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Hu J, Luo X, Panga MJ, Appiah C, Retyunskiy V, Zhu L, Zhao Y. Toxic effects and potential mechanisms of zinc pyrithione (ZPT) exposure on sperm and testicular injury in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132575. [PMID: 37741212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is widely recognized for its beneficial properties as an antifouling, antibacterial, and antifungal agent. Despite its positive industrial contributions, ZPT has been proven to exhibit toxicity towards various ecosystems, particularly affecting marine life. However, there is still a dearth of comprehensive research on ZPT toxicity and its toxicological mechanism in reproductive systems of aquatic organisms. In our study, we conducted a thorough analysis and unveiled a multitude of abnormalities in zebrafish sperm and testicular tissue caused by ZPT exposure, including a dose-dependent diminishing of testosterone levels, various sperm deformities, decreased sperm concentration and motility, and ROS-induced testicular tissue DNA damage. In addition, our study suggested that ZPT-induced testicular damage is associated with heightened oxidative stress, apoptosis, and possible hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Through RNA-seq analysis, a total of 409 DEGs associated with ZPT-induced testicular injury were identified, and the hub gene was determined using a protein-protein interaction network (PPI). The genes and pathways uncovered in this study point to potential mechanisms of ZPT exposure on sperm and testicular injury in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mogellah John Panga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Clara Appiah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Vladimir Retyunskiy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Shen M, Hu Y, Zhao K, Li C, Liu B, Li M, Lyu C, Sun L, Zhong S. Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, Metabolism and Ecotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:966. [PMID: 38133367 PMCID: PMC10747319 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing concern about antibiotic contamination in water bodies, particularly the widespread presence of fluoroquinolones (FQs), which pose a serious threat to ecosystems due to their extensive use and the phenomenon of "pseudo-persistence". This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on FQs in water bodies, summarizing and analyzing contamination levels of FQs in global surface water over the past three years, as well as the bioaccumulation and metabolism patterns of FQs in aquatic organisms, their ecological toxicity, and the influencing factors. The results show that FQs contamination is widespread in surface water across the surveyed 32 countries, with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin being the most heavy contaminants. Furthermore, contamination levels are generally higher in developing and developed countries. It has been observed that compound types, species, and environmental factors influence the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and toxicity of FQs in aquatic organisms. FQs tend to accumulate more in organisms with higher lipid content, and toxicity experiments have shown that FQs exhibit the highest toxicity to bacteria and the weakest toxicity to mollusk. This article summarizes and analyzes the current research status and shortcomings of FQs, providing guidance and theoretical support for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Binshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Lei Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Mineral Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Shuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Guo J, Ren J, Chang C, Duan Q, Li J, Kanerva M, Yang F, Mo J. Freshwater crustacean exposed to active pharmaceutical ingredients: ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48868-48902. [PMID: 36884171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the ecotoxicological effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on aquatic invertebrates have been raised in the last decade. While numerous studies have reported the toxicity of APIs in invertebrates, no attempt has been made to synthesize and interpret this dataset in terms of different exposure scenarios (acute, chronic, multigenerational), multiple crustacean species, and the toxic mechanisms. In this study, a thorough literature review was performed to summarize the ecotoxicological data of APIs tested on a range of invertebrates. Therapeutic classes including antidepressants, anti-infectives, antineoplastic agents, hormonal contraceptives, immunosuppressants, and neuro-active drugs exhibited higher toxicity to crustaceans than other API groups. The species sensitivity towards APIs exposure is compared in D. magna and other crustacean species. In the case of acute and chronic bioassays, ecotoxicological studies mainly focus on the apical endpoints including growth and reproduction, whereas sex ratio and molting frequency are commonly used for evaluating the substances with endocrine-disrupting properties. The multigenerational and "Omics" studies, primarily transcriptomics and metabolomics, were confined to a few API groups including beta-blocking agents, blood lipid-lowing agents, neuroactive agents, anticancer drugs, and synthetic hormones. We emphasize that in-depth studies on the multigenerational effects and the toxic mechanisms of APIs on the endocrine systems of freshwater crustacean are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jingya Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Qiannan Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Mirella Kanerva
