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Neves AP, Rosa ACS, Larentis AL, da Silva Rodrigues Vidal PJ, Gonçalves ES, da Silveira GR, Dos Santos MVC, de Carvalho LVB, Alves SR. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: from 2000 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:10. [PMID: 38049584 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas, in the control of arboviruses and agriculture. These pesticides cause environmental/occupational exposure and associated risks to human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to carry out an integrative review of epidemiological studies that identified and quantified dialkylphosphate metabolites in the urine of exposed populations, focusing on the vector control workers, discussing the application and the results found. Searches utilized the Pubmed, Scielo, and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) databases between 2000 and 2021. From the 194 selected studies, 75 (39%) were with children/adolescents, 48 (24%) with rural workers, 36 (19%) with the general population, 27 (14%) with pregnant women, and 9 (4%) with vector control workers. The total dialkylphosphate concentrations found in the occupationally exposed population were higher than in the general population. Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure. The work revealed a lack of studies with vector control workers and a lack of studies in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neves
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH) - Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, nº. 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Simões Rosa
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Corrêa Dos Santos
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- General Superintendence of Technical and Scientific Police/Department of Civilian Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wrobel SA, Koslitz S, Belov VN, Bury D, Hayen H, Brüning T, Koch HM, Käfferlein HU. Quantitation of 6-chloronicotinic acid and 2-chloro-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and their glycine conjugates in human urine to assess neonicotinoid exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115609. [PMID: 36870553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids and neonicotinoid-like compounds (NNIs) are widely used insecticides and their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment requires methods for exposure assessment in humans. The majority of the NNIs can be divided into 6-chloropyridinyl- and 2-chlorothiazolyl-containing compounds, suggesting the formation of the group-specific metabolites 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA), 2-chloro-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (2-CTA), and their respective glycine derivatives (6-CNA-gly, 2-CTA-gly). Here, we developed and validated an analytical method based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to simultaneously analyze these four metabolites in human urine. As analytical standards for the glycine conjugates were not commercially available, we synthesized 6-CNA-gly, 2-CTA-gly, and their 13C2,15N-labeled analogs for internal standardization and quantitation by stable isotope dilution. We also ensured chromatographic separation of 6-CNA and its isomer 2-CNA. Enzymatic cleavage during sample preparation was proven unnecessary. The limits of quantitation were between 0.1 (6-CNA) and 0.4 μg/L (2-CTA-gly) and the repeatability was satisfactory (coefficient of variation was <19% over the calibration range). We analyzed 38 spot urine samples from the general population and were able to quantify 6-CNA-gly in 58% of the samples (median 0.2 μg/L). In contrast, no 6-CNA could be detected. The results are in line with well-known metabolic pathways specific in humans, that, compared to rodents, favor the formation and excretion of phase-II-metabolites (glycine derivatives) rather than phase-I metabolites (free carboxylic acids). Nevertheless, the exact source of exposure (i.e., the specific NNI) remains elusive in the general population, may even vary quantitatively between different NNIs, and also might be regional specific based on the respective use of individual NNIs. In sum, we developed a robust and sensitive analytical method for the determination of four group-specific NNI metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Wrobel
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Vladimir N Belov
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Natural Sciences (MPI NAT), Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Chittrakul J, Sapbamrer R, Hongsibsong S. Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1060284. [PMID: 36466523 PMCID: PMC9712794 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among pesticide applicators may increase urinary organophosphate (OP) metabolite levels and subsequently increase risks of cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aims to (1) compare urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance between pre-and post-pesticide application seasons; (2) PPE use and factors associated with PPE use linked to increased urinary OP metabolite levels during pesticide application; and (3) the association between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance. This longitudinal follow-up study on 79 pesticide applicators was carried out between October 2021 and January 2022. The applicators were interviewed, collected urine samples, and tested for cognitive performance in pre-and post-pesticide application seasons. The results found that the levels of urinary OP metabolites in post-application season were significantly higher than those in pre-application season (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis found that increased total diethylphosphate (DEP) and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels were associated with not wearing gloves while mixing pesticides [beta (β) ± standard error (SE) = -43.74 ± 18.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = -80.84, -6.64 for total DEP and -50.84 ± 19.26, 95% CI = -89.41, -12.26 for total DAP] and also with not wearing a mask while spraying pesticides (β ± SE = -31.76 ± 12.24, 95% CI = -56.28, -7.24 for total DEP and -33.20 ± 12.63, 95% CI = -58.49, -7.92 for total DAP) after adjusting for covariates. The scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Thai, Thai Mental State Examination, and Mini-Cognitive test in post-pesticide application were significantly lower than those in pre-pesticide application (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive decline. Our findings indicate that inappropriate PPE use during pesticide application was the major factor affecting urinary OP metabolite levels among pesticide applicators. Wearing gloves when mixing pesticides and a mask when spraying pesticides were key factors in reducing occupational exposure to OP. Exposure to OP at low levels and for short periods of exposure may not affect cognitive performance significantly. Therefore, long-term exposure and exposure to high levels of OP should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Chittrakul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Ratana Sapbamrer ;
