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Zhang J, Liu L, Ning X, Lin M, Lai X. Isomer-specific analysis of nonylphenol and their transformation products in environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165982. [PMID: 37536583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenols (NPs) are crucial fine chemicals widely employed in producing industrial and consumer surfactants that ultimately enter the environment through various pathways, leading to environmental pollution. NPs are suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals that may accumulate in the body over time, resulting in unusual reproductive function. Due to limitations in analytical methods, NPs have typically been quantified as a whole in some studies. However, NPs are a mixture of multibranched structures, and different NP isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors and toxic effects. Therefore, it is critical to analyze environmental and human biological samples at the isomer-specific level to elucidate the contamination characteristics, human exposure load, and toxic effects of NPs. Accurately analyzing NP samples with various isomers, metabolites, and transformation products presents a significant challenge. This review summarizes recent advances in analytical research on NPs in technical products, environmental, and human biological samples, particularly emphasizing the synthesis and separation of standards and the transformation of NP homolog isomers in samples. Finally, the review highlights the research gaps and future research directions in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Pollutant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Pollutant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xunan Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Pollutant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Meiqing Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Pollutant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Pollutant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Chung SWC. The development of isomer-specific analysis of branched 4-nonylphenol in food for dietary exposure - a critical review of analytical methods and occurrence in foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:842-855. [PMID: 33784230 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1889044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a para-substituted phenolic compound comprising a straight or branched carbon chain group while branched 4-NP consists of 211 possible structural isomers. NP is recognised as an environmental pollutant and exists ubiquitously in both the environment and in food. 4-NP, especially branched 4-NP, has been shown to have the potential role of endocrine disruptor and xeno-oestrogen. Moreover, different NP isomers also exhibit different oestrogen-like activities. Recently, it was reported that the isomer-specific profile of 4-NP in foodstuffs varies greatly between and within food groups. Hence, risk assessment based on total branched 4-NP cannot reflect dietary risk. This study reviews the analytical methods applicable to conduct an isomer-specific analysis of 4-NP and its occurrence in foodstuffs. Lastly, research gaps are identified for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W C Chung
- Independent Researcher Formerly with Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Acir IH, Guenther K. Endocrine-disrupting metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates - A critical review of analytical methods, environmental occurrences, toxicity, and regulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1530-1546. [PMID: 29874777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) are classified as hazardous substances, they continue to be released into the environment from a variety of sources and are not usually monitored. Their wide use has led to an increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans, which is cause for alarm. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about the behaviour of these metabolites with respect to the environment and toxicity, and their biological effects on human health. The aim of this work is to give an overview of the APEO metabolites and their analysis, occurrences and toxicity in various environmental and human samples. APEO metabolites have adverse effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment through their release into the environment. Currently, there are some reviews available on the behaviour of alkylphenols in soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water and food. However, none of these articles consider their toxicity in humans and especially their effect on the nervous and immune system. This work summarises the environmental occurrences of metabolites of APEOs in matrices, e.g. water, food and biological matrices, their effect on the immune and nervous systems, and isomer-specific issues. With that emphasis we are able to cover most common occurrences of human exposure, whether direct or indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail-H Acir
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Guenther
