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Zang X, He M, Xu Y, Che T, Wang F, Xu J, Zhang H, Hu F, Xu L. Metaphire guillelmi exhibited predominant capacity of arsenic efflux. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142479. [PMID: 38815813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Earthworm could regulate their body concentration of arsenic via storage or excretion, and the ability of As efflux among different earthworms is not consistent. Here, whole and semi As exposure patterns with 0-10-30-60-100 mg kg-1 exposure concentrations were set to characterize the As efflux in geophagous earthworm, Metaphire guillelmi. Cast As (As-C) and earthworms' antioxidative responses were monitored to explore the efflux mechanisms under 30 mg kg-1 As-spiked soil (As30), besides, As concentration in earthworm tissue after egestion and dissection depurations were compared. In the whole exposure pattern, As concentration in gut content (As-G, 19.2-120.3 mg kg-1) surpassed that in the tissue (As-T, 17.2-53.2 mg kg-1), and they both increased with exposure concentrations. With the prolong time, they firstly increased and kept stable between day 10-15, then As-G increased while As-T decreased between day 15-20. In the semi-exposure pattern, both As-G and As-T decreased when M. guillelmi was transferred to clean soil for 5 days. During the 42-day incubation in As30, the antioxidative responses including reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were firstly increased and then decreased, and As-C (13.9-43.9 mg kg-1) kept higher than As-G (14.2-35.1 mg kg-1). Significantly positive correlations were found between As-T and GSH, As-C and GST. Moreover, tissue As after dissection (11.6-22.9 mg kg-1) was obviously lower than that after egestion (11.4-26.4 mg kg-1), but significantly related to ROS and GSH. Taken together, M. guillelmi exhibited excellent capacity of As efflux, and GSH explained tissue As accumulation while GST facilitated the As elimination via cast. Besides, dissection instead of egestion revealed the As efflux in M. guillelmi more accurately. These findings contributed to a better understanding of how geophagous earthworm M. guillelmi regulated tissue As accumulation for As stress tolerance, and recommended an optimal depuration mode to characterize As accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayun Zang
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyue He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanzhou Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Che
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Xu
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Karczewska A, Gruss I, Szopka K, Dradrach A, Twardowski J, Twardowska K. Arsenic toxicity to earthworms in soils of historical As mining sites: an assessment based on various endpoints and chemical extractions. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6713-6726. [PMID: 37368174 PMCID: PMC10403387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida is an earthworm species often used to assess the toxicity of contaminants in soils. Several studies indicated that its response can be unpredictable because it depends both on total concentrations of contaminants and also on their forms that differ in susceptibility to be released from soil solid phase. The issue is complex because two various uptake routes are concurrently involved, dermal and ingestion in guts, where the bioavailability of contaminants can considerably change. The aim of this study was to analyze the toxicity of arsenic (As) in various strongly contaminated meadow and forest soils, representative for former As mining and processing area, to earthworms E. fetida and its accumulation in their bodies. An attempt was made to find relationships between the response of earthworms and chemical extractability of As. In the bioassay, carried out according to the standard ISO protocol, different endpoints were applied: earthworm survival, fecundity measured by the numbers of juveniles and cocoons, earthworm weight and As accumulation in the bodies. The results proved that E. fetida can tolerate extremely high total As concentrations in soils, such as 8000 mg/kg, however, the individual endpoints were not correlated and showed different patterns. The most sensitive one was the number of juveniles. No particular soil factor was identified that would indicate an exceptionally high As susceptibility to the release from one of soils, however, we have demonstrated that the sum of non-specifically and specifically bound As (i.e. fractions F1 + F2 in sequential extraction according to Wenzel) could be a good chemical indicator of arsenic toxicity to soil invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karczewska
- Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Iwona Gruss
- Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szopka
- Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dradrach
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Twardowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Twardowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Popov M, Kubeš J, Vachová P, Hnilička F, Zemanová V, Česká J, Praus L, Lhotská M, Kudrna J, Tunklová B, Štengl K, Krucký J, Turnovec T. Effect of Arsenic Soil Contamination on Stress Response Metabolites, 5-Methylcytosine Level and CDC25 Expression in Spinach. TOXICS 2023; 11:568. [PMID: 37505533 PMCID: PMC10383220 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Experimental spinach plants grown in soil with (5, 10 and 20 ppm) arsenic (As) contamination were sampled in 21 days after As(V) contamination. Levels of As in spinach samples (from 0.31 ± 0.06 µg g-1 to 302.69 ± 11.83 µg g-1) were higher in roots and lower in leaves, which indicates a low ability of spinach to translocate As into leaves. Species of arsenic, As(III) and As(V), were represented in favor of the As (III) specie in contaminated variants, suggesting enzymatic arsenate reduction. In relation to predominant As accumulation in roots, changes in malondialdehyde levels were observed mainly in roots, where they decreased significantly with growing As contamination (from 11.97 ± 0.54 µg g-1 in control to 2.35 ± 0.43 µg g-1 in 20 ppm As). Higher values in roots than in leaves were observed in the case of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Despite that, a change in 5-mC by As contamination was further deepened in leaves (from 0.20 to 14.10%). In roots of spinach, expression of the CDC25 gene increased by the highest As contamination compared to the control. In the case of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total phenolic acids content and total antioxidant capacity were higher levels in leaves in all values, unlike the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Popov
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubeš
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vachová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanová
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Česká
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Praus
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lhotská
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kudrna
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Tunklová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Štengl
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Krucký
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Turnovec
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Xing W, Geng H, Wang Y, Zhao L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Tian S, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Li L. Accumulation and speciation of arsenic in Eisenia fetida in sodium arsenite spiked soils - A dynamic interaction between soil and earthworms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137905. [PMID: 36696923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that is a significant global pollutant of the environment and a persistent bioaccumulation carcinogen. Earthworms are frequently employed as sentinel organisms to investigate the bioavailability of As in contaminated soils. However, the process of As accumulation in earthworms and the mechanism of transformation of As species in their bodies are not well understood. The accumulation of As and variation of As species in the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to sodium arsenite (0, 20, and 80 mg kg-1 As) were investigated in this study. The total As concentration of earthworms in the three treatments at various sample times was dose-dependent on soil As content. After 56 days of exposure, the high concentration treatment had the highest total As content (772 ± 21 mg kg-1) in earthworms, followed by the low concentration treatment (579 ± 42 mg kg-1) and control (31 ± 1 mg kg-1). During 56 days, the proportion of trivalent As in earthworms increased from 70% to more than 90%, while pentavalent As decreased by 11-18%. On day 28, the sum of the four organic As species reached a maximum (<1%). Changes in soil As species and an increase in bioavailable As cause earthworms to accumulate more As. The total As in soil after 56 days of exposure was 9.51 ± 0.50, 25.6 ± 0.60, and 82.8 ± 0.28 mg kg-1, which was not significantly different from the total As in soil before the experiment. These findings are useful in assessing the risk of earthworm exposure to sodium arsenite in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hongpei Geng
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring for Heavy Metal Pollutants, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China.