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 7908577, Japan
| | - Fangshe Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sousa AP, Nunes B. Dangerous connections: biochemical and behavioral traits in Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina exposed to ecologically relevant amounts of paracetamol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38792-38808. [PMID: 33740191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of nontarget organisms to therapeutic agents can cause distinct toxic effects, even at low concentrations. Paracetamol is a painkiller drug, widely used in human and veterinary therapies, being frequently found in the aquatic compartment in considerable amounts. Its toxicity has already been established for some species, but its full ecotoxicological potential is still not sufficiently described. To characterize the ecotoxicity of paracetamol, the present study evaluated several parameters, such as acute immobilization (EC50 calculation), biochemical alterations, and behavioral effects, in two species of freshwater microcrustaceans of the genus Daphnia (D. magna and D. longispina). To increase the relevance of the data obtained, animals were exposed to levels of paracetamol similar to those already reported to occur in the wild. Data showed antioxidant responses in both species, namely an increase of catalase and GSTs activities in D. magna. On the contrary, effects of paracetamol on D. longispina included only an impairment of GSTs activity. Despite the absence of anticholinesterasic effects, behavioral modifications were also observed. This set of data indicates that realistic levels of paracetamol may trigger the activation of the antioxidant defense system of freshwater crustaceans, causing changes in behavioral traits (increase in swimming time, but with a reduction in swimming distance) of unknown etiology that are likely to affect normal life traits of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Sousa
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Stepnowski P, Wolecki D, Puckowski A, Paszkiewicz M, Caban M. Anti-inflammatory drugs in the Vistula River following the failure of the Warsaw sewage collection system in 2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140848. [PMID: 32758731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At the end of August 2019, in Warsaw, the sewage collection system of the Wastewater Treatment Plant malfunctioned. During the subsequent 12 days, over 3.6 million m3 of untreated sewage was introduced from the damaged collector directly into the Vistula River. It is one of the biggest known failures of its kind in the world so far. In this study we investigated to what extent the incident contributed to the increased discharge of anti-inflammatory drugs into the environment. The study covered the section from the point of discharge to the city of Toruń (ca. 170 km downstream). It was found that in the river waters downstream of the damaged collector, the concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals increased considerably in comparison with the waters upstream of the collector. The highest concentrations were observed for paracetamol (102.9 μg/L), ibuprofen (5.3 μg/L) and diclofenac (4.8 μg/L). We also measured to what extent and at what rate these pollutants were distributed along the river. The effects of the incident were observed in further parts of the river after 16 days. In the study we also detected elevated concentrations of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the bottom sediments collected 6 weeks after the failure. Measurements of the levels of pharmaceuticals in estuarial and marine waters in the vicinity of the mouth of the Vistula River indicate that the incident did not significantly increase the load of these pollutants in the waters of the southern Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Daniel Wolecki
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alan Puckowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Sousa AP, Nunes B. Standard and biochemical toxicological effects of zinc pyrithione in Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103402. [PMID: 32693026 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicity in the environment may be the consequence of exposure of living organisms to multiple substances, with distinct putative effects. Among this mulytiplicity of chemicals that occur in the wild, pharmaceutical drugs and antifoulers are prone to exert toxic effects on non-target organisms. To characterize the toxicity elicited by a compound of this specific class, the present study used standard and biochemical-based tools to quantify the toxic response of the antifouler and antidandruff zinc pyrithione in Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina. The analised parameters were immobility, reproduction, behavioral alteration (swimming patterns), anti-oxidant defense (catalase activity), metabolism (GSTs activities), and neurotoxicity (ChE activity) after exposure to sublethal concentrations of this drug. Exposure to zinc pyrithione has been shown to have neurotoxic and oxidative effects, with changes in swimming behavior. There were no changes in reproductive traits of exposed individuals, from both species. The obtained data demonstrate that ecologically relevant levels of zinc pyrithione can deleteriously alter critical parameters in two distinct freshwater microcrustacean species, although with distinct toxicity patterns and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Sousa