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Silvani L, Riccardi C, Eek E, Papini MP, Morin NAO, Cornelissen G, Oen AMP, Hale SE. Monitoring alkylphenols in water using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS): Determining sampling rates via the extraction of PES membranes and Oasis beads. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1362-1371. [PMID: 28693101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) have previously been used to monitor alkylphenol (AP) contamination in water and produced water. However, only the sorbent receiving phase of the POCIS (Oasis beads) is traditionally analyzed, thus limiting the use of POCIS for monitoring a range of APs with varying hydrophobicity. Here a "pharmaceutical" POCIS was calibrated in the laboratory using a static renewal setup for APs (from 2-ethylphenol to 4-n-nonylphenol) with varying hydrophobicity (log Kow between 2.47 and 5.76). The POCIS sampler was calibrated over its 28 day integrative regime and sampling rates (Rs) were determined. Uptake was shown to be a function of AP hydrophobicity where compounds with log Kow < 4 were preferentially accumulated in Oasis beads, and compounds with log Kow > 5 were preferentially accumulated in the PES membranes. A lag phase (over a 24 h period) before uptake in to the PES membranes occurred was evident. This work demonstrates that the analysis of both POCIS phases is vital in order to correctly determine environmentally relevant concentrations owing to the fact that for APs with log Kow ≤ 4 uptake, to the PES membranes and the Oasis beads, involves different processes compared to APs with log Kow ≥ 4. The extraction of both the POCIS matrices is thus recommended in order to assess the concentration of hydrophobic APs (log Kow ≥ 4), as well as hydrophilic APs, most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Sapienza Università di Roma, P.zzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmela Riccardi
- INAIL, Research, Certification and Control Division, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Janicki T, Krupiński M, Długoński J. Degradation and toxicity reduction of the endocrine disruptors nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-cumylphenol by the non-ligninolytic fungus Umbelopsis isabellina. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:223-9. [PMID: 26492175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-cumylphenol (4-CP) are pollutants that are known as endocrine disruptors mainly due to their estrogen-mimicking activity. These phenolic substances are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. In the present study, biodegradation of tNP, 4-t-OP and 4-CP using the non-ligninolytic fungus Umbelopsis isabellina was investigated. After 12h of incubation, more than 90% of initially applied tNP, 4-t-OP and 4-CP (25mgL(-1)) were eliminated. GC-MS analysis revealed several derivatives mainly (hydroxyalkyl)phenols. Moreover, xenobiotic biotransformation led to the formation of intermediates with less harmful effects than the parent compounds. For all xenobiotics, a decrease in growth medium toxicity was observed, using Artemia franciscana and Daphnia magna as bioindicators. The results indicate that U. isabellina has potential in the degradation and detoxification of contaminants with endocrine activity. Moreover, this is the first report demonstrating that a microorganism is capable of effective 4-CP elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janicki
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Mariusz Krupiński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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6
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Zhou Y, Chen M, Zhao F, Mu D, Zhang Z, Hu J. Ubiquitous occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in bleached food contacting papers and their implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7218-7226. [PMID: 26000779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and their six chlorinated byproducts were investigated in 74 food contacting papers (FCPs) from China, the U.S.A., Japan, and Europe using a sensitive dansylation LC-MS/MS method. BPA (<LOQ-83 ng/g) and NP (<LOQ-5.4 ng/g) were widely detected in FCPs, while the six chlorinated byproducts were detected in less than half of the samples. The concentrations of chlorinated BPAs and chlorinated NPs in FCPs were significantly correlated with the concentrations of BPA and NP, respectively, and their concentrations mainly depended on bleaching processes in paper production. The mean concentrations of monochloro-BPA (MCBPA), dichloro-BPA (DCBPA), trichloro-BPA (TCBPA), tetrachloro-BPA (TeCBPA), monochloro-NP (MCNP), and dichloro-NP (DCNP) in bleached FCPs were 0.019 ± 0.025, 0.0033 ± 0.0059, 0.0030 ± 0.0045, 0.0081 ± 0.019, 0.23 ± 0.46, and 0.066 ± 0.11 ng/g, respectively, much higher than those (0.0021 ± 0.0020 ng/g for MCBPA, 0.00068 ± 0.00076 ng/g for DCBPA, <LOQ for TCBPA and TeCBPA, 0.006 ± 0.003 ng/g for MCNP, and <LOQ for DCNP) in unbleached FCPs. Furthermore, it was shown that BPA, NP, and some of their chlorinated byproducts could migrate from coffee filters into coffee solution with migration rates of 71 ± 10% for BPA, 2.4 ± 0.33% for NP, 47 ± 1.4% for MCBPA, and 0.35 ± 0.11% for MCNP. This is the first report on the occurrence of chlorinated derivatives of BPA and NP in FCPs and their migration, which provides important information to comprehensively understand human exposure to BPA, NP, and their chlorinated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Lu Z, Reif R, Gan J. Isomer-specific biodegradation of nonylphenol in an activated sludge bioreactor and structure-biodegradability relationship. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:282-290. [PMID: 25462736 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), one of the priority hazardous substances, is in fact a mixture of numerous isomers. It is inconclusive whether or not biodegradation during wastewater treatment process is isomer-specific, leading to the environmental release of NP in different isomer profiles. In this study, we evaluated the isomer selectivity of 19 NP isomers in a laboratory-scale continuous flow conventional activated sludge bioreactor under various operational conditions. The removal efficiency of NP isomers ranged from 90 to 99%, depending on the operational conditions and isomer structures. Isomer selective biodegradation resulted in the increase of composition of recalcitrant isomers, such as, NP₁₉₃a/b, NP₁₁₀a and NP₁₉₄ in the effluent. Moreover, biodegradability was related to the bulkiness of α-substituents and followed α-dimethyl > α-ethyl-α-methyl > α-methyl-α-n-propyl > α-iso-propyl-α-methyl. Steric effect index, a quantitative descriptor of steric hindrance, was linearly correlated with residues of NP isomers in the effluent (R² = 0.76). Decrease of temperature to 10 °C decreased the overall biodegradability and also enhanced the relative enrichment of recalcitrant isomers. These findings suggest that isomer compositions of NP entering the environment may be different from those in technical mixtures and that isomeric selectivity should be taken into account to better understand the occurrence, fate, and ecological risks of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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8
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Lu Z, Gan J. Analysis, toxicity, occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol isomers: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:334-345. [PMID: 25222298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, nonylphenols (NPs) have become to be known as a priority hazardous substance due primarily to its estrogenicity and ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. Nonylphenols are commonly treated as a single compound in the evaluation of their environmental occurrence, fate and transport, treatment or toxicity. However, technical nonylphenols (tNPs) are in fact a mixture of more than 100 isomers and congeners. Recent studies showed that some of these isomers behaved significantly differently in occurrence, estrogenicity and biodegradability. The most estrogenic isomer was about 2 to 4 times more active than tNP. Moreover, the half lives of the most recalcitrant isomers were about 3 to 4 times as long as those of readily-biodegradable isomers. Negligence of NP's isomer specificity may result in inaccurate assessment of its ecological and health effects. In this review, we summarized the recent publications on the analysis, occurrence, toxicity and biodegradation of NP at the isomer level and highlighted future research needs to improve our understanding of isomer-specificity of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 9252, United States.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 9252, United States.
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Mottier P, Frank N, Dubois M, Tarres A, Bessaire T, Romero R, Delatour T. LC-MS/MS analytical procedure to quantifytris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, as a source of the endocrine disruptors 4-nonylphenols, in food packaging materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:962-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.896481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Puy-Azurmendi E, Olivares A, Vallejo A, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Piña B, Zuloaga O, Cajaraville MP. Estrogenic effects of nonylphenol and octylphenol isomers in vitro by recombinant yeast assay (RYA) and in vivo with early life stages of zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:1-10. [PMID: 23892017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Commercial OP and NP are complex isomer mixtures that can be individually present in the environment, showing different estrogenic potencies. The aims of this study were to establish the estrogenic potency of some AP isomers in comparison to the commercial NP (cNP) mixture in vitro and to investigate in vivo their possible effects during the embryo and larval development of zebrafish. An in vitro estrogen receptor-based recombinant yeast assay was used to test the estrogenicity of specific AP isomers (22-OP, 33-OP, 22-NP, 33-NP and 363-NP) and cNP. The EC₅₀ was in the range of 0.6-7.7 mg/L. Both OP isomers and 363-NP exhibited higher estrogenic activity