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Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxicological effects of nodularin on the reproductive endocrine system of female zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:107000. [PMID: 38875953 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nodularin is a potent cyanotoxin that has been detected in aquatic environments as well as in the body of aquatic organisms throughout the world, but its effects on the reproductive system are yet to be explored. The present study investigated the toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of nodularin on the reproductive endocrine system of female zebrafish (Danio rerio). After exposure to nodularin for 14 days, decreased gonadosomatic Index (GSI), germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and decreased level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17β-estradiol (E2) level and increased testosterone (T) content in female zebrafish suggested that nodularin may disrupt both oocyte growth and maturation. In support of this data, alteration in different marker gene expression on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis was observed. Transcriptional levels of genes related to steroidogenesis including cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) in the ovary and primary vitellogenin genes (vtg1, vtg2, and vtg3) in the liver were down-regulated and marker genes for oxidative stress (sod, cat, and gpx) were up-regulated on HPGL axis. These findings revealed for the first time that nodularin is a potent endocrine-disrupting compound posing oxidative stress and causes reproductive endocrine toxicity in female zebrafish, emphasizing the importance of assessing its environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit (IBRU), Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Li SC, Gu LH, Wang YF, Wang LM, Chen L, Giesy JP, Tuo X, Xu WL, Wu QH, Liu YQ, Wu MH, Diao YY, Zeng HH, Zhang QB. A proteomic study on gastric impairment in rats caused by microcystin-LR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:169306. [PMID: 38103614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacterial toxins. Epidemiological investigation showed that exposure to MCs can cause gastro-intestinal symptoms, gastroenteritis and gastric cancer. MCs can also accumulate in and cause histopathological damage to stomach. However, the exact mechanisms by which MCs cause gastric injury were unclear. In this study, Wistar rats were administrated 50, 75 or 100 μg microcystin-LR (MC-LR)/kg, body mass (bm) via tail vein, and histopathology, response of anti-oxidant system and the proteome of gastric tissues at 24 h after exposure were studied. Bleeding of fore-stomach and gastric corpus, inflammation and necrosis in gastric corpus and exfoliation of mucosal epithelial cells in gastric antrum were observed following acute MC-LR exposure. Compared with controls, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly greater in gastric tissues of exposed rats, while activities of catalase (CAT) were less in rats administrated 50 μg MC-LR/kg, bm, and concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were greater in rats administrated 75 or 100 μg MC-LR/kg, bm. These results indicated that MC-LR could disrupt the anti-oxidant system and cause oxidative stress. The proteomic results revealed that MC-LR could affect expressions of proteins related to cytoskeleton, immune system, gastric functions, and some signaling pathways, including platelet activation, complement and coagulation cascades, and ferroptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that transcriptions of genes for ferroptosis and gastric function were altered, which confirmed results of proteomics. Overall, this study illustrated that MC-LR could induce gastric dysfunction, and ferroptosis might be involved in MC-LR-induced gastric injury. This study provided novel insights into mechanisms of digestive diseases induced by MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chun Li
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li-Hong Gu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li-Mei Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Qilu Lake Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Plateau Shallow Lake in Yunnan Province, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xun Tuo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Hui Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Qilu Lake Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Plateau Shallow Lake in Yunnan Province, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming-Huo Wu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yang-Yang Diao
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hao-Hang Zeng
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qing-Bi Zhang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Li T, Fan X, Cai M, Jiang Y, Wang Y, He P, Ni J, Mo A, Peng C, Liu J. Advances in investigating microcystin-induced liver toxicity and underlying mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167167. [PMID: 37730048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a class of biologically active cyclic heptapeptide pollutants produced by the freshwater alga Microcystis aeruginosa. With increased environmental pollution, MCs have become a popular research topic. In recent years, the hepatotoxicity of MCs and associated effects and mechanisms have been studied extensively. Current epidemiological data indicate that long-term human exposure to MCs can lead to severe liver toxicity, acute toxicity, and death. In addition, current toxicological studies on the liver, a vital target organ of MCs, indicate that MC contamination is associated with the development of liver cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and liver fibrosis. MCs produce hepatotoxicity that affects the metabolic homeostasis of the liver, induces apoptosis, and acts as a pro-cancer factor, leading to liver lesions. MCs mainly mediate the activation of signaling pathways, such as the ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK and IL-6-STAT3 pathways, which leads to oxidative damage and even carcinogenesis. Moreover, MCs can act synergistically with other pollutants to produce combined toxicity. However, few systematic reviews have been performed on these new findings. This review systematically summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of MCs on the liver and discusses the combined liver toxicity effects of MCs and other pollutants to provide reference for subsequent research. The toxicity of different MC isomers deserves further study. The detection methods and limit standards of MCs in agricultural and aquatic products will represent important research directions in the future. Standard protocols for fish sampling during harmful algal blooms or to evaluate the degree of MC toxicity in nature are lacking. In future, bioinformatics can be applied to offer insights into MC toxicology research and potential drug development for MC poisoning. Further research is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of liver function damage in combined-exposure toxicology studies to establish treatment for MC-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xinting Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Meihan Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Peishuang He
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Juan Ni
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Aili Mo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Cuiying Peng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Ecological Impedance Technology of Heavy Metal Pollution in Cultivated Soil of Nonferrous Metal Mining Area, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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4
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Zhu L, Cao P, Yang S, Lin F, Wang J. Prolonged exposure to environmental levels of microcystin-LR triggers ferroptosis in brain via the activation of Erk/MAPK signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115651. [PMID: 37913581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
While existing research has illuminated the environmental dangers and neurotoxic effects of MC-LR exposure, the molecular underpinnings of brain damage from environmentally-relevant MC-LR exposure remain elusive. Employing a comprehensive approach involving RNA sequencing, histopathological examination, and biochemical analyses, we discovered genes differentially expressed and enriched in the ferroptosis pathway. This finding was associated with mitochondrial structural impairment and downregulation of Gpx4 and Slc7a11 in mice brains subjected to low-dose MC-LR over 180 days. Mirroring these findings, we noted reduced cell viability and GSH/GSSH ratio, along with an increased ROS level, in HT-22, BV-2, and bEnd.3 cells following MC-LR exposure. Intriguingly, MC-LR also amplified phospho-Erk levels in both in vivo and in vitro settings, and the effects were mitigated by treatment with PD98059, an Erk inhibitor. Taken together, our findings implicate the activation of the Erk/MAPK signaling pathway in MC-LR-induced ferroptosis, shedding valuable light on the neurotoxic mechanisms of MC-LR. These insights could guide future strategies to prevent MC-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suisui Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Cui J, Tian S, Gu Y, Wu X, Wang L, Wang J, Chen X, Meng Z. Toxicity effects of pesticides based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) models: Advances and perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139825. [PMID: 37586498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides inevitably enter aquatic environments, posing potential risks to organisms. The common aquatic model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio), are widely used to evaluate the toxicity of pesticides. In this review, we searched the Web of Science database for articles published between 2012 and 2022, using the keywords "pesticide", "zebrafish", and "toxicity", retrieving 618 publications. Furthermore, we described the main pathways by which pesticides enter aquatic environments and the fate of their residues in these environments. We systematically reviewed the toxicity effects of pesticides on zebrafish, including developmental toxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Importantly, we summarized the latest research progress on the toxicity mechanism of pesticides to zebrafish based on omics technologies, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics. Finally, we discussed future research prospects, focusing on the combined exposure of multiple pollutants including pesticides, the risk of multigenerational exposure to pesticides, and the chronic toxicity of aquatic nanopesticides. This review provides essential data support for ecological risk assessments of pesticides in aquatic environments, and has implications for water management in the context of pesticide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cui