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Suwannarin N, Prapamontol T, Isobe T, Nishihama Y, Mangklabruks A, Pantasri T, Chantara S, Naksen W, Nakayama SF. Association between Haematological Parameters and Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides among Male Farmworkers in Northern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10849. [PMID: 34682593 PMCID: PMC8535230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to insecticides may result in various health problems. This study investigated the association between haematological parameters and exposure to a mixture of organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides among male farmworkers in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Concentrations of urinary dialkylphosphates, non-specific metabolites of OPs, and NEOs and their metabolites and haematological parameters were measured in 143 male farmworkers. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model was employed to evaluate the associations. Exposure to a mixture of insecticides was significantly associated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when the concentrations of all the compounds and their metabolites were at the 60th percentile or higher compared with the 50th percentile. Furthermore, exposure to clothianidin (CLO) showed a decreasing association with MCHC when all the other insecticides were at their mean concentrations. CLO was the most likely compound to reduce MCHC, and this was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. These findings suggest that exposure to NEO insecticides, especially CLO, affects the haematological status relating to haemoglobin parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Ph.D. Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yukiko Nishihama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Tawiwan Pantasri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
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Sato H, Ito Y, Hanai C, Nishimura M, Ueyama J, Kamijima M. Non-linear model analysis of the relationship between cholinesterase activity in rats exposed to 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethylphosphate (dichlorvos) and its metabolite concentrations in urine. Toxicology 2021; 450:152679. [PMID: 33460720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are measured to assess exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), but they are common metabolites of OPs and not specific indices for individual agents. Biomonitoring (BM) of urinary DAPs has been widely adopted as an assessment of individual exposure in general environments, however, guidance values for DAPs based on health effects have yet to be established. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between the amount of urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP), a metabolite of dichlorvos (DDVP), and the inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in rats exposed to DDVP. The relationship was analyzed using a nonlinear model analysis, and the excretion level of urinary DMP equivalent to ChE 20 % inhibition (EL20) and the lower limit of the 95 % confidence interval of EL20 (ELL20) were estimated. EL20 and ELL20 (mg/24 h urine) of brain, erythrocyte, and plasma ChE activities after 10-day administration of DDVP were 0.21 and 0.15, 0.11 and 0.06, and 0.23 and 0.09, respectively. Extrapolating ELL20 of the brain ChE to humans, the range of 24 h urinary DMP concentration according to the 20 % inhibition of cholinesterase activity was estimated to be 20.5-30.8 mg/l. In conclusion, the amount of urinary DMP as ELL20 for DDVP exposure was identified and could probably be used as a novel index for the assessment of risk from OP exposure. Further studies are needed to clarify the ELL20 s derived from OPs other than DDVP, for informing efforts to establish guidance values of urinary OP metabolites that should prevent neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Sato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Chinami Hanai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masaya Nishimura
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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Characteristics of Exposure of Reproductive-Age Farmworkers in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, to Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217871. [PMID: 33121069 PMCID: PMC7663695 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to insecticides containing organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) compounds has been associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes. This study characterized and identified predictors of exposure to OP and NEO among 100 reproductive-age farmworkers from two intensive farming areas in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, including 50 each from the Fang (FA) and Chom Thong (CT) districts. OP exposure was determined by measuring the urinary concentrations of six dialkylphosphates (DAPs), whereas NEO exposure was determined by measuring the urinary concentrations of NEO compounds and their metabolites (NEO/m). The most frequently detected OPs were diethylphosphate (DEP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP), with DETP having the highest geometric mean (GM) concentration, 8.9 μg/g-creatinine. The most frequently detected NEO/m were N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (N-dm-ACE), imidacloprid (IMI), and thiamethoxam (THX), with IMI having the highest GM concentration, 8.7 μg/g-creatinine. Consumption of well water was the predominant determinant of OP and NEO exposure in this population. In addition to encouraging workers to use personal protective equipment, exposure of farmworkers to these compounds may be reduced by nation-wide monitoring agricultural insecticides and other pesticides in community drinking water resources.