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Henan Jiyuan Ecological Environment Testing Center, Jiyuan, Henan, 459000, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yale Wang
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Shuhang Tian
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongxin Cao
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Sciences, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of the Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Food Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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5
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Popov M, Kudrna J, Lhotská M, Hnilička F, Tunklová B, Zemanová V, Kubeš J, Vachová P, Česká J, Praus L, Štengl K, Krucký J. Arsenic Soil Contamination and Its Effects on 5-Methylcytosine Levels in Onions and Arsenic Distribution and Speciation. TOXICS 2023; 11:237. [PMID: 36977002 PMCID: PMC10056666 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic represents a serious health threat in localities with a high arsenic-polluted environment and can easily get into the human food chain through agronomy production in areas affected by arsenic contamination. Onion plants that were grown in controlled conditions in arsenic-contaminated soil (5, 10, and 20 ppm) were harvested 21 days after contamination. Arsenic levels (from 0.43 ± 0.03 µg g-1 to 1761.11 ± 101.84 µg g-1) in the onion samples were high in the roots and low in the bulbs and leaves, which is probably caused by a reduced ability of the onions to transport arsenic from roots to bulbs and leaves. Arsenic species As(V) and As(III) in As(V)-contaminated soil samples were represented strongly in favor of the As(III) species. This indicates the presence of arsenate reductase. Levels of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) (from 5.41 ± 0.28% to 21.17 ± 1.33%) in the onion samples were also higher in the roots than in the bulbs and leaves. Microscopic sections of the roots were examined, and the most damage was found in the 10 ppm As variant. Photosynthetic parameters pointed to a significant decrease in photosynthetic apparatus activity and the deterioration of the physiological state of plants as arsenic content increased in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Popov
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kudrna
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lhotská
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Tunklová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanová
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubeš
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vachová
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Česká
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Praus
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Štengl
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Krucký
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Li Y, Li H, Zan K, Wang Y, Zuo T, Jin H, Zhang B, Ma S. Medicinal Earthworm: Speciation and Bioaccessibility of Arsenic and Its Potential Health Risks. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:795530. [PMID: 35431923 PMCID: PMC9008300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.795530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic in environmental health has caused public concerns all over the world. However, high levels of arsenic residues in medicinal animals have not received enough attention. Medicinal earthworms are consumed widely in China, but its arsenic potential health risks to humans are unknown. This work investigated the total concentration, bioaccessibility, and speciation of arsenic in earthworms by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS to evaluate its potential health risks to humans. Arsenic was found in all earthworms at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 53.6 mg kg−1. The bioaccessibility of arsenic (bAs) varied significantly and ranged from 12.1 to 69.1%, with inorganic arsenic (iAs, including As(III) and As(V)) as the predominant species. Furthermore, a small amount of arsenobetaine (AB) was found. The estimated daily intake dose (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR) of arsenic in most of the samples exceeded the safe threshold level. Results from this study indicated that the potential health risks by the consumption of earthworms may not be negligible. Herein, recommendations for the use of earthworms and regulatory recommendations for arsenic limit standards were proposed. This study reminds us that more control and monitoring of arsenic in medicinal animals should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Zuo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Zhang, ; Shuangcheng Ma,
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Zhang, ; Shuangcheng Ma,
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Gan X, Huang JC, Zhang M, Zhou C, He S, Zhou W. Remediation of selenium-contaminated soil through combined use of earthworm Eisenia fetida and organic materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124212. [PMID: 33535361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se)-polluted soils pose serious threats to terrestrial ecosystems through food chains. This study evaluated the use of earthworm Eisenia fetida and organic materials for Se remediation. The greater mortality (6.7%) and weight loss (28.6%) were observed for earthworms exposed to selenate than selenite at 20 mg Se Kg-1 over 21 d, while selenate was taken up 2.5-fold faster than selenite. Compared with peat moss, Se accumulation increased by 119% in selenite-exposed earthworms supplied with cow manure. Earthworm activity caused greater reduction in selenite (17.4%), with little impact on selenate-treated soil. X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis shows 87-91% of tissue Se was transformed to organo-Se, i.e., SeMet and SeCys, in earthworms exposed to either selenite or selenate, posing great risks to their predators. The study also found selenium increased bacterial diversity in earthworm casts, while greater relative abundances (~37.57%) of functional genera were obtained for selenite. Over 24 h, two bacteria strains, Bacillus cereus and Aeromonas encheleia, isolated from casts, rapidly reduced selenite by ~94%, compared to ~25% for selenate. Elemental Se was present only in strains (~27%), casts (~11%) and worm-inhabited soil (~2.7%) of selenite treatments, suggesting earthworm gut microbiota could buffer earthworms and other soil fauna from selenite toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jung-Chen Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Manping Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Chuanqi Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengbing He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Weili Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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8
