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Niepsch D, Clarke LJ, Jones RG, Tzoulas K, Cavan G. Lichen biomonitoring to assess spatial variability, potential sources and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and airborne metal concentrations in Manchester (UK). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:379. [PMID: 38499718 PMCID: PMC11291577 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Airborne metals and organic pollutants are linked to severe human health impacts, i.e. affecting the nervous system and being associated with cancer. Airborne metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments are derived from diverse sources, including combustion and industrial and vehicular emissions, posing a threat to air quality and subsequently human health. A lichen biomonitoring approach was used to assess spatial variability of airborne metals and PAHs, identify potential pollution sources and assess human health risks across the City of Manchester (UK). Metal concentrations recorded in lichen samples were highest within the city centre area and along the major road network, and lichen PAH profiles were dominated by 4-ring PAHs (189.82 ng g-1 in Xanthoria parietina), with 5- and 6-ring PAHs also contributing to the overall PAH profile. Cluster analysis and pollution index factor (PIF) calculations for lichen-derived metal concentrations suggested deteriorated air quality being primarily linked to vehicular emissions. Comparably, PAH diagnostic ratios identified vehicular sources as a primary cause of PAH pollution across Manchester. However, local more complex sources (e.g. industrial emissions) were further identified. Human health risk assessment found a "moderate" risk for adults and children by airborne potential harmful element (PHEs) concentrations, whereas PAH exposure in Manchester is potentially linked to 1455 (ILCR = 1.45 × 10-3) cancer cases (in 1,000,000). Findings of this study indicate that an easy-to-use lichen biomonitoring approach can aid to identify hotspots of impaired air quality and potential human health impacts by airborne metals and PAHs across an urban environment, particularly at locations that are not continuously covered by (non-)automated air quality measurement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Niepsch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Leon J Clarke
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Konstantinos Tzoulas
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Gina Cavan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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Perala-Dewey J, Orr K, Hageman KJ, Zawar-Reza P, Shahpoury P. Atmospheric Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons into Three Alpine Valleys: Influence of Local-Scale Wind Patterns and Chemical Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13114-13123. [PMID: 37607349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is limited in alpine areas due to complex meteorology and topography. To better understand atmospheric transport in these areas, we measured 16 PAHs in lichens, biomonitors of atmospheric PAHs, along three transects extending from a highway into otherwise remote alpine valleys. While the valleys neighbored one another and were morphologically similar, they differed in their orientation relative to regional winds. In the valley characterized by regional winds oriented up-valley, PAH concentrations in lichens remained consistent across the transect. In the other two valleys, where regional winds were oriented down or across the valley, 3-6 ring PAHs declined rapidly with increasing distance from the highway, and PAH concentrations in the lichens declined more rapidly for higher molecular weight PAHs than lower molecular weight PAHs. We hypothesize that this trend was driven by differences in gas-particle partitioning and vegetative scavenging between PAH congeners. These results illustrate the importance of both physical transport and chemical partitioning in alpine areas where small differences in topography can lead to significant differences in chemical transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Perala-Dewey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Katy Orr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Peyman Zawar-Reza
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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Wu Y, Qu W, Qiu C, Chen K, Zhuang Y, Zeng Z, Yan Y, Gu Y, Tao W, Gao J, Li K. The Method and Study of Detecting Phenanthrene in Seawater Based on a Carbon Nanotube-Chitosan Oligosaccharide Modified Electrode Immunosensor. Molecules 2023; 28:5701. [PMID: 37570671 PMCID: PMC10420227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE), as a structurally simple, tricyclic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), is widely present in marine environments and organisms, with serious ecological and health impacts. It is crucial to study fast and simple high-sensitivity detection methods for phenanthrene in seawater for the environment and the human body. In this paper, a immunosensor was prepared by using a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) nanocomposite membrane loaded with phenanthrene antibody. The principle was based on the antibody-antigen reaction in the immune reaction, using the strong electron transfer ability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, coupled with chitosan oligosaccharides with an excellent film formation and biocompatibility, to amplify the detection signal. The content of the phenanthrene in seawater was studied via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a potassium ferricyanide system as a redox probe. The antibody concentration, pH value, and probe concentration were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the response peak current of the phenanthrene was inversely proportional to the concentration of phenanthrene, in the range from 0.5 ng·mL-1 to 80 ng·mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.30 ng·mL-1. The immune sensor was successfully applied to the detection of phenanthrene in marine water, with a recovery rate of 96.1~101.5%, and provided a stable, sensitive, and accurate method for the real-time monitoring of marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Wei Qu
- Eastern Michigan Associated Engineering College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Chengjun Qiu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Zexi Zeng
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yirou Yan
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Yang Gu
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
| | - Ke Li
- College of Mechanical, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China; (Y.W.); (C.Q.); (K.C.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (W.T.); (J.G.); (K.L.)