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Pereira A, Silva L, Laranjeiro C, Lino C, Pena A. Selected Pharmaceuticals in Different Aquatic Compartments: Part II-Toxicity and Environmental Risk Assessment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081796. [PMID: 32295269 PMCID: PMC7221825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential risks associated with releases of human pharmaceuticals into the environment have become an increasingly important issue in environmental health. This concern has been driven by the widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in all aquatic compartments. Therefore, 22 pharmaceuticals, 6 metabolites and transformation products, belonging to 7 therapeutic groups, were selected to perform a review on their toxicity and environmental risk assessment (ERA) in different aquatic compartments, important issues to tackle the water framework directive (WFD). The toxicity data collected reported, with the exception of anxiolytics, at least one toxicity value for concentrations below 1 µg L−1. The results obtained for the ERA revealed risk quotients (RQs) higher than 1 in all the aquatic bodies and for the three trophic levels, algae, invertebrates and fish, posing ecotoxicological pressure in all of these compartments. The therapeutic groups with higher RQs were hormones, antiepileptics, anti-inflammatories and antibiotics. Unsurprisingly, RQs values were highest in wastewaters, however, less contaminated water bodies such as groundwaters still presented maximum values up to 91,150 regarding 17α-ethinylestradiol in fish. Overall, these results present an important input for setting prioritizing measures and sustainable strategies, minimizing their impact in the aquatic environment.
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Janicki T, Długoński J, Krupiński M. Detoxification and simultaneous removal of phenolic xenobiotics and heavy metals with endocrine-disrupting activity by the non-ligninolytic fungus Umbelopsis isabellina. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:661-669. [PMID: 30219529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic pollutants well known to interfere with the major functions of the endocrine system co-occur widely in contaminated ecosystems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of Umbelopsis isabellina fungus to simultaneously remove and detoxify multiple environmentally significant endocrine disruptors: the heavy metals Cd(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) and the phenolic xenobiotics nonylphenol (t-NP), 4-cumylphenol (CP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). The effects of the metals on fungal growth and efficiency of single-metal uptake were also investigated. U. isabellina exhibited considerable tolerance to Zn(II), Mn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II), with IC50/24 values ranging from 5.08 for Ni(II) to 13.1 mM for Zn(II). In the presence of CP, the maximum efficiency of Pb(II) removal increased 25% relative to that of the control. Supplementation with Mn(II) or Zn(II) enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation by 18 or 9%, respectively, after 6 h of cultivation. Ecotoxicological assays monitoring bioindicators from different aquatic ecosystems revealed detoxification coinciding with the removal of metals and organic xenobiotics from binary mixtures. This work indicates the potential of a single microorganism, U. isabellina, to remove both heavy metals and organic xenobiotics from co-contaminated sites, making it a suitable candidate for the development of bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janicki
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Krupiński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Protasov A, Bardeau JF, Morozovskaya I, Boretska M, Cherniavska T, Petrus L, Tarasyuk O, Metelytsia L, Kopernyk I, Kalashnikova L, Dzhuzha O, Rogalsky S. New promising antifouling agent based on polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine molybdate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2543-2551. [PMID: 28262978 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) molybdate has been synthesized. The obtained cationic polymer has limited water solubility of 0.015 g/100 mL and is insoluble in paint solvents. The results of acute toxicity studies indicate moderate toxicity of PHMG molybdate, which has a median lethal dose at 48 h of 0.7 mg/L for Daphnia magna and at 96 h of 17 mg/L for Danio rerio (zebrafish) freshwater model organisms. Commercial ship paint was then modified by the addition of a low concentration of polymeric biocide 5% (w/w). The painted steel panels were kept in Dnipro River water for the evaluation of the dynamics of fouling biomass. After 129-d exposure, Bryozoa dominated in biofouling of tested substrates, forming 86% (649 g/m2 ) of the total biomass on control panel surfaces. However, considerably lower Bryozoa fouling biomass (15 g/m2 ) was detected for coatings containing PHMG molybdate. Dreissenidae mollusks were found to form 88% (2182 g/m2 ) of the fouling biomass on the control substrates after 228 d of exposure, whereas coatings containing PHMG molybdate showed a much lower biomass value of 23.6 g/m2 . The leaching rate of PHMG molybdate in water was found to be similar to rates for conventional booster biocides ranging from 5.7 μg/cm2 /d at the initial stage to 2.2 μg/cm2 /d at steady state. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2543-2551. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Protasov
- Institute of Hydrobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Irina Morozovskaya
- Institute of Hydrobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Boretska
- D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Cherniavska
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Petrus