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Button M, Koch I, Watts MJ, Reimer KJ. Arsenic speciation in the bracket fungus Fomitopsis betulina from contaminated and pristine sites. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2723-2732. [PMID: 31897873 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Uptake, distribution and speciation of arsenic (As) were determined in the bracket fungus Fomitopsis betulina (previously Piptoporus betulinus), commonly known as the birch polypore, collected from a woodland adjacent to a highly contaminated former mine in the Southwest UK and at an uncontaminated site in Quebec, Canada, with no past or present mining activity. The fruiting body was divided into cap, centre and pores representing the top, middle and underside to identify trends in the distribution and transformation of As. Total As, determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), was approximately tenfold higher in the mushroom from the contaminated compared to the uncontaminated site. Overall, accumulation of As was low relative to values reported for some soil-dwelling species, with maximum levels of 1.6 mg/kg at the contaminated site. Arsenic speciation was performed on aqueous extracts via both anion and cation high-performance liquid chromatography-ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS) and on whole dried samples using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis. Seven As species were detected in F. betulina from the contaminated site by HPLC-ICP-MS: arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), dimethylarsinate (DMAV), methylarsonate (MAV), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), tetramethylarsonium ion (Tetra) and trace levels of arsenobetaine (AB). The same As species were observed at the uncontaminated site with the exception of TMAO and Tetra. Arsenic species were localized throughout the fruiting body at the contaminated site, with the cap and pores containing a majority of AsV, only the cap containing TMAO, and the pores containing higher concentrations of DMAV and MAV as well as tetra and a trace of AB. XANES analysis demonstrated that the predominant form of As at the contaminated site was inorganic AsIII coordinated with sulphur or oxygen and AsV coordinated with oxygen. This is the first account of arsenic speciation in F. betulina or any fungi of the family Fomitopsidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Button
- Fipke Laboratory for Trace Element Research, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Iris Koch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Kenneth J Reimer
- Environmental Sciences Group, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, K7K 7B4, Canada
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9
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Huang JC, Gan X, He S, Zhou W. Interactive effects of earthworm Eisenia fetida and bean plant Phaseolus vulgaris L on the fate of soil selenium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114048. [PMID: 32014748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals with a narrow margin between essentiality and toxicity. Se toxicity is largely related to inorganic forms of Se in soil, i.e., selenite and selenate that enter food chains through plant uptake, threatening higher trophic level organisms. This experiment investigated effects of earthworm activity on Se bioavailability in soil and the subsequent plant uptake, using earthworm Eisenia fetida and bean plant Phaseolus vulgaris L, both exposed to either selenite or selenate at 1 or 4 mg Se kg-1 for 16 weeks. Plants took up selenate (up to 221-fold) faster than selenite, with up to 84% of the Se rapidly transported to shoots. In the presence of earthworms, Se accumulation obviously increased for selenate-supplied plants, leading to an up to 4% increase in Se translocation factor for all treatments except for 1 mg kg-1 selenite treatment. Earthworms also concentrated Se faster in tissues (up to 274 mg kg-1 DW) at exposure to selenate. For Se toxicity, Se speciation analysis was conducted on the plants and earthworms using XAS. Compared to worm-free treatments, the percentage of organo-Se, i.e., SeMet and CysSeSeCys, increased in beans (up to 34%) in the presence of earthworms for selenate, while the elemental Se portion was significantly reduced or absent, opposite to the results for selenite. Surprisingly, elemental Se (up to 65%) dominated earthworms, regardless of the form of Se supplied. In conclusion, earthworms clearly enhanced Se uptake and translocation in plants, leading to elevated Se levels in shoots. To prevent resulting hazards to humans and other animals, caution should be taken while consuming the shoots, particularly beans, harvested from the Se contaminated soil where earthworm activity is high. Finally, the significant reduction in soil Se suggests phytoextraction of Se from the soil could be improved using earthworms as an aid to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chen Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shengbing He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Weili Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations - A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:943-960. [PMID: 31913614 PMCID: PMC7250045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diet, especially seafood, is the main source of arsenic exposure for humans. The total arsenic content of a diet offers inadequate information for assessment of the toxicological consequences of arsenic intake, which has impeded progress in the establishment of regulatory limits for arsenic in food. Toxicity assessments are mainly based on inorganic arsenic, a well-characterized carcinogen, and arsenobetaine, the main organoarsenical in seafood. Scarcity of toxicity data for organoarsenicals, and the predominance of arsenobetaine as an organic arsenic species in seafood, has led to the assumption of their nontoxicity. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that some organoarsenicals are bioaccessible and cytotoxic with demonstrated toxicities like that of pernicious trivalent inorganic arsenic, underpinning the need for speciation analysis. The need to investigate and compare the bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and elimination from the body of organoarsenicals to the well-established physiological consequences of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine exposure is apparent. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and assessment of human exposure to arsenic toxicity associated with the consumption of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Mukhtorova D, Hlava J, Száková J, Kubík Š, Vrabec V, Tlustoš P. Risk element accumulation in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Formicidae) living in an extremely contaminated area-a preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:432. [PMID: 31190146 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The risk element accumulation ability of two groups of epigeic species, insects from families Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (namely Formicidae), was determined and related to soil risk element content and bioaccessibility. The study was conducted in the district of Příbram, Czech Republic, which was characterised by extremely high aged pollution in the soils, including risk elements, especially As, Pb, Zn and Cd, due to the former mining and smelting activity. Four sampling sites differing in their pseudo-total risk element contents were selected and composite samples of individuals representing either Coleoptera or Formicidae were sampled at the individual sampling points. The results indicate the ability of Coleoptera and Formicidae organisms to accumulate risk elements, especially at the location with extremely high soil risk element content. In soil containing up to 841 mg As kg-1, 84.6 mg Cd kg-1, 4250 mg Pb kg-1 and 8542 mg Zn kg-1, contents in insect bodies reached 239 mg As kg-1 As, 24.2 mg Cd kg-1, 70.4 mg Pb kg-1 and 335 mg Zn kg-1 in beetles and up to 20.9 mg As kg-1, 29.9 mg Cd kg-1, 111 mg Pb kg-1 and 657 mg Zn kg-1 in ants. Therefore, bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) varied between 0.02 and 0.55. Increasing Cd content in Coleoptera bodies with increasing soil pseudo-total element content was observed only among the investigated elements. However, the results indicate increasing BAF values with decreasing soil element levels, especially for Cd, Pb and Zn, indicating limited uptake of elements by the organisms living in contact with extremely contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilnora Mukhtorova
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hlava
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Száková
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Kubík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague Suchdol, Czech Republic
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12
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Selenium accumulation, speciation and bioaccessibility in selenium-enriched earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Yang F, Xie S, Wei C, Liu J, Zhang H, Chen T, Zhang J. Arsenic characteristics in the terrestrial environment in the vicinity of the Shimen realgar mine, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:77-86. [PMID: 29335176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, multiple types of samples, including soils, plants, litter and soil invertebrates, were collected from a former arsenic (As) mine in China. The total As concentrations in the soils, earthworms, litter and the aboveground portions of grass from the contaminated area followed the decreasing order of 83-2224 mg/kg, 31-430 mg/kg, 1-62 mg/kg and 2-23 mg/kg, respectively. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the predominant form of As in the soils was arsenate (As(V)), while no arsenite (As(III)) was detected. In the grass and litter of the native plant community, inorganic As species (As(V) and As(III)) were the main species, while minor amounts of DMA, MMA, AsC, and an unknown As species were also detected in the extracts analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The As speciation and As concentrations varied with the plant species, and very high As levels (197-584 mg/kg) and proportions of inorganic As (>99%) were found in two As-hyperaccumulating ferns, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. The major As species extracted from earthworms were inorganic, with proportions of 51-53% As(III) and 38-48% As(V). AsB was the only organic species present in the earthworm samples, although at low proportions (<8.99%). The internal bioconversion of other As species is hypothesized to contribute greatly to the formation and accumulation of AsB in earthworms, although the direct external absorption of organic As from soils might be another source. This study sheds light on the potential sources of complex organoarsenicals, such as AsB, in terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaowen Xie