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Hioki K, Ito Y, Oya N, Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Ebara T, Shibata K, Nishikawa N, Nakai K, Kamida T, Ueyama J, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Kamijima M. Intra-individual variations of organophosphate pesticide metabolite concentrations in repeatedly collected urine samples from pregnant women in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:7. [PMID: 30654738 PMCID: PMC6337762 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose exposure to organophosphate (OP) insecticides during pregnancy may adversely affect neurodevelopment in children. To evaluate the OP exposure levels, single urine sampling is commonly adopted to measure the levels of dialkylphosphates (DAPs), common OP metabolites. However, the inter-day variations of urinary DAP concentrations within subjects are supposed to be large due to the short biological half-lives of the metabolites, and it is thus considered difficult to accurately assess OP exposure during pregnancy with single sampling. This study aimed to assess intra-individual variations of DAP concentrations and the reproducibility of the exposure dose categorization of OPs according to DAP concentration ranges in pregnant women in Japan. METHODS Urine samples were collected from 62 non-smoking pregnant women (12-22 weeks of gestation) living in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. First morning void (FMV) and spot urine samples taken between lunch and dinner on the same day were collected on five different days during 2 weeks. The concentrations of DAP and creatinine in urine samples were measured using an ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted concentrations were used for the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculations and surrogate category analyses. RESULTS For all DAP metabolites, the creatinine-adjusted single ICCs exceeded 0.4, indicating moderate reliability. Overall, ICCs of spot urine samples taken in the afternoon were better than those taken as FMV. Surrogate category analyses showed that participants were categorized accurately into four exposure dose groups according to the quartile points. CONCLUSION This study indicated that a single urine sample taken in the afternoon may be useful in assessing OP exposure as long as the exposure is categorized into quartiles when conducting epidemiological studies in early to mid-pregnant women in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hioki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Naoko Oya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Kanemitsu Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, 462-8508 Japan
| | - Naomi Nishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, 462-8508 Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Tomota Kamida
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673 Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
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Ueyama J. [Human Biomonitoring as a Useful Approach to Health Risk Assessment Compared with Occupational Exposure Assessment of Insecticide Intake: Fundamental Study Focused on Local Populations and Occupational Fields]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:247-256. [PMID: 30270287 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a technique to evaluate chemical exposure level by measuring the levels of chemicals or related substances such as their metabolites or adducts in biological samples (e.g., urine or blood). Compared with exposure assessment by an approach to estimate insecticide intake from diet or the environment, HBM can provide information more specific to an individual exposure dose and can reflect the exact body burden condition at the time of measurement. If the analytical sensitivities, completeness and cost-effectiveness of the method are improved further, HBM might be widely applicable to not only research fields such as epidemiological and occupational study but also routine analysis for effective prevention of the exposure of the human body to chemical substances. In this article, we provide an overview of HBM as a determination method for insecticide exposure markers in urine and its applications, and discuss future research perspectives in the field of environmental and occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Kamijima M. [Reproductive Toxicological Research as Countermeasures to Declining Birth Rate]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:330-337. [PMID: 30270301 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research into reproductive toxicology may lead to one of the countermeasures to the declining birth rate observed in industrialized countries. Some chemicals can pose risks to human reproduction that is a multistage process starting