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tarasyuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larisa Metelytsia
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Kopernyk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larisa Kalashnikova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Dzhuzha
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Rogalsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Mendoza A, Aceña J, Pérez S, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Gil A, Valcárcel Y. Pharmaceuticals and iodinated contrast media in a hospital wastewater: A case study to analyse their presence and characterise their environmental risk and hazard. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:225-41. [PMID: 25880605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work analyses the presence of twenty-five pharmaceutical compounds belonging to seven different therapeutic groups and one iodinated contrast media (ICM) in a Spanish medium-size hospital located in the Valencia Region. Analysis of the target compounds in the hospital wastewater was performed by means of solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (HPLC-MS/MS). A screening level risk assessment combining the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) with dose-response data based on Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) was also applied to estimate Hazard Quotients (HQs) for the compounds investigated. Additionally, the environmental hazard associated to the various compounds measured was assessed through the calculation of the Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) Index, which categorizes compounds according to their environmentally damaging characteristics. The results of the study showed the presence of twenty-four out of the twenty-six compounds analysed at individual concentrations ranging from 5 ng L(-1) to 2 mg L(-1). The highest concentrations corresponded to the ICM iomeprol, found at levels between 424 and 2093 μg L(-1), the analgesic acetaminophen (15-44 μg L(-1)), the diuretic (DIU) furosemide (6-15 μg L(-1)), and the antibiotics (ABIs) ofloxacin and trimethoprim (2-5 μg L(-1)). The lowest levels corresponded to the anti-inflammatory propyphenazone, found at concentrations between 5 and 44 ng L(-1). Differences in terms of concentrations of the analysed compounds have been observed in all the therapeutic groups when comparing the results obtained in this and other recent studies carried out in hospitals with different characteristics from different geographical areas and in different seasons. The screening level risk assessment performed in raw water from the hospital effluent showed that the analgesics and anti-inflammatories (AAFs) acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen, the antibiotics (ABIs) clarithromycin, ofloxacin and trimethoprim, and the β-blocker (BBL) propranolol were present at concentrations leading to HQ values higher than 10, thus indicating high risk. When applying a factor to take into account potential dilution and degradation processes, only the compound ibuprofen showed a HQ higher than 1. Likewise, the cumulative HQ or Toxic Units (TUs) calculated in the raw water for each of the therapeutic groups studied showed that these three classes of drugs were at concentrations high enough to potentially generate high risk to aquatic organisms while taking into account possible dilution and degradation processes only one of them, the AAFs can be considered to represent high risk. Finally, the environmental hazard assessment performed showed that the AAFs diclofenac and ibuprofen and the ABI clarithromycin have the highest, maximum value of 9 of PBT Index due to their inherent environmentally damaging characteristics of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. The methodology followed in the present case study can be taken as a novel approach to classify and categorize pharmaceuticals on the basis of their occurrence in hospital effluents, their derived environmental risks, and their associated environmental hazard. This classification becomes important because it can be used as a model or orientation for hospitals in the process of developing environmentally sustainable policies and as an argument to justify the adoption of advanced, specific treatments for hospital effluents before being discharged into the public sewage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mendoza
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology (ToxAmb). Rey Juan Carlos University. Avda. Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain; Department of Occupational Health and Safety. University Hospital of Fuenlabrada. Camino del Molino, s/n. 28942 Fuenlabrada (Madrid), Spain.
| | - J Aceña
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group. Department of Environmental Chemistry. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26. 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group. Department of Environmental Chemistry. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26. 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group. Department of Environmental Chemistry. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26. 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group. Department of Environmental Chemistry. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26. 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - A Gil
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University. Avda. Atenas, s/n. 28922 Alcorcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology (ToxAmb). Rey Juan Carlos University. Avda. Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University. Avda. Atenas, s/n. 28922 Alcorcón (Madrid), Spain.
