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Jäger T, Eckert E, Leibold E, Bader M. A specific and sensitive GC-MS-MS method for the quantitative determination of 2-phenoxyethanol and selected metabolites in human blood and urine. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:419-428. [PMID: 38662393 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
2-Phenoxyethanol (PhE) is widely used as a preservative in consumer products such as cosmetics as well as at the workplace as a component of metal-working fluids and hydraulic fluids. Therefore, both industry workers and consumers may potentially be exposed to PhE. An analytical method for the quantification of PhE and three selected metabolites, namely phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA), 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA), and 4-hydroxyphenoxyethanol (4-OH-PhE), in human urine and blood was developed and validated. The sample preparation includes enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples or protein precipitation of blood samples, followed by liquid-liquid extraction and silylation of the target analytes. Analyses of the extracts were carried out by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). 3,4-Hydroxyphenoxyethanol, a probably minor PhE metabolite, could not be reliably analyzed due to its instability. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of the analytes ranged between 0.5 and 6.1 μg/L and 2.0 and 3.9 μg/L in urine and blood, respectively. The method was successfully applied to spot urine samples of 50 individuals without occupational exposure to PhE and additionally to blood samples from seven volunteers. In urine, PhAA and 4-OH-PhAA could be quantified in all analyzed samples, whereas 4-OH-PhE and unchanged PhE were found in 36% and 32% of the samples, respectively. In blood, PhAA was also found in every sample in levels above the LOQ, whereas PhE itself was detected in three of seven samples only. Neither 4-OH-PhAA nor 4-OH-PhE was found in any of the analyzed blood samples. The developed method promises to be a valuable tool for PhE monitoring of urine and blood samples and may also enable an advanced investigation of PhE biotransformation pathways in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jäger
- Corporate Health Management, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestr. 9-11, Erlangen 91054, Germany
- Department of Risk Assessment, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Eggenreuther Weg 43, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Edgar Leibold
- Product Safety, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Corporate Health Management, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
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2
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Eckert E, Jäger T, Hiller J, Leibold E, Bader M, Göen T. Biotransformation and toxicokinetics of 2-phenoxyethanol after oral exposure in humans: a volunteer study. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1771-1780. [PMID: 38668861 PMCID: PMC11106153 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenoxyethanol (PhE) is an aromatic glycol ether and is used in a variety of functions and applications, e.g., as preservative in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and personal care products, as biocide in disinfectants (e.g. human hygiene), or as a solvent in formulations (e.g. coatings, functional fluids). Despite its widespread use, little is yet known on its biotransformation and toxicokinetics in humans. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted with oral administration of PhE (5 mg/kg body weight) to five volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for PhE and three of its presumed metabolites up to 48 h post-exposure. Additionally, one volunteer was dermally exposed to PhE and monitored until 72 h post-exposure. PhE was rapidly resorbed following both oral and dermal application with tmax-levels in blood of about 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Metabolism of PhE was observed to be rather extensive with phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) and 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA) as the main metabolites found in blood and urine following oral and dermal exposure. PhE was excreted rapidly and efficiently via urine mostly in metabolized form: following oral exposure, on average 77% and 12% of the applied dose was excreted within 48 h as PhAA and 4-OH-PhAA, respectively. A similar metabolism pattern was observed following the single dermal exposure experiment. The obtained data on biotransformation and toxicokinetics of PhE in humans provide valuable information on this important chemical and will be highly useful for pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of human PhE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Jäger
- BASF SE, Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Julia Hiller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE, Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Yu H, Møller KH, Buenconsejo RS, Crounse JD, Kjaergaard HG, Wennberg PO. Atmospheric Photo-Oxidation of 2-Ethoxyethanol: Autoxidation Chemistry of Glycol Ethers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9564-9579. [PMID: 37934888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the gas-phase photo-oxidation of 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) initiated by the OH radical with a focus on its autoxidation pathways. Gas-phase autoxidation─intramolecular H-shifts followed by O2 addition─has recently been recognized as a major atmospheric chemical pathway that leads to the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), which are important precursors for secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Here, we examine the gas-phase oxidation pathways of 