by industrial and urban emissions. Similarity in size distribution of elements at all sites allowed the identification of three main behavioural types: (a) elements found mainly within coarse particles (Ca, Mg, Na, Sr); (b) elements found mainly within fine particles (As, Cd, Ni, Pb, V) and (c) elements with several modes spread throughout the entire size range (Co, Cu, Fe, K, Zn, Mn). Factor Analysis was performed on aerosol data separately identified as fine and coarse types in order to examine the relationships between the inorganic elements and to identify their origin. Multivariate statistical analysis and assessment of similarity in the size distribution led to similar conclusions on the sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Toscano
- DAIS, Università Ca' Foscari, Venezia, Italy
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Turan D, Kocahakimoglu C, Kavcar P, Gaygısız H, Atatanir L, Turgut C, Sofuoglu SC. The use of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaves as a bioindicator for environmental pollution in the Province of Aydın, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:355-364. [PMID: 20686863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, olive tree leaves, collected from 50 sampling sites throughout the Province of Aydın, Turkey, were used to estimate level of pollution by measuring Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn concentrations and calculating pollution factor (PF) values. MATERIALS AND METHODS After sample preparation, collected leaves were microwave digested, and extracts were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The maximum PF values were ≥10 for a number of elements ranging from 11-13 (Al, As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) to >100 for Cu, Li, and Na. Urban-rural and roadside-nonroadside concentration comparisons showed that some of the elements (As, Cu, and Pb) were at significantly higher levels on urban and/or roadside sampling sites. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Correlations and factor analysis showed that there may be common sources for some elements, which included several soil types and anthropogenic activities. Based on the results of the statistical source apportionment, possible sources were narrowed down with help of the constructed elemental concentration maps. In conclusion, utilization of olive tree leaves for biomonitoring and assessment of environmental pollution was shown to be possible in the Mediterranean region where they are indigenous and cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Turan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
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Mandija F. A method to determine the recombination and attachment coefficients of atmospheric ions and ultrafine particles in different charge levels. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Khan MF, Shirasuna Y, Hirano K, Masunaga S. Urban and suburban aerosol in Yokohama, Japan: a comprehensive chemical characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 171:441-456. [PMID: 20058070 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article analyses elemental composition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples collected monthly from 1999 to 2005 at two locations in Yokohama, Japan. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy was employed to measure Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, and Bi. Water-soluble ions (Na(+), NH(4+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cl(-), NO(3-), and SO(4)2-) and carbonaceous mass (elemental and organic carbon) were detected using ion chromatograph and CHN analyzer, respectively. The results indicate that the composition of SPM on one of the sites is determined by automobile emissions and on the other by industrial combustions. The impact of the emission regulations for automobiles in large Japanese cities, which were enacted during 2002 and 2003, on the SPM composition of the samples is also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Firoz Khan
- Graduate School of Environment & Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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Xie M, Wang G, Hu S, Gao S, Han Q, Xu Y, Feng J. Polar organic and inorganic markers in PM10 aerosols from an inland city of China--seasonal trends and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5452-5460. [PMID: 20719361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polar organic compounds and elements were quantified in PM(10) aerosols collected in urban and rural areas of Baoji, an inland city of China, during winter and spring 2008. Concentrations of biomass burning markers and high molecular weight n-alkanoic acids (HMW, >C(22:0)) were heavily increased in winter. In contrast, sugars presented in higher levels in the spring, among which sucrose was the most abundant with an average of 219ngm(-3) in winter and 473ngm(-3) in spring respectively. This suggests enhanced biotic activity in the warm season, whereas no obvious trend was observed for sugar alcohols, concentrations of the three sugar alcohols in spring were only 0.94-2.3 times as those in winter, indicating a second pathway of their formation other than fungal spores in cold season. Major crustal elements (i.e., Fe, K, Mn and Ti) in PM(10) aerosols were also observed in larger concentrations in spring samples than those in winter due to an enhancement of coarse particles from soil minerals. By using principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), sources and their contributions to the PM components were also investigated in this study. Four factors were extracted with both models, and the sources represented by different factors were based on the highest loaded marker species as follows: factor 1, soil and road dust (Fe, Sr and Ti); factor 2, biomass burning (levoglucosan, galactosan and syringic acid); factor 3, microbial emissions (fructose and sucrose); and factor 4, fossil fuel combustion and fungal spores influence (Pb, Zn, arabitol and mannitol). The high correlation between PM(10) and factor 1 suggested that PM(10) pollution in Baoji was dominated by soil and dust re-suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Najing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, de la Rosa J, Sánchez de la Campa AM, Minguillón M, Pandolfi M, González-Castanedo Y, Monfort E, Gibbons W. Variations in vanadium, nickel and lanthanoid element concentrations in urban air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4569-79. [PMID: 20599248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The emission of trace metal pollutants by industry and transport takes place on a scale large enough to alter atmospheric chemistry and results in measurable differences between the urban background of inhalable particulate matter (PM) in different towns. This is particularly well demonstrated by the technogenic release into the atmosphere of V, Ni, and lanthanoid elements. We compare PM concentrations of these metals in large datasets from five industrial towns in Spain variously influenced by emissions from refinery, power station, shipping, stainless steel, ceramic tiles and brick-making. Increased La/Ce values in urban background inhalable PM, due to La-contamination from refineries and their residual products (fuel oils and petcoke), contrast with Ce-rich emissions from the ceramic related industry, and clearly demonstrate the value of this ratio as a sensitive and reliable tracer for many point source emissions. Similarly, anomalously high V/Ni values (>4) can detect the influence of nearby high-V petcoke and fuel oil combustion, although the use of this ratio in urban background PM is limited by overlapping values in natural and anthropogenic materials. Geochemical characterisation of urban background PM is a valuable compliment to the physical monitoring of aerosols widely employed in urban areas, especially given the relevance of trace metal inhalation to urban health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen H, Yang X, Chen J, Allen JO. Source