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuntong Gu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Yu Q, Han F, Rombenso A, Qin JG, Chen L, Li E. Dietary selenium supplementation alleviates low salinity stress in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: growth, antioxidative capacity and hepatopancreas transcriptomic responses. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:933-943. [PMID: 36573369 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Se is an essential trace element associated with animal growth and antioxidant and metabolic processes. However, whether Se, especially organic Se with higher bioavailability, can alleviate the adverse effects of low salinity stress on marine economic crustacean species has not been investigated. Accordingly, juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were reared in two culture conditions (low and standard salinity) fed diets supplemented with increasing levels of l-selenomethionine (0·41, 0·84 and 1·14 mg/kg Se) for 56 d, resulting in four treatments: 0·41 mg/kg under standard seawater (salinity 31) and 0·41, 0·84 and 1·14 mg/kg Se under low salinity (salinity 3). The diet containing 0·84 mg/kg Se significantly improved the survival and weight gain of shrimp under low salinity stress and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the hepatopancreas. The increased numbers of B and R cells may be a passive change in hepatopancreas histology in the 1·14 mg/kg Se group. Transcriptomic analysis found that l-selenomethionine was involved in the regulatory pathways of energy metabolism, retinol metabolism and steroid hormones. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0·84 mg/kg Se (twice the recommended level) effectively alleviated the effects of low salinity stress on L. vannamei by regulating antioxidant capacity, hormone regulation and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Artur Rombenso
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island Research Centre, Bribie Island, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian G Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
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Alba Posse EJ, González C, Carriquiriborde P, Nadra A, Gasulla J. Optimization and validation of a protein phosphatase inhibition assay for accessible microcystin detection. Talanta 2023; 255:124174. [PMID: 36608426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater constitutes an increasing public health concern, especially affecting developing countries where the high cost of available methods makes monitoring programs difficult. The phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) is a sensitive method with low instrument requirements that allows the quantification of the most frequent cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs). In this work, we implemented a PPIA, starting from Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) expression up to the validation with samples of algal blooms from Argentina. To do this, we optimized the expression and lyophilization of PP1, and the assay conditions. Also, we included robustness and possible interference analysis. We evaluated the most widely used cyanobacterial lysis methods and determined that heating for 15 min at 95 °C is simple and adequate for this assay. Then, we performed MC spikes recovery assays on water samples from three dams from Argentina, resulting in a recovery ranging from 77 to 115%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.4 μg/L and the linear range is 0.4 μg/L - 5 μg/L. Finally, we evaluated 65 environmental samples where MCs was measured by ELISA test containing from 0 μg/L to 625 μg/L. The PPIA showed excellent correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.967), no false negative and no false positives above the 1 μg/L WHO guideline (0.11 false positive rate). In conclusion, we optimized and validated a PPIA to be an effective and accessible alternative to available commercial tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Jorge Alba Posse
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de investigaciones, Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, CABA, Argentina
| | - Pedro Carriquiriborde
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM),Universidad Nacional de la Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Nadra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gasulla
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM),Universidad Nacional de la Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
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8
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Zi Y, Barker JR, MacIsaac HJ, Zhang R, Gras R, Chiang YC, Zhou Y, Lu F, Cai W, Sun C, Chang X. Identification of neurotoxic compounds in cyanobacteria exudate mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159257. [PMID: 36208737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Release of toxic cyanobacterial secondary metabolites threatens biosecurity, foodwebs and public health. Microcystis aeruginosa (Ma), the dominant species in global freshwater cyanobacterial blooms, produces exudates (MaE) that cause adverse outcomes including nerve damage. Previously, we identified > 300 chemicals in MaE. It is critical to investigate neurotoxicity mechanisms of active substances among this suite of Ma compounds. Here, we screened 103 neurotoxicity assays from the ToxCast database to reveal targets of action of MaE using machine learning. We then built a potential Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) to identify neurotoxicity mechanisms of MaE as well as key targets. Finally, we selected potential neurotoxins matched with those targets using molecular docking. We found 38 targets that were inhibited and eight targets that were activated, collectively mainly related to neurotransmission (i.e. cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems). The potential AOP of MaE neurotoxicity could be caused by blocking calcium voltage-gated channel (CACNA1A), because of antagonizing neurotransmitter receptors, or because of inhibiting solute carrier transporters. We identified nine neurotoxic MaE compounds with high affinity to those targets, including LysoPC(16:0), 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, egonol glucoside, polyoxyethylene (600) monoricinoleate, and phytosphingosine. Our study enhances understanding of neurotoxicity mechanisms and identifies neurotoxins in cyanobacterial bloom exudates, which may help identify priority compounds for cyanobacteria management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Zi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Justin R Barker
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Robin Gras
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Fangchi Lu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada; College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
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Casas-Rodriguez A, Cameán AM, Jos A. Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120882. [PMID: 36548779 PMCID: PMC9785827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), although classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxins, respectively, have been shown to also induce toxic effects in many other systems and organs. Among them, their potential endocrine disruption (ED) activity has been scarcely investigated. Considering the increasing relevance of ED on humans, mammals, and aquatic organisms, this work aimed to review the state-of-the-art regarding the toxic effects of MCs and CYN at this level. It has been evidenced that MCs have been more extensively investigated than CYN. Reported results are contradictory, with the presence or absence of effects, but experimental conditions also vary to a great extent. In general, both toxins have shown ED activity mediated by very different mechanisms, such as estrogenic responses via a binding estrogen receptor (ER), pathological changes in several organs and cells (testis, ovarian cells), and a decreased gonad-somatic index. Moreover, toxic effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in transcriptional responses on several endocrine axes and steroidogenesis-related genes, and changes in hormone levels have also been reported. Further research is required in a risk assessment frame because official protocols for assessment of endocrine disrupters have not been used. Moreover, the use of advanced techniques would aid in deciphering cyanotoxins dose-response relationships in relation to their ED potential.