2-EE, a model compound for glycol ethers, an important class of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used in volatile chemical products (VCPs). Both experimental and computational techniques are applied to analyze the photochemistry of the compound. We identify oxidation products from both bimolecular and autoxidation reactions from chamber experiments at varied HO2 levels and provide estimations of rate coefficients and product branching ratios for key reaction pathways. The H-shift processes of 2-EE peroxy radicals (RO2) are found to be sufficiently fast to compete with bimolecular reactions under modest NO/HO2 conditions. More than 30% of the produced RO2 are expected to undergo at least one H-shift for conditions typical of modern summer urban atmosphere, where RO2 bimolecular lifetime is becoming >10 s, which implies the potential for glycol ether oxidation to produce considerable amounts of HOMs at reduced NOx levels and elevated temperature. Understanding the gas-phase autoxidation of glycol ethers can help fill the knowledge gap in the formation of SOA derived from oxygenated VOCs emitted from VCP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Yu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Reina S Buenconsejo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Jäger T, Eckert E, Leibold E, Bader M. Reliable determination of the main metabolites of 2-phenoxyethanol in human blood and urine using LC-MS/MS analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4408-4417. [PMID: 36300334 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01407f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenoxyethanol (PhE) is used as a broad-spectrum preservative in several consumer products like cosmetics and cleaning agents. To enable the analysis and assessment of human exposure to PhE, a fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of two PhE metabolites, namely phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) and 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid (4-OH-PhAA) in human urine and blood was developed and validated. The method is based on liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation was different for both matrices: either a simple "dilute&shoot"-approach for urine samples or a liquid-liquid-extraction (LLE) for blood samples was used. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 10 μg L-1 and 6 μg L-1 for PhAA and 20 μg L-1 and 10 μg L-1 for 4-OH-PhAA in urine and blood, respectively. The method was applied to urine samples of 153 persons without occupational exposure to PhE and to blood samples of 7 additional volunteers. In blood, PhAA was detected in 57% of all samples (range: <LOQ - 0.017 mg L-1), while 4-OH-PhAA was not detectable. In contrast to that, PhAA was found in 99% and 4-OH-PhAA in 95% of all urine samples. The median concentrations in urine were 0.99 mg L-1 (range: <LOQ - 53.83 mg L-1) for PhAA and 0.11 mg L-1 (<LOQ - 4.98 mg L-1) for 4-OH-PhAA, respectively. Analyses after acid hydrolysis showed that both urinary metabolites are excreted unconjugated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jäger
- BASF SE, Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE, Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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5
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Lee I, Ji K. Identification of combinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in household chemical products that require mixture toxicity testing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113677. [PMID: 35642859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People are exposed to various chemicals contained in consumer products for which the risks are poorly characterized. There is growing evidence that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) through product use potentially affects development, behavior, and reproduction. However, limited information is available about common combinations of chemicals based on their appearance and potential health effects. The present study listed the ingredients contained in 11064 household chemical products from a publicly available database, and identified EDCs related to estrogenicity, androgenicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and changes in steroidogenesis. Association rule mining was applied to the dataset to identify frequent combinations of chemicals or commonly occurring EDCs contained in a single product. Among the target products, ingredient names were matched with 1241 chemical identifiers. A total of 293 chemicals were related to endocrine disruption, and nearly two-thirds of the products contained more than one of these chemicals. Cleaning products, synthetic detergents, fabric softeners, air fresheners, and deodorants have several hotspots for fragrances, isothiazolinones, glycol ethers, and parabens. The three most prevalent EDCs in household chemical products were added to act as fragrances and preservatives. The present study demonstrated that commonly occurring chemical combinations can be derived using an association rule mining algorithm. The results of this study will be useful in prioritizing chemical combinations and developing management plans for EDC mixture in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Lee