from the development of male and female germ cells to childbirth and the subsequent growth and development of the child. In Japan, the government has amended law enforcement, i.e., the Regulations on Labor Standards for Women, recently to improve protection for pregnant women against reproductive chemical hazards in workplaces. Male workers may also be protected against such hazards if appropriate risk assessment and the following management are performed as required by the Industrial Safety and Health Law. However, it remains a concern that an unexpected adverse outcome due to an unknown reproduction hazard may occur owing to the use of chemicals not listed in the regulations. This is because the toxicity of a large number of chemicals has not been entirely revealed. Moreover, it is often difficult to determine from a Safety Data Sheet for a product of interest whether the chemicals contained in the product do not have reproductive toxicity or the toxicity data are just not available because of lack of pertinent studies. Thus, researchers in the field of occupational and environmental health need to make effort to fill in such data gaps and to raise the awareness among the public the importance of experimental and epidemiological studies. Study designs for investigating subclinical effects, mechanisms of reproductive toxicity, exposure levels, and dose-response relationships to determine environmental standards are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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10
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Arcury TA, Chen H, Laurienti PJ, Howard TD, Barr DB, Mora DC, Quandt SA. Farmworker and nonfarmworker Latino immigrant men in North Carolina have high levels of specific pesticide urinary metabolites. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2018; 73:219-227. [PMID: 28622109 PMCID: PMC6178806 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1342588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article compares detections and concentrations of specific organophosphate (OP), bis-dithiocarbamate, and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites among Latino male farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. Data are from interviews and urine samples collected in 2012 and 2013. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers frequently had detections for OP and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites. Detection of bis-dithiocarbamate urinary metabolites was less frequent, but substantial among the nonfarmworkers. The concentrations of organophosphate, bis-dithiocarbamate, and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites were high for farmworkers and nonfarmworkers compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey results. Pesticide urinary metabolite detection was not associated with occupation in nonfarmworkers. Research for reducing pesticide exposure among farmworkers remains important; research is also needed to determine pesticide exposure pathways among Latino nonfarmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Genomics & Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana C. Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, http://lcbn.wfubmc.edu/ Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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12
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Organophosphate Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latino Immigrants: North Carolina Farmworkers and Non-farmworkers Compared. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:1079-1086. [PMID: 27820757 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis documents detections and concentrations of the six dialkylphosphate (DAP) urinary metabolite of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides among North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers, with comparison to non-farmworker Latino immigrants. METHODS Participants provided up to four urine samples during the 2012 and 2013 agricultural seasons. Composite urine samples for each year were analyzed. RESULTS DAP urinary metabolite detections were similar in farmworkers and non-farmworker; for example, for 2012, 75.4% of farmworkers and 67.4% of non-farmworkers and, for 2013, 89.3% of farmworkers and 89.7% of non-farmworkers had dimethylthiophosphate detections. DAP geometric mean concentrations were high; for example, dimethylphosphate concentrations among farmworkers were 11.39 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 4.49 μg/g creatinine for 2013, while they were 10.49 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 1.97 μg/g creatinine for 2013 for non-farmworkers CONCLUSIONS:: Research to reduce pesticide exposure among Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers is needed.