than cNP. For in vivo experiments, one-day postfertilisation (dpf) embryos were exposed to cNP (50, 250 and 500 μg/L), 363-NP and 33-OP (50 μg/L), 17β-estradiol (100 ng/L) and DMSO (0.01% v/v) for 4weeks. After exposure fish were maintained for 2 weeks in clean water in order to evaluate a possible recovery. Fish of groups exposed to cNP and 363-NP were the last to hatch. Histological alterations were not observed after 7, 28 or 42 dpf. Exposure to 33-OP increased transcriptional levels of erα, vtg and cyp19a1b genes. However, transcriptional response in E2 exposure was observed at later stages and with higher fold induction levels. Exposure to cNP decreased levels of erα whereas increased levels of rxrγ and cyp19a1b. Exposure to 363-NP did not cause changes in transcriptional levels of studied genes. The differences in response of the OP isomer compared to the NP isomer in zebrafish could be related to the rapid decay in concentration of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Puy-Azurmendi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Fan Z, Hu J, An W, Yang M. Detection and occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol a, nonylphenol, and estrogens in drinking water of china: comparison to the parent compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10841-10850. [PMID: 24011124 DOI: 10.1021/es401504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study applied a sensitive dansylation LC-MS/MS method to the investigation on the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), estrogens (E1 and E2), and their 11 chlorinated byproducts in 62 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) of 31 major cities across China. BPA (4.7-512 ng/L), NP (8.2-918 ng/L), and E1 (ND-9.9 ng/L) were widely detected in source waters, E2 was detected in less than half of the samples (ND-3.2 ng/L), while chlorinated byproducts were only detected in source waters of two DWTPs. In drinking water, chlorinated BPAs and monochloro-NP (MCNP) were detected in more than half of the samples with concentrations of 0.2-26.7 ng/L for monochloro-BPA (MCBPA), ND-6.3 ng/L for dichloro-BPA (DCBPA), ND-7.7 ng/L for trichloro-BPA (TCBPA), ND-4.8 ng/L for tetrachloro-BPA (TBBPA), and ND-13.3 ng/L for MCNP, while dichloro-E1 (DCE1, ND-0.2 ng/L) and dichloro-NP (DCNP, ND-1.6 ng/L) were less frequently detected (10/62 and 4/62). The production of chlorinated NPs in DWTPs was mainly influenced by the amount of NP in source water and chlorine added, while the concentrations of chlorinated BPAs in drinking waters were only found to be significantly correlated with those of BPA in source waters. Advanced treatment processes could be effective techniques for reducing target chlorinated byproducts in drinking water. This is the first report on the occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of BPA, NP, and estrogens in drinking water, and these chemicals should be considered when assessing the human risk of their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanlan Fan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Dupuis A, Migeot V, Cariot A, Albouy-Llaty M, Legube B, Rabouan S. Quantification of bisphenol A, 353-nonylphenol and their chlorinated derivatives in drinking water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:4193-4205. [PMID: 22648348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenols (NP) are of major concern to public health due to their high potential for human exposure and to their demonstrated toxicity (endocrine disruptor effect). A limited number of studies have shown that BPA and NP are present in drinking water. The chlorinated derivatives that may be formed during the chlorination step in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) exhibit a higher level of estrogenic activity than their parent compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate BPA, 353NP, and their chlorinated derivative concentrations using an accurate and reproducible method of quantification. This method was applied to both surface and treated water samples from eight French DWTPs producing from surface water. Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed in order to quantify target compounds from water samples. The limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 ng/L for BPA and chlorinated BPA and from 1.4 to 63.0 ng/L for 353NP and chlorinated 353NP. BPA and 353NP were found in most analyzed water samples, at a level ranging from 2.0 to 29.7 ng/L and from 0 to 124.9 ng/L, respectively. In most of DWTPs a decrease of BPA and 353NP was observed between surface water and treated water (36.6 to 78.9 % and 2.2 to 100.0 % for BPA and 353NP, respectively). Neither chlorinated BPA nor chlorinated 353NP was detected. Even though BPA and 353NP have been largely removed in the DWTPs studied, they have not been completely eliminated, and drinking water may consequently remain a source of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Dupuis
- CNRS-UMR 7285 IC2MP, School of Medicine and Pharmacy (Department of Analytical chemistry, Pharmaceutics and Epidemiology), University of Poitiers, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86034, Poitiers Cedex, France.