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Burstyn I, Donovan GH, Michael YL, Jovan S. Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in moss with blood biomarker among nearby residents in Portland, Oregon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279207. [PMID: 36534675 PMCID: PMC9762581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are air pollutants that are costly to measure using traditional air-quality monitoring methods. We used an epiphytic bio-indicator (moss genus: Orthotrichum) to cost-effectively evaluate atmospheric deposition of PAHs in Portland, Oregon in May 2013. However, it is unclear if measurements derived from these bioindicators are good proxies for human exposure. To address this question, we simultaneously, measured PAH-DNA adducts in blood samples of non-smokers residing close to the sites of moss measurements. We accounted for individual determinants of PAH uptake that are not related to environmental air quality through questionnaires, e.g., wood fires, consumption of barbecued and fried meats. Spearman rank correlation and linear regression (to control for confounders from the lifestyle factors) evaluated the associations. We did not observe evidence of an association between PAH levels in moss and PAH-DNA adducts in blood of nearby residents (e.g., all correlations p≥0.5), but higher level of adducts were evident in those who used wood fire in their houses in the last 48 hours. It remains to be determined whether bio-indicators in moss can be used for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Burstyn
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey H. Donovan
- USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yvonne L. Michael
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Jovan
- USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Hubai K, Kováts N, Sainnokhoi TA, Teke G. Accumulation pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Plantago lanceolata L. as passive biomonitor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7300-7311. [PMID: 34476695 PMCID: PMC8763834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitors are considered a cheap alternative of active air samplers, especially where spatial pattern of air quality is to be monitored, requiring numerous parallel measurements. Of higher plants, Plantago lanceolata L. has been proven a good monitor species with proper accumulation capacity. While biomonitoring studies are difficult to compare due to inherent errors such as the diverse plant material used in different studies, the No. 227 OECD GUIDELINE FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS: Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test provides a tool to test extract of aerosol samples under controlled laboratory conditions. In our study, this guideline was followed to experimentally treat Plantago with the aqueous extract of a diesel exhaust sample. Accumulation pattern of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed and compared to samples collected in the field. Unlike most studies reported in the literature, both in the experimentally treated and field Plantago samples, high ratio of high molecular weight PAHs was experienced. Distribution pattern of accumulated PAHs showed strong correlation between the experimentally treated sample and most of the field plantain samples, underlying the usefulness of laboratory treatments for bioaccumulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Hubai
- Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Tsend-Ayush Sainnokhoi
- Centre of Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17042, Mongolia
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., Balatonfuzfo, 8184, Hungary
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Dron J, Ratier A, Austruy A, Revenko G, Chaspoul F, Wafo E. Effects of meteorological conditions and topography on the bioaccumulation of PAHs and metal elements by native lichen (Xanthoria parietina). J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 109:193-205. [PMID: 34607668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of PAHs and metal elements in the indigenous lichens Xanthoria parietina was monitored during two years at a quarterly frequency, in 3 sites of contrasted anthropic influence. The impact of the meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed) was first estimated through principal component analysis, and then by stepwise multilinear regressions to include wind directions. The pollutants levels reflected the proximity of atmospheric emissions, in particular from a large industrial harbor. High humidity and mild temperatures, and in a lower extent low wind speed and rainfall, also favored higher concentration levels. The contributions of these meteorological aspects became minor when including wind direction, especially when approaching major emission sources. The bioaccumulation integration time towards meteorological variations was on a seasonal basis (1-2 months) but the wind direction and thus local emissions also relied on a longer time scale (12 months). This showed that