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Schopf MF, Pierezan MD, Rocha R, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Marsico ET, De Dea Lindner J, Cruz AGD, Verruck S. Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products: An overview of processing degradation and trends in mitigating approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12610-12624. [PMID: 35876099 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products present considerable socioeconomic importance but are also a regular pesticide residue contamination source, which is considered a worldwide public health concern and a major international trade issue. Thus, a literature review was conducted to assess pesticide residue levels in milk and dairy products, as well as the residue degradation capacity during its processing. Organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid and/or triazine were found in fluid milk, powder products, yogurts, cheese, butter, and sour cream. Thermal processing reduced most residue levels, although some treatments increased total hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (α-, γ-, δ-, and β-). Emerging non-thermal treatments presented promising results, but some by-products had higher toxicity than their precursors. Biodegradation by lactic acid bacteria were effective during yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, β-hexachlorocyclohexane level seems to increase in yogurts containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, while increase or maintenance of pesticide residue concentration was observed during coagulation and cheese maturation. Deep research is needed to understand the isomerization and degradation mechanisms after thermal, non-thermal, and fermentation processing. Emerging heat technology can be an excellent topic to be investigated for pesticide residues degradation in the future. These mitigation approaches can be a feasible future alternative to milk and dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fiorin Schopf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Milena Dutra Pierezan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ramon Rocha
- Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erick Almeida Esmerino
- Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Food Department, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology from Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvani Verruck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Derouiche A, Achour A, Driss MR. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in raw bovine milk from various dairy farms in Beja, Tunisia: contamination status, dietary intake, and health risk assessment for the consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65427-65439. [PMID: 37084058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We determined organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in raw bovine milk taken directly from the milking equipment for different animals and various farms in Béja region, which is one of the largest milk producing areas in Tunisia. All milk samples were contaminated with one or more pesticides and exhibited measurable concentrations of some PCB congeners. The residue levels are generally marked by the predominance of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (median: 17.60 ng g-1 fat), followed by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (median: 14.31 ng g-1 fat), PCBs (median: 4.71 ng g-1 fat), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (median: 0.77 ng g-1 fat). DDT/DDE ratios across the samples vary between 0.09 to 32.24 and exhibit the hypothesis of sustaining illegal use of the banned pesticide. The historical or recent use of OCPs and possible emission sources of PCBs identified near studied farms may lead to increased levels of these contaminants in produced milk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values were several orders of magnitude below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) fixed by FAO/WHO, though recorded concentration in some samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) fixed by the EU, especially for OCPs. According to health risk assessments, consumption of raw milk did not pose an obvious cancer risk or other health problems for local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Derouiche
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructural Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Amani Achour
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage Tunisia, 7021, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructural Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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3
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Urseler N, Bachetti R, Biolé F, Morgante V, Morgante C. Atrazine pollution in groundwater and raw bovine milk: Water quality, bioaccumulation and human risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158498. [PMID: 36063942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine herbicide can bioaccumulate over time and thus affect humans for generations to come. However, scarce studies have evaluated its bioaccumulation potential in bovine milk, a nutritional staple for children and the elderly both domestically and internationally. This study aimed to determine its concentration in groundwater and bovine milk, as well as the risks it is likely to pose for human health. Eighteen dairy farms in the Pampean plain of Argentina were analyzed. A strong correlation was found between the chemical composition and the geomorphological characteristics of the plain. In addition, increased salinity was observed in the groundwater at greater distances from the aquifer's recharge area. Atrazine was quantified in 50 % of the groundwater samples (at values ranging from 0.07 to 1.40 μg/L), and in 89 % of the bovine milk samples (from 2.51 to 20.97 μg/L). Moreover, atrazine levels in 44.4 % of the groundwater samples and 11.1 % of the bovine milk samples (n = 18) exceeded the limits internationally established as safe for human consumption. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of the compound were negligible for children and adults, both in groundwater (child = 9.7E-4, adult = 4.5E-4) and in milk (child = 1.0E-2, adult = 1.6E-3). The estimated cancer risk (CR) values need further evaluation (child = 7.8E-6, adult = 3.6E-6 in groundwater; child = 6.6E-5, adult = 1.3E-5 in milk). In both types of samples, the HQ and CR of residual atrazine were higher for children than for adults. Nevertheless, bioaccumulation factors suggest that dairy cows have a moderate capacity to incorporate atrazine from abiotic matrices. This is the first report on residual atrazine in bovine milk in Argentina. The results presented here indicate that the status of atrazine contamination in the area should continue to be monitored in order to assess its long-term impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Urseler