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13
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Ying F, Ding C, Ge R, Wang X, Li F, Zhang Y, Zeng Q, Yu B, Ji R, Han X. Comparative evaluation of nonylphenol isomers on steroidogenesis of rat Leydig Cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Schillinger E, Möder M, Olsson GD, Nicholls IA, Sellergren B. An Artificial Estrogen Receptor through Combinatorial Imprinting. Chemistry 2012; 18:14773-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Li Z, Zhang H, Gibson M, Li J. An evaluation on combination effects of phenolic endocrine disruptors by estrogen receptor binding assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:769-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Takeo M, Maeda Y, Maeda J, Nishiyama N, Kitamura C, Kato DI, Negoro S. Two identical nonylphenol monooxygenase genes linked to IS6100 and some putative insertion sequence elements in Sphingomonas sp. NP5. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:1796-1807. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.055335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takeo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maeda
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishiyama
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Dai-ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Seiji Negoro
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
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17
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Rabouan S, Dupuis A, Cariot A, Albouy-Llaty M, Migeot V, Cariot A, Dupuis A, Albouy-Llaty M, Migeot V, Legube B. Analytical chemistry and metrological issues related to nonylphenols in environmental health. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Gabriel FLP, Mora MA, Kolvenbach BA, Corvini PFX, Kohler HPE. Formation of toxic 2-nonyl-p-benzoquinones from α-tertiary 4-nonylphenol isomers during microbial metabolism of technical nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5979-5987. [PMID: 22559039 DOI: 10.1021/es300383m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In many environmental compartments, microbial degradation of α-quaternary nonylphenols proceeds along an ipso-substitution pathway. It has been reported that technical nonylphenol contains, besides α-quaternary nonylphenols, minor amounts of various α-H, α-methyl substituted tertiary isomers. Here, we show that potentially toxic metabolites of such minor components are formed during ipso-degradation of technical nonylphenol by Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, a strain isolated from activated sewage sludge. Small but significant amounts of nonylphenols were converted to the corresponding nonylhydroquinones, which in the presence of air oxygen oxidized to the corresponding nonyl-p-benzoquinones-yielding a complex mixture of potentially toxic metabolites. Through reduction with ascorbic acid and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we were able to characterize this unique metabolic fingerprint and to show that its components originated for the most part from α-tertiary nonylphenol isomers. Furthermore, our results indicate that the metabolites mixture also contained several α, β-dehydrogenated derivatives of nonyl-p-benzoquinones that originated by hydroxylation induced rearrangement, and subsequent ring and side chain oxidation from α-tertiary nonylphenol isomers. We predict that in nonylphenol polluted natural systems, in which microbial ipso-degradation is prominent, 2-alkylquinone metabolites will be produced and will contribute to the overall toxicity of the remaining material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric L P Gabriel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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19
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Zhang C, Eganhouse RP, Pontolillo J, Cozzarelli IM, Wang Y. Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1230:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Vallejo A, Olivares M, Fernández L, Etxebarria N, Arrasate S, Anakabe E, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O. Optimization of comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography-flame ionization detection–quadrupole mass spectrometry for the separation of octyl- and nonylphenol isomers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3064-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Guruge KS, Horii Y, Yamashita N. Profiles of nonylphenol isomers in surface waters from Sri Lanka. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:870-873. [PMID: 21316713 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isomer-specific concentrations of nonylphenol (NP) and their predicted estrogenic potency were investigated in Sri Lankan waters for the first time. The total concentration of 13 NP isomers ranged from 90 to 1835 ng/L, while the predicted estrogenic equivalent concentration ranged from 0.072 to 1.38 ng 17β-estradiol (E2)/L. Bire Lake, located in the central area of the commercial capital, Colombo, had the highest contamination among the studied locations. These data show that NP levels in Sri Lankan waters are well within the recently reported concentrations in other regions of the world. The spatial differences in NP concentrations suggest that NP contamination in Sri Lanka may be widespread, and comprehensive study is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S Guruge