- Institute of Natural Science, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Phase equilibrium modeling of mixtures containing conformationally flexible molecules with the COSMO-SAC model. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Amended Safety Assessment of Butyl Polyoxyalkylene Ethers as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:5S-43S. [PMID: 35144504 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211059697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 46 butyl polyoxyalkylene ethers that share a common structural motif, namely a butyl chain (4 carbon alkyl chain) bound to a polyoxyalkylene (PPG, PEG, or both); 23 of these ethers were previously reviewed by the Panel, and 23 are reviewed herein for the first time. Most of the butyl polyoxyalkylene ethers have several functions in cosmetics, but the most common reported functions include hair conditioning agent and skin conditioning agent, and many reportedly function as solvents. Upon review of new data, including frequency and concentration of use, and data from previous Panel reports and on read-across analogs, the Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics when formulated to be non-irritating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice M Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Director/Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel C Liebler
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lillian J Gill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Director, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Washington, DC, USA
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Fillol C, Oleko A, Saoudi A, Zeghnoun A, Balicco A, Gane J, Rambaud L, Leblanc A, Gaudreau É, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Bouchart V, Le Gléau F, Durand G, Denys S. Exposure of the French population to bisphenols, phthalates, parabens, glycol ethers, brominated flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds in 2014-2016: Results from the Esteban study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106340. [PMID: 33422968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of the French Human Biomonitoring (HBM) programme, the Esteban study described, among other things, biomarkers levels of various chemicals in adults (18-74 years old) and children (6-17 years old). This paper describes the design of the study and provides, for the first time, data on the biological exposure of the general French population to a wide range of contaminants posing a threat to human health which are currently found in domestic environments. METHODS Esteban is a cross-sectional study conducted on a nationwide sample of the French general population. Exposure biomarkers of six families of contaminants deemed detrimental to adults' and children's health were measured in biological samples collected either at participants' homes by a nurse, or brought to a National Health Insurance examination centre. All participants were randomly selected (2503 adults and 1104 children). The geometric mean and percentiles of the distribution of levels were estimated for each biomarker. Most of the descriptive statistical analyses were performed taking into account the sampling design. RESULTS Results provided a nationwide description of biomarker levels. Bisphenols (A, S and F), and some metabolites of phthalates and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) (specifically, PFOS and PFOA) were quantified in almost all the biological samples analysed. Higher levels were observed in children (except for PFCs). Levels were coherent with international studies, except for bisphenols S and F, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and parabens (with higher levels reported in the USA than in France). CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES This study is the first to provide a representative assessment of biological exposure to domestic contaminants at the French population level. Our results show that the French general population was exposed to a wide variety of pollutants in 2014-2016, and identify the determinants of exposure. These findings will be useful to stakeholders who wish to advocate an overall reduction in the French population's exposure to harmful substances. Similar future studies in France will help to measure temporal trends, and enable public policies focused on the reduction of those chemicals in the environment to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fillol
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Amivi Oleko
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Abdesattar Saoudi
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Balicco
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Jessica Gane
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Alain Leblanc
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Canada
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Canada
| | - Philippe Marchand
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA Route de Gachet, Site de la Chantrerie, CS 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA Route de Gachet, Site de la Chantrerie, CS 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Valérie Bouchart
- LABEO, 1 Route de Rosel, Saint Contest, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Gaël Durand
- LABOCEA, 120 avenue de Rochon, CS10052, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 Saint Maurice Cedex, France
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Khalid M, Abdollahi M. Environmental Distribution of Personal Care Products and Their Effects on Human Health. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:216-253. [PMID: 34400954 PMCID: PMC8170769 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114891.