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Arcury TA, Laurienti PJ, Talton JW, Chen H, Howard TD, Barr DB, Mora DC, Quandt SA. Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latina Farmworkers and Nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60:e63-e71. [PMID: 29023343 PMCID: PMC5758422 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper compares detections and concentrations of pesticide urinary metabolites for Latina farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. METHODS Thirty-one farmworkers and 55 nonfarmworkers provided urine samples in 2012 and 2013. Urine samples were analyzed for detections and concentrations of organophosphate insecticide, bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide, and pyrethroid insecticide urinary metabolites. RESULTS Detections for several organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites were present for substantial proportions of the farmworkers and nonfarmworkers. Concentrations for several of these metabolites were high. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers were similar in detections and concentrations for the pesticide urinary metabolites included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Participant pesticide exposure increases health risks for them and their children. Research needs to document pesticide exposure, its health effects, and ways to reduce it. Current information justifies policy development to reduce pesticide exposure in all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer W. Talton
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Genomics & Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana C. Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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14
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Nagami H, Suenaga T, Nakazaki M. Pesticide exposure and subjective symptoms of cut-flower farmers. J Rural Med 2017; 12:7-11. [PMID: 28593011 PMCID: PMC5458346 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sales of cut-flowers depend much on the outer appearance of the flowers. They are not intended to be used as foodstuffs; thus, pesticides are used more liberally for cut flower growing than for other agricultural products. Flower production is often carried out in greenhouses; therefore, pesticide exposure seems to reach not only the person spraying the pesticides, but also the non-spraying workers as well. In 2009, a special research project on pesticide poisoning, affiliated with the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine, developed a study that focused on cut-flower farmers' exposure to pesticide, subsequent adverse symptoms experienced, and treatment modalities to relieve pesticide-related symptoms. In this group of farmers, the pesticide sprayers were almost entirely male, while the females did not do any spraying. The organophosphate metabolite level in the urine of the males was higher than that of the females. However, in the female group, a positive relation was found between average working times in the greenhouse, and urine concentration of dialkylphosphates. In 2 males of this group, the level of dimethylphosphate was detected at 1,000 times the median level. Their butyrylcholinesterase activity levels on the day of testing had declined to 64%, 72% of their average level of the proximate 4 years, respectively. Communication with these subjects regarding pesticide exposure and methods of prevention appeared to be an effective approach for reducing symptom severity. Among soil fumigants, chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene were most often used. Difficulty breathing was one of the subjective symptoms associated with chloropicrin, as well as watery eyes, coughing, and runny nose. These symptoms were effectively suppressed by the preventative practice of wearing gas masks and goggles while using soil fumigants. It would be beneficial to strongly encourage use of suitable protective gear among farmers exposed to soil fumigants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mineko Nakazaki
- Division of Environmental Health, Toyama Institute of Health, Japan
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15
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Sapbamrer R, Hongsibsong S, Kerdnoi T. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites and health symptoms among farmers in Thailand. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 72:145-152. [PMID: 27027331 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1167005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional study, we investigated urinary DAPs levels and health symptoms related to the type of crop cultivation and farm tasks among 84 farmers in Phayao Province of northern Thailand. The results showed that the average of ∑DAPs levels was 10.93 ± 19.64 μg/g creatinine (range 1.48-163.90 μg/g creatinine). The compound found the most was DEP, followed by DETP, DEDTP, DMP, DMTP, and DMDTP, respectively. The type of crop cultivation may be associated with an increasing prevalence of respiratory tract, muscle system, and skin irritation. Farm tasks were associated with an increasing prevalence of muscle system and skin irritation. It was difficult to assess adverse health symptoms associated with urinary DAPs in low levels of exposure; therefore, further investigation is needed using more sensitive biomarkers and more sensitive health symptom measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- b Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Tanyaporn Kerdnoi
- b Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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16
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Rousis NI, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S. Monitoring population exposure to pesticides based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement of their urinary metabolites in urban wastewater: A novel biomonitoring approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1349-57. [PMID: 27418516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring studies have documented the high exposure of the population to pesticides which are widely used for crop protection, industrial and household purposes. This is the first study which has measured human urinary metabolites of pesticides in urban wastewater as biomarkers of population exposure. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure fifteen urinary metabolites selected from the major classes of pesticides. Raw wastewater samples were processed by solid phase extraction (SPE) or direct injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Recoveries ranged from 75 to 115% and the limits of quantification were 1-15ng/L for the SPE method and 40-800ng/L for direct injection. The method was employed for the analysis of 44 composite 24-h wastewater samples collected in seven Italian cities. Most of the target substances were detected at concentrations ranging from 1.1ng/L to 1.6μg/L. The highest concentrations were for some common metabolites of alkyl phosphates and pyrethroids and the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol). The frequency of detection and abundance of most of the measured metabolites were in line with the profiles reported in urine biomonitoring studies. This method is therefore proposed as a novel "biomonitoring approach" for obtaining objective, direct information on the levels of exposure of a specific population to pesticides, and current research is addressed to validate the method identifying the most reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Lee J, Roh S. Evaluation of Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides According to Application Type and the Protective Equipment among Farmers in South Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7585/kjps.2016.20.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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18