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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22
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Boehme RM, Andries T, Dötz KH, Thiele B, Guenther K. Synthesis of defined endocrine-disrupting nonylphenol isomers for biological and environmental studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:813-821. [PMID: 20452641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenols are very important environmentally relevant substances in the focus of the world-wide endocrine disrupter research for over 25 years. Thus, they are among the 10 priority hazardous substances of the new European Union Water Framework Directive. They consist of a very complex mixture of isomers representing therefore a multi-component problem like dioxins or PCBs. As estrogenic effect and degradation behavior in the environment of individual 4-nonylphenols are heavily dependent on the structure and bulkiness of the side chain, it is absolutely necessary to consider the nonylphenol problem from an isomer-specific viewpoint. Therefore a range of 28 differently branched nonylphenol isomers were synthesized for biological and environmental studies. Nonylphenols with a quaternary alpha-carbon, like 4-(1,1,3,4-tetramethylpentyl)phenol (4-NP(95)) and 4-(1-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethylbutyl)phenol (4-NP(170)), were obtained by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of anisole with tertiary nonyl bromides and demethylation with BI(3). Nonylphenols with a tertiary alpha-carbon, such as 4-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)phenol (4-NP(10)) and 4-(1,2,4-trimethylhexyl)phenol (4-NP(41)), were accessible via coupling of p-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide with ketones. Nonylphenols bearing a quaternary beta-carbon, like 4-(2,2-dimethylheptyl)phenol (4-NP(15)) and 4-(1,2,2-trimethylhexyl)phenol (4-NP(39)), were synthesized starting from 4'-methoxyisobutyrophenone. The compounds were characterized by GC-MS and NMR-spectroscopy. The individual isomers were designated according to the Juelich Nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha M Boehme
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, ICG-3: Phytosphere, Research Centre Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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23
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Kibbey TCG, Chen L, Sabatini DA, Mills MA, Nietch C. Model stream channel testing of a UV-transparent polymer-based passive sampler for ultra-low-cost water screening applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:908-913. [PMID: 20599246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers are increasingly being considered for analyses of waters for screening applications, to monitor for the presence of unwanted chemical compounds. Passive samplers typically work by accumulating and concentrating chemicals from the surrounding water over time, allowing analyses to identify temporally short concentration surges that might be missed by water grab samples, and potentially reducing analysis and sample handling costs, allowing a greater number of sites to be monitored. The work described here tests a recently-developed passive sampling device which was designed to provide an ultra-low-cost screening method for organic chemicals in waters. The device was originally designed for detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals, but has the advantage that it is capable of simultaneously detecting a wide range of other aqueous organic contaminants as well. The device is based on a UV-transparent polymer which is used both to concentrate dissolved chemicals, and as an optical cell for absorbance detection and full-spectrum deconvolution to identify compounds. This paper describes the results of a test of the device conducted at the US EPA Experimental Stream Facility in Milford, Ohio. The test examined detection of triclosan and 4-nonylphenol in model stream channels using two different deployment methods. Results indicate that deployment method can significantly impact measured results due to differences in mass transfer. Passive samplers deployed in vials with permeable membrane septa showed no detection of either compound, likely due to lack of water motion in the vials. In contrast, passive samplers deployed directly in the flow were able to track concentrations of both compounds, and respond to temporal changes in concentration. The results of the work highlight the importance of using internal spiking standards (performance reference compounds) to avoid false non-detection results in passive sampler applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohren C G Kibbey
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1024, USA.