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Ma Y, Wang J, Xu D, Chen Y, Han X. Chronic MC-LR exposure promoted Aβ and p-tau accumulation via regulating Akt/GSK-3β signal pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148732. [PMID: 34323745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) can enter into the brain and demonstrate neurotoxicity resulting in learning and memory deficits. While, there is still a lack of clear understanding of the related molecular mechanisms. In this study, we observed β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation (p-tau) at sites of Ser396 and Thr205 in mouse hippocampus and cortex, Alzheimer's disease (AD) like changes, after chronic exposure to MC-LR at different concentrations (1, 7.5, 15 and 30 μg/L) for 180 days. The hallmarks of AD are characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), with associated loss of neurons, resulting in cognitive impairment and dementia. Similarly, the production of Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation was also detected in HT-22 cells treated with MC-LR. In addition, MC-LR promoted increased expressions of BACE1 and PS1, but reduced mRNA expressions of ADAM family members both in vivo and in vitro, promoting the Aβ production. Moreover, we identified Akt/GSK-3β signal pathway mediated the Aβ and p-tau accumulation, bringing about Alzheimer's disease-like changes. Furthermore, microglial cells were activated in those mice exposed to MC-LR. Inflammatory cytokines were also found being activated to release in vitro. In conclusion, this study could provide a clue for MC-LR-induced neurotoxicity, which gave insights into the environmental risks of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dihui Xu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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11
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Banerjee S, Maity S, Guchhait R, Chatterjee A, Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxic effects of cyanotoxins in teleost fish: A comprehensive review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105971. [PMID: 34560410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of eutrophication leads to the global occurrence of algal blooms. Cyanotoxins as produced by many cyanobacterial species can lead to detrimental effects to the biome due to their stability and potential biomagnification along food webs. Therefore, understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to the most susceptible organisms is an important prerequisite for ecological risks assessment of cyanobacteria blooms. Fishes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems that are prone to direct exposure to cyanotoxins. However, relatively few investigations have focused on measuring the toxic potentials of cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. This review comprehensively describes the major toxicological impacts (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive toxicity and cytogenotoxicity) of commonly occurring cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. The present work encompasses recent research progresses with special emphasis on the basic molecular mechanisms by which different cyanotoxins impose their toxicities in teleost fishes. The major research areas, which need to be focused on in future scientific investigations, have also been highlighted. Protein kinase inhibition, transcriptional dysregulation, disruption of redox homeostasis and the induction of apoptotic pathways appear to be the key drivers of the toxicological effects of cyanotoxins in fish. Analyses also showed that the impacts of cyanotoxins on specific reproductive processes are relatively less described in teleosts in comparison to mammalian systems. In fact, as compared to other toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, their reproductive toxicity (such as impacts on oocyte development, maturation and their hormonal regulation) is poorly understood in fish, and thus requires further studies. Furthermore, additonal studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of cyanotoxins need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Garkamalpur, Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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12
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Fan Z, Li J, Gao L, Wang Y, Wang L. Microcystin-LR induces ferroptosis in intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112610. [PMID: 34365207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies provide comprehensive evidence of the environmental hazards and intestinal toxicity of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) exposure. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the injury of intestine exposed to MC-LR. Juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to MC-LR (0 and 10 μg/L) for 15 days. The results suggest that organic anion-transporting polypeptides 3a1, 4a1, 2b1, and 1d1 mediate MC-LR entry into intestinal tissues. Lesion morphological features (vacuolization, deformation and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum [ER], absence of mitochondrial cristae in mid-intestine), up-regulated mRNA expressions of ER stress (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1, activating transcription factor [ATF] 6, ATF4, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3), iron accumulation, and down-regulated activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) content were all typical characteristics of ferroptosis in intestinal tissue following MC-LR exposure. GSH levels in intestinal tissue corroborated as the most influential GSH/GPx 4- related metabolic pathway in response to MC-LR exposure. Verrucomicrobiota, Planctomycetes, Bdellovibrionota, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were correlated with the ferroptosis-related GSH following MC-LR exposure. These findings provide new perspectives of the ferroptosis mechanism of MC-LR-induced intestinal injury in the common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Yu'e Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
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13
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Ma Y, Liu H, Du X, Shi Z, Liu X, Wang R, Zhang S, Tian Z, Shi L, Guo H, Zhang H. Advances in the toxicology research of microcystins based on Omics approaches. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106661. [PMID: 34077854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most widely distributed cyanotoxins, which can be ingested by animals and human body in multiple ways, resulting in a threat to human health and the biodiversity of wildlife. Therefore, the study on toxic effects and mechanisms of MCs is one of the focuses of attention. Recently, the Omics techniques, i.e. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly contributed to the comprehensive understanding and revealing of the molecular mechanisms about the toxicity of MCs. This paper mainly reviews current literature using the Omics approaches to explore the toxicity mechanism of MCs in liver, gonad, spleen, brain, intestine and lung of multiple species. It was found that MCs can exert strong toxic effects on various metabolic activities and cell signal transduction in cell cycle, apoptosis, destruction of cell cytoskeleton and redox disorder, at protein, transcription and metabolism level. Meanwhile, it was also revealed that the alteration of non-coding RNAs (miRNA, circRNA and lncRNA, etc.) and gut microbiota plays an essential regulatory role in the toxic effects of MCs, especially in hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. In addition, we summarized current research gaps and pointed out the future directions for research. The detailed information in this paper shows that the application and development of Omics techniques have significantly promoted the research on MCs toxicity, and it is also a valuable resource for exploring the toxic mechanism of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ziang Shi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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14
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Lee J, Lee S, Mayta A, Mrdjen I, Weghorst C, Knobloch T. Microcystis toxin-mediated tumor promotion and toxicity lead to shifts in mouse gut microbiome. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111204. [PMID: 32871519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most prevalent cyanotoxins reported in freshwater. While numerous studies have examined the toxicological impacts of MCs on mammalian systems, very few have examined the chronic impacts of MCs on the gut microbiome of exposed organisms. Our understanding of the relationship of MCs, especially lysed toxic cyanobacteria, and the gut microbiota is very limited. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of MC-LR and Microcystis lysate ingestion on the gut microbiome in a hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model, simulating a high-risk population and exposure at an environmentally relevant MC level. Mice were assigned to 4 groups (MC-LR; Microcystis lysate; Negative control; Positive (liver carcinogen) control). Fecal samples were collected every 8 weeks. Bacterial community and colony counts were analyzed. The abundance of Firmicutes in the positive control and lysate group was higher than the negative control and MC group. Exposure to MC-LR or lysate was associated with significantly decreased bacterial diversity. A distinct separation of the three groups (MC-LR/lysate/carcinogen) from the negative was much more apparent in their gut microbiome as the exposure time increased. The MC-LR and lysate groups showed gut microbiome structure responding to lipid metabolism disturbance and high stress. Bacterial colony count was significantly lower in all the treated groups than the negative control. Our study highlights that chronic exposure to MC-LR and Microcystis lysate negatively impacts gut microbiome succession and altered the bacterial community structure into the one similar to the carcinogen group, which may indicate that the change favors progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. In a future study, more in-depth investigation is warranted to better understand the liver-gut nexus in promoting liver cancer among those exposed to MC and toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alba Mayta
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Igor Mrdjen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher Weghorst
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Knobloch
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, United States
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15