apportionment of lead-containing aerosol particles in Shanghai using single particle mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:501-507. [PMID: 19027137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in individual aerosol particles was measured using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) in the summer of 2007 in Shanghai, China. Pb was found in 3% of particles with diameters in the range 0.1-2.0 microm. Single particle data were analyzed focusing on the particles with high Pb content which were mostly submicron. Using the ART-2a neural network algorithm, these fine Pb-rich particles were classified into eight main classes by their mass spectral patterns. Based on the size distribution, temporal variation of number density, chemical composition and the correlation between different chemical species for each class, three major emission sources were identified. About 45% of the Pb-rich particles contained organic or elemental carbon and were attributed to the emission from coal combustion; particles with good correlation between Cl and Pb content were mostly attributed to waste incineration. One unique class of particles was identified by strong phosphate and Pb signals, which were assigned to emissions from phosphate industry. Other Pb-rich particles included aged sea salt and particles from metallurgical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Mari M, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Monitoring PCDD/Fs, PCBs and metals in the ambient air of an industrial area of Catalonia, Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:990-998. [PMID: 18657292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In 2005 and 2006, the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V) were measured in air samples collected in an industrial area of Sant Adrià del Besòs (Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) where a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is placed, and in a background/control area. In general terms, concentrations of all environmental pollutants were higher at the industrial site. No significant seasonal/temporal variations were observed in any of the areas. No Pearson correlation was found between the PCDD/F concentrations and the environmental conditions of the two sampling periods considered. Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to get information on the relationship among samples, pollutants, and emission sources. The results indicate that the MSWI of S. Adrià de Besòs is not a significant emission source of the above compounds for the area under its direct influence. Moreover, a notable difference in the PCDD/F congener profiles was found between ambient air and stack gas emissions, indicating that the current levels of PCDD/Fs are more related to other potential emissions sources rather than to those from the MSWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Mari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, "Rovira i Virgili" University, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Schelle E, Rawlins BG, Lark RM, Webster R, Staton I, McLeod CW. Mapping aerial metal deposition in metropolitan areas from tree bark: a case study in Sheffield, England. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:164-73. [PMID: 18078698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the use of metals accumulated on tree bark for mapping their deposition across metropolitan Sheffield by sampling 642 trees of three common species. Mean concentrations of metals were generally an order of magnitude greater than in samples from a remote uncontaminated site. We found trivially small differences among tree species with respect to metal concentrations on bark, and in subsequent statistical analyses did not discriminate between them. We mapped the concentrations of As, Cd and Ni by lognormal universal kriging using parameters estimated by residual maximum likelihood (REML). The concentrations of Ni and Cd were greatest close to a large steel works, their probable source, and declined markedly within 500 m of it and from there more gradually over several kilometres. Arsenic was much more evenly distributed, probably as a result of locally mined coal burned in domestic fires for many years. Tree bark seems to integrate airborne pollution over time, and our findings show that sampling and analysing it are cost-effective means of mapping and identifying sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schelle
- Centre for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RF, UK
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Ajmone-Marsan F, Biasioli M, Kralj T, Grcman H, Davidson CM, Hursthouse AS, Madrid L, Rodrigues S. Metals in particle-size fractions of the soils of five European cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 152:73-81. [PMID: 17602808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Soils from Aveiro, Glasgow, Ljubljana, Sevilla and Torino have been investigated in view of their potential for translocation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) to the atmosphere. Soils were partitioned into five size fractions and Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the fractions and the whole soil. All PTE concentrated in the <10 microm fraction. Cr and Ni concentrated also in the coarse fraction, indicating a lithogenic contribution. An accumulation factor (AF) was calculated for the <2 and <10 microm fraction. The AF values indicate that the accumulation in the finer fractions is higher where the overall contamination is lower. AF for Cr and Ni are particularly low in Glasgow and Torino. An inverse relationship was found between the AF of some metals and the percentage of <10 microm particles that could be of use in risk assessment or remediation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ajmone-Marsan
- DIVAPRA, Chimica Agraria, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Srivastava A, Jain VK. Size distribution and source identification of total suspended particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the urban atmosphere of Delhi. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 68:579-89. [PMID: 17275883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A study of the atmospheric particulate size distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) and associated heavy metal concentrations has been carried out for the city of Delhi. Urban particles were collected using a five-stage impactor at six sites in three different seasons, viz. winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2001. Five samples from each site in each season were collected. Each sample (filter paper) was extracted with a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The acid solutions of the samples were analysed in five-particle fractions by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The impactor stage fractionation of particles shows that a major portion of TSPM concentration is in the form of PM0.7 (i.e. <0.7microm). Similarly, the most of the metal mass viz. Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Fe are also concentrated in the PM0.7 mode. The only exceptions are size distributions pertaining to Cu and Ca. Though, Cu is more in PM0.7 mode, its presence in size intervals 5.4-1.6microm and 1.6-0.7microm is also significant, whilst in case of Ca there is no definite pattern in its distribution with size of particles. The average PM10.9 (i.e. <10.9microm) concentrations are approximately 90.2%+/-4.5%, 81.4%+/-1.4% and 86.4%+/-9.6% of TSPM for winter, summer and monsoon seasons, respectively. Source apportionment reveals that there are two sources of TSPM and PM10.9, while three and four sources were observed for PM1.6 (i.e. <1.6microm) and PM0.7, respectively. Results of regression analyses show definite correlations between PM10.9 and other fine size fractions, suggesting PM10.9 may adequately act as a surrogate for both PM1.6 and PM0.7, while PM1.6 may adequately act as a surrogate for PM0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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