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24
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Fischer AR, Lan NTP, Wiedemann C, Heide P, Werner P, Schmidt AW, Theumer G, Knölker HJ. Determination of 4-nonylphenol in water samples using 4-(2,6-dimethylhept-3-yl)phenol as new internal standard. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2950-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Horii Y, Taniyasu S, Tsuchiya Y, Nakagawa J, Takasuga T, Yamashita N, Miyazaki A. Interlaboratory Trial on the Analysis of Individual Isomers of Nonylphenol in Water Samples According to ISO 24293 : 2009. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2010. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.59.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Takumi Takasuga
- R&D Department, Analytical Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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26
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Eganhouse RP, Pontolillo J, Gaines RB, Frysinger GS, Gabriel FLP, Kohler HPE, Giger W, Barber LB. Isomer-specific determination of 4-nonylphenols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:9306-9313. [PMID: 19924899 DOI: 10.1021/es902622r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Technical nonylphenol (tNP), used for industrial production of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants, is a complex mixture of C(3-10)-phenols. The major components, 4-nonylphenols, are weak endocrine disruptors whose estrogenicities vary according to the structure of the branched nonyl group. Thus, accurate risk assessment requires isomer-specific determination of 4-NPs. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC/ToFMS) was used to characterize tNP samples obtained from seven commercial suppliers. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, 153-204 alkylphenol peaks, 59-66 of which were identified as 4-NPs, were detected. The 4-NPs comprised approximately 86-94% of tNP, with 2-NPs and decylphenols making up approximately 2-9% and approximately 2-5%, respectively. The tNP products were analyzed for eight synthetic 4-NP isomers, and results were compared with published data based on GC/MS analysis. Significant differences were found among the products and between two samples from a single supplier. The enhanced resolution of GC x GC coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by ToFMS facilitated identification of all major 4-NP isomers and a number of previously unrecognized components. Analysis of tNP altered by the bacterium, Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram, revealed several persistent 4-NPs whose structures and estrogenicities are presently unknown. The potential of this technology for isomer-specific determination of 4-NP isomers in environmental matrices is demonstrated using samples of wastewater-contaminated groundwater and municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Eganhouse
- U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA.
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27
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Sato T, Saito H, Uchiyama T, Fujimoto Y, Katase T, Kai O. Effects of synthetic para-nonylphenol isomers administered chronically throughout pregnancy and lactation on reproductive system of mouse pups. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:1097-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Quantification of the influence of extracellular laccase and intracellular reactions on the isomer-specific biotransformation of the xenoestrogen technical nonylphenol by the aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4398-409. [PMID: 19429559 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00139-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica was used to quantify the effects of extracellular laccase and intracellular reactions on the isomer-specific biotransformation of technical nonylphenol (t-NP). In laccase-producing cultures, maximal removal rates of t-NP and the isomer 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol (NP112) were about 1.6- and 2.4-fold higher, respectively, than in laccase-lacking cultures. The selective suppression of either laccase or intracellular reactions resulted in essentially comparable maximal removal rates for both compounds. Evidence for an unspecific oxidation of t-NP isomers was consistently obtained from laccase-expressing fungal cultures when intracellular biotransformation was suppressed and from reaction mixtures containing isolated laccase. This observation contrasts with the selective degradation of t-NP isomers by bacteria and should prevent the enrichment of highly estrogenic isomers in remaining t-NP. In contrast with laccase reactions, intracellular fungal biotransformation caused a significant shift in the isomeric composition of remaining t-NP. As a result, certain t-NP constituents related to more estrogenic isomers were less efficiently degraded than others. In contrast to bacterial degradation via ipso-hydroxylation, the substitution pattern of the quaternary alpha-carbon of t-NP isomers does not seem to be very important for intracellular transformation in C. aquatica. As-yet-unknown intracellular enzymes are obviously induced by nonylphenols. Mass spectral data of the metabolites resulting from the intracellular oxidation of t-NP, NP112, and 4-(1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl)phenol indicate nonyl chain hydroxylation, further oxidation into keto or aldehyde compounds, and the subsequent formation of carboxylic acid derivatives. Further metabolites suggest nonyl chain desaturation and methylation of carboxylic acids. The phenolic moieties of the nonylphenols remained unchanged.