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are generally used for personal hygiene, cleaning, grooming, and beautification. These include hair and skin care products, baby care products, UV blocking creams, facial cleansers, insect repellents, perfumes, fragrances, soap, detergents, shampoos, conditioners, toothpaste, etc., thus exposing humans easily. Personal preferences related to PCPs usage frequency are highly variable and depend on socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors. The increasing availability and diversity of PCPs from the retailer outlets consequently result in higher loading of PCPs into wastewater systems and, therefore, the environment. These compounds persistently and continuously release biologically active and inactive ingredients in the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and demonstrating adverse effects on human, wild, and marine life. Advanced techniques such as granular activated carbon filtration and algae-based system may help biotransformation and remove PCP contaminants from water with improved efficiency. Additionally, harmony among PCPs related regulations of different countries may encourage standard checks to control their manufacturing, sale, and distribution across the borders to ensure consumers' safety. Furthermore, all intended ingredients, their concentrations, and instructions for frequency of use as per age groups may be clearly labeled on packages of PCPs. In conclusion, the emerging environmental contaminants of PCPs and their association with the growing risks of negative effects on human health and globally on the environment emphasize the chemical-free simple lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khalid
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tillaut H, Garlantézec R, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Le Gléau F, Rouget F, Multigner L, Cordier S, Saint-Amour D, Chevrier C. Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and visual contrast sensitivity in 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113635. [PMID: 33091684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy has been associated with decreased visual function in offspring. Glycol ethers (GEs) belong to oxygenated solvents and are widely used both in occupational and domestic contexts. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess associations between prenatal GEs exposure and contrast sensitivity in children. METHODS Six GE alkoxy carboxylic acidic metabolites (methoxyacetic acid [MAA], ethoxyacetic acid [EAA], ethoxyethoxyacetic acid [EEAA], butoxyacetic acid [BAA], phenoxyacetic acid [PhAA], and 2-methoxypropionic acid [2-MPA]) were measured in first morning void urine samples collected from 220 early-pregnancy women, in the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France). Trained investigators administered the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) to the 6-year-old children, providing scores for 5 spatial frequencies (1.5-18 cycles per degree (cpd)). We standardized biomarker urinary concentrations on urine sampling conditions. Values below the LOD were imputed based on log-normal distribution, generating five datasets for multiple imputation. Linear regression models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS GE metabolites were detected in 70-98% of maternal urine samples. Phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) had the highest median concentration (0.33 mg/L), and 2-methoxypropionic acid (2-MPA) the lowest (0.01 mg/L). Children with higher prenatal PhAA concentrations had poorer FACT scores at various spatial frequencies (fourth vs. first quartile: β18cpd = -0.90 (95% confidence interval CI = -1.64, -0.16), β12cpd = -0.92 (95%CI = -1.55, -0.29) and β1.5cpd = -0.69 (95%CI = -1.19, -0.20)). The 2-MPA log-scale concentration was negatively associated with the FACT score at the 3-cpd stimulus. DISCUSSION PhAA is the metabolite of ethylene glycol monophenyl ether present in many cosmetics. 2-MPA is the metabolite of an isomer of propylene glycol methyl ether commonly present in household and industrial cleaning products. Although evidence of biological plausibility is lacking, the study suggests adverse impact of ubiquitous prenatal exposure to some GE on visual functioning among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Tillaut
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Rennes University, EHESP, REPERES - EA7449, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Charline Warembourg
- ISGlobal, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Florence Rouget
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
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Chemicals inhaled from spray cleaning and disinfection products and their respiratory effects. A comprehensive review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113592. [PMID: 32810683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spray cleaning and disinfection products have been associated with adverse respiratory effects in professional cleaners and among residents doing domestic cleaning. This review combines information about use of spray products from epidemiological and clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies of cleaning chemicals, as well as human and field exposure studies. The most frequent chemicals in spray cleaning and disinfection products were compiled, based on registrations in the Danish Product Registry. The chemicals were divided into acids, bases, disinfectants, fragrances, organic solvents, propellants, and tensides. In addition, an assessment of selected cleaning and disinfectant chemicals in spray products was carried out. Chemicals of concern regarding respiratory effects (e.g. asthma) are corrosive chemicals such as strong acids and bases (including ammonia and hypochlorite) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). However, the evidence for respiratory effects after inhalation of QACs is ambiguous. Common fragrances are generally not considered to be of concern following inhalation. Solvents including glycols and glycol ethers as well as propellants are generally weak airway irritants and not expected to induce sensitization in the airways. Mixing of certain cleaning products can produce corrosive airborne chemicals. We discuss different hypotheses for the mechanisms behind the development of respiratory effects of inhalation of chemicals in cleaning agents. An integrative assessment is needed to understand how these chemicals can cause the various respiratory effects.