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Kordasht HK, Hassanpour S, Baradaran B, Nosrati R, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, la Guardia MD. Biosensing of microcystins in water samples; recent advances. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112403. [PMID: 32729523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Safety and quality of water are significant matters for agriculture, animals and human health. Microcystins, as secondary metabolite of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxin, are one of the main marine toxins in continental aquatic ecosystems. More than 100 microcystins have been identified, of which MC-LR is the most important type due to its high toxicity and common detection in the environment. Climate change is an impressive factor with effects on cyanobacterial blooms as source of microcystins. The presence of this cyanotoxin in freshwater, drinking water, water reservoir supplies and food (vegetable, fish and shellfish) has created a common phenomenon in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems worldwide. International public health organizations have categorized microcystins as a kind of neurotoxin and carcinogen. There are several conventional methods for detection of microcystins. The limitations of traditional methods have encouraged the development of innovative methods for detection of microcystins. In recent years, the developed sensor techniques, with advantages, such as accuracy, reproducibility, portability and low cost, have attracted considerable attention. This review compares the well-known of biosensor types for detection of microcystins with a summary of their analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Kholafazad Kordasht
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahim Nosrati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Kwok CSN, Lai KKY, Lam SW, Chan KK, Xu SJL, Lee FWF. Production of high-quality two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profile for marine medaka samples by using Trizol-based protein extraction approaches. Proteome Sci 2020; 18:5. [PMID: 32390769 PMCID: PMC7196234 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-020-00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marine medaka is among the most popular models of fish species for ecotoxicology and environmental research and proteomic studies are useful tools for understanding the molecular responses of medaka upon exposure to different environmental stressors. The preparation of high-quality protein samples is the key to producing high-quality two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results for proteomic analysis. In recent years, Trizol-based protein extraction has been gaining popularity because of its promising performance in producing high-quality 2-DE as well as the convenience of the method. Methods Three Trizol-based approaches (Trizol method, Aliquot Trizol method and Trizol method with a commercial clean-up kit) were used to extract proteins from a marine medaka sample and 2-DE profiles were produced. Quality of the 2-DE profiles and effectiveness of the extraction methods were evaluated. For comparison, two common protein extraction methods (lysis buffer method and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone precipitation extraction) were also applied in parallel to Trizol-based approaches. Results Any of the three Trizol-based approaches produced a high-quality 2-DE profile of marine medaka compared with both lysis buffer method and TCA/acetone precipitation extraction. In addition, Trizol method with a commercial clean-up kit produced the best 2-DE profile in terms of background clarity, number of spots and resolution of proteins. Conclusions Trizol-based approaches offered better choices than traditional protein extraction methods for 2-DE analysis of marine medaka. The modified version of Trizol method with a commercial clean-up kit was shown to produce the best 2-DE profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Sze-Nga Kwok
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kaze King-Yip Lai
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Sai-Wo Lam
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kin-Ka Chan
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Steven Jing-Liang Xu
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Fred Wang-Fat Lee
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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17
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Zhang C, Wang J, Zhu J, Chen Y, Han X. Microcystin-leucine-arginine induced neurotoxicity by initiating mitochondrial fission in hippocampal neurons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134702. [PMID: 31753492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and demonstrate potent acute hippocampal neurotoxicity. Chronic exposure to MC-LR has been confirmed to cause learning and memory deficits in mice, but the potential molecular mechanism of MC-LR-caused neurotoxicity is still unclear. In this research, we observed that MC-LR induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in HT-22 hippocampal neurons. Moreover, further studies identified that MC-LR induced mitochondrial fragmentation via activating Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and Mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), contributing to apoptosis of hippocampal neuronal cells. The observed effects were associated with increased intracellular Ca2+ and reduced activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) as results of MC-LR exposure in hippocampal neuron cells. Ca2+ activates CaMK II and Akt to enhance phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser616 residue. Inhibition of PP2A activity increased AMPK activity to mediate phosphorylation of Mff. Our data proved that MC-LR can cause mitochondrial fragmentation in hippocampal neurons, which provides novel perception to explore the underlying molecular mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease-like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinling Zhu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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18
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Aberrant Expressional Profiling of Known MicroRNAs in the Liver of Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Following Microcystin-LR Exposure Based on samllRNA Sequencing. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010041. [PMID: 31936480 PMCID: PMC7020426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) poses a serious threat to human health due to its hepatotoxicity. However, the specific molecular mechanism of miRNAs in MC-LR-induced liver injury has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to determine whether miRNAs are regulated in MC-LR-induced liver toxicity by using high-throughput sequencing. Our research demonstrated that 53 miRNAs and 319 miRNAs were significantly changed after 24 h of treatment with MC-LR (50 and 200 μg/kg, respectively) compared with the control group. GO enrichment analysis revealed that these target genes were related to cellular, metabolic, and single-organism processes. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in fish liver were primarily involved in the insulin signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. Moreover, we hypothesized that 4 miRNAs (miR-16, miR-181a-3p, miR-451, and miR-223) might also participate in MC-LR-induced toxicity in multiple organs of the fish and play regulatory roles according to the qPCR analysis results. Taken together, our results may help to elucidate the biological function of miRNAs in MC-LR-induced toxicity.
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Wu Q, Yan W, Liu C, Hung TC, Li G. Co-exposure with titanium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbates MCLR-induced brain injury in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133540. [PMID: 31374495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the eutrophication in freshwater and industrial emissions, the detected concentrations of MCLR and nano-TiO2 in nature water increase year by year. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the joint effect of microcystin-LR (MCLR) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) on the zebrafish brain and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. In this study, four-month old zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.5, 4, and 32 μg/L MCLR and MCLR-co-nano-TiO2 (100 μg/L) for 45 days. Obvious brain injury characterized by formation of glial scars and ventriculomegaly was observed in both MCLR groups and MCLR-co-nano-TiO2 groups. In addition, our results showed the existence of nano-TiO2 aggravated MCLR-induced abnormity of swimming behavior and social behavior of zebrafish. To clarify the mechanisms of nano-TiO2 aggravated MCLR-induced brain injury, we firstly examined the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the zebrafish brain. The results showed that co-exposure with nano-TiO2 could further increase ROS content compared with MCLR only groups. We also detected a significant change of lipid peroxidation products (MDA, malondialdehyde) content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, superoxide dismutase) activity, and non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH, glutathione) content in MCLR-co-nano-TiO2 groups. Transcriptional analysis indicated the expression of genes related to the antioxidant system was significantly altered in the zebrafish brain. Collectively, the observations in this study showed that the existence of nano-TiO2 could exacerbate the damage of the zebrafish brain through the aggravation of MCLR-induced oxidative stress, ultimately leading to the abnormity of swimming behavior and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Hinojosa MG, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos A, Cameán AM. Neurotoxicity induced by microcystins and cylindrospermopsin: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:547-565. [PMID: 30856566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are among the most frequent toxins produced by cyanobacteria. These toxic secondary metabolites are classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxin, respectively. Furthermore, both may present the ability to induce damage to the nervous system. In this sense, there are many studies manifesting the potential of MCs to cause neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, due to their probable capacity to cross the blood-brain-barrier through organic anion transporting polypeptides. Moreover, the presence of MCs has been detected in brain of several experimental models. Among the neurological effects, histopathological brain changes, deregulation of biochemical parameters in brain (production of oxidative stress and inhibition of protein phosphatases) and behavioral alterations have been described. It is noteworthy that minority variants such as MC-LF and -LW have demonstrated to exert higher neurotoxic effects compared to the most studied congener, MC-LR. By contrast, the available studies concerning CYN-neurotoxic effects are very scarce, mostly showing inflammation and apoptosis in neural murine cell lines, oxidative stress, and alteration of the acetylcholinesterase activity in vivo. However, more studies are required in order to clarify the neurotoxic potential of both toxins, as well as their possible contribution to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - R Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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21
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Hinojosa MG, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Moreno FJ, Cameán AM, Jos A. Neurotoxic assessment of Microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin and their combination on the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:751-764. [PMID: 30851527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are produced by cyanobacteria. Although being considered as a hepatotoxin and a cytotoxin, respectively, different studies have revealed neurotoxic properties for both of them. The aim of the present work was to study their cytotoxic effects, alone and in combination, in the SH-SY5Y cell line. In addition, toxicity mechanisms such as oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and morphological studies were carried out. Results showed a cytotoxic response of the cells after their exposure to 0-100 μg/mL of MC-LR or 0-10 μg/mL CYN in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Thus, CYN resulted to be more toxic than MC-LR. Respect to their combination, a higher cytotoxic effect than the toxins alone in the case of undifferentiated cells, and almost a similar response to the presented by MC-LR in differentiated cells were observed. However, after analyzing this data with the isobolograms method, an antagonistic effect was mainly obtained. The oxidative stress study only showed an affectation of glutathione levels at the highest concentrations assayed of MC-LR and the combination in the undifferentiated cells. A significant increase in the AChE activity was observed after exposure to MC-LR in undifferentiated cells, and after exposure to the combination of both cyanotoxins on differentiated cells. However, CYN decreased the AChE activity only on differentiated cultures. Finally, the morphological study revealed different signs of cellular affectation, with apoptotic processes at all the concentrations assayed. Therefore, both cyanotoxins isolated and in combination, have demonstrated to cause neurotoxic effects in the SH-SY5Y cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinojosa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A I Prieto
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Praena
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - F J Moreno
- Área de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A M Cameán
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Jos
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Chen L, Wang Y, Giesy JP, Chen F, Shi T, Chen J, Xie P. Microcystin-LR affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis in early life stages (embryos and larvae) of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:540-548. [PMID: 29883955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequencies and durations of blooms of cyanobacteria are increasing. Some cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins including microcystins (MCs). MCs are the most common toxic products of hazardous algal blooms (HABs), with the greatest potential for exposure and to cause toxicity. Recently, MCs have been shown to disrupt endocrine functions. In this study, for the first time, effects of MC-LR on the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis during early embryonic development (embryos/larvae) of zebrafish (Danio rerio), were investigated. Embryos/larvae of zebrafish were exposed to 1, 10, 100, or 300 μg MC-LR/L during the period of 4-168 h post-fertilization (hpf). Exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L resulted in significantly greater concentrations of whole-body cortisol than those in controls. Expressions of genes along the HPI axis and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR-) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR-) centered gene networks were evaluated by use of quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of mRNA for crh was significantly down-regulated by exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L, while expressions of crhbp, crhr1, and crhr2 were significantly up-regulated, relative to controls. MC-LR caused significantly lesser levels of mRNA for steroidogenic genes including hmgra, star, and cyp17, but expression of mRNA for hsd20b was significantly greater than that of controls. Treatment with MC-LR also altered profiles of transcription of MR- and GR-centered gene networks, which might result in multiple responses. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MC-LR affected the corticosteroid-endocrine system of larvae of zebrafish. This study provided valuable insights into molecular mechanisms behind potential toxicity and endocrine disruption of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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23
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Wang X, Xu L, Li X, Chen J, Zhou W, Sun J, Wang Y. The differential effects of microcystin-LR on mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:68-76. [PMID: 29729571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant toxicant among microcystin variants produced by cyanobacteria. MC-induced toxicity is broadly reported to pose a threat to aquatic animals and humans and has been associated with the dysfunction of some organs such as liver and kidney. However, MC-induced neurotoxicity has not been well characterized after long-term exposure. This study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects after chronic oral administration of MC-LR. In our trial, C57/BL6 mice received MC-LR at 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L in drinking water for twelve months. Our data demonstrated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage was evident in the damaged neurons as a result of chronic exposure. Histopathological abnormalities and mtDNA damage were observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, MC-LR exerted distinct effects on these two brain regions. The hippocampus was more susceptible to the treatment of MC-LR compared with the cerebral cortex. However, no strong relationships were observed between the genotoxic effects and exposure doses. In conclusion, this study has provided a mtDNA-related mechanism for underlying chronic neurotoxicity of MC-LR and suggested the presence of differential toxicant effects on the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxiu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiapeng Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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24
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Zhao S, Liu Y, Wang F, Xu D, Xie P. N-acetylcysteine protects against microcystin-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:463-473. [PMID: 29679867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated that MCLR induces germ cell apoptosis is through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant could protect against germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress. Healthy male zebrafish were intraperitoneally injected with NAC (500 nM), beginning at 2 h before different doses of MCLR (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/kg). As expected, acute MCLR exposure resulted in oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Further analysis showed that NAC significantly alleviated MCLR-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis and inhibited the caspase-dependent apoptotic proteins. Meanwhile H&E staining showed that NAC could rescue testicular damage induced by MCLR. Moreover, MCLR induced activation of ER stress which consequently triggered apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Interestingly, NAC was effective in improving the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and activity of antioxidant enzymes in NAC pretreated groups. NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-induced upregulation of GRP78 in testes. In addition, NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-triggered testicular eIF2s1 and MAPK8 activation, indicating that NAC counteracts MCLR-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in testes. Taken together, the results observed in this study suggested that ER stress plays a critical role in germ cell apoptosis exposed to MCLR and NAC could protect against apoptosis via inhibiting ER stress in zebrafish testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Song Q, Zhou H, Han Q, Diao X. Toxic responses of Perna viridis hepatopancreas exposed to DDT, benzo(a)pyrene and their mixture uncovered by iTRAQ-based proteomics and NMR-based metabolomics. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:48-57. [PMID: 28917945 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are environmental estrogens (EEs) that are ubiquitous in the marine environment. In the present study, we integrated isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic approaches to explore the toxic responses of green mussel hepatopancreas exposed to DDT (10μg/L), BaP (10μg/L) and their mixture. The metabolic responses indicated that BaP primarily disturbed energy metabolism and osmotic regulation in the hepatopancreas of the male green mussel P. viridis. Both DDT and the mixture of DDT and BaP perturbed the energy metabolism and osmotic regulation in P. viridis. The proteomic responses revealed that BaP affected the proteins involved in energy metabolism, material transformation, cytoskeleton, stress responses, reproduction and development in green mussels. DDT exposure could change the proteins involved in primary metabolism, stress responses, cytoskeleton and signal transduction. However, the mixture of DDT and BaP altered proteins associated with material and energy metabolism, stress responses, signal transduction, reproduction and development, cytoskeleton and apoptosis. This study showed that iTRAQ-based proteomic and NMR-based metabolomic approaches could effectively elucidate the essential molecular mechanism of disturbances in hepatopancreas function of green mussels exposed to environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hailong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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26
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Naderi M, Keyvanshokooh S, Salati AP, Ghaedi A. Proteomic analysis of liver tissue from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under high rearing density after administration of dietary vitamin E and selenium nanoparticles. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zhou Y, Xu X, Yu B, Yu G. Characterization of in vitro effects of microcystin-LR on intestinal epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1539-1547. [PMID: 27758031 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a single-cell layer that provides an important barrier against natural toxins. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a cyclic heptapeptide, is one of the best known toxins able to alter the functions of intestine. This study evaluated the toxic effects and the possible mechanisms of MC-LR on barrier function of the intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were exposed to 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μM MC-LR. Cell viability significantly decreased, while the ratio of apoptotic cells increased after exposure to 12.5μM and higer concentration of MC-LR. As expected, the integrity of a polarized IEC-6 monolayer was affected by MC-LR exposure, as demonstrated by a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, becoming most pronounced at 50μM, 24 h. No effects were detected on the protein expression levels of the tight junction protein claudin at 50μM. However, the expression of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) declined. Furthermore, MC-LR can immigrate into IEC-6 cells. The activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) decreased from the concentration of 12.5 μM, showing a dose-dependent decline. These results provide new information that strengthens the concept that the intestinal epithelium is important targets for toxic effects of water contaminants like MC-LR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1539-1547, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Zhejiang Prov Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Guang Yu
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang H, Wang L, Shen S, Wang C, Xiang Z, Han X, Li D. Toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the development of prostate in mice. Toxicology 2017; 380:50-61. [PMID: 28189720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) may cause male reproductive toxicity, less is known on its potential impact on the development of prostate. In this study, from the 12th day in the embryonic period to the 21st day after birth, 4 randomly assigned groups of pregnant mice were exposed to 0, 1, 10, and 50μg/L of MC-LR through drinking water followed by the analyses of their 30- and 90-day-old male offspring. The result showed that MC-LR could enter and be accumulated in the offsprings prostate. Using serological, morphological, and immunohistochemical analysis, we explored the effect of perinatal MC-LR exposure on the prostate development of male offspring. With increasing MC-LR concentrations, the 30 day-old male offspring experienced decreased prostate index, increased serum testosterone levels, decreased serum estradiol levels, and increased the serum androgen/estrogen ratio. Morphological findings showed a significant acini branching defect in both the10 and 50μg/L group and increasing MC-LR exposures induced augmented expression of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor α (ERα). For the 90-day group, MC-LR exposure resulted in decreased physiological indexes including prostate index and the serum androgen/estrogen ratio. Pathological changes could be observed in prostate tissues of mice treated with MC-LR. Increased expression of AR and ERα was also observed. Taken together, our results demonstrated that perinatal MC-LR exposure interfered with the development of the prostate in the offspring, evidenced by prostatic necrosis, hyperplasia, inflammation, and fibrosis, anddisordered hormone conversion of androgen to estrogen inducing imbalance of androgen and estrogen in the prostate may be one of the potential mechanisms of MC-LR disrupting prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Song Shen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Lone Y, Bhide M, Koiri RK. Amelioratory effect of coenzyme Q10 on potential human carcinogen Microcystin-LR induced toxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:176-185. [PMID: 28219701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria. More than 100 microcystin analogues have been detected, among which microcystin-LR is the most abundant and toxic variant. Present study was designed to reveal whether potential human carcinogen microcystin-LR could imbalance the glycolytic-oxidative-nitrosative status of heart, kidney and spleen of mice and also to explore the amelioratory effect of coenzyme Q10 on microcystin-LR induced toxicity. Microcystin-LR was administered at a dose of 10 μg/kg bw/day, ip for 14 days in male mice. In microcystin-LR treated mice as compared to control, significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, lactate dehydrogenase, nitric oxide with a concomitant decrease in the level of glutathione was observed, suggesting microcystin-LR induced toxicity via induction of oxidative-nitrosative-glycolytic pathway. Although several studies have evaluated numerous antioxidants but still there is no effective chemoprotectant against microcystin-LR induced toxicity. When microcystin-LR treated mice were co-administered coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg bw/day, im) for 14 days, it was observed that coenzyme Q10 ameliorates microcystin-LR induced toxicity via modulation of glycolytic-oxidative-nitrosative stress pathway. Thus, the results suggest that coenzyme Q10 has a potential to be developed as preventive agent against microcystin-LR induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqoob Lone
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Mangla Bhide
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Raj Kumar Koiri
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India.
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Feng Y, Ma J, Xiang R, Li X. Alterations in microRNA expression in the tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following microcystin-LR exposure. Toxicon 2017; 128:15-22. [PMID: 28131796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of toxicology, the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in fish is still poorly understood. In the present study, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to examine the expression of 7 miRNAs (let-7b, miR-21, miR-122, miR-27b, miR-148, miR-125a, and miR-143) that play regulatory roles in biological processes such as signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle, and fatty acid metabolism. Expression patterns were assessed in the liver, spleen, and kidney of silver carp following 8, 24, and 48 h of exposure to MC-LR via intraperitoneal injection (50 or 200 μg/kg of body weight). The results of qPCR analysis showed that the expression of the 7 miRNAs was either upregulated or downregulated in response to MC-LR exposure. These results indicate that acute MC-LR exposure altered miRNAs expression profiles in the liver, spleen, and kidney of silver carp, suggesting that miRNAs may be involved in MC-LR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Feng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruichen Xiang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Chen L, Hu Y, He J, Chen J, Giesy JP, Xie P. Responses of the Proteome and Metabolome in Livers of Zebrafish Exposed Chronically to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:596-607. [PMID: 28005350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, changes in expressions of proteins and profiles of metabolites in liver of the small, freshwater fish [Formula: see text] (zebrafish) were investigated after long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Male zebrafish were exposed via water to 1 or 10 μg MC-LR/L for 90 days, and iTRAQ-based proteomics and 1H NMR-based metabolomics were employed. Histopathological observations showed that MC-LR caused damage to liver, and the effects were more pronounced in fish exposed to 10 μg MC-LR/L. Metabolomic analysis also showed alterations of hepatic function, which included changes in a number of metabolic pathways, including small molecules involved in energy, glucose, lipids, and amino acids metabolism. Concentrations of lactate were significantly greater in individuals exposed to MC-LR than in unexposed controls. This indicated a shift toward anaerobic metabolism, which was confirmed by impaired respiration in mitochondria. Proteomics revealed that MC-LR significantly influenced multiple proteins, including those involved in folding of proteins and metabolism. Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to disturbance of metabolism of lipids in liver of zebrafish exposed to MC-LR. Identification of proteins and metabolites in liver of zebrafish responsive to MC-LR provides insights into mechanisms of chronic toxicity of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210089, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang X, Ding J, Xiang Z, Jiang P, Du J, Han X. Microcystin-LR causes sexual hormone disturbance in male rat by targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Toxicon 2016; 123:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Zha J, Wang Z. Brain quantitative proteomic responses reveal new insight of benzotriazole neurotoxicity in female Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 181:67-75. [PMID: 27816759 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) is a high-production volume chemical which has been ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. Although adverse effects from acute and chronic exposure to BT have been reported, the neurotoxic effect of BT and the mechanisms of toxicity are not well documented. In this study, adult female Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.05, 0.5, and 5mg/L BT for 28days. The brain proteome showed that BT exposure mainly involved in metabolic process, signal transduction, stress response, cytoskeleton, and transport. Pathway analysis revealed that cellular processes affected by BT included cellular respiration, G-protein signal cascades, Ca2+-dependent signaling, cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, data on relative mRNA levels demonstrated that genes related to these toxic pathways were also significantly affected by BT. Furthermore, proteins affected by BT such as CKBB, GS, HPCA, VDAC1, and FLOT1A are associated with neurological disorders. Therefore, our finding suggested that BT induced molecular responses in the brain and could provide new insight into BT neurotoxicity in Chinese rare minnow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Cytotoxic Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Glial Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:245-258. [PMID: 27796937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their degenerative effects on mammalian tissue and cells. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Other toxins such as the neurotoxins saxitoxin and ciguatoxin, as well as the hepatotoxic microcystin, have been previously shown to have a range of effects upon the nervous system. However, the capacity of these toxins to cause neurodegeneration in human cells has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic effects of BMAA, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (STX) and ciguatoxin (CTX-1B) on primary adult human astrocytes. We also demonstrated that α-lipoate attenuated MC-LR toxicity in primary astrocytes and characterised changes in gene expression which could potentially be caused by these toxins in primary astrocytes. Herein, we are the first to show that all of these toxins are capable of causing physiological changes consistent with neurodegeneration in glial cells, via oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation culminating in cell death. In addition, MC-LR toxicity was reduced significantly in astrocytes-treated α-lipoic acid. While there were no significant changes in gene expression, many of the probes that were altered were associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Overall, this is important in advancing our current understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of MC-LR on human brain function in vitro, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration.
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miR-541 Contributes to Microcystin-LR-Induced Reproductive Toxicity through Regulating the Expression of p15 in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090260. [PMID: 27608041 PMCID: PMC5037486 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. MC-LR can exert endocrine-disrupting activities in many organisms. We have previously demonstrated that MC-LR exerts both acute and chronic reproductive toxicity in male mice, resulting in a decline in sperm quality and damage to testicular structure. Moreover, we also observed extensive alterations in a panel of microRNAs in spermatogonial cells after exposure to MC-LR. In this study, we have confirmed that miR-541 was significantly increased both in GC-1 cells (in vitro) and in mouse testes (in vivo) after exposure to MC-LR. Our data support that p15 was the target gene of miR-541. Increase in miR-541 led to a reduction of p15 and murine double minute2 (MDM2), promoting the activation of p53 signaling and MC-LR-mediated cell apoptosis. Moreover, cells responded to MC-LR with reduced viability and increased apoptosis. Consistently, inhibiting miR-541 could upregulate the expression of p15 and MDM2, resulting in the downregulation of phospho-p53. Downregulation of miR-541 promoted cell viability by reducing MC-LR-induced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate here a crucial role for miR-541 in MC-LR-induced toxic effects on the reproductive system, in an attempt to provide a rational strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of MC-LR-induced impairment in the reproductive system.
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Hu Y, Chen J, Fan H, Xie P, He J. A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7211-7219. [PMID: 26857003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Hu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Valério E, Campos A, Osório H, Vasconcelos V. Proteomic and Real-Time PCR analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VL3 exposed to microcystin-LR reveals a set of protein alterations transversal to several eukaryotic models. Toxicon 2016; 112:22-8. [PMID: 26806210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most common toxins present in freshwater, in particular microcystins (MCs), are produced by cyanobacteria. These toxins have a negative impact on human health, being associated with episodes of acute hepatotoxicity and being considered potentially carcinogenic to humans. To date the exact mechanisms of MC-induced toxicity and tumor promotion were not completely elucidated. To get new insights underlying microcystin-LR (MCLR) molecular mechanisms of toxicity we have performed the proteomic profiling using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exposed for 4 h-1 nM and 1 μM of MCLR, and compared them to the control (cells not exposed to MCLR). We identified 14 differentially expressed proteins. The identified proteins are involved in metabolism, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and stress response. Furthermore, we evaluated the relative expression of yeast's PP1 and PP2A genes and also of genes from the Base Excision Repair (BER) DNA-repair system, and observed that three out of the five genes analyzed displayed dose-dependent responses. Overall, the different proteins and genes affected are related to oxidative stress and apoptosis, thus reinforcing that it is probably the main mechanism of MCLR toxicity transversal to several organisms, especially at lower doses. Notwithstanding these MCLR responsive proteins could be object of further studies to evaluate their suitability as biomarkers of exposure to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Valério
- Unidade de Água e Solo, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007, Porto, Portugal
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Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Cheng XY, He S, Liang XF, Song Y, Yuan XC, Li L, Wen ZY, Cai WJ, Tao YX. Molecular cloning, expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi ). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 189:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mechanisms of microcystin-LR-induced cytoskeletal disruption in animal cells. Toxicon 2015; 101:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guzmán-Guillén R, Manzano IL, Moreno IM, Ortega AIP, Moyano R, Blanco A, Cameán AM. Cylindrospermopsin induces neurotoxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 161:17-24. [PMID: 25661706 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxic cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. CYN is a tricyclic alkaloid known for its ability to inhibit both protein and glutathione synthesis, and the alteration of different oxidative stress biomarkers in mammals and vertebrates. Although the liver and kidney appear to be the main CYN targets for this toxin, it also affects other organs. In fish, there is no evidence about the neurotoxicity of CYN yet. In the present study, we aimed to study the potential neurotoxicity of CYN, based on the measure of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and histopathological studies in brain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) subchronically exposed to repeated concentrations of 10μg CYN/L by immersion in an A.ovalisporum culture for 14 days. The results showed significant inhibition of AChE activity and increases in LPO levels, as well as relevant histopathological alterations in the brain of fish (O. niloticus) subchronically exposed to the toxin. Moreover, we also investigated the potential recovery of these parameters by subjecting the fish to two depuration periods (3 and 7 days) in clean uncontaminated water, showing a recovery of the biochemical parameters since 3 days of depuration, and being necessary 7 days to recover the histopathological changes. In order to support these results, CYN was detected and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in brain of all the exposed fish and the effects of the depuration periods were also observed. Based on these results, it was demonstrated for the first time the neurotoxicity of CYN and its presence in brain of tilapia fish subchronically exposed to CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Lomares Manzano
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel M Moreno
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto Ortega
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales Carretera Madrid-Cádiz s/n, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Anatomy, University of Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales Carretera Madrid- Cádiz s/n, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Ge W, Yan S, Wang J, Zhu L, Chen A, Wang J. Oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by imidacloprid in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1856-62. [PMID: 25607931 DOI: 10.1021/jf504895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that can have negative effects on nontarget animals. The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of various imidacloprid doses (0.3, 1.25, and 5 mg/mL) on zebrafish sampled after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure. The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the extent of DNA damage were measured to evaluate the toxicity of imidacloprid on zebrafish. SOD and GST activities were noticeably increased during early exposure but were inhibited toward the end of the exposure period. In addition, the CAT levels decreased to the control level following their elevation during early exposure. High concentrations of imidacloprid (1.25 and 5 mg/L) induced excessive ROS production and markedly increased MDA content on the 21st day of exposure. DNA damage was dose- and time-dependent. In conclusion, the present study showed that imidacloprid can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agriculture University , Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
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Groh KJ, Suter MJF. Stressor-induced proteome alterations in zebrafish: a meta-analysis of response patterns. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:1-12. [PMID: 25498419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics approaches are being increasingly applied in ecotoxicology on the premise that the identification of specific protein expression changes in response to a particular chemical would allow elucidation of the underlying molecular pathways leading to an adverse effect. This in turn is expected to promote the development of focused testing strategies for specific groups of toxicants. Although both gel-based and gel-free global characterization techniques provide limited proteome coverage, the conclusions regarding the cellular processes affected are still being drawn based on the few changes detected. To investigate how specific the detected responses are, we analyzed a set of studies that characterized proteome alterations induced by various physiological, chemical and biological stressors in zebrafish, a popular model organism. Our analysis highlights several proteins and protein groups, including heat shock and oxidative stress defense proteins, energy metabolism enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins, to be most frequently identified as responding to diverse stressors. In contrast, other potentially more specifically responding protein groups are detected much less frequently. Thus, zebrafish proteome responses to stress reported by different studies appear to depend mostly on the level of stress rather than on the specific stressor itself. This suggests that the most broadly used current proteomics technologies do not provide sufficient proteome coverage to allow in-depth investigation of specific mechanisms of toxicant action. We suggest that the results of any differential proteomics experiment performed with zebrafish should be interpreted keeping in mind the list of the most frequent responders that we have identified. Similar reservations should apply to any other species where proteome responses are analyzed by global proteomics methods. Careful consideration of the reliability and significance of observed changes is necessary in order not to over-interpret the experimental results and to prevent the proliferation of false positive linkages between the chemical and the cellular functions it perturbs. We further discuss the implications of the identified "top lists" of frequently responding proteins and protein families, and suggest further directions for proteomics research in ecotoxicology. Apart from improving the proteome coverage, further research should focus on defining the significance of the observed stress response patterns for organism phenotypes and on searching for common upstream regulators that can be targeted by specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zhao Y, Xie L, Yan Y. Microcystin-LR impairs zebrafish reproduction by affecting oogenesis and endocrine system. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:115-122. [PMID: 25014902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that microcystins (MCs) are able to exert negative effects on the reproductive system of fish. However, few data are actually available on the effects of MC-LR on the reproductive system of female fish. In the present study, female zebrafish were exposed to 2, 10, and 50 μg L(-1) of MC-LR for 21 d, and its effects on oogenesis, sex hormones, transcription of genes on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, and reproduction were investigated for the first time. It was observed that egg production significantly declined at ⩾ 10 μg L(-1) MC-LR. MC-LR exposure to zebrafish increased the concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG) at 10 μg L(-1) level, whereas concentrations of E2, VTG and testosterone declined at 50 μg L(-1) MC-LR. The transcriptions of steroidogenic pathway gene (cyp19a, cyp19b, 17βhsd, cyp17 and hmgra) changed as well after the exposure and corresponded well with the alterations of hormone levels. A number of intra- and extra-ovarian factors, such as gnrh3, gnrhr1, fshβ, fshr, lhr, bmp15, mrpβ, ptgs2 and vtg1 which regulate oogenesis, were significantly changed with a different dose-related effect. Moreover, MC-LR exposure to female zebrafish resulted in decreased fertilization and hatching rates, and may suggest the possibility of trans-generational effects of MC-LR exposure. The results demonstrate that MC-LR could modulate endocrine function and oogenesis, eventually leading to disruption of reproductive performance in female zebrafish. These data suggest there is a risk for aquatic population living in MC polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Li X, Zhang X, Ju J, Li Y, Yin L, Pu Y. Maternal repeated oral exposure to microcystin-LR affects neurobehaviors in developing rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:64-69. [PMID: 25319481 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are toxic peptides secreted by certain water blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. The most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which exhibits hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. However, limited information is available regarding the effects on offspring following maternal exposure. The present study was conducted to observe the effects of progestational exposure to MC-LR on postnatal development in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (28 d old) were randomly divided into a control group and 3 treatment groups (1.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt, 5.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt, and 20.0 µg MC-LR/kg body wt), with 7 rats per group. The MC-LR was administered through gavage once every 48 h for 8 wk. Pure water was used as control. Each female rat was mated with an unexposed adult male rat. Motor development, behavioral development, and learning ability of pups were detected using surface righting reflex, negative geotaxis, and cliff avoidance tests on postnatal day 7. Open-field and Morris water maze tests were performed on postnatal day 28 and day 60. The levels of lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant indices in the rat hippocampus were also detected. Pups from the MC-LR-treated groups had significantly lower scores than controls in the cliff avoidance test (p < 0.05). Cognitive impairment, malondialdehyde level, and total superoxide dismutase activity significantly increased in MC-LR-exposed pups compared with controls (p < 0.05). Therefore, the present study reveals that maternal exposure to MC-LR has adverse effects on neurodevelopment in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoBo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Zhao S, Li G, Chen J. A proteomic analysis of prenatal transfer of microcystin-LR induced neurotoxicity in rat offspring. J Proteomics 2015; 114:197-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Li XB, Zhang X, Ju J, Li Y, Yin L, Pu Y. Alterations in neurobehaviors and inflammation in hippocampus of rats induced by oral administration of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12419-12425. [PMID: 24938810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a widely studied toxic peptide secreted by certain water blooms of cyanobacteria that exhibit hepatotoxicity and neural toxicity. This study aimed to observe the neurotoxic effects of low-dose MC-LR exposure by oral administration. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered orally every 2 days for 8 weeks with pure water and 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the spatial learning and memory capability of rats. The activation of astrocytes and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in rat hippocampus were analyzed. Slight liver dysfunction was observed in the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats. Impairment of spatial learning and memory was also observed in the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats. Astrocytes in the hippocampus of the 5.0 μg/kg MC-LR-treated rats showed enhanced activation and cell density; the inflammatory indicators, NOS and NO, increased in accordance with astrocyte activation. This study showed that oral exposure of MC-LR had adverse affects on neurobehaviors, and induced inflammation in memory-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Nanjing, 210009, China,
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Microcystins alter chemotactic behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans by selectively targeting the AWA sensory neuron. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1813-36. [PMID: 24918360 PMCID: PMC4073131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms expose humans and animals to microcystins (MCs) through contaminated drinking water. While hepatotoxicity following acute exposure to MCs is well documented, neurotoxicity after sub-lethal exposure is poorly understood. We developed a novel statistical approach using a generalized linear model and the quasibinomial family to analyze neurotoxic effects in adult Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to MC-LR or MC-LF for 24 h. Selective effects of toxin exposure on AWA versus AWC sensory neuron function were determined using a chemotaxis assay. With a non-monotonic response MCs altered AWA but not AWC function, and MC-LF was more potent than MC-LR. To probe a potential role for protein phosphatases (PPs) in MC neurotoxicity, we evaluated the chemotactic response in worms exposed to the PP1 inhibitor tautomycin or the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid for 24 h. Okadaic acid impaired both AWA and AWC function, while tautomycin had no effect on function of either neuronal cell type at the concentrations tested. These findings suggest that MCs alter the AWA neuron at concentrations that do not cause AWC toxicity via mechanisms other than PP inhibition.
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Zhou Y, Xiang Z, Li D, Han X. Regulation of microcystin-LR-induced toxicity in mouse spermatogonia by miR-96. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6383-6390. [PMID: 24803159 DOI: 10.1021/es500152m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC)-LR is a cyclic heptapeptide that acts as a potent reproductive system toxin, especially by decreasing sperm quality through affecting spermatogonia. However, the molecular mechanisms of MC-induced spermatogonial cytotoxicity still remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate changes in microRNA (miRNA) profiles and their potential functions in spermatogonia (GC-1 cell line) following treatment with MC-LR. With microarray analysis, 101 miRNAs were identified to be significantly altered in GC-1 cells treated with MC-LR. Among the 25 miRNAs associated with spermatogenesis, miR-96 was down-regulated most dramatically and thus selected for further functional analysis. Deleted-in azoospermia-associated protein 2 (DAZAP2) was predicted to have a binding sequence for miR-96 within its 3'-untranslated region. Fluorescent reporter assay confirmed that DAZAP2 was the target gene of miR-96. The expression of DAZAP2 decreased significantly when miR-96 was up-regulated. Consistently, down-regulation of miR-96 significantly increased the level of DAZAP2. Up-regulation of miR-96 promoted cell viability in GC-1 cells as a result of exposure to MC-LR. Our study suggested a crucial role for miR-96 in the regulation of cytotoxic effects of MC-LR in spermatogonia, which provides new perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment strategies for MC-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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Fan H, Cai Y, Xie P, Xiao W, Chen J, Ji W, Zhao S. Microcystin-LR stabilizes c-myc protein by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A in HEK293 cells. Toxicology 2014; 319:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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