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29
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Hao R, Li J, Zhou Y, Cheng S, Zhang Y. Structure-biodegradability relationship of nonylphenol isomers during biological wastewater treatment process. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:987-994. [PMID: 19251303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between nonylphenol (NP) isomer structure and its biodegradability within the wastewater treatment process of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated. The GC-MS method was used for detecting the NP isomers existing in the SBR influent, activated sludge and effluent. Fifteen NP isomers were detected in the influent, with significant biodegradability variations being observed among these isomers. It was found that the NP isomers associated with retention time of 10.553, 10.646, 10.774, and 10.906 min in the GC-MS analysis showed higher biodegradability, while the isomers with retention time of 10.475, 10.800, and 10.857 min illustrated lower biodegradability. Through analyzing the mass spectrograms, the chemical structures of four selected NP isomers in the wastewater were further deduced. The higher correlation coefficients of 0.9421 and 0.9085 were observed between the NP isomer biodegradation rates and the molecular connectivity indexes with the order of two and four, respectively. Such correlation analysis indicated that a more complex side branch structure (such as a larger side carbon-chain branch or more branches in the nonyl) of NP isomer would lead to lower biodegradability, and a longer nonyl chain of the isomer would result in a higher biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Hao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China.
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30
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Zenkevich IG, Makarov AA, Schrader S, Moeder M. A new version of an additive scheme for the prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices of the 211 structural isomers of 4-nonylphenol. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4097-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Shi C, Shao W, Xiong Y, Tian C. A gas chromatographic method for quantification of detergents frequently used in membrane protein structural studies. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:326-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Makino M, Uchiyama T, Saito H, Ogawa S, Iida T, Katase T, Fujimoto Y. Separation, synthesis and estrogenic activity of 4-nonylphenols: two sets of new diastereomeric isomers in a commercial mixture. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1188-1193. [PMID: 18786696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of new diastereomeric 4-nonylphenol (NP) isomers [4-(3,4-dimethylheptan-4-yl)phenol (344NP, NP-J, L) and 4-(3,4-dimethylheptan-3-yl)phenol (343NP, NP-K, P)] were separated from a commercial NP mixture. The mixture of these diastereomers was synthesized at the same time by a single Friedel-Crafts reaction of 3,4-dimethyl-4-heptanol and phenol, and the mixture was separated into individual NPs by HPLC equipped with Hypercarb column. For the first time, in this study the stereostructure-estrogenic activity relationship of NP diastereomers was investigated. The NP isomers (NP-L and NP-P) having the beta-methyl group over the benzene ring were found to be 2-4 times more estrogenic than their diastereomers (NP-J and NP-K). In the case of the other set of diastereomer [4-(3,5-dimethylheptan-3-yl)phenol, (353NP, NP-E, G)] containing gamma-methyl group in the molecule, the gamma-methyl proton signal (delta 0.49) in the more estrogenic isomer (NP-G) also appeared in a higher field than the corresponding methyl signal (delta 0.76) of the less estrogenic isomer (NP-E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Makino
- College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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33
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Gabriel FLP, Routledge EJ, Heidlberger A, Rentsch D, Guenther K, Giger W, Sumpter JP, Kohler HPE. Isomer-specific degradation and endocrine disrupting activity of nonylphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6399-6408. [PMID: 18800507 DOI: 10.1021/es800577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of technical nonylphenol by Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram led to a significant shift in the isomers composition of the mixture. By means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we could observe a strong correlation between transformation of individual isomers and their alpha-substitution pattern, as expressed by their assignment to one of six mass spectrometric groups. As a rule, isomers with less bulkiness at the alpha-carbon and those with an optimally sized main alkyl chain (4-6 carbon atoms) were degraded more efficiently. By mass spectrometric analysis, we identified the two most recalcitrant main isomers of the technical mixture (Group 4) as 4-(1,2-dimethyl-1-propylbutyl)phenols (NP193a and NP193b), which are diastereomers with a bulky alpha-CH3, alpha-CH(CH3)C2H5 substitution. Our experiments with strain Bayram show that the selective enrichment of isomers with bulky alpha-substitutions observed in nonylphenol fingerprints of natural systems can be caused by microbial ipso-hydroxylation. Based on the yeast estrogen assay (YES), we established an estrogenicity ranking with a variety of single isomers and compared it to rankings obtained with different reporter cell systems. Structure-activity relationships derived from these data suggest that Group 4 isomers have a high estrogenic potency. This indicates a substantial risk that enrichment of highly estrogenic isomers during microbial degradation by ipso-substitution will increase the specific estrogenicity of aging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric L P Gabriel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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