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11
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de Oliveira LLD, Antunes SC, Gonçalves F, Rocha O, Nunes B. Acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of four pharmaceuticals drugs on cladoceranDaphnia magna. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:13-21. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1029048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Petrie B, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:3-27. [PMID: 25267363 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review identifies understudied areas of emerging contaminant (EC) research in wastewaters and the environment, and recommends direction for future monitoring. Non-regulated trace organic ECs including pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and personal care products are focused on due to ongoing policy initiatives and the expectant broadening of environmental legislation. These ECs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, mainly derived from the discharge of municipal wastewater effluents. Their presence is of concern due to the possible ecological impact (e.g., endocrine disruption) to biota within the environment. To better understand their fate in wastewaters and in the environment, a standardised approach to sampling is needed. This ensures representative data is attained and facilitates a better understanding of spatial and temporal trends of EC occurrence. During wastewater treatment, there is a lack of suspended particulate matter analysis due to further preparation requirements and a lack of good analytical approaches. This results in the under-reporting of several ECs entering wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and the aquatic environment. Also, sludge can act as a concentrating medium for some chemicals during wastewater treatment. The majority of treated sludge is applied directly to agricultural land without analysis for ECs. As a result there is a paucity of information on the fate of ECs in soils and consequently, there has been no driver to investigate the toxicity to exposed terrestrial organisms. Therefore a more holistic approach to environmental monitoring is required, such that the fate and impact of ECs in all exposed environmental compartments are studied. The traditional analytical approach of applying targeted screening with low resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., triple quadrupoles) results in numerous chemicals such as transformation products going undetected. These can exhibit similar toxicity to the parent EC, demonstrating the necessity of using an integrated analytical approach which compliments targeted and non-targeted screening with biological assays to measure ecological impact. With respect to current toxicity testing protocols, failure to consider the enantiomeric distribution of chiral compounds found in the environment, and the possible toxicological differences between enantiomers is concerning. Such information is essential for the development of more accurate environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Pereira AMPT, Silva LJG, Meisel LM, Lino CM, Pena A. Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals from Portuguese wastewaters: geographical and seasonal occurrence, removal and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:108-19. [PMID: 25460627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, fate, geographical and seasonal influence and environmental risk assessment of eleven of the most consumed pharmaceuticals in Portugal were studied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and (WWI) and effluents (WWE). WWI and WWE samples, from two sampling campaigns (spring and summer), in 2013, were evaluated in 15 different WWTPs across the country, by solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass detection (LC-MS-MS). Lipid regulators were the most frequently found in WWI and WWE (184.1 and 22.3mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively), followed by anti-inflammatories (1339.4 and 15.0mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively), and antibiotics (330.7 and 68.6 mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively). Anxiolytics were the least detected with 3.3 and 3.4 mg/day/1000 inhab. in WWI and WWE, respectively. The mass loads, both in WWI and WWE, were higher in summer than those found during the spring season, being remarkable the high values registered in a region where population triplicates in this time of the year. The mean removal efficiency achieved was of 94.5%, nonetheless, between the different therapeutic groups, as well as within each group, important variations in removal were observed, going from not eliminated to 100%. In the summer higher efficiencies were observed regarding lipid regulators and antibiotics. Furthermore, an important outcome was the evaluation, by means of risk quotients (RQs), of the potential ecotoxicological risk posed by the selected pharmaceuticals to different aquatic organisms, exposed to the effluents studied. Ciprofloxacin, bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, simvastatin and diclofenac showed RQs higher than one, being expected that these pharmaceuticals might pose a threat to the three trophic levels (algae, daphnids and fish) evaluated. These results highlight the importance of these monitoring studies, as required by the Directive 2013/39/EU, in order to minimize their aquatic environmental contamination and support future prioritization measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M P T Pereira
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Liliana J G Silva
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Leonor M Meisel
- INFARMED, I.P.-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, 1749-004 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Celeste M Lino
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Angelina Pena
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Petersen K, Heiaas HH, Tollefsen KE. Combined effects of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, biocides and organic contaminants on the growth of Skeletonema pseudocostatum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:45-54. [PMID: 24632557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organisms in the environment are exposed to a number of pollutants from different compound groups. In addition to the classic pollutants like the polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols, biocides, etc. other compound groups of concern are constantly emerging. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can be expected to co-occur with other organic contaminants like biocides, PAHs and alkylphenols in areas affected by wastewater, industrial effluents and intensive recreational activity. In this study, representatives from these four different compound groups were tested individually and in mixtures in a growth inhibition assay with the marine algae Skeletonema pseudocostatum (formerly Skeletonema costatum) to determine whether the combined effects could be predicted by models for additive effects; the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) prediction model. The eleven tested compounds reduced the growth of S. pseudocostatum in the microplate test in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of toxicity of these chemicals were irgarol>fluoxetine>diuron>benzo(a)pyrene>thioguanine>triclosan>propranolol>benzophenone 3>cetrimonium bromide>4-tert-octylphenol>endosulfan. Several binary mixtures and a mixture of eight compounds from the four different compound groups were tested. All tested mixtures were additive as model deviation ratios, the deviation between experimental and predicted effect concentrations, were within a factor of 2 from one or both prediction models (e.g. CA and IA). Interestingly, a concentration dependent shift from IA to CA, potentially due to activation of similar toxicity pathways at higher concentrations, was observed for the mixture of eight compounds. The combined effects of the multi-compound mixture were clearly additive and it should therefore be expected that PPCPs, biocides, PAHs and alkylphenols will collectively contribute to the risk in areas contaminated by such complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Petersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Paíga P, Santos LHMLM, Amorim CG, Araújo AN, Montenegro MCBSM, Pena A, Delerue-Matos C. Pilot monitoring study of ibuprofen in surface waters of north of Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2410-20. [PMID: 22932847 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen is amongst the most worldwide consumed pharmaceuticals. The present work presents the first data in the occurrence of ibuprofen in Portuguese surface waters, focusing in the north area of the country, which is one of the most densely populated areas of Portugal. Analysis of ibuprofen is based on pre-concentration of the analyte with solid phase extraction and subsequent determination with liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. A total of 42 water samples, including surface waters, landfill leachates, Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), and hospital effluents, were analyzed in order to evaluate the occurrence of ibuprofen in the north of Portugal. In general, the highest concentrations were found in the river mouths and in the estuarine zone. The maximum concentrations found were 48,720 ng L(-1) in the landfill leachate, 3,868 ng L(-1) in hospital effluent, 616 ng L(-1) in WWTP effluent, and 723 ng L(-1) in surface waters (Lima river). Environmental risk assessment was evaluated and at the measured concentrations only landfill leachates reveal potential ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms. Owing to a high consumption rate of ibuprofen among Portuguese population, as prescribed and non-prescribed medicine, the importance of hospitals, WWTPs, and landfills as sources of entrance of pharmaceuticals in the environment was pointed out. Landfill leachates showed the highest contribution for ibuprofen mass loading into surface waters. On the basis of our findings, more studies are needed as an attempt to assess more vulnerable areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Paíga
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Viñas R, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2694-714. [PMID: 23066391 PMCID: PMC3447581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their responses via non-genomic and/or genomic signaling mechanisms. Disruption of estrogens' actions through the less-studied non-genomic pathway can alter such functional end points as cell proliferation, peptide hormone release, catecholamine transport, and apoptosis, among others. Studies of potentially adverse effects due to mixtures and to low doses of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have recently become more feasible, though few so far have included actions via the non-genomic pathway. Physiologic estrogens and XEs evoke non-monotonic dose responses, with different compounds having different patterns of actions dependent on concentration and time, making mixture assessments all the more challenging. In order to understand the spectrum of toxicities and their mechanisms, future work should focus on carefully studying individual and mixture components across a range of concentrations and cellular pathways in a variety of tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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