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Shapiro GD, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Ashley-Martin J, Ettinger AS, Fisher M, Taback S, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Morisset AS, Fraser W. Exposure to organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, and polychlorinated biphenyls in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: The MIREC Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:71-81. [PMID: 26852007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies report increases in rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over recent decades. Environmental chemicals may increase the risk of diabetes through impacts on glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endocrine-disrupting mechanisms including effects on pancreatic β-cell function and adiponectin release. OBJECTIVES To determine the associations between pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in early pregnancy and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and GDM in a Canadian birth cohort. METHODS Women enrolled in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study were included if they had a singleton delivery and did not have pre-existing diabetes. Exposure variables included three organophosphorus (OP) pesticide metabolites detected in first-trimester urine samples, as well as three organochlorine (OC) pesticides, three PFASs, and four PCBs in first-trimester blood samples. Gestational IGT and GDM were assessed by chart review in accordance with published guidelines. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between quartiles of environmental chemicals and both gestational IGT and GDM. RESULTS Of the 2001 women recruited into the MIREC cohort, 1274 met the inclusion criteria and had outcome and biomonitoring data available. Significantly lower odds of GDM were observed in the third and fourth quartiles of dimethylphosphate (DMP) and in the fourth quartile of dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) in adjusted analyses (DMP Q3: OR=0.2, 95% CI=0.1-0.7; DMP Q4: OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1-0.8; DMTP: OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1-0.9). Significantly elevated odds of gestational IGT was observed in the second quartile of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (OR=3.5, 95% CI=1.4-8.9). No evidence of associations with GDM or IGT during pregnancy was observed for PCBs or OC pesticides. CONCLUSIONS We did not find consistent evidence for any positive associations between the chemicals we examined and GDM or IGT during pregnancy. We observed statistical evidence of inverse relationships between urine concentrations of DMP and DMTP with GDM. We cannot rule out the influence of residual confounding due to unmeasured protective factors, such as nutritional benefits from fruit and vegetable consumption, also associated with pesticide exposure, on the observed inverse associations between maternal OP pesticide metabolites and GDM. These findings require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Shapiro
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maryse F Bouchard
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - William Fraser
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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19
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Osaka A, Ueyama J, Kondo T, Nomura H, Sugiura Y, Saito I, Nakane K, Takaishi A, Ogi H, Wakusawa S, Ito Y, Kamijima M. Exposure characterization of three major insecticide lines in urine of young children in Japan-neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:89-96. [PMID: 26855126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides has increased over the past decade not only in Japan but also worldwide, while organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides are still conventionally used in agriculture and domestic pest control. However, limited data are currently available on the NEO exposure levels, especially in children, who are particularly vulnerable to environmental toxicants. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the exposure to NEOs, as well as OPs and PYRs, in three-year-old Japanese children by assessing the range, distribution, and seasonal differences of the urinary concentrations of seven NEOs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and nitenpyram); four OP metabolites (dialkylphosphates [DAPs]), including dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate; and three PYR metabolites (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid, and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid). Urine samples were collected from 223 children (108 males and 115 females) in the summer and winter months. The detection rates of NEOs were 58% for dinotefuran, 25% for thiamethoxam, 21% for nitenpyram, and <16% for all other NEOs. The median and maximum concentrations of the sum of the seven NEOs (ΣNEO) were 4.7 and 370.2nmol/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary ΣNEO, dimethylphosphate, and all PYR metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter (p<0.05). The creatinine-adjusted concentration of ΣNEO significantly correlated with those of all DAPs (p<0.05) but not with those of the PYR metabolites. Moreover, the NEO-detected group showed higher urinary ΣDAP (sum of four OP metabolites) concentrations than the group without NEO detection. These findings suggest that children in Japan are environmentally exposed to the three major insecticide lines, and that the daily exposure sources of NEOs are common to those of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Osaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugiura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Food Safety and Quality Research Center, Tokai COOP Federation, Aichi 480-1103, Japan
| | | | - Ayuko Takaishi
- Okazaki City Public Health Center, Okazaki 444-0014, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ogi
- Okazaki City Public Health Center, Okazaki 444-0014, Japan
| | - Shinya Wakusawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan.