the contribution of meteorological conditions may be prevalent in remote places, while secondary in polluted areas, and should be definitely taken into account regarding long-term lichen biomonitoring and inter-annual comparisons. In the same time, a quadruple sampling in each site revealed a high homogeneity among supporting tree species and topography. The resulting uncertainty, including sampling, preparation and analysis was below 30% when comfortable analytical conditions were achieved. Finally, the occurrence of unexpected events such as a major forest fire, permitted to evaluate that this type of short, although intense, events did not have a strong influence on PAH and metals bioaccumulation by lichen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dron
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Aude Ratier
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5558, LBBE, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Annabelle Austruy
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gautier Revenko
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Florence Chaspoul
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS UMR-7263, IRD-237, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Wafo
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM U-1261, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France
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Xing H, Wang G, Liu C, Suo M. PM2.5 concentration modeling and prediction by using temperature-based deep belief network. Neural Netw 2020; 133:157-165. [PMID: 33217684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Air quality prediction is a global hot issue, and PM2.5 is an important factor affecting air quality. Due to complicated causes of formation, PM2.5 prediction is a thorny and challenging task. In this paper, a novel deep learning model named temperature-based deep belief networks (TDBN) is proposed to predict the daily concentrations of PM2.5 for the next day. Firstly, the location of PM2.5 concentration prediction is Chaoyang Park in Beijing of China from January 1, 2018 to October 27, 2018. The auxiliary variables are selected as input variables of TDBN by Partial Least Square (PLS), and the corresponding data is divided into three independent sections: training samples, validating samples and testing samples. Secondly, the TDBN is composed of temperature-based restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), where temperature is considered as an effective physical parameter in energy balance of training RBM. The structural parameters of TDBN are determined by minimizing the error in the training process, including hidden layers number, hidden neurons and value of temperature. Finally, the testing samples are used to test the performance of the proposed TDBN on PM2.5 prediction, and the other similar models are tested by the same testing samples for convenience of comparison with TDBN. The experimental results demonstrate that TDBN performs better than its peers in root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xing
- College of Computer, Jiangsu vocational college of electronics and information, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems (CFINS), Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minghe Suo
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
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Morphological Traits Influence the Uptake Ability of Priority Pollutant Elements by Hypnum cupressiforme and Robinia pseudoacacia Leaves. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a biomonitoring survey of airborne priority pollutant elements was carried out using leaves of native black locust and moss bags filled with Hypnum cupressiforme. The aims of the work were (i) to evaluate if mosses and leaves provide similar information regarding the accumulation of the elements of environmental concern (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, Zn, Tl); (ii) to evaluate if leaf traits are significantly involved in the uptake mechanisms. Hypnum transplants showed elemental contents generally higher than R. pseudoacacia leaves, despite the shorter exposure time. Moss accumulated larger amounts of elements linked to PM and the resuspension of soil dust. Based on the calculation of deposition flux for each element, R. pseudoacacia showed lower values for most elements—except Cr, Mo and Zn—indicating that uptake takes place both by deposition on the leaf surface and absorption via the root. Leaf traits (micromorphology of surface) play an important role in the interception and retention of PM-linked elements. Hypnum transplanted in bags was confirmed to be a powerful bio-accumulator of airborne elements; by contrast, R. pseudoacacia, with a smooth surface and scarce trichomes, showed a limited ability in airborne element retention. Therefore, widely diffused species, well-adapted to anthropized environments, such as black locust, not always can be considered as good biomonitors. The results are discussed in comparison to other vascular plant species used in biomonitoring studies.