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Exposure to glycol ethers among 6-year-old children in France. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 227:113510. [PMID: 32172156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycol ethers are an oxygenated solvent family widely present in consumer products. Some of them are recognized reproductive, developmental or hematological toxicants. Although several glycol ether biomonitoring studies have been performed on adults from working or general populations, no studies have hitherto been carried out on children. The aim of our study was to explore the detection of glycol ether metabolites in the urinary samples of 6-year-old children, and if any were found, to describe them. The PELAGIE mother-child cohort included 3421 pregnant women from the general population of Brittany, France, between 2002 and 2006. Our biomonitoring study included a random sample of 110 children from the PELAGIE cohort who had participated in a neurodevelopment evaluation at the age of six. First morning voids were collected from all of the children. Eight urinary glycol ether metabolites were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The limit of detection was 0.003 mg/L for all metabolites. Glycol ether metabolites were detected at rates varying from 33.5% of samples for propoxyacetic acid to 100% of samples for phenoxyacetic acid and methoxyacetic acid. The highest median concentration observed was for phenoxyacetic acid (0.141 mg/l). Our study reported the ubiquitous presence of glycol ether metabolites in children's urinary samples. These results call for larger biomonitoring surveys of the general population and study of the potential sources and determinants of these exposures.
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Reilhac A, Garlantézec R, Lacroix A, Rouget F, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Le Gléau F, Cordier S, Viel JF, Chevrier C. Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and response inhibition in 6-year-old children: The PELAGIE cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108950. [PMID: 31787214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to glycol ethers (GEs) is suspected of impairing neurodevelopment in children, but the specific impact on their inhibitory capacity, a central deficit of ADHD, has never been studied. We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to GEs on the response inhibition of children aged six years. METHODS In total, 169 mother-child pairs from the French cohort PELAGIE (2002-2006) were studied. Maternal urinary concentrations of six GE metabolites (alkoxycarboxylic acids) were measured during pregnancy. Multiple imputation by quantile regression was used to handle non-detected values and the data were then classified into quartiles. Inhibition of children was evaluated by the Rhythmic Continuous Performance Test 90 (R-CPT90). The inhibition score (percentage of correct responses to non-target stimuli) was corrected for compliance with the instructions (percentage of correct responses to target stimuli). The analysis used a multiple linear regression model, adjusting for confounding factors for each metabolite. RESULTS Median concentrations of metabolites ranged from 0.02 mg/L (Ethoxyacetic acid, EAA) to 0.39 mg/L (Phenoxyacetic acid, PhAA). The median corrected inhibition score was 37.9% [first quartile: 29.8 - third quartile: 47.9]. We found a negative and statistically significant association between the inhibition score and prenatal urinary EAA concentration (p-trend = 0.03), with a significant β coefficient for the third quartile (β = -0.064; 95% confidence interval: -0.121, -0.007). There were no statistically significant associations for the other five metabolites. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with the hypothesis of possible impact of prenatal environmental exposure on inhibitory capacity among children. Data about the GEs metabolized to EAA (history of exposure sources and toxicokinetics) should be gathered to further interpret these results and guide precautionary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Reilhac
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S, 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S, 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Univ Rennes, LP3C Laboratoire de Psychologie, Cognition, Comportement et Communication, EA 1285, Rennes, France.
| | - Florence Rouget
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S, 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S 1085, France; ISGlobal, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S 1085, France.
| | - Jean-François Viel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S, 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, UMR_S 1085, France.