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agro-alimentaria y Biotecnológica, IMITAB-CONICET, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555 (CP 5900), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Romina Bachetti
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agro-alimentaria y Biotecnológica, IMITAB-CONICET, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555 (CP 5900), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Biolé
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agro-alimentaria y Biotecnológica, IMITAB-CONICET, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555 (CP 5900), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Morgante
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Morgante
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agro-alimentaria y Biotecnológica, IMITAB-CONICET, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555 (CP 5900), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
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Calahorrano-Moreno MB, Ordoñez-Bailon JJ, Baquerizo-Crespo RJ, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, B. S. M. Montenegro MC, Rodríguez-Díaz JM. Contaminants in the cow's milk we consume? Pasteurization and other technologies in the elimination of contaminants. F1000Res 2022; 11:91. [PMID: 35186276 PMCID: PMC8822143 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108779.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk is currently the most consumed product worldwide. However, due to various direct and indirect contamination sources, different chemical and microbiological contaminants have been found in cow's milk. This review details the main contaminants found in cow's milk, referring to the sources of contamination and their impact on human health. A comparative approach highlights the poor efficacy and effects of the pasteurization process with other methods used in the treatment of cow's milk. Despite pasteurization and related techniques being the most widely applied to date, they have not demonstrated efficacy in eliminating contaminants. New technologies have appeared as alternative treatments to pasteurization. However, in addition to causing physicochemical changes in the raw material, their efficacy is not total in eliminating chemical contaminants, suggesting the need for new research to find a solution that contributes to improving food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Belen Calahorrano-Moreno
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan Jerry Ordoñez-Bailon
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo José Baquerizo-Crespo
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
| | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Procesos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
| | | | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, 130104, Ecuador
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5
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Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:149-177. [PMID: 34027568 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants widely used all over the world. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic and often cause detrimental health effects because of their long shelf life and bioaccumulation in the adipose tissues of primates. OCP exposure to humans occurs through skin, inhalation and contaminated foods including milk and dairy products, whereas developing fetus and neonates are exposed through placental transfer and lactation, respectively. In 1960s, OCPs were banned in most developed countries, but because they are cheap and easily available, they are still widely used in most third world countries. The overuse or misuse of OCPs has been rising continuously which pose threats to environmental and human health. This review reports the comparative occurrence of OCPs in human and bovine milk samples around the globe and portrays the negative impacts encountered through the long history of OCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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6
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Sana S, Qadir A, Mumtaz M, Evans NP, Ahmad SR. Spatial trends and human health risks of organochlorinated pesticides from bovine milk; a case study from a developing country, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130110. [PMID: 33725621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bovine milk is a nutritious food commodity extensively produced and consumed in Punjab, Pakistan. This study assesses the concentration profile of organochlorine pesticides (OCP; 18 compounds) in buffaloes and cow's milk in eight major districts of Punjab, Pakistan and the potential impacts of such exposure. The total OCPs in buffaloes and cow's milk samples ranged from 3.93 to 27.63 ng mL-1 and 14.64-77.93 ng mL-1 respectively. The overall pattern of mean OCPs concentration in buffaloes and cows milk showed that Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are predominant followed by Heptachlors and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs). So far, the concentration profile depicted that ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs and ∑Heptachlors did not exceed the maximum residual limits set for buffaloes and cow's milk. The spatial trends in terms of cluster analysis depicted significant variation (p > 0.05) among the districts in one cluster probably owing to local conditions. Furthermore, recently used DDTs were also identified at some of the selected districts. The risk assessment suggests that the estimated daily intake for each OCP was in accordance with the acceptable daily intake, thus single compound exposure does not pose a significant carcinogenic risk. However, the hazard ratios indicated that the values for ∑DDTs posed risk in adults consuming cow's milk whereas children may face carcinogenic risk on the consumption of both buffalo and cow's milk. The risk may be altered where mixture is considered, furthermore, regarding carcinogenic risks a continuous monitoring based ecological analysis is recommended in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sana