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Matos P, Vieira J, Rocha B, Branquinho C, Pinho P. Modeling the provision of air-quality regulation ecosystem service provided by urban green spaces using lichens as ecological indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:521-530. [PMID: 30776623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The UN Sustainable Development Goals states that urban air pollution must be tackled to create more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities. Urban green infrastructures can mitigate air pollution, but a crucial step to use this knowledge into urban management is to quantify how much air-quality regulation can green spaces provide and to understand how the provision of this ecosystem service is affected by other environmental factors. Considering the insufficient number of air quality monitoring stations in cities to monitor the wide range of natural and anthropic sources of pollution with high spatial resolution, ecological indicators of air quality are an alternative cost-effective tool. The aim of this work was to model the supply of air-quality regulation based on urban green spaces characteristics and other environmental factors. For that, we sampled lichen diversity in the centroids of 42 urban green spaces in Lisbon, Portugal. Species richness was the best biodiversity metric responding to air pollution, considering its simplicity and its significative response to the air pollutants concentration data measured in the existent air quality monitoring stations. Using that metric, we then created a model to estimate the supply of air quality regulation provided by green spaces in all green spaces of Lisbon based on the response to the following environmental drivers: the urban green spaces size and its vegetation density. We also used the unexplained variance of this model to map the background air pollution. Overall, we suggest that management should target the smallest urban green spaces by increasing green space size or tree density. The use of ecological indicators, very flexible in space, allow the understanding and the modeling of the provision of air-quality regulation by urban green spaces, and how urban green spaces can be managed to improve air quality and thus improve human well-being and cities resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Matos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Rocha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Herzig R, Lohmann N, Meier R. Temporal change of the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lichens in Switzerland between 1995 and 2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10562-10575. [PMID: 30762185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the temporal change of atmospheric deposition patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Switzerland between 1995 and 2014 by a passive biomonitoring with lichens. Lichen tissues sampled at 16 representative sites in the same season of 1995 and 2014 were analyzed for a total of 94 individual and 27 sum parameters of POPs and PAHs by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The comparative analyses showed a decrease of 40 to 80% (medians) for most of the POPs and PAHs concentration in lichens at all site categories. Reduction in tissue concentration of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDFs), such as the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-TetraCDD and the TEQ according to WHO (2005) were 66% and 73%, respectively. For the dioxin- and non-dioxin-like PCBs, a decrease of 67% and 58% was found. The average decrease of 30 organochlorine pesticides and insecticides (OCPs) was 65%, with a 94% decrease for lindane. For the 27 PAHs and for benzo(a)pyrene, an average decrease of 58% and 59% was found. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) showed reduced concentrations in lichens at rural and agglomeration sites, but an increase of contamination was observed at industrial and road traffic sites. The direct comparison of changes of POPs and PAHs concentrations in lichens and of emissions between 1995 and 2014 revealed consistent results. The results of this study highlight for the first time in biota the positive effect of emission regulation of POPs in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Herzig
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bioindikation, Umweltbeobachtung und ökologische Planung, Quartiergasse 12, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Reto Meier
- Air Pollution Control and Chemicals Division, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Bern, Switzerland
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Van der Wat L, Forbes PBC. Comparison of extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from lichen biomonitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11179-11190. [PMID: 30796667 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are useful biomonitors for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Different sample preparation techniques were explored in this regard, including ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique. It was found that a QuEChERS technique using hexane:acetone (1:1, v/v), never reported before for application to lichens, provided the best recoveries of internal standards, the highest total peak area for all PAHs of interest, and %RSDs comparable with the other preparation techniques tested. The optimized sample preparation technique was found to be a comparatively fast method (45 min), with good recoveries (96%), using less solvents and minimal energy consumption. Strong matrix effects were found: both strong enhancement (for the lighter PAHs) and strong suppression (for the heavier PAHs). The use of matrix-matched standards is thus imperative for the accurate determination of PAH concentrations in the lichen samples. Graphical abstract "Note: This data is mandatory. Please provide."