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20
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Sato H, Ito Y, Ueyama J, Kano Y, Arakawa T, Gotoh M, Kondo T, Sugiura Y, Saito I, Shibata E, Kamijima M. Effects of Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms on organophosphate insecticide metabolism in Japanese pest control workers. J Occup Health 2016; 58:56-65. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.15-0175-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Sato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory SciencesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Yuya Kano
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
| | - Tomoya Arakawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
| | - Masahiro Gotoh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory SciencesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Yuka Sugiura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory SciencesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Isao Saito
- Food Safety and Quality Research CenterTokai COOP FederationJapan
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Health and Psychosocial MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesJapan
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Ueyama J, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Sugiura Y, Kondo T, Saito I, Kamijima M. Temporal Levels of Urinary Neonicotinoid and Dialkylphosphate Concentrations in Japanese Women Between 1994 and 2011. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14522-8. [PMID: 26556224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, usage of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides has increased due to their high selectivity for insects versus mammals and their effectiveness for extermination of insects resistant to conventional pesticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates (OPs). However, historical change of the NEO exposure level in humans is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to reveal changes in the levels of NEO and OP exposure in the human body over the last two decades using biomonitoring technique. We quantified urinary concentrations of 7 NEOs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and 4 metabolites of OPs (dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate) in 95 adult females aged 45-75 in 1994, 2000, 2003, 2009, and 2011 (n = 17-20 different individuals in each year). The results show that the detection rates of urinary NEOs in Japanese women increased significantly between 1994 and 2011, suggesting that intakes of NEOs into the human body rose during that period. In contrast, exposure to OPs having O,O-dimethyl moieties decreased steadily according to a finding that geometric means of urinary dimethylphosphate concentrations kept diminishing considerably. These changes may reflect the amounts of NEOs and OPs used as insecticides in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugiura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Food Safety and Quality Research Center, Tokai COOP Federation , Nagakute 480-1103, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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22
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Testing a cumulative and aggregate exposure model using biomonitoring studies and dietary records for Italian vineyard spray operators. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 79:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Ueyama J, Saito I, Takaishi A, Nomura H, Inoue M, Osaka A, Sugiura Y, Hayashi Y, Wakusawa S, Ogi H, Inuzuka K, Kamijima M, Kondo T. A revised method for determination of dialkylphosphate levels in human urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: application to human urine samples from Japanese children. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:405-13. [PMID: 25293697 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological monitoring of organophosphorus insecticide (OP) metabolites, specifically dialkylphosphates (DAP) in urine, plays a key role in low-level exposure assessment of OP in individuals. The aims of this study are to develop a simple and sensitive method for determining four urinary DAPs using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to assess the concentration range of urinary DAP in Japanese children. METHODS Deuterium-labeled DAPs were used as internal standards. Urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP) and diethylphosphate (DEP), which passed through the solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP), which were extracted from a SPE column using 2.5 % NH3 water including 50 % acetonitrile, were prepared for separation analysis. The samples were then injected into LC-MS/MS. The optimized method was applied to spot urine samples from 3-year-old children (109 males and 116 females) living in Aichi Prefecture in Japan. RESULTS Results from the validation study demonstrated good within- and between-run precisions (<10.7 %) with low detection limits (0.4 for DMP and DMTP, 0.2 for DEP and 0.1 μg/L for DETP). The geometric mean values and detection rates of the urinary DAPs in Japanese children were 14.4 μg/L and 100 % for DMP, 5.3 μg/L and 98 % for DMTP, 5.5 μg/L and 99 % for DEP, and 0.6 μg/L and 80 % for DETP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present high-throughput method is simple and reliable, and can thereby further contribute to development of an exposure assessment of OP. The present study is the first to reveal the DAP concentrations in young Japanese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan,