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Yang F, Xie S, Liu J, Wei C, Zhang H, Chen T, Zhang J. Arsenic concentrations and speciation in wild birds from an abandoned realgar mine in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:777-784. [PMID: 29175405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Birds are at a higher level in the food chain; however, the potential bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic (As) in birds in As mines has rarely been studied. In this study, four passerine bird species (tree sparrow [Passer montanus], light-vented bulbul [Pycnonotus sinensis], Garrulax canorus [Leucodioptron canorus], and magpie [Pica pica]) were collected from an abandoned As mine in China. The highest recorded As concentrations were 4.95 mg/kg and 51.65 mg/kg in muscles and feathers, respectively. Detection using high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) revealed six As species, including arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), arsenobetaine (AsB) and arsenocholine (AsC), with the former three species as the dominant (>92%) and the latter three as the minor As species (<6.17%). Further analysis of the selected bird samples using the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique revealed the existence of As(III)-tris-glutathione (As(III)-GSH), which can be regarded as equivalent to the non-extractable and unidentified As form in the HPLC-ICP-MS data. Both methods revealed similar patterns of As species in the birds from the As mine, with muscles containing mainly inorganic As and DMA and feathers containing mainly inorganic As. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge regarding As accumulation and speciation in terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaowen Xie
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tao Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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15
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Thomas DJ, Bradham K. Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:86-96. [PMID: 28007183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For much of the world's population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic. Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here, we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals (arsenosugars, arsenolipids, and trimethylarsonium compounds) that are found in foods and consider their origins, metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Thomas
- Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Karen Bradham
- Public Health Chemistry Branch, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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16
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Wang Z, Cui Z. Accumulation, biotransformation, and multi-biomarker responses after exposure to arsenic species in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:500-510. [PMID: 30090364 PMCID: PMC6062360 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to OECD soils contaminated with arsenite (29.3 mg kg-1), arsenate (35.2 mg kg-1), monomethylarsonate (342.5 mg kg-1) and dimethylarsinate (373.0 mg kg-1) for 64 days. The exposure concentration for the four arsenic species was set at one-tenth of 14 d-LC50 in order to compare their toxicity. Eight biomarkers including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and metallothioneins were analyzed in the organisms. A multi-biomarker approach, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, was adopted to summarize the multi-biomarker responses to a single value, reflecting the integrated stress of different arsenic species on earthworms. Furthermore, total arsenic and arsenic speciation were analyzed in earthworm tissue to evaluate the relationship between arsenic accumulation and biomarker responses at the molecular and subcellular levels and to observe the role of arsenic biotransformation in earthworms. The results showed that the toxicity of the four arsenic species was ranked as: arsenite > arsenate > monomethylarsonate and dimethylarsinate. Although organic arsenics showed a low degree of biotoxicity, they could be turned into highly toxic inorganic arsenics under the effect of demethylation, which caused a toxic effect on organisms. The biomarker responses indicated that a sub-lethal dose of both arsenite and arsenate could trigger the response of the antioxidant defense system and cause oxidative damage when the protective capacity of the system was exhausted. Arsenic in earthworms could be detoxified during the process of biotransformation, where inorganic arsenics were converted into organic arsenics, which would then be excreted out. Based on these results, it was proved that different arsenic species showed different degrees of toxicity. Therefore, arsenic species should be differentiated in order to obtain accurate results in quality/risk assessment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , No. 27 Shanda South Road , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 531 88361176
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , No. 27 Shanda South Road , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 531 88361176
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17
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Foust RD, Bauer AM, Costanza-Robinson M, Blinn DW, Prince RC, Pickering IJ, George GN. Arsenic transfer and biotransformation in a fully characterized freshwater food web. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Hong S, Khim JS, Park J, Son HS, Choi SD, Choi K, Ryu J, Kim CY, Chang GS, Giesy JP. Species- and tissue-specific bioaccumulation of arsenicals in various aquatic organisms from a highly industrialized area in the Pohang City, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:27-35. [PMID: 24880533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of water and sediment with arsenic (As) in a highly industrialized area of Pohang City, Korea was investigated, with emphasis on in situ bioaccumulation of arsenicals by various aquatic organisms. Species- and tissue-specific concentrations of arsenicals were determined by use of HPLC-ICP/MS and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μ-XANES). Concentrations of arsenic in aquatic organisms were strongly associated with corresponding water concentrations, which indicates point sources associated with land use and activities. Arsenobetaine was the most dominant form of arsenic found in fishes, bivalves, crabs, and shrimps, while As(III) was predominant in freshwater snails. The μ-XANES analysis provided additional information about the unidentified arsenicals such as As-thiol. Arsenicals were mainly localized in intestine of mullet and marsh clam. Distribution and bioaccumulation of arsenic were strongly correlated with salinity, which indicates that natural processes controlling biogeochemistry of arsenic would be important in estuarine lotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinsoon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Son
- Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea; School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Ganghwa, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gap Soo Chang
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Liebeke M, Garcia-Perez I, Anderson CJ, Lawlor AJ, Bennett MH, Morris CA, Kille P, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Bundy JG. Earthworms produce phytochelatins in response to arsenic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81271. [PMID: 24278409 PMCID: PMC3838358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins are small cysteine-rich non-ribosomal peptides that chelate soft metal and metalloid ions, such as cadmium and arsenic. They are widely produced by plants and microbes; phytochelatin synthase genes are also present in animal species from several different phyla, but there is still little known about whether these genes are functional in animals, and if so, whether they are metal-responsive. We analysed phytochelatin production by direct chemical analysis in Lumbricus rubellus earthworms exposed to arsenic for a 28 day period, and found that arsenic clearly induced phytochelatin production in a dose-dependent manner. It was necessary to measure the phytochelatin metabolite concentrations directly, as there was no upregulation of phytochelatin synthase gene expression after 28 days: phytochelatin synthesis appears not to be transcriptionally regulated in animals. A further untargetted metabolomic analysis also found changes in metabolites associated with the transsulfuration pathway, which channels sulfur flux from methionine for phytochelatin synthesis. There was no evidence of biological transformation of arsenic (e.g. into methylated species) as a result of laboratory arsenic exposure. Finally, we compared wild populations of earthworms sampled from the field, and found that both arsenic-contaminated and cadmium-contaminated mine site worms had elevated phytochelatin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Liebeke
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Craig J. Anderson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Lawlor
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Morris
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacob G. Bundy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mogren CL, Webb SM, Walton WE, Trumble JT. Micro x-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis of arsenic localization and biotransformation in Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Culicidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:78-83. [PMID: 23733012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and speciation of arsenic (As) were analyzed in individuals of various life stages of a midge, Chironomus riparius, and the mosquito Culex tarsalis exposed to 1000 μg/l arsenate. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed that C. riparius larvae accumulate As in their midgut, with inorganic arsenate [As(V)] being the predominant form, followed by arsenite [As(III)] and an As-thiol. Reduced concentrations of As in pupal and adult stages of C. riparius indicate excretion of As between the larval and pupal stages. In adults, As was limited to the thorax, and the predominant form was an As-thiol. In Cx. tarsalis, As was not found in high enough concentrations to determine As speciation, but the element was distributed throughout the larva. In adults, As was concentrated in the thorax and eyes of adults. These results have implications for understanding the biotransformation of As and its movement from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Mogren
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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21
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Liu X, Zhang W, Hu Y, Cheng H. Extraction and detection of organoarsenic feed additives and common arsenic species in environmental matrices by HPLC–ICP-MS. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Button M, Koch I, Reimer KJ. Arsenic resistance and cycling in earthworms residing at a former gold mine in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:74-80. [PMID: 22683483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus castaneous and Dendrodrilus rubidus), their host soils and leaf litter were collected from a former gold mine with widespread arsenic (As) contamination in Nova Scotia, Canada and determined for total and speciated As. Resistance to As toxicity was investigated by measurement of DNA damage in exposed earthworm populations using the comet assay. Arsenobetaine (AB) was observed at low concentration in the earthworms but not in the host soil or leaf litter. Several different organoarsenic species were observed in the leaf litter and only inorganic As was found in the host soils. The results suggest that 1) adaptation to As toxicity in earthworms is widespread and not particular to a single species, 2) AB originates in the earthworm and not the consumed soil or leaf litter and 3) as previously hypothesised (Button et al., 2010), biotransformation of inorganic As to AB is not likely involved in the adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Button
- Royal Military College of Canada, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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