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandri Van der Wat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
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Sushkova S, Minkina T, Deryabkina I, Rajput V, Antonenko E, Nazarenko O, Yadav BK, Hakki E, Mohan D. Environmental pollution of soil with PAHs in energy producing plants zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:232-241. [PMID: 30471591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed environmental toxicants primarily formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials (for example, coal, oil, gasoline and wood). Power energy plants are the main sources of organic contaminants including PAHs. The purpose of the present research was to study the Novocherkassk Electric Power Station (NEPS) emission effects of PAHs accumulation in soils. The regional levels, types (groups) and spatial distribution of 16 priority PAHs were investigated. The monitoring sites were located on fallow lands of the 20 km around NEPS. PAHs extraction from collected soil samples was performed using the ecologically clean express-method of subcritical water extraction. The total PAHs content gradually increased in soil of the studied territories during 2016-2017 due to an increase in contaminants emission. Accordingly 16 priority PAHs were determined in the soil samples collected from the sites located to the northwest from NEPS in direction of predominant winds. The 5-km zone situated in direction of predominant winds was highly subjected to PAHs contamination, with maximal accumulation at a distance of 1.6 km from the source. The ratio of high- and low-molecular weight PAHs content in soils of monitoring sites was taken as an index of environmental soil contamination. The high-molecular weight PAHs concentration prevailed in monitoring sites soils situated in direction of predominant winds from NEPS, while the concentration of low-molecular weight PAHs prevailed in the monitoring sites soils situated around NEPS. Soil properties also influenced PAHs accumulation. Polyarenes content in Haplic Chernozems and Haplic Chernozems (Stagnic) was higher versus Fluvisols. This study provides the understanding and model the fate of PAHs in regional technogenic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olga Nazarenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of the Central Agrochemical Service "Rostovskyi", ROSTOV Region, Rassvet Village, Russia
| | | | | | - Dinesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Elevated tropospheric CO 2 and O 3 concentrations impair organic pollutant removal from grassland soil. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5519. [PMID: 29615649 PMCID: PMC5882802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of tropospheric CO2 and O3 have been rising due to human activities. These rising concentrations may have strong impacts on soil functions as changes in plant physiology may lead to altered plant-soil interactions. Here, the effects of eCO2 and eO3 on the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in grassland soil were studied. Both elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations decreased PAH removal with lowest removal rates at elevated CO2 and elevated O3 concentrations. This effect was linked to a shift in soil microbial community structure by structural equation modeling. Elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations reduced the abundance of gram-positive bacteria, which were tightly linked to soil enzyme production and PAH degradation. Although plant diversity did not buffer CO2 and O3 effects, certain soil microbial communities and functions were affected by plant communities, indicating the potential for longer-term phytoremediation approaches. Results of this study show that elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations may compromise the ability of soils to degrade organic pollutants. On the other hand, the present study also indicates that the targeted assembly of plant communities may be a promising tool to shape soil microbial communities for the degradation of organic pollutants in a changing world.
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Domínguez-Morueco N, Augusto S, Trabalón L, Pocurull E, Borrull F, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Monitoring PAHs in the petrochemical area of Tarragona County, Spain: comparing passive air samplers with lichen transplants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11890-11900. [PMID: 26493300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 8 passive air samples (PAS) and 6 lichen transplants (Ramalina fastigiata) deployed for a period of 2 months in different zones of Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain), an area with an important number of chemical and petrochemical industries. The accumulated amount of the sum of the 16 PAHs ranged between 1363 to 7866 ng/sample in air samples. The highest concentration was found in the neighborhood of Puigdelfí (village of Perafort), in the vicinity of a big oil refinery and well under the potential influence of the petrochemical emissions. In lichen samples, the sum of the 16 PAHs ranged between 247 and 841 ng/g (dry weight), being the greatest value also observed in Puigdelfí. Data on the levels and profiles of PAHs in both passive monitoring methods were compared. A significant positive linear correlation was found between the concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs in lichens and the amounts accumulated in passive air samples (R = 0.827, P < 0.05), being especially significant the correlation of 4-ring PAHs (R = 0.941, P < 0.05). These results strongly suggest that lichens can be used to monitor gas-phase PAHs, providing data that can be quantitatively translated into equivalents for air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sofia Augusto
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Laura Trabalón