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Shomar B, Al-Saad K, Nriagu J. Mishandling and exposure of farm workers in Qatar to organophosphate pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:312-320. [PMID: 24997273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We used a combination of subjective (questionnaire) and objective (urinary metabolites) measurements to evaluate factors that can predict the exposure of farm workers in Qatar to organophosphate pesticides and to assess whether the levels of exposure are associated with any self-reported health outcomes. The results show that pesticides were being extensively mishandled in the farms. Very few (<2%) of the farm workers knew the names of the pesticide they were using, and about one-third of the participants did not know the amount of pesticides to be applied to the crops. Nearly all (96%) of the participants had participated in mixing pesticides together before use and few (29%) used protective clothing while engaged in this operation. A significant number of participants (18%) had no knowledge that pesticides are a health hazard. At least one dialkyllphosphate (DAP) metabolite was detected in every worker. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of the dimethylalkylphosphates (DMAP) was 108 nM (range, from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 351 nM), and the GM for the diethylalkylphosphates (DEAP) was 43 nM (range, LOD-180 nM). The GM for total concentration of the metabolites (DAP) of 146 nM (maximum value estimated to be 531 nM) is below the values that have been reported for farmers in some countries, but higher than the levels in the general populations of many countries. We explored the influence of metal exposure and found consistent and negative relationships between the DAP metabolites and the concentrations of most of the trace elements in the urine of the farm workers; the negative associations were statistically significant for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, As, and Pb. We suspect that the negative associations are not source-dependent but may be reflective of antagonistic relationships in human metabolism of OPPs and trace metals; hence we recommend that metals should be included as co-factors in assessing the health effects of OPP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem Shomar
- Qatar Environmental & Energy Research Institute (QEER), Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khalid Al-Saad
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48103, MI, USA
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Nomura H, Ueyama J, Kondo T, Saito I, Murata K, Iwata T, Wakusawa S, Kamijima M. Quantitation of neonicotinoid metabolites in human urine using GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Koureas M, Tsakalof A, Tzatzarakis M, Vakonaki E, Tsatsakis A, Hadjichristodoulou C. Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece). Occup Environ Med 2013; 71:126-33. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jamin EL, Bonvallot N, Tremblay-Franco M, Cravedi JP, Chevrier C, Cordier S, Debrauwer L. Untargeted profiling of pesticide metabolites by LC-HRMS: an exposomics tool for human exposure evaluation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1149-61. [PMID: 23892877 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to xenobiotics is usually estimated by indirect methods. Biological monitoring has emerged during the last decade to improve assessment of exposure. However, biomonitoring is still an analytical challenge, because the amounts of sample available are often very small yet analysis must be as thorough and sensitive as possible. The purpose of this work was to develop an untargeted "exposomics" approach by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), which was applied to the characterization of pesticide metabolites in urine from pregnant women from a French epidemiological cohort. An upgradable list of pesticides commonly used on different crops, with their metabolites (more than 400 substances) was produced. Raw MS data were then processed to extract signals from these substances. Metabolites were identified by tandem mass spectrometry; putative identifications were validated by comparison with standards and metabolites generated by experiments on animals. Finally, signals of identified compounds were statistically analyzed by use of multivariate methods. This enabled discrimination of exposure groups, defined by indirect methods, on the basis of four metabolites from two fungicides (azoxystrobin, fenpropimorph) used in cereal production. This original approach applied to pesticide exposure can be extended to a variety of contaminant families for upstream evaluation of exposure from food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien L Jamin
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse, France,
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