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Grout L, Baker MG, French N, Hales S. A Review of Potential Public Health Impacts Associated With the Global Dairy Sector. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000213. [PMID: 32159049 PMCID: PMC7017588 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strong demand for dairy products has led to a global increase in dairy production. In many parts of the world, dairy systems are undergoing rapid intensification. While increased production may contribute to food security, higher dairy stocking rates in some regions have resulted in increased pressure on natural resources with the potential to affect public health and wellbeing. The aim of this review was to identify and describe the potential health harms and benefits associated with dairy production and consumption. Electronic databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for published literature that investigated human health impacts of dairy production and consumption. Occupational hazards, environmental health impacts, ecosystem health impacts, foodborne hazards, and diet-related chronic diseases were identified as potential public health hazards. Some impacts, notably climate change, extend beyond directly exposed populations. Dairy production and consumption are also associated with important health benefits through the provision of nutrients and economic opportunities. As the global dairy sector increases production, exposure to a range of hazards must be weighed with these benefits. The review of impacts presented here can provide an input into decision making about optimal levels of dairy production and consumption, local land use, and identification and management of specific hazards from this sector. Future research should consider multiple exposure routes, socioeconomic implications, and environmental factors, particularly in regions heavily dependent on dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Grout
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Michael G. Baker
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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8
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Aydin S, Aydin ME, Beduk F, Ulvi A. Organohalogenated pollutants in raw and UHT cow's milk from Turkey: a risk assessment of dietary intake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12788-12797. [PMID: 30887452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, health risk of human exposure to organohalogenated pollutants (OHPs) through milk consumption was determined. Conventionally produced, unprocessed cow's milk samples taken from Konya District, in Turkey, and 15 different brand ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processed cow's milk samples taken from supermarkets of Turkey were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCHs, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, aldrin + dieldrin, methoxychlor), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, PCB 28, 52, 101, 153, 138, and 180), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, PBDE 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 congeners). Estimated daily intake (EDI) values calculated for both adults and children consuming raw or UHT milk were determined to exceed maximum residue limits (MRLs) set for γ-HCH, ∑Heptachlor, and endrin. EDI values also exceeded admissible daily intake (ADI) values given for ∑HCH, ∑Heptachlor, ∑Endrin aldrin + dieldrin, and ∑PCBs. p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratio was 1 or higher for 66% of the milk samples, which is an indication of sustaining illegal use of DDT. A health risk is determined for dietary intake of OHPs via consumption of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senar Aydin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, No: 501, Meram, Koycegiz Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, No: 501, Meram, Koycegiz Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Beduk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, No: 501, Meram, Koycegiz Campus, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Ulvi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, No: 501, Meram, Koycegiz Campus, Konya, Turkey
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Abstract
This article is based on a review of the literature and our own experience with toxicological molecules. We explain the nature of calix[n]arenes and as their recognized properties are used to detect compounds of toxicological interest, mainly the most important pesticide families such as organophosphorated, organochlorine compounds, pyrethroid insecticides, carbamate fungicides, and herbicides, using different techniques. In addition, we show the role of the macrocycle and its interactions, and the advantage of using this type of compound for improving conventional techniques, where the phenomenon of recognition is very important, such as chromatography, solid-phased extraction, and the development of specific sensors, among others and Even we also show the use of this macrocycle for detoxication procedures in vivo. In this way, we display as the multiple possibilities of functionalization of the calix[n]arenes makes these versatile molecules in the phenomena of specific recognition. Finally, This review highlights the main analytical methods reported in the literature for determination of plaguicides by host-guest interaction with calixarenes. In this way, among the available analytical tools, chromatographic, and electrochemical-based methods are the most used techniques for the detection and to quantify plaguicides using calixarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilma Sanabria Español
- Grupo GICRIM, Programa de Investigación Criminal , Universidad Manuela Beltrán , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Mauricio Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá , Colombia
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10