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Binter AC, Bannier E, Simon G, Saint-Amour D, Ferré JC, Barillot C, Monfort C, Cordier S, Chevrier C, Pelé F. Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and motor inhibition function evaluated by functional MRI at the age of 10 to 12 years in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105163. [PMID: 31518935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are ubiquitously exposed to organic solvents, such as glycol ethers. Several studies suggest potential developmental neurotoxicity following exposure to glycol ethers with a lack of clarity of possible brain mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between urinary levels of glycol ethers of women during early pregnancy and motor inhibition function of their 10- to 12-year-old children by behavioral assessment and brain imaging. METHODS Exposure to glycol ethers was assessed by measuring six metabolites in urine (<19 weeks of gestation) of 73 pregnant women of the PELAGIE mother-child cohort (France). Maternal urinary levels were classified as low, medium, or high. Children underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examinations during which motor inhibition function was assessed with a Go/No-Go task. Analyses were performed using linear regression for task performance and generalized linear mixed-effect models for brain activation, FWER-corrected for multiple testing at the spatial cluster level. Confounders were considered by restriction and a priori adjustment. RESULTS Higher maternal butoxyacetic acid (BAA) urinary concentrations were associated with poorer child performance (β = -1.1; 95% CI: -1.9, -0.2 for high vs low). There was also a trend for ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) towards poorer performance (β = -0.3; 95% CI: -0.7, 0.01). Considering inhibition demand, there were increased activity in occipital regions in association with moderate EAA (left cuneus) and moderate methoxyacetic acid (MAA) (right precuneus). When children succeeded to inhibit, high ethoxyethoxyacetic acid (EEAA) and moderate phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) levels were associated with differential activity in frontal cortex, involved in inhibition network. DISCUSSION Prenatal urinary levels of two glycol ether metabolites were associated with poorer Go/No-Go task performance. Differential activations were observed in the brain motor inhibition network in relation with successful inhibition, but not with cognitive demand. Nevertheless, there is no consistence between performance indicators and cerebral activity results. Other studies are highly necessary given the ubiquity of glycol ether exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Binter
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Elise Bannier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Grégory Simon
- ISTS EA 7466, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Ferré
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Christian Barillot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, VISAGES (Vision, action et gestion des informations en santé) - ERL U 1228, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Pelé
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414, Rennes, France
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Warembourg C, Multigner L, Garlantézec R. Concerning the plausibility of the findings reported in 'Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study' by Smet and Kelsey: authors' response. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:917-918. [PMID: 30217926 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Warembourg
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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[Indoor air guide values for 2-phenoxyethanol]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:488-493. [PMID: 29589092 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nisse C, Labat L, Thomas J, Leroyer A. Caractérisation de l’exposition aux éthers de glycol d’un échantillon de population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais par biométrologie urinaire. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Liu J, Liang Q, Oldham MJ, Rostami AA, Wagner KA, Gillman IG, Patel P, Savioz R, Sarkar M. Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces after the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090969. [PMID: 28846634 PMCID: PMC5615506 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate regarding the potential of secondhand exposure of non-users to various chemicals from use of e-vapor products (EVPs). Room air levels of 34 chemicals (nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol, 15 carbonyl chemicals, 12 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and four selected trace elements) were measured where EVPs and cigarettes were used by n = 37 healthy adult tobacco users in an exposure chamber. The products used were MarkTen® 2.5% Classic (Group I), a Prototype GreenSmoke® 2.4% (Group II), Ego-T® Tank with subjects' own e-liquids (Group III) and subjects' own conventional cigarettes (Group IV). Products were used under controlled conditions and 4-h ad libitum use. Background (without subjects) and baseline levels (with subjects) were measured. Cumulative 4-h. levels of nicotine, PG and glycerol measured were several-fold below the time-weighted average limits used in workplace exposure evaluation. Most the other chemicals (>75%) were at or below the limit of quantification during EVP use. Significant levels of chemicals (17 out of 34) were observed in Group IV. Overall, our results indicate that under the study conditions with the products tested, cumulative room air levels of the selected chemicals measured over 4-h were relatively small and were several-fold below the current occupational regulatory and consensus limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Michael J Oldham
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Karl A Wagner
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - I Gene Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
| | - Piyush Patel
- Inflamax Research Inc., 1310 Fewster Drive, Mississauga, ON L4W 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Savioz
- Clinopsis SA, Chemin des Jardins 6, 1426 Concise, Switzerland.
| | - Mohamadi Sarkar
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Shin HM, McKone TE, Bennett DH. Model framework for integrating multiple exposure pathways to chemicals in household cleaning products. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:829-839. [PMID: 27859724 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a screening-level exposure-assessment method which integrates exposure from all plausible exposure pathways as a result of indoor residential use of cleaning products. The exposure pathways we considered are (i) exposure to a user during product use via inhalation and dermal, (ii) exposure to chemical residues left on clothing, (iii) exposure to all occupants from the portion released indoors during use via inhalation and dermal, and (iv) exposure to the general population due to down-the-drain disposal via inhalation and ingestion. We use consumer product volatilization models to account for the chemical fractions volatilized to air (fvolatilized ) and disposed down the drain (fdown-the-drain ) during product use. For each exposure pathway, we use a fate and exposure model to estimate intake rates (iR) in mg/kg/d. Overall, the contribution of the four exposure pathways to the total exposure varies by the type of cleaning activities and with chemical properties. By providing a more comprehensive exposure model and by capturing additional exposures from often-overlooked exposure pathways, our method allows us to compare the relative contribution of various exposure routes and could improve high-throughput exposure assessment for chemicals in cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - T E McKone
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Béranger R, Garlantézec R, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Rouget F, Trowbridge J, Warembourg C, Monfort C, Le Gléau F, Jourdin M, Multigner L, Cordier S, Chevrier C. Prenatal Exposure to Glycol Ethers and Neurocognitive Abilities in 6-Year-Old Children: The PELAGIE Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:684-690. [PMID: 27740510 PMCID: PMC5381990 DOI: 10.1289/ehp39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycol ethers (GE) are widely used organic solvents. Despite the potential neurotoxicity of several families of organic solvents, little is known about the impact of GE on the neurodevelopment of infants and children. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relation between urinary concentrations of GE metabolites in pregnant women and neurocognitive abilities in their 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. METHODS Five GE metabolites were measured in first morning void urine samples of 204 French pregnant women in early pregnancy (< 19 weeks of gestation). Psychologists assessed the neurocognitive abilities of their 6-year-old children with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC) and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY). We analyzed the results with linear (WISC) and Poisson regression models (NEPSY), adjusted for potential confounders, including child's stimulation at home. RESULTS GE metabolites were detected in 90-100% of maternal urine samples. The WISC Verbal Comprehension score was significantly lower for children with the highest tertile of urinary phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) [β (third vs. first tertile) = -6.53; 95% CI: -11.44, -1.62]. Similarly, the NEPSY Design Copying subtest score was lower in those with the highest tertile of urinary ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) [β (third vs. first tertile) = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.00]. The other GE metabolites we studied were not significantly associated with WISC or NEPSY scores. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal urine concentrations of two GE metabolites were associated with lower WISC Verbal Comprehension Index scores and NEPSY Design Copying subscale scores, respectively, at age 6 years. PhAA is the primary metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol (EGPhE), which is commonly found in cosmetics, and precursors of EAA are frequently used in cleaning agents. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings and further explore potential effects of prenatal GE exposures on neurocognitive performance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Béranger
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantézec
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- University Hospital Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaïd Le Maner-Idrissi
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication (CRPCC EA 1285), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication (CRPCC EA 1285), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Rouget
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jessica Trowbridge
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Charline Warembourg
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Florent Le Gléau
- LABOCEA (Laboratoire public Conseil, Expertise et Analyse), Plouzané, France
| | - Marylène Jourdin
- LABOCEA (Laboratoire public Conseil, Expertise et Analyse), Plouzané, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale) U1085-IRSET, University Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Azuma K, Uchiyama I, Uchiyama S, Kunugita N. Assessment of inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants: Screening for health risks of multiple pollutants in Japanese dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:39-49. [PMID: 26618504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, multiple low level indoor pollutants have been found in domestic dwellings. The types and concentrations of these indoor pollutants have not been consistent over time and have changed with alterations in lifestyle, the development of novel products used in housing, and the development of new measurement technologies. To clarify the highest risk pollutants for which health risks should be reduced, we conducted a health risk assessment of 49 indoor air pollutants measured in 602 houses during winter and summer from 2012 to 2014. Inhalation reference concentrations were determined, and the margins of exposure were estimated for each indoor pollutant from measured indoor air concentrations. Health risks due to ammonia and acidic gases, including formic acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen chloride, were also assessed. Overall, during both winter and summer, the highest risk pollutants were acrolein, nitrogen dioxide, benzene, formic acid, and hydrogen chloride. The health risks of propanal, acetaldehyde, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were also high. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested an independent principal component for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The primary source of exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan is an indoor household insect repellent. The improvement of individual lifestyle and housing may be appropriate targets for reducing the risk associated with this compound. The provision of further information on the risk to consumers and promotion of changes in consumer consciousness are needed. PCA suggested that the health risks of indoor air pollutants are amalgamated into similar chemical families, such as aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, or acetic esters. Our results suggest that health-based guidelines or source control measures, based on these chemical families and similar health endpoints, are appropriate for reducing total health risk due to multiple low level indoor pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan; Sick-house Medical Science Laboratory, Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5, Tanakamonzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan.
| | - Iwao Uchiyama
- Sick-house Medical Science Laboratory, Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5, Tanakamonzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Uchiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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Troutman JA, Rick DL, Stuard SB, Fisher J, Bartels MJ. Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of 2-phenoxyethanol and its metabolite phenoxyacetic acid in rats and humans to address toxicokinetic uncertainty in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:530-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ethylene glycol ethers induce oxidative stress in the rat brain. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:422-9. [PMID: 25085197 PMCID: PMC4171594 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol ethers (EGEs) are components of many industrial and household products. Their hemolytic and gonadotoxic effects are relatively well known while their potential adverse effects on the central nervous system have not yet been clearly demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 4-week administration of 2-buthoxyethanol (BE), 2-phenoxyethanol (PHE) and 2-ethoxyethanol (EE) on the total antioxidant capacity, activity of some antioxidant enzymes, such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase and lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in the rat. These studies showed that BE and PHE decreased the total antioxidant activity, SOD and GPX activity, while increased lipid peroxidation in the frontal cortex. Like in the frontal cortex, also in the hippocampus BE and PHE attenuated the total antioxidant activity, however, lipid peroxidation was increased only in animals which received BE while reduction in GPX activity was present in rats administered PHE. The obtained data indicated that 4-week administration of BE and PHE, but not EE, reduced the total antioxidant activity and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the brain. In the frontal cortex, adverse effects of PHE and BE on lipid peroxidation probably depended on reduction in SOD and GPX activity, however, in the hippocampus the changes in the total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation were not connected with reduction of the investigated antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Bekanntmachung des Umweltbundesamtes: Stoffmonographie für Glykolether, die zu Methoxyessigsäure verstoffwechselt werden – Referenz- und Human-Biomonitoring (HBM)-Werte für Methoxyessigsäure im Urin. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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