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Santos A, Pinho P, Munzi S, Botelho MJ, Palma-Oliveira JM, Branquinho C. The role of forest in mitigating the impact of atmospheric dust pollution in a mixed landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12038-12048. [PMID: 28401393 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dust pollution, especially particulate matter below 2.5 μm, causes 3.3 million premature deaths per year worldwide. Although pollution sources are increasingly well known, the role of ecosystems in mitigating their impact is still poorly known. Our objective was to investigate the role of forests located in the surrounding of industrial and urban areas in reducing atmospheric dust pollution. This was tested using lichen transplants as biomonitors in a Mediterranean regional area with high levels of dry deposition. After a multivariate analysis, we have modeled the maximum pollution load expected for each site taking into consideration nearby pollutant sources. The difference between maximum expected pollution load and the observed values was explained by the deposition in nearby forests. Both the dust pollution and the ameliorating effect of forested areas were then mapped. The results showed that forest located nearby pollution sources plays an important role in reducing atmospheric dust pollution, highlighting their importance in the provision of the ecosystem service of air purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (CERENA-IST-UL), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Silvana Munzi
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - José Manuel Palma-Oliveira
- CICPSI, Centro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica da Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Studabaker WB, Puckett KJ, Percy KE, Landis MS. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dibenzothiophene, and alkylated homologs in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes by gas chromatography using single quadrupole mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Ribeiro MC, Pinho P, Branquinho C, Llop E, Pereira MJ. Geostatistical uncertainty of assessing air quality using high-spatial-resolution lichen data: A health study in the urban area of Sines, Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:740-750. [PMID: 27110985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In most studies correlating health outcomes with air pollution, personal exposure assignments are based on measurements collected at air-quality monitoring stations not coinciding with health data locations. In such cases, interpolators are needed to predict air quality in unsampled locations and to assign personal exposures. Moreover, a measure of the spatial uncertainty of exposures should be incorporated, especially in urban areas where concentrations vary at short distances due to changes in land use and pollution intensity. These studies are limited by the lack of literature comparing exposure uncertainty derived from distinct spatial interpolators. Here, we addressed these issues with two interpolation methods: regression Kriging (RK) and ordinary Kriging (OK). These methods were used to generate air-quality simulations with a geostatistical algorithm. For each method, the geostatistical uncertainty was drawn from generalized linear model (GLM) analysis. We analyzed the association between air quality and birth weight. Personal health data (n=227) and exposure data were collected in Sines (Portugal) during 2007-2010. Because air-quality monitoring stations in the city do not offer high-spatial-resolution measurements (n=1), we used lichen data as an ecological indicator of air quality (n=83). We found no significant difference in the fit of GLMs with any of the geostatistical methods. With RK, however, the models tended to fit better more often and worse less often. Moreover, the geostatistical uncertainty results showed a marginally higher mean and precision with RK. Combined with lichen data and land-use data of high spatial resolution, RK is a more effective geostatistical method for relating health outcomes with air quality in urban areas. This is particularly important in small cities, which generally do not have expensive air-quality monitoring stations with high spatial resolution. Further, alternative ways of linking human activities with their environment are needed to improve human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Ribeiro
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - P Pinho
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal; CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C2 5° Piso, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Branquinho
- CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C2 5° Piso, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esteve Llop
- CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C2 5° Piso, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Augusto S, Pinho P, Santos A, Botelho MJ, Palma-Oliveira J, Branquinho C. Tracking the Spatial Fate of PCDD/F Emissions from a Cement Plant by Using Lichens as Environmental Biomonitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2434-2441. [PMID: 26829341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In an area with multiple sources of air pollution, it is difficult to evaluate the spatial impact of a minor source. Here, we describe the use of lichens to track minor sources of air pollution. The method was tested by transplanting lichens from a background area to the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant that uses alternative fuel and is located in a Natural Park in an area surrounded by other important sources of pollution. After 7 months of exposure, the lichens were collected and analyzed for 17 PCDD/F congeners. The PCDD/F profiles of the exposed lichens were dominated by TCDF (50%) and OCDD (38%), which matched the profile of the emissions from the cement plant. The similarity in the profiles was greatest for lichens located northeast of the plant (i.e., in the direction of the prevailing winds during the study period), allowing us to evaluate the spatial impact of this source. The best match was found for sites located on the tops of mountains whose slopes faced the cement plant. Some of the sites with highest influence of the cement plant were the ones with the highest concentrations, whereas others were not. Thus, our newly developed lichen-based method provides a tool for tracking the spatial fate of industrially emitted PCDD/Fs regardless of their concentrations. The results showed that the method can be used to validate deposition models for PCDD/F industrial emissions in sites with several sources and characterized by complex orography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Augusto
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL , Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL , Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (CERENA-IST-UL) , Lisboa, 1649-004 Portugal
| | - Artur Santos
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL , Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - José Palma-Oliveira
