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Sepp T, Baines C, Kreitsberg R, Scharsack JP, Nogueira P, Lang T, Fort J, Sild E, Clarke JT, Tuvikene A, Meitern R. Differences on the level of hepatic transcriptome between two flatfish species in response to liver cancer and environmental pollution levels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 275:109781. [PMID: 37923151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors can cause cancer in both wild animals and humans. In ecological settings, genetic variation and natural selection can sometimes produce resilience to the negative impacts of environmental change. An increase in oncogenic substances in natural habitats has therefore, unintentionally, created opportunities for using polluted habitats to study cancer defence mechanisms. The Baltic and North Sea are among the most contaminated marine areas, with a long history of pollution. Two flatfish species (flounder, Platichthys flesus and dab, Limanda limanda) are used as ecotoxicological indicator species due to pollution-induced liver cancer. Cancer is more prevalent in dab, suggesting species-specific differences in vulnerability and/or defence mechanisms. We conducted gene expression analyses for 30 flatfishes. We characterize between- and within-species patterns in potential cancer-related mechanisms. By comparing cancerous and healthy fishes, and non-cancerous fishes from clean and polluted sites, we suggest also genes and related physiological mechanisms that could contribute to a higher resistance to pollution-induced cancer in flounders. We discovered changes in transcriptome related to elevated pollutant metabolism, alongside greater tumour suppression mechanisms in the liver tissue of flounders compared to dabs. This suggests either hormetic upregulation of tumour suppression or a stronger natural selection pressure for higher cancer resistance for flounders in polluted environment. Based on gene expression patterns seen in cancerous and healthy fish, for liver cancer to develop in flounders, genetic defence mechanisms need to be suppressed, while in dabs, analogous process is weak or absent. We conclude that wild species could offer novel insights and ideas for understanding the nature and evolution of natural cancer defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia. https://twitter.com/@TuulSeppLab
| | - Ciara Baines
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Harju County, Estonia
| | - Randel Kreitsberg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jörn Peter Scharsack
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pedro Nogueira
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR7266 CNRS - La Rochelle University, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Elin Sild
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - John T Clarke
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia; GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany; Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Arvo Tuvikene
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Meitern
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
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Jing M, Lin J, Tao J, Yan H, Huang JH. Matrix in River Water, Sediments, and Biofilms Mitigates Mercury Toxicity to Medaka ( Oryzias Latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21337-21347. [PMID: 38059579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of an environmental matrix on mercury (Hg) bioavailability and toxicity to medaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated in matrix-free controls and treatments with a stepwise increased environmental matrix of river water, sediments, and biofilms. Generally, river water enhanced but the presence of sediments and biofilms reduced Hg bioavailability to medaka up to 105 times, so that Hgtotal concentrations/amounts among different environmental media cannot mirror Hg availability and toxicity to medaka. On average, 12.9 and 12.4% of Hg in medaka was, respectively, methylated to methylmercury (MeHg) in matrix-free and -containing treatments, indicating no influence of the environmental matrix on Hg methylation in medaka. All oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, and malformation parameters correlated strongly and significantly with Hgtotal and MeHg concentrations in medaka, notably with steeper slopes in matrix-free controls than in matrix-containing treatments, highlighting that the environmental matrix mitigated Hg and MeHg toxicity to medaka. Moreover, oxidative stress was more strongly mitigated than inflammatory injury according to the stronger decreases of the regression line slopes from matrix-free to -containing treatments. Here, we have newly identified that the potential of the environmental matrix to decrease Hg bioavailability and mitigate Hg toxicity to fish together could buffer Hg ecotoxicity in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jing
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
- Guiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Junyan Tao
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Haiyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China
| | - Jen-How Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China
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Bogevik AS, Puvanendran V, Vorkamp K, Burgerhout E, Hansen Ø, Fernández-Míguez M, Krasnov A, Afanasyev S, Høst V, Ytteborg E. Long-Term Influence of PCB- and PBDE-Spiked Microplastic Spheres Fed through Rotifers to Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua) Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10326. [PMID: 37373473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Omnipresent microplastics (MPs) in marine ecosystems are ingested at all trophic levels and may be a vector for the transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the food web. We fed rotifers polyethylene MPs (1-4 µm) spiked with seven congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and two congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In turn, these rotifers were fed to cod larvae from 2-30 days post-hatching (dph), while the control groups were fed rotifers without MPs. After 30 dph, all the groups were fed the same feed without MPs. Whole-body larvae were sampled at 30 and 60 dph, and four months later the skin of 10 g juveniles was sampled. The PCBs and PBDEs concentrations were significantly higher in MP larvae compared to the control larvae at 30 dph, but the significance dissipated at 60 dph. Expression of stress-related genes in cod larvae at 30 and 60 dph showed inconclusive minor random effects. The skin of MP juveniles showed disrupted epithelial integrity, fewer club cells and downregulation of a suite of genes involved in immunity, metabolism and the development of skin. Our study showed that POPs were transferred through the food web and accumulated in the larvae, but that the level of pollutants decreased once the exposure was ceased, possibly related to growth dilution. Considering the transcriptomic and histological findings, POPs spiked to MPs and/or MPs themselves may have long-term effects in the skin barrier defense system, immune response and epithelium integrity, which may potentially reduce the robustness and overall fitness of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Øyvind Hansen
- Nofima, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez 44, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vibeke Høst
- Nofima, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Maria B, Maria MC, Antonio B, Simona M, Rosaria A, Andrea S, Giulia M, Marianna DC, Mario S. Chemical and biochemical responses to sub-lethal doses of mercury and cadmium in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135822. [PMID: 35963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of Sparus aurata were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Hg and Cd for 25 days and the levels of both metals were investigated in organs and tissues. Bioaccumulation of Hg decreased as follow: gills > kidney > liver > skin > muscle, while the order of Cd bioaccumulation was: liver > kidney > gills > skin > muscle. Immediately after exposure, both metals showed the highest bioaccumulation in gills and skin indicating that these organs are reliable targets for biomonitoring studies after short term exposure. Metals introduction caused a significant time-dependent concentrations increase in kidney and liver, while in the muscle a significant increase of Hg was recorded only at the end of the experimentation. The effects of exposure were also investigated, at biochemical level, in the liver, which represents the main target of xenobiotics biotransformation and metabolism in fish. Exposed fishes exhibited a reduction of total lipid level, a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), together with a MDA increase. This suggests a direct effect of contaminants on oxidative stress induction that, through the MDA increase, altered the membrane fatty acids composition decreasing the PUFA content. As it regards molecular markers related to oxidative stress and lipid metanolism, a significant increase of Nrf2, Hif-1α and Ampk and a decrease of Fas were observed after exposure to both metals, while an Nf-kB increase was recorded in specimens exposed to Hg, docuemnting a correlation with oxidative stress and consequent metabolism adaptation. Finally, these results suggest the possibility to adopt these biomarkers to explore fish metabolic responses to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsignore Maria
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), via del Mare, 3 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Messina Concetta Maria
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), via del Mare, 3 Campobello di Mazara, Italy; University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Bellante Antonio
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), via del Mare, 3 Campobello di Mazara, Italy.
| | - Manuguerra Simona
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Arena Rosaria
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Santulli Andrea
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Maricchiolo Giulia
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM-CNR), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Del Core Marianna
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), via del Mare, 3 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Sprovieri Mario
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), via del Mare, 3 Campobello di Mazara, Italy
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Aragão WAB, Bittencourt LO, Lima LADO, de Souza MPC, Nogueira LS, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MAR, de Oliveira EHC, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. DNA Damage and Proteomic Profile Changes in Rat Salivary Glands After Chronic Exposure to Inorganic Mercury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3983-3995. [PMID: 35013890 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that became a public health problem due to environmental contamination caused by anthropogenic activity. In this sense, oral homeostasis can undergo changes due to the toxic effects of metal on the salivary glands. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the proteomic and genotoxic changes in salivary glands after exposure to inorganic mercury (IHg). Forty Wistar rats that were divided into a control group, which received distilled water, and an exposed group, which received 0.375 mg/kg of mercury chloride for 45 days via orogastric gavage. After that, the animals were euthanized, and the parotid and submandibular glands were collected for analysis of the genotoxic effects, using the comet assay and proteome global profile assessment. The results showed that IHg promoted damage to cellular DNA associated with proteomic changes that showed events such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in the cytoskeleton, and apoptosis. Therefore, these findings show a profile of molecular changes due to the interactions of IHg with several proteins and mechanisms inherent to the cell, which consequently may result in dysfunction of the salivary glands and impaired homeostasis of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, n. 01, Guamá, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, n. 01, Guamá, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Alencar de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, n. 01, Guamá, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Lygia Sega Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, n. 01, Guamá, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil.
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6
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Cunha Nascimento P, Alana Bragança Aragão W, Oliveira Bittencourt L, Dionizio A, A. R. Buzalaf M, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. Maternal methylmercury exposure changes the proteomic profile of the offspring's salivary glands: Prospects on translational toxicology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258969. [PMID: 34748590 PMCID: PMC8575261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylmercury (MeHg) remains a public health issue since developing organisms are particularly vulnerable to this environmental contaminant. This study investigated the effect of maternal MeHg exposure on the modulation of proteomic profile of parotid (PA), submandibular (SM), and sublingual (SL) glands of offspring rats. Materials and methods Pregnant Wistar rats were daily exposed to 40 μg/kg MeHg during both gestational and lactation periods. The proteomic profiles of the major salivary glands of the offspring rats were analyzed through mass spectrometry. Results The offspring rats exposed to MeHg showed significant alterations in the proteomic profiles of the PA, SM, and SL glands. Altered proteins were associated with cytoskeleton components, tissue morphogenesis, and response to stimulus and stress. Conclusion This original study showed that maternal MeHg exposure significantly modulates the expression of proteins and induces alterations in the proteomic profiles of developing salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia A. R. Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Beyer J, Goksøyr A, Hjermann DØ, Klungsøyr J. Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105155. [PMID: 32992224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), metals, and many other constituents of environmental relevance. Risk-based regulation, greener offshore chemicals and improved cleaning systems have reduced environmental risks of PW discharges, but PW is still the largest operational source of oil pollution to the sea from the offshore petroleum industry. Monitoring surveys find detectable exposures in caged mussel and fish several km downstream from PW outfalls, but biomarkers indicate only mild acute effects in these sentinels. On the other hand, increased concentrations of DNA adducts are found repeatedly in benthic fish populations, especially in haddock. It is uncertain whether increased adducts could be a long-term effect of sediment contamination due to ongoing PW discharges, or earlier discharges of oil-containing drilling waste. Another concern is uncertainty regarding the possible effect of PW discharges in the sub-Arctic Southern Barents Sea. So far, research suggests that sub-arctic species are largely comparable to temperate species in their sensitivity to PW exposure. Larval deformities and cardiac toxicity in fish early life stages are among the biomarkers and adverse outcome pathways that currently receive much attention in PW effect research. Herein, we summarize the accumulated ecotoxicological knowledge of offshore PW discharges and highlight some key remaining knowledge needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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Avey SR, Kennedy CJ, Farrell AP, Gillis TE, Alderman SL. Effects of diluted bitumen exposure on Atlantic salmon smolts: Molecular and metabolic responses in relation to swimming performance. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105423. [PMID: 32006756 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Canada's oil sands industry continues to expand and the volume of diluted bitumen (dilbit) transported across North America is increasing, adding to spill risk and environmental contamination. Dilbit exposure is known to cause adverse effects in fish, but linking molecular and cellular changes with ecologically-relevant individual performance metrics is needed to better understand the potential consequences of a dilbit spill into the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study examined the effects of dilbit exposure on subcellular responses in cardiac and skeletal muscle in relation to swimming performance in a migratory fish species at risk of exposure, Atlantic salmon. Smolts were exposed subchronically to environmentally relevant concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of dilbit (WSFd) for 24 d, and then a subset of exposed fish underwent a depuration period of 7 or 14 d, for a total of 3 experimental time points. At each time point, repeat swimming performance was assessed using sequential critical swimming speed tests (Ucrit) separated by a 24 h rest period, and then several tissues were collected to determine biotransformation enzyme activation, energetic responses, and gene expression changes. Ucrit was unaffected in fish exposed to 67.9 μg/L total initial polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), but fish showed a decreased reliance on lipid metabolism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the heart that was maintained through 7 d depuration. In contrast, Ucrit increased in fish exposed to 9.65 μg/L PAC, corresponding to an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolic pathways in cardiac and red skeletal muscle, with partial recovery after 7 d depuration. As expected, at both concentrations WSFd hepatic cyp 1A-mediated biotransformation reactions increased, as measured by EROD activity, which remained elevated for 7 d but not after 14 d depuration. Transcript abundance of cyp1a was also increased in muscle tissue and recovered by 14 d depuration. The expression of other stress-related genes increased in white muscle of dilbit-exposed fish, but were largely unchanged in cardiac and red muscle. The transcriptional profile of cardiac tissue was compared to that of sockeye salmon similarly exposed to WSFd in a previous experiment, and is provided in supplemental text. Combined, these results demonstrate that dilbit exposure alters gene expression and enzyme activities related to xenobiotic exposure, cellular stress, and muscle energetics in juvenile Atlantic salmon without impairing swimming performance, and that most of these changes are recoverable within 14 d depuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Avey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Piazza CE, Mattos JJ, de Toledo-Silva G, Flores-Nunes F, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Trevisan R, Bittencourt AC, Bícego MC, Taniguchi S, Marques MRF, Dafré AL, Bianchini A, Souza EMD, Bainy ACD. Transcriptional effects in the estuarine guppy Poecilia vivipara exposed to sanitary sewage in laboratory and in situ. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109411. [PMID: 31299475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The urban growth has increased sanitary sewage discharges in coastal ecosystems, negatively affecting the aquatic biota. Mangroves, one of the most human-affected coastal biomes, are areas for reproduction and nursing of several species. In order to evaluate the effects of sanitary sewage effluents in mangrove species, this study assessed the hepatic transcriptional responses of guppy fish Poecilia vivipara exposed to sanitary sewage 33% (v:v), using suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH), high throughput sequencing of RNA (Ion-proton) and quantification of transcript levels by qPCR of some identified genes in fish kept in a sewage-contaminated environment. Genes identified are related predominantly to xenobiotic biotransformation, immune system and sexual differentiation. The qPCR results confirmed the induction of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), glutathione S transferase A-like (GST A-like) methyltransferase (MET) and UDP glycosyltransferase 1A (UDPGT1A), and repression of complement component C3 (C3), doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1), and transferrin (TF) in the laboratory experiment. In the field exposure, the transcript levels of CYP1A, DMRT1, MET, GST A-like and UDPGT1A were higher in fishes exposed at the contaminated sites compared to the reference site. Chemical analysis in fish from the laboratory and in situ experiments, and surface sediment from the sewage-contaminated sites revealed relevant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). These data reinforce the use of P. vivipara as a sentinel for monitoring environmental contamination in coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clei Endrigo Piazza
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research, NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Toledo-Silva
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Cell Biology, Embriology and Genetics Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Flores-Nunes
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Trevisan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Arnaldo Cechinel Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Risoleta Freire Marques
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafré
- Laboratory of Cellular Defenses, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Foundation, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Zheng N, Wang S, Dong W, Hua X, Li Y, Song X, Chu Q, Hou S, Li Y. The Toxicological Effects of Mercury Exposure in Marine Fish. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:714-720. [PMID: 30949738 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the Minamata incident in Japan, the public have become increasingly aware of the negative health effects caused by mercury pollution in the ocean. Consequently, there has been significant interest in the health of humans eating fish exposed to mercury (Hg). However, the toxicity of mercury to the marine fish themselves has received far less attention. In this review, we summarize mercury accumulation in marine fish and the toxicological effects of mercury exposure. Results showed that the bioaccumulation of mercury in marine fish was highly variable, and its concentration was affected by the specific physiological and ecological characteristics of different fish species. Mercury exposure can produce teratogenic, neurotoxic effects, and reproductive toxicity. These effects can then cause harm to cells, tissues, proteins and genes, and ultimately, the survival, growth, and behavior of marine fish. Future studies should afford more attention to the toxicological effect of mercury exposure upon marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China.
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory Toxinscant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028043, China
| | - Xiuyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yunyang Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Qingwen Chu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory Toxinscant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028043, China
| | - Shengnan Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
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11
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Rua-Ibarz A, Bolea-Fernandez E, Maage A, Frantzen S, Sanden M, Vanhaecke F. Tracing Mercury Pollution along the Norwegian Coast via Elemental, Speciation, and Isotopic Analysis of Liver and Muscle Tissue of Deep-Water Marine Fish ( Brosme brosme). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1776-1785. [PMID: 30652479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver and muscle tissue of tusks ( Brosme brosme) have been analyzed for their THg and MeHg concentrations and Hg isotopic signatures for tracing Hg pollution along the Norwegian coast. Clear differences between tissue types and locations were established. At five of the eight locations, the Hg concentration in muscle exceeded the maximum allowable level of 0.5 mg kg-1 wet weight. δ202Hg values in both tissue types indicated that Hg speciation affects the bulk Hg isotopic signature. Tusk liver seems to be more sensitive to immediate changes and to anthropogenic inorganic Hg, while the muscle rather reflects the Hg accumulated over a longer period of exposure. The δ202Hg values of liver and muscle also enabled different sources of Hg and exposure pathways to be distinguished. δ202Hgmuscle-δ202Hgliver showed a clear correlation with the % MeHg in tusk liver for the coastal waters, but not for the fjords. The absence of significant differences in Δ199Hg values between both tissues of tusk from the same location suggests that in vivo metabolic processes are the underlying reason for the differences in Hg speciation and in δ202Hg values. This work highlights the importance of selecting different tissues of marine fish in future Hg monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rua-Ibarz
- Ghent University , Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry Research Unit , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Ghent University , Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry Research Unit , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Amund Maage
- Institute of Marine Research , Postboks 1870 Nordnes , 5817 Bergen , Norway
| | - Sylvia Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research , Postboks 1870 Nordnes , 5817 Bergen , Norway
| | - Monica Sanden
- Institute of Marine Research , Postboks 1870 Nordnes , 5817 Bergen , Norway
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Ghent University , Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry Research Unit , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
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12
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Diaz de Cerio O, Bilbao E, Izagirre U, Etxebarria N, Moreno G, Díez G, Cajaraville MP, Cancio I. Toxicology tailored low density oligonucleotide microarray for the thicklip grey mullets (Chelon labrosus): Biomarker gene transcription profile after caging in a polluted harbour. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:265-277. [PMID: 30042060 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic organisms inhabiting polluted waters genes are activated to build an adaptive/compensatory defence against the possible effects of pollutants. Such responses can be used as biomarkers of exposure to chemical compounds, outlining the molecular mechanisms activated under specific pollution scenarios. With the aim of exploiting such approach in environmental health assessment, toxicologically relevant gene fragments were sequenced in the thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) and a toxicologically tailored low-density (160 genes) oligonucleotide microarray was customised. The tool was validated comparing organ/sex specific gene expression profiles and characterising responses under laboratory exposure to model chemicals. Finally, juvenile mullets were caged in a polluted harbour and hepatic gene expression profiles analysed after 5 and 21 days of deployment. Cages were deployed in the inner (IH) and outer (OH) Pasaia harbour, Bay of Biscay. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were also caged as biological matrix for chemical bioaccumulation analysis and stress biomarkers measurements. Slightly higher concentrations of chemicals (metals, tributyltin, PAHs, phthalates) were quantified in IH than in OH, fish bile metabolites also revealing higher availability of PAHs in IH. Lysosome membrane stability in mussels was reduced, indicating stress condition in both sites. The developed microarray discriminated mullets showing distinctive expression profiles depending on site and deployment time. Genes related to immune and hypoxia responses were regulated comparing IH and OH at day 5. Phase I and II biotransformation genes, such as cyp2, cyp3 and ugt, were up-regulated in IH, together with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (ahr2) and the ahr repressor. Similarly, TBT-binding proteins and genes involved in lipid metabolism (pparγ, cyp7) were up-regulated with deployment time. Even if nowadays higher throughput approaches for gene expression analyses are available, the developed mullet tool constitutes a comprehensive tool to assess molecular responses of mullets exposed to pollutants, although it remains to be explored whether it can be applied to assess pollutant exposure in active pollution monitorings and in environmental health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Diaz de Cerio
- CBET Res. Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Zoology and Cell Biology Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - E Bilbao
- CBET Res. Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Zoology and Cell Biology Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - U Izagirre
- CBET Res. Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Zoology and Cell Biology Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - N Etxebarria
- IBEA Res Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Analytical Chemistry Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - G Moreno
- International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF), 805 15th Street NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - G Díez
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi irla z/g, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M P Cajaraville
- CBET Res. Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Zoology and Cell Biology Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain
| | - I Cancio
- CBET Res. Group. Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU) and Zoology and Cell Biology Dept. (Fac. Science and Technology), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), E-48080, Bilbao, PO Box 644, Basque Country, Spain.
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13
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Kwon G, Ghil S. Identification of warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein-2 in Kumgang fat minnow Rhynchocypris kumgangensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018. [PMID: 29542267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65) is known to respond to elevated water temperatures and the corresponding gene from several fish species has been cloned. Expression of Wap65 gene is induced by various physiological stresses, such as increase in water temperature, immune response and heavy metal exposure. Two isolated Wap65 genes, Wap65-1 and Wap65-2, display distinct tissue distribution and physiological functions despite high sequence homology. In a previous study, we identified the Wap65-1 gene (kmWap65-1) from Kumgang fat minnow, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, a small freshwater fish endemic to Korea. The kmWap65-1 gene showed sequence homology with teleost Wap65-1 and mammalian hemopexin, and was highly expressed in response to increased water temperature and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Here, we isolated kmWap65-2 from liver tissue of Kumgang fat minnow and compared the expression profiles of both kmWap65 genes following exposure to various physiological stresses, including thermal changes, bacterial challenge, and environmental toxins. Notably, while kmWap65-1 expression was significantly increased in response to high water temperature, LPS, cadmium, and iron, kmWap65-2 displayed no alterations in expression at high water temperature. However, kmWap65-2 expression was upregulated slightly in response to LPS and highly in presence of copper, bisphenol A, and estradiol. Based on the collective findings, we propose that kmWap65-1 and kmWap65-2 are multifunctional proteins with distinct functions that could serve as useful biomarkers for assessing physiological stress and associated responses in Kumgang fat minnow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibeom Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Devault DA, Beilvert B, Winterton P. Ship breaking or scuttling? A review of environmental, economic and forensic issues for decision support. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25741-25774. [PMID: 27424206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In a globalized world, the world trade fleet plays a pivotal role in limiting transport costs. But, the management of obsolete ships is an acute problem, with most Ship Recycling Facilities (SRF) situated in developing countries. They are renowned for their controversial work and safety conditions and their environmental impact. Paradoxically, dismantlement is paid for by the shipowners in accordance with international conventions therefore it is more profitable for them to sell off ships destined for scrapping. Scuttling, the alternative to scrapping, is assessed in the present review to compare the cost/benefit ratios of the two approaches. Although scrapping provides employment and raw materials - but with environmental, health and safety costs - scuttling provides fisheries and diving tourism opportunities but needs appropriate management to avoid organic and metal pollution, introduction of invasive species and exacerbation of coastal erosion. It is also limited by appropriate bottom depth, ship type and number. The present review inventories the environmental, health, safety, economic, and forensic aspects of each alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Devault
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Agroparistech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Molécules en Milieu Agressif, UA - UMR ECOFOG,DSI, Campus Universitaire de Schoelcher, 97275, Schoelcher, Martinique, France.
| | - Briac Beilvert
- CDMO, Université de Nantes, Chemin la Censive du Tertre, BP 81307, 44313, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Peter Winterton
- Département Langues et Gestion, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 09, France
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15
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Ndungu K, Beylich BA, Staalstrøm A, Øxnevad S, Berge JA, Braaten HFV, Schaanning M, Bergstrøm R. Petroleum oil and mercury pollution from shipwrecks in Norwegian coastal waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:624-633. [PMID: 28363177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide there are tens of thousands of sunken shipwrecks lying on the coastal seabed. These potentially polluting wrecks (PPW) are estimated to hold 3-25milliont of oil. Other hazardous cargo in PPW includes ordnance, chemicals and radioactive waste. Here, we present and discuss studies on mercury (Hg) and oil pollution in coastal marine sediment caused by two of the >2100 documented PPW in Norwegian marine waters. The German World War II (WWII) submarine (U-864) lies at about 150m below the sea surface, near the Norwegian North Sea island of Fedje. The submarine is estimated to have been carrying 67t of elemental Hg, some of which has leaked on to surrounding sediment. The total Hg concentration in bottom surface sediment within a 200m radius of the wreckage decreases from 100g/kgd.w. at the wreckage hotspot to about 1mg/kgd.w. at 100m from the hotspot. The second wreck is a German WWII cargo ship (Nordvard), that lies at a depth of ca. 30m near the Norwegian harbor of Moss. Oil leakage from Nordvard has contaminated the bottom coastal sediment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The findings from this study provide useful insight to coastal administration authorities involved in assessing and remediating wreck-borne pollution from any of the tens of thousands of sunken shipwrecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuria Ndungu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - André Staalstrøm
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigurd Øxnevad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - John A Berge
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Rune Bergstrøm
- Norwegian Coastal Administration, NO-3187 Horten, Norway
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16
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Lu X, Xiang Y, Yang G, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhong S. Transcriptomic characterization of zebrafish larvae in response to mercury exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 192:40-49. [PMID: 27939723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a widespread toxicant in aquatic environment that can cause deleterious effects on fish. Although a number of mercury-regulated genes have been investigated in adult fish, the transcriptional responses of fish larvae to acute mercury exposure are not well understood. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to examine the transcriptional changes in developing zebrafish larvae under a low concentration of mercuric chloride exposure from 24 to 120hpf. Our initial results showed that a total of 142.59 million raw reads were obtained from sequencing libraries and about 86% of the processed reads were mapped to the reference genome of zebrafish. Differential expression analysis identified 391 up- and 87 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that most of the differential expressed genes are closely related to the regulation of cellular process, metabolic process, multicellular organismal process, biological regulation, pigmentation, and response to stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that antigen processing and presentation was the most significantly enriched pathway. Moreover, we characterized a novel and sensitive mercury-induced ABCB (ATP- binding cassette B subfamily) transporter gene - abcb5. This gene is localized on zebrafish chromosome 16 and contains a 4014bp open-reading frame. The deduced polypeptide is composed of 1337 amino acids and possesses most of functional domains and critical residues defined in human and mouse ABCB5/Abcb5. Functional analysis in vitro demonstrated that overexpression of zebrafish abcb5 gene can significantly decrease the cytotoxicity of mercury in LLC-PK1 cells, implying it is a potential efflux transporter of mercury. Thus, these findings provide useful insights to help further understand the transcriptional response and detoxification ability of zebrafish larvae following acute exposure to mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, Hubei, China.
| | - Ying Xiang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Guohua Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Lang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Shan Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.
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17
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Olsvik PA, Waagbø R, Hevrøy EM, Remø SC, Søfteland L. In vitro Assessment of Hg Toxicity in Hepatocytes from Heat-Stressed Atlantic Salmon. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:226-239. [PMID: 27094051 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Global warming may alter the bioavailability of contaminants in aquatic environments. In this work, mercury (Hg2+) toxicity was studied in cells obtained from Atlantic salmon smolt kept at 15 °C (optimal growth temperature) for 3 months or at a stepwise increase to 20 °C (temperature-stress) during 3 months prior to cell harvest to evaluate whether acclimation temperature affects Hg toxicity. To examine possible altered dietary requirements in warmer seas, one group of fish following the stepwise temperature regimes was fed a diet spiked with antioxidants. Atlantic salmon hepatocytes were exposed in vitro to 0, 1.0, or 100 μM Hg2+ for 48 h. Cytotoxicity, determined as electrical impedance changes with the xCELLigence system, and transcriptional responses, determined with RT-qPCR, were assessed as measures of toxicity. The results showed that inorganic Hg at a concentration up to 100 μM is not cytotoxic to Atlantic salmon hepatocytes. Significance and directional responses of the 18 evaluated target genes suggest that both Hg and temperature stress affected the transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in the protection against ROS-generated oxidative stress. Both stressors also affected the transcription of genes linked to lipid metabolism. Spiking the diet with antioxidants resulted in higher concentrations of Se and vitamin C and reduced concentration of Hg in the liver in vivo, but no interactions were seen between the dietary supplementation of antioxidants and Hg toxicity in vitro. In conclusion, no evidence was found suggesting that inorganic Hg is more toxic in cells harvested from temperature-stressed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rune Waagbø
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernst M Hevrøy
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005, Bergen, Norway
- EWOS AS, N-5803, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sofie C Remø
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv Søfteland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005, Bergen, Norway
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18
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Rua-Ibarz A, Bolea-Fernandez E, Maage A, Frantzen S, Valdersnes S, Vanhaecke F. Assessment of Hg Pollution Released from a WWII Submarine Wreck (U-864) by Hg Isotopic Analysis of Sediments and Cancer pagurus Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10361-10369. [PMID: 27609466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hg pollution released from the U-864 submarine sunk during WWII and potential introduction of that Hg into the marine food chain have been studied by a combination of quantitative Hg and MeHg determination and Hg isotopic analysis via cold vapor generation multicollector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CVG-MC-ICP-MS) in sediment and Cancer pagurus samples. The sediment pollution could be unequivocally linked with the metallic Hg present in the wreck. Crabs were collected at the wreck location and 4 nmi north and south, and their brown and claw meat were analyzed separately. For brown meat, the δ202Hg values of the individuals from the wreck location were shifted toward the isotopic signature of the sediment and, thus, the submarine Hg. Such differences were not found for claw meat. The isotope ratio results suggest direct ingestion of metallic Hg by C. pagurus but do not offer any proof for any other introduction of the submarine Hg into the marine food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rua-Ibarz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amund Maage
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Strandgaten 229, 5002 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sylvia Frantzen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Strandgaten 229, 5002 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig Valdersnes
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Strandgaten 229, 5002 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Teles M, Fierro-Castro C, Na-Phatthalung P, Tvarijonaviciute A, Trindade T, Soares AMVM, Tort L, Oliveira M. Assessment of gold nanoparticle effects in a marine teleost (Sparus aurata) using molecular and biochemical biomarkers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:125-135. [PMID: 27267391 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are increasingly employed in a variety of applications and are likely to be increasing in the environment, posing a potential emerging environmental threat. Information on possible hazardous effects of engineered nanoparticles is urgently required to ensure human and environmental safety and promote the safe use of novel nanotechnologies. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on AuNP effects in marine species. The present study aimed to assess AuNP effects in a marine teleost, Sparus aurata, by combining endpoints at different biological levels (molecular and biochemical). For that purpose, fish were exposed via water for 96h to 4, 80 and 1600μgL(-1) of AuNP (∼40nm) coated with citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Results revealed a significant impact of AuNP-PVP in the hepatic expression of antioxidant, immune and apoptosis related genes. Total oxidative status was increased in plasma after exposure to the lowest concentration of AuNP-PVP, although without altering the total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, AuNP did not induce significant damage in the liver since the activity of neither hepatic indicator (aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) increased. Overall, the present study demonstrated that AuNP, even with a biocompatible coating is able to alter oxidative status and expression of relevant target genes in marine fish. Another important finding is that effects are mainly induced by the lowest and intermediate concentrations of the PVP coated AuNP revealing the importance of different coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Na-Phatthalung
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Trindade
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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20
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Im J, Kwon G, Kong D, Ghil S. Identification of a warm-temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein encoded by a temperature- and infection-responsive gene in the Kumgang fat minnow Rhynchocypris kumgangensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 325:65-74. [PMID: 26612495 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Water temperature is one of the most important factors in fish physiology; thus, it is important to identify genes that respond to changes in water temperature. In this study, we identified a warm- temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65) in the Kumgang fat minnow Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, a small, cold-freshwater fish species endemic to Korea. Kumgang fat minnow Wap65-1 (kmWap65-1) was cloned using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategies, and was found to be highly homologous with teleost Wap65-1 and mammalian hemopexin, a heme-binding protein that transfers plasma heme into hepatocytes. kmWap65-1 mRNA was expressed mainly in the liver and its expression levels were significantly increased by both short- and long-term exposure to high temperature, which was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the expression levels of kmWap65-1 were highly elevated by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that kmWap65-1 expression is associated with environmental stresses such as increases in water temperature and bacterial infection. J. Exp. Zool. 325A:65-74, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Im
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibeom Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Kong
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Ng GHB, Xu H, Pi N, Kelly BC, Gong Z. Differential GFP expression patterns induced by different heavy metals in Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:317-327. [PMID: 25652692 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of the most widely used biomarker for monitoring environment perturbations in biological systems. To facilitate the analysis of hsp70 expression as a biomarker, we generated a Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka line in which green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene was driven by the medaka hsp70 promoter. Here, we characterized Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka for inducible GFP expression by seven environment-relevant heavy metals, including mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, and zinc. We found that four of them (mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium) induced GFP expression in multiple and different organs. In general, the liver, kidney, gut, and skin are among the most frequent organs to show induced GFP expression. In contrast, no detectable GFP induction was observed to copper, chromium, or zinc, indicating that the transgenic line was not responsive to all heavy metals. RT-qPCR determination of hsp70 mRNA showed similar induction and non-induction by these metals, which also correlated with the levels of metal uptake in medaka exposed to these metals. Our observations suggested that these heavy metals have different mechanisms of toxicity and/or differential bioaccumulation in various organs; different patterns of GFP expression induced by different metals may be used to determine or exclude metals in water samples tested. Furthermore, we also tested several non-metal toxicants such as bisphenol A, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 4-introphenol, and lindane; none of them induced significant GFP expression in Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka, further suggesting that the inducibility of Tg(hsp70:gfp) for GFP expression is specific to a subset of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hwee Boon Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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22
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Suzuki N, Ogiso S, Yachiguchi K, Kawabe K, Makino F, Toriba A, Kiyomoto M, Sekiguchi T, Tabuchi Y, Kondo T, Kitamura KI, Hong CS, Srivastav AK, Oshima Y, Hattori A, Hayakawa K. Monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influence spicule formation in the early development of sea urchins (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 171:55-60. [PMID: 25737366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OHPAHs), which are metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), act on calcified tissue and suppress osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in the scales of teleost fish. The compounds may possibly influence other calcified tissues. Thus, the present study noted the calcified spicules in sea urchins and examined the effect of both PAHs and OHPAHs on spicule formation during the embryogenesis of sea urchins. After fertilization, benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and 4-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene (4-OHBaA) were added to seawater at concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-7) M and kept at 18 °C. The influence of the compound was given at the time of the pluteus larva. At this stage, the length of the spicule was significantly suppressed by 4-OHBaA (10(-8) and 10(-7) M). BaA (10(-7) M) decreased the length of the spicule significantly, while the length did not change with BaA (10(-8) M). The expression of mRNAs (spicule matrix protein and transcription factors) in the 4-OHBaA (10(-7) M)-treated embryos was more strongly inhibited than were those in the BaA (10(-7) M)-treated embryos. This is the first study to demonstrate that OHPAHs suppress spicule formation in sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Koji Yachiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kimi Kawabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Fumiya Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyomoto
- Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Tateyama, Chiba 294-0301, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Kitamura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Chun-Sang Hong
- Research and Business Foundation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81, Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajai K Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273-009, India
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Eide M, Karlsen OA, Kryvi H, Olsvik PA, Goksøyr A. Precision-cut liver slices of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): an in vitro system for studying the effects of environmental contaminants. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 153:110-115. [PMID: 24268426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an economically important species commonly consumed by humans. The widespread distribution of cod in the North Atlantic Ocean makes it vulnerable to effluents from human activities, such as coastal industries and offshore petroleum exploration. It has been demonstrated that many effluents have adverse effects on cod reproduction and health, e.g. by disrupting endocrine signaling pathways. The liver, expressing important components of the biotransformation and the endocrine system, is one of the main target organs. Thus, reliable and reproducible in vitro systems of the liver are important for studying effects of environmental contaminants. The aim of this study was to investigate precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an alternative in vitro system for toxicological studies of the Atlantic cod liver. Slices of 8 mm in diameter and 250 μm thickness were prepared and cultivated from immature cod. Several analyses to measure the liver slice viability were performed: enzyme assays, histology, and morphometric analysis, all confirming cell viability for up to 72 h in culture. The liver slices were also exposed to two well-known model environmental contaminants, β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), representing established agonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the estrogen receptor (ER), respectively. The results showed increased transcription of the target genes cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (VTG), both well-established biomarkers for exposure of fish to the selected compounds. In conclusion, PCLS is a promising in vitro system for toxicological studies of cod liver cells. The liver slices are viable in culture for several days and respond to environmental contaminants in a dose- and time-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eide
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - O A Karlsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Kryvi
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Goksøyr
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Karlsen OA, Sheehan D, Goksøyr A. Alterations in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) hepatic thiol-proteome after methylmercury exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:650-662. [PMID: 24754398 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.887427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic studies in general have demonstrated that the most effective and thorough analysis of biological samples requires subfractionation and/or enrichment prior to downstream processing. In the present study, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) liver samples were fractionated using activated thiol sepharose to isolate hepatic proteins containing free/reactive cysteines. This subset of proteins is of special interest when studying the physiological effects attributed to methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Methylmercury is a persistent environmental contaminant that has a potent affinity toward thiol groups, and can directly bind proteins via available cysteine residues. Further, alterations in the cod thiol-proteome following MeHg exposure (2 mg/kg body weight) were explored with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with downstream mass spectrometry analyses for protein identifications. Thirty-five protein spots were found to respond to MeHg exposure, and 13 of these were identified when searching cod-specific databases with acquired mass spectrometry data. Among the identified thiol-containing proteins, some are known to respond to MeHg treatment, including constituents of the cytoskeleton, and proteins involved in oxidative stress responses, protein synthesis, protein folding, and energy metabolism. Methylmercury also appeared to affect cod heme metabolism/turnover, producing significantly altered levels of hemoglobin and hemopexin in liver following metal exposure. The latter finding suggests that MeHg may also affect the hematological system in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Karlsen
- a Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Olsvik PA, Lindgren M, Maage A. Mercury contamination in deep-water fish: transcriptional responses in tusk (Brosme brosme) from a fjord gradient. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:172-185. [PMID: 24184472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that deep-water fish from coastal areas may contain elevated levels of mercury (Hg). Tusk (Brosme brosme) was collected from six locations in Hardangerfjord, a fjord system where the inner parts are contaminated by metals due to historic industrial activity. ICPMS was used to determine the accumulated levels of metals (Hg, MeHg, Cd, Pb, As, and Se) in the fish, whereas oxidative status of the liver was assessed by measuring TBARS, vitamin C, vitamin E and catalase activity. To find out whether accumulated Hg triggers toxicologically relevant transcriptional responses and in order to gain genomic knowledge from a non-model species, the liver transcriptome of the gadoid fish was sequenced and assembled, and RNA-seq and RT-qPCR were used to screen for effects of Hg. The results showed high levels of accumulated Hg in tusk liver, probably reflecting an adaptation to deep-water life history, and only a weak declining outward fjord gradient of Hg concentration in tusk liver. MeHg only accounted for about 17% of total Hg in liver, suggesting hepatotoxicity of both inorganic and organic Hg. Pathway analysis suggested an effect of Hg exposure on lipid metabolism and beta-oxidation in liver. Oxidative stress markers glutathione peroxidase 1 and ferritin mRNA, as well as vitamin C and vitamin E (alpha and gamma tocopherol) showed a significant correlation with accumulated levels of Hg. Many transcripts of genes encoding established markers for Hg exposure were co-regulated in the fish. In conclusion, tusk from Hardangerfjord contains high levels of Hg, with possible hepatic effects on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway.
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26
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Larguinho M, Costa PM, Sousa G, Costa MH, Diniz MS, Baptista PV. Histopathological findings onCarassius auratushepatopancreas upon exposure to acrylamide: correlation with genotoxicity and metabolic alterations. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1293-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Larguinho
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Sousa
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Maria H. Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Mário S. Diniz
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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Li CH, Chen J. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a novel wap65-1 gene from Plecoglossus altivelis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:144-52. [PMID: 23545468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Warm temperature acclimation associated 65-kDa protein 1 (WAP65-1) is a specific fish plasma glycoprotein that is possibly involved in various physiological or pathological processes. In this study, we obtained the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of the Plecoglossus altivelis wap65-1 (Pawap65-1) gene. Multiple sequence alignment showed that Pawap65-1 is similar in structure to wap65-1 in fish. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pawap65-1 is most closely related to that of a rainbow trout. Pawap65-1 transcripts are present in various tissues and are most abundant in the liver. We expressed recombinant PaWAP65-1 in Escherichia coli and raised antiserum against it in mouse. Western blot analysis revealed that the higher molecular mass of PaWAP65-1 in blood plasma was caused by post-translational N-glycosylation. Quantitative real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analysis data showed that the hepatic mRNA and blood plasma levels of PaWAP65-1 were both influenced by warm temperature acclimation and cadmium exposure, but not by Listonella anguillarum infection, hypo-osmotic, or cold temperature acclimation. In conclusion, our data reveals that PaWAP65-1 is a stress-related protein, and may play a role in fish acclimation to warm temperature and cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Yadetie F, Karlsen OA, Lanzén A, Berg K, Olsvik P, Hogstrand C, Goksøyr A. Global transcriptome analysis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) liver after in vivo methylmercury exposure suggests effects on energy metabolism pathways. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 126:314-325. [PMID: 23103053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a widely distributed contaminant polluting many aquatic environments, with health risks to humans exposed mainly through consumption of seafood. The mechanisms of toxicity of MeHg are not completely understood. In order to map the range of molecular targets and gain better insights into the mechanisms of toxicity, we prepared Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) 135k oligonucleotide arrays and performed global analysis of transcriptional changes in the liver of fish treated with MeHg (0.5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight) for 14 days. Inferring from the observed transcriptional changes, the main pathways significantly affected by the treatment were energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, immune response and cytoskeleton remodeling. Consistent with known effects of MeHg, many transcripts for genes in oxidative stress pathways such as glutathione metabolism and Nrf2 regulation of oxidative stress response were differentially regulated. Among the differentially regulated genes, there were disproportionate numbers of genes coding for enzymes involved in metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. In particular, many genes coding for enzymes of fatty acid beta-oxidation were up-regulated. The coordinated effects observed on many transcripts coding for enzymes of energy pathways may suggest disruption of nutrient metabolism by MeHg. Many transcripts for genes coding for enzymes in the synthetic pathways of sulphur containing amino acids were also up-regulated, suggesting adaptive responses to MeHg toxicity. By this toxicogenomics approach, we were also able to identify many potential biomarker candidate genes for monitoring environmental MeHg pollution. These results based on changes on transcript levels, however, need to be confirmed by other methods such as proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Lanes C, Fernandes J, Kiron V, Babiak I. Profiling of key apoptotic, stress, and immune-related transcripts during embryonic and postembryonic development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Theriogenology 2012; 78:1583-1596.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amberg JJ, Schreier TM, Gaikowski MP. Molecular responses differ between sensitive silver carp and tolerant bighead carp and bigmouth buffalo exposed to rotenone. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:1379-1391. [PMID: 22447502 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some species of fish are more tolerant of rotenone, a commonly used non-specific piscicide, than others. This species-specific tolerance to rotenone has been thought to be associated with the uptake and the efficiency at which the chemical is detoxified. However, rotenone stimulates oxidative stress and superoxides, which are also toxic. Understanding the modes in which fish physiologically respond to rotenone is important in developing improved protocols for its application in controlling aquatic nuisance species. Using a molecular approach, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rotenone resistance. Species-specific responses were observed when rotenone-sensitive silver, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and both rotenone-resistant bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, and bigmouth buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus, were exposed to rotenone. Rotenone levels in plasma were highest 90 min after exposure in both silver carp and bigmouth buffalo, but bigmouth buffalo tolerated over twice the burden (ng mL(-1) g(-1)) than silver carp. Expression of genes related with detoxification (cyp1a and gst) increased in silver carp, but either decreased or remained the same in bighead carp. Genes linked with oxidative stress in the cytosol (gpx, cat and sod1) and hsp70 increased only in silver carp after a 6-h exposure. Expression of genes associated with oxidative stress in the mitochondria (sod2 and ucp2) differed between silver carp and bighead carp. Expression of sod2 changed minimally in bighead carp, but expression of ucp2 linearly increased to nearly 85-fold of the level prior to exposure. Expression of sod2 and ucp2 did not change until 6 h in silver carp. Use of sod1 and sod2 to combat oxidative stress results in hydrogen peroxide production, while use of ucp2 produces nitric oxide, a chemical known to inhibit apoptosis. We conclude that the mechanism at which a fish handles oxidative stress plays an important role in the tolerance to rotenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J Amberg
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA.
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Cho YS, Kim BS, Kim DS, Nam YK. Modulation of warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein genes (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2) in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes) liver in response to different stimulatory treatments. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:662-669. [PMID: 22326761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two paralogous isoform cDNAs of warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2) were isolated from the cypriniform species, mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis), and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two mud loach Wap65 isoforms (mlWap65-1 and mlWap65-2) share moderate levels of sequence homology with their corresponding orthologues from teleosts and with human hemopexin, a possible mammalian homologue. Both isoforms display conserved features, including essential motifs and/or residues that are important for the protein structure of hemopexin. In overall, mlWap65-2 is more homologous to human hemopexin than is mlWap65-1. Both mud loach Wap65 transcripts are predominantly expressed in liver, although the transcripts are ubiquitously detectable in most tissues with variable basal expression. Both mlWap65 isoforms are differentially regulated during embryonic development, and the changes in transcript levels during embryogenesis are greater for mlWap65-2 than for mlWap65-1. The transcription of the mlWap65 genes is differentially modulated by various stimuli, including thermal changes, immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide injection or bacterial infection), and heavy metal exposure (cadmium, copper, or nickel). The isoform mlWap65-1 is more responsive to warm temperature treatments than mlWap65-2, whereas mlWap65-2 is much more strongly stimulated by immune and heavy metal challenges than is mlWap65-1. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that mud loach Wap65 isoforms are potentially involved in multiple cellular pathways and that the two mud loach Wap65 isoforms undergo functional partitioning or subfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Cho
- Institute of Marine Living Modified Organisms, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Doyen P, Rodius F, L'hoste L, Hoffmann L, Cauchie HM. Identification and mRNA expression of pi-class glutathione S-transferase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in the gudgeon Gobio gobio exposed to PCB 77. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:300-6. [PMID: 21983335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In aquatic environments some pollutants are present in water and sediments and organisms possess cellular detoxification systems to face up these xenobiotics. The gudgeon, Gobio gobio, is a freshwater benthopelagic fish that appears particularly adequate for an ecotoxicological assessment of rivers. The aim of this study was the identification of GST and GPx genes in this organism in order to develop new indicators of early exposure to xenobiotics in aquatic environments. Reverse-transcription PCR using degenerate primers and RACE-PCR allowed us to identify a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), belonging to the class one (GPx-1), and a pi-class glutathione S-transferase (pi-GST) cDNAs. These sequences encoded for 191 and 208 amino acids proteins respectively, they exhibit high identities and similarities with corresponding proteins in other fish and the residues essential to the enzymatic functions are highly conserved. The expression patterns of these two mRNA were established by real-time PCR in five gudgeon tissues: liver, gills, kidney, spleen and muscle. The mRNA levels of these genes were highest in the liver and their expression in the other tissues exhibited some differences. Gudgeons exposed to PCB 77 in the food exhibited an increase in pi-GST mRNA and a decrease in GPx-1 transcripts levels in the liver. However, no modification of the enzymatic activities was observed. The present study provides the first transcriptional data regarding pi-GST and GPx-1 in the gudgeon Gobio gobio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Périne Doyen
- Department, Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Zhang Y, Lu R, Liu W, Wu Y, Qian H, Zhao X, Wang S, Xing G, Yu F, Aschner M. Hormetic effects of acute methylmercury exposure on grp78 expression in rat brain cortex. Dose Response 2012; 11:109-20. [PMID: 23549286 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.11-055.rongzhu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the expression of GRP78, a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in the cortex of rat brains acutely exposed to methylmercury (MeHg). Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups, and decapitated 6 hours (h) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MeHg (2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mg/kg body weight) or normal saline. Protein and mRNA expression of Grp78 were detected by western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that a gradual increase in GRP78 protein expression was observed in the cortex of rats acutely exposed to MeHg (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg). Protein levels peaked in the 6 mg/kg group (p < 0.05 vs. controls), decreased in the 8 mg/kg group, and bottomed below the control level in the 10 mg/kg group. Parallel changes were noted for Grp78 mRNA expression. It may be implied that acute exposure to MeHg induced hormetic dose-dependent changes in Grp78 mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that activation of ER stress is involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Low level MeHg exposure may induce GRP78 protein expression to stimulate endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Cuello S, Ximénez-Embún P, Ruppen I, Schonthaler HB, Ashman K, Madrid Y, Luque-Garcia JL, Cámara C. Analysis of protein expression in developmental toxicity induced by MeHg in zebrafish. Analyst 2012; 137:5302-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Olsvik PA, Amlund H, Torstensen BE. Dietary lipids modulate methylmercury toxicity in Atlantic salmon. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3258-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mieiro CL, Duarte AC, Pereira ME, Pacheco M. Mercury accumulation patterns and biochemical endpoints in wild fish (Liza aurata): a multi-organ approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:2225-2232. [PMID: 21862130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The integration of bioaccumulation and effect biomarkers in fish has been proposed for risk evaluation of aquatic contaminants. However, this approach is still uncommon, namely in the context of mercury contamination. Furthermore, a multi-organ evaluation allows an overall account of the organisms' condition. Having in mind the organs' role on metal toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, gills, liver and kidney of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) were selected and mercury accumulation, antioxidant responses and peroxidative damage were assessed. Two critical locations in terms of mercury occurrence were selected from an impacted area of the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal (L1, L2), and compared with a reference area. Although kidney was the organ with the highest mercury load, only gills and liver were able to distinguish mercury accumulation between reference (R) and contaminated stations. Each organ demonstrated different mercury burdens, whereas antioxidant responses followed similar patterns. Liver and kidney showed an adaptive capacity to the intermediate degree of contamination/accumulation (L1) depicted in a catalase activity increase. In contrast, none of the antioxidants was induced under higher contamination/accumulation (L2) in any organ, with the exception of renal GST. The lack of lipid peroxidation increase observed in the three organs denunciates the existence of an efficient antioxidant system. However, the evidences of limitations on antioxidants performance at L2 cannot be overlooked as an indication of mercury-induced toxicity. Having in mind the responses of the three organs, CAT revealed to be the most suitable parameter for identifying mercury exposure in the field. Overall, organ-specific mercury burdens were unable to distinguish the intermediate degree of contamination, while antioxidant responses revealed limitations on signalizing the worst scenario, reinforcing the need to their combined use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mieiro
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Olsvik PA, Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Moren M, Holen E, Lie KK. Transcriptional evidence for low contribution of oil droplets to acute toxicity from dispersed oil in first feeding Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:333-45. [PMID: 21777694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential contribution of oil droplets to the toxicity of dispersed oil to first feeding fish larvae. Atlantic cod larvae were exposed to five concentrations of either artificially weathered (200°C residue) dispersed oil (D1-D5) containing oil droplets [medium size 11-13 μm based on volume] and water-soluble fraction [WSF] or the filtered dispersions containing only the corresponding equilibrium WSFs only (W1-W5). The larvae were exposed for 4 days and harvested for transcriptional analysis at 13 days post hatching. The most significant differently expressed genes were observed in cod larvae exposed to the highest concentration of the dispersed oil (containing 10.41 ± 0.46 μg ∑PAH/L), with CYP1A showing the strongest response. Functional analysis further showed that the top scored network as analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was "Drug Metabolism, Endocrine System Development and Function, Lipid Metabolism". Oil exposure also increased the expression of genes involved in bone resorption and decreased the expression of genes related to bone formation. In conclusion, oil exposure affects drug metabolism, endocrine regulation, cell differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, fatty acid biosynthesis and tissue development in Atlantic cod larvae. The altered gene transcription was dominated by the WSF and the corresponding oil droplet fraction only had a moderate contribution to the observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway.
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