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Ibigbami OA, Aiyesanmi AF, Adesina AJ, Popoola OK. Occurrence and Levels of Chlorinated Pesticides Residues in Cow Milk: A Human Health Risk Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2019.81005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Martin FL, Martinez EZ, Stopper H, Garcia SB, Uyemura SA, Kannen V. Increased exposure to pesticides and colon cancer: Early evidence in Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:623-631. [PMID: 29957523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors may increase colon cancer (CC) risk. It has been suggested that pesticides could play a significant role in the etiology of this malignancy. As agriculture is one of the mainstays of the Brazilian economy, this country has become the largest pesticides consumer worldwide. The CC burden is also increasing in Brazil. Herein, we examined data from the Brazilian Federal Government to determine whether CC mortality and pesticide consumption may be associated. Database of the Ministry of Health provided CC mortality data in Brazil, while pesticide usage was accessed at the website of Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. The CC mortality in the Brazilian states was calculated as standard mortality rates (SMR). All Bayesian analysis was performed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method in WinBUGS software. We observed that CC mortality has exhibited a steady increase for more than a decade, which correlated with the amount of sold pesticides in the country. Both observations are concentrated in the Southern and the Southeast regions of Brazil. Although ecological studies like ours have methodological limitations, the current dataset suggests the possibility that pesticide exposure may be a risk factor for CC. It warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Edson Z Martinez
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Helga Stopper
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sergio Akira Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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Shelver WL, Lupton SJ, Shappell NW, Smith DJ, Hakk H. Distribution of Chemical Residues among Fat, Skim, Curd, Whey, and Protein Fractions in Fortified, Pasteurized Milk. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8697-8708. [PMID: 31459001 PMCID: PMC6645336 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of 12 environmental contaminants or metabolites with diverse polarities (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether; bisphenol A; estrone; glyphosate; β-hexabromocyclododecane; imidacloprid; 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 3'-methylsulfone 2,2',4,5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl; 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 2-hydroxy-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; tetrabromobisphenol A; and triclocarban) among skim milk, fat, curd, whey, whey retentate, and whey permeate was characterized. Analysis of these compounds along with 15 drugs previously studied provided a robust linear model predicting the distribution between skim and fat and the chemical's lipophilicity (log P, r 2 = 0.71; log D, r 2 = 0.79). Similarly, distribution between curd and whey was correlated with lipophilicity (log P, r 2 = 0.63; log D, r 2 = 0.73). Phenolic compounds had less predictable distribution patterns based on their lipophilicities. Within the whey fraction, chemicals with greater lipophilicity are associated with whey proteins more than hydrophilic chemicals. The resultant model could help predict the potential distribution of chemical contaminants among milk products in cow milk, if present.
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13
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Lopes CVA, Albuquerque GSCD. Agrotóxicos e seus impactos na saúde humana e ambiental: uma revisão sistemática. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-1104201811714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Diversos estudos comprovam os malefícios para a saúde humana e ambiental da exposição aos agrotóxicos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática no período de 2011 a 2017 acerca desse tema em bases de dados científicos. Foram incluídos 116 estudos que demonstraram o impacto negativo para a saúde humana e ambiental. É essencial a realização de estudos sobre os efeitos da exposição crônica e simultânea a diversos agrotóxicos, além de estudos sobre os nexos de determinação estrutural do uso dos venenos e suas consequências.
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Signal V, Huang S, Sarfati D, Stanley J, McGlynn KA, Gurney JK. Dairy Consumption and Risk of Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:710-736. [PMID: 29781734 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Dairy consumption has been studied extensively in terms of its relationship with testicular cancer (TC), yet this relationship remains unclear. In this systematic review, we aimed to answer whether TC development is associated with (a) high amounts of dairy product consumption, (b) the type of dairy product consumed, (c) increasing levels of dairy product consumption, and (d) dairy consumption during certain periods during the lifecourse. Following a systematic review of the literature, eight studies (all case-control studies) were included in our review. The included studies varied in terms of the dairy product(s) investigated (milk, cheese, cream, butter, and yoghurt) as well as the type of exposure to dairy consumption (e.g., high vs. low exposure, dose-response, and timing during lifecourse). We found that there was no strong evidence that high levels of dairy consumption are associated with risk of TC, conflicting evidence of a dose-response relationship, inconsistent evidence on whether certain types of dairy are more strongly associated with TC than others, and conflicting evidence that exposure during certain life-course periods affects TC risk more than other periods. There is no consistent evidence to support the premise that dairy product consumption is associated with the risk of TC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Signal
- a Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group , Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Huang
- a Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group , Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Diana Sarfati
- a Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group , Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- a Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group , Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- b Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Jason K Gurney
- a Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group , Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
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15
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Dubny S, Peluso F, Masson I, Othax N, González Castelain J. Application of a health risk assessment model for cattle exposed to pesticides in contaminated drinking waters: A study case from the Pampas region, Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:585-592. [PMID: 29335230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using the USEPA methodology we estimated the probabilistic chronic risks for calves and adult cows due to pesticide exposure through oral intake of contaminated surface and ground waters in Tres Arroyos County (Argentina). Because published data on pesticide toxicity endpoints for cows are scarce, we used threshold levels based on interspecies extrapolation methods. The studied waters showed acceptable quality for cattle production since none of the pesticides were present at high-enough concentrations to potentially affect cow health. Moreover, ground waters had better quality than surface waters, with dieldrin and deltamethrin being the pesticides associated with the highest risk values in the former and the latter water compartments, respectively. Our study presents a novel use of the USEPA risk methodology proving it is useful for water quality evaluation in terms of pesticide toxicity for cattle production. This approach represents an alternative tool for water quality management in the absence of specific cattle pesticide regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Dubny
- Instituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo Usunoff", Azul, Buenos Aires, C.C. 47 (B7300), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fabio Peluso
- Instituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo Usunoff", Azul, Buenos Aires, C.C. 47 (B7300), Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Masson
- Instituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo Usunoff", Azul, Buenos Aires, C.C. 47 (B7300), Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia Othax
- Instituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo Usunoff", Azul, Buenos Aires, C.C. 47 (B7300), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José González Castelain
- Instituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo Usunoff", Azul, Buenos Aires, C.C. 47 (B7300), Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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16
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Quantification techniques for important environmental contaminants in milk and dairy products. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Uyemura SA, Stopper H, Martin FL, Kannen V. A Perspective Discussion on Rising Pesticide Levels and Colon Cancer Burden in Brazil. Front Public Health 2017; 5:273. [PMID: 29085820 PMCID: PMC5650604 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is a mainstay of many developing countries’ economy, such as Brazil. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Brazil is the major global consumer of pesticides. Irrespective of the fact that the International Agency for Research on Cancer suggests that pesticides promote human cancer risk, a prospective study reports that colorectal cancer (CRC) burden will increase in developing countries by approximately 60% in the coming decades. Here, we review the literature and public data from the Brazilian Federal Government to explore why pesticides levels and new cases of colon cancer (CC) are rising rapidly in the country. CC incidence is the second most common malignancy in men and women in the South and the Southeast of Brazil. However, while these regions have almost doubled their pesticide levels and CC mortality in 14 years, the amount of sold pesticides increased 5.2-fold with a corresponding 6.2-fold increase in CC mortality in Northern and Northeastern states. Interestingly, mortality from endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases are rapidly increasing, in close resemblance with the pesticide detection levels in food. Taken together, we discuss the possibility that pesticides might alter the risk of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Akira Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Helga Stopper
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Wochner KF, Becker-Algeri TA, Colla E, Badiale-Furlong E, Drunkler DA. The action of probiotic microorganisms on chemical contaminants in milk. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:112-123. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1329275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Francine Wochner
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Tânia Aparecida Becker-Algeri
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Department of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliane Colla
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Department of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Deisy Alessandra Drunkler
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
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Extraction of the insecticide dieldrin from water and biological samples by metal affinity chromatography. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martínez-Ibarra A, Morimoto S, Cerbón M, Prado-Flores G. Effects on the reproductive parameters of two generations of Rattus norvegicus offspring from dams exposed to heptachlor during gestation and lactation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:856-868. [PMID: 27240701 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heptachlor has been targeted for global elimination because of its toxicity and environmental persistence, in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). However, there is no regulation of heptachlor use in Mexico, where relatively high levels have been found in maternal breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of heptachlor on the reproductive system of offspring of two consecutive generations of rats (F1 and F2) from dams orally administered heptachlor during midgestation and lactation. Female offspring were analyzed for different phenotypic, reproductive, and molecular parameters. In the F1 generation, heptachlor treatment induced decreased body weight at weaning, increased female anogenital distance, and delayed vaginal opening. In both generations, serum progesterone levels decreased and estradiol levels remained unchanged, while overexpression of the progesterone receptor was observed in uterine epithelial cells on estrus day. In the F2 generation, expression of the estrogen receptor α increased in the glandular epithelium. Finally, heptachlor treatment did not affect apoptosis in the uterine epithelial cells. Overall, the results indicate that heptachlor induced female reproductive alterations when administered to dams during the perinatal period. Accordingly, exposure to heptachlor may represent a risk for the reproductive health of humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 856-868, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, D.F, México, México
| | - Sumiko Morimoto
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición S.Z, D.F, México, México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F, México, México
| | - Guadalupe Prado-Flores
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, D.F, México, México
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21
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Wrobel MH, Mlynarczuk J. Secretory function of ovarian cells and myometrial contractions in cow are affected by chlorinated insecticides (chlordane, heptachlor, mirex) in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 314:63-71. [PMID: 27888061 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chlordane, heptachlor and mirex, on hormonal regulation of the force of myometrial contractions. Myometrial, endometrial, granulosa and luteal cells as well as strips of myometrium from non-pregnant cows were incubated with three insecticides at environmentally relevant doses (0.1, 1 or 10ng/ml). None of the insecticides affected the viability of studied cells. Chlordane stimulated, while heptachlor and mirex inhibited, secretion of testosterone and estradiol from granulosa cells as well as secretion of progesterone from luteal cells, respectively. Secretion of oxytocin (OT) from granulosa cells was increased after incubation with all studied insecticides. Only mirex stimulated OT secretion from luteal cells, while heptachlor inhibited this effect. None of them affected synthesis of OT in luteal cells and prostaglandins (PGF2 and PGE2) secretion from uterine cells, except PGE2 secretion from endometrial cells was decreased when the cells were incubated with 0.1ng/ml of chlordane. Basal and OT-stimulated myometrial contractions were increased by mirex and decreased by heptachlor. The data show that the insecticides altered secretory function of ovarian cells. Heptachlor and mirex affected also myometrial contractions in vitro, but uterine secretion of prostaglandins were not involved in the mechanism of that adverse effect of insecticides. The data indicate on potential of these insecticides to disturb fertilisation, blastocyst implantation or even the length of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hubert Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jaroslaw Mlynarczuk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Witczak A, Pohoryło A, Mituniewicz-Małek A. Assessment of health risk from organochlorine xenobiotics in goat milk for consumers in Poland. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:395-402. [PMID: 26829307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organochlorine xenobiotics in goat milk is a one of bioindicators of environmental pollution, and, consequently, food contamination. This study estimates contamination level of goat milk produced at two organic farms in years 2009-2013. Analysis covered determination of 18 organochlorine pesticides, including HCH isomers (α, β, γ, δ), DDT and its metabolites, endosulfan and its derivatives, and methoxychlor. Pesticide content was determined using GCMS method. The detected levels of organochlorine residues in goat milk were low, in most cases below 8 ng g(-1) lipids. Among HCH isomers, γ- and β-HCH occurred in the highest concentrations, up to 4.85 ng g(-1) lipids. While among DDT metabolites p,p'-DDD dominated, up to 7.86 ng g(-1) lipids. The detected residues were below the current maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the pesticides. Considering the average milk consumption in Poland, the goat milk from both farms was safe for consumers' health. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) for the sum of the compounds under study ranged within 1.73 × 10(-5)-1.06 × 10(-4) mg kg bw(-1) d(-1) and were well below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for particular compounds. This was also confirmed by the values of hazard quotient (HQ), which were very low and ranged within 3.42 × 10(-3)-5.55 × 10(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- Toxicology Dep., West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Pohoryło
- Toxicology Dep., West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Mituniewicz-Małek
- Department of Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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Food of animal origin and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma: A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Grace D. Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10490-507. [PMID: 26343693 PMCID: PMC4586623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence on foodborne disease (FBD) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is still limited, but important studies in recent years have broadened our understanding. These suggest that developing country consumers are concerned about FBD; that most of the known burden of FBD disease comes from biological hazards; and, that most FBD is the result of consumption of fresh, perishable foods sold in informal markets. FBD is likely to increase in LMICs as the result of massive increases in the consumption of risky foods (livestock and fish products and produce) and lengthening and broadening value chains. Although intensification of agricultural production is a strong trend, so far agro-industrial production and modern retail have not demonstrated clear advantages in food safety and disease control. There is limited evidence on effective, sustainable and scalable interventions to improve food safety in domestic markets. Training farmers on input use and good practices often benefits those farmers trained, but has not been scalable or sustainable, except where good practices are linked to eligibility for export. Training informal value chain actors who receive business benefits from being trained has been more successful. New technologies, growing public concern and increased emphasis on food system governance can also improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Grace
- Program Leader Food Safety and Zoonoses, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
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Sifuentes Dos Santos J, Schwanz TG, Coelho AN, Heck-Marques MC, Mexia MM, Emanuelli T, Costabeber I. Estimated daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from dairy products in Brazil. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Camacho M, Boada LD, Ruiz-Suarez N, Almeida-González M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Zumbado M, Luzardo OP. Daily intake of anthropogenic pollutants through yogurt consumption in the Spanish population. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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