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade , Lisboa, 1649-013 Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL , Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Lindenmayer D, Pierson J, Barton P, Beger M, Branquinho C, Calhoun A, Caro T, Greig H, Gross J, Heino J, Hunter M, Lane P, Longo C, Martin K, McDowell WH, Mellin C, Salo H, Tulloch A, Westgate M. A new framework for selecting environmental surrogates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:1029-1038. [PMID: 26298409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surrogate concepts are used in all sub-disciplines of environmental science. However, controversy remains regarding the extent to which surrogates are useful for resolving environmental problems. Here, we argue that conflicts about the utility of surrogates (and the related concepts of indicators and proxies) often reflect context-specific differences in trade-offs between measurement accuracy and practical constraints. By examining different approaches for selecting and applying surrogates, we identify five trade-offs that correspond to key points of contention in the application of surrogates. We then present an 8-step Adaptive Surrogacy Framework that incorporates cross-disciplinary perspectives from a wide spectrum of the environmental sciences, aiming to unify surrogate concepts across disciplines and applications. Our synthesis of the science of surrogates is intended as a first step towards fully leveraging knowledge accumulated across disciplines, thus consolidating lessons learned so that they may be accessible to all those operating in different fields, yet facing similar hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Pierson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philip Barton
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aram Calhoun
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hamish Greig
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - John Gross
- Climate Change Response Program, United States National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, Biodiversity, P.O. Box 413, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Malcolm Hunter
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Peter Lane
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Catherine Longo
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kathy Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - William H McDowell
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Camille Mellin
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Hanna Salo
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku Finland
| | - Ayesha Tulloch
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martin Westgate
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, 141 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Augusto S, Sierra J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M. Tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lichens: It's all about the algae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:441-445. [PMID: 26319506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lichens, symbioses of fungi and algae and/or cyanobacteria, have the remarkable ability to uptake and accumulate semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from air, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but the mechanism of accumulation is still unknown. Understanding these mechanisms is critical to standardize the use of lichens as environmental bioindicators and to further integrate them in air monitoring networks. Through a series of experiments we show that gas phase PAHs easily cross lichen's surface and accumulate in the photosynthetic algal layer of lichens. Once accumulated, they remain in the algal layer and not within the fungus hyphae, or adhered to lichen's surface, as it was previously supposed to happen. Additionally, when lichens are washed, gas phase PAHs still remain in the algal layer. Our results reveal that lichens may be utilized as bioindicators of gas phase PAHs, overcoming current limitations of air monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Augusto
- TECNATOX, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Països Catalans, nº 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Jordi Sierra
- TECNATOX, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Països Catalans, nº 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Laboratori d'edafologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- TECNATOX, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Països Catalans, nº 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Matrix solid phase dispersion method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in moss. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Concha-Graña E, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Proposal of a procedure for the analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Talanta 2015; 134:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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25
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Callén MS, Iturmendi A, López JM. Source apportionment of atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a PMF receptor model. Assessment of potential risk for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:167-77. [PMID: 25240190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One year sampling (2011-2012) campaign of airborne PM2.5-bound PAH was performed in Zaragoza, Spain. A source apportionment of total PAH by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied in order to quantify potential PAH pollution sources. Four sources were apportioned: coal combustion, vehicular emissions, stationary emissions and unburned/evaporative emissions. Although Directive 2004/107/EC was fulfilled regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), episodes exceeding the limit value of PM2.5 according to Directive 2008/50/EC were found. These episodes of high negative potential for human health were studied, obtaining a different pattern for the exceedances of PM2.5 and the lower assessment threshold of BaP (LATBaP). In both cases, stationary emissions contributed majority to total PAH. Lifetime cancer risk exceeded the unit risk recommended by the World Health Organization for those episodes exceeding the LATBaP and the PM2.5 exceedances for the warm season. For the cold season, the risk was higher for the LATBaP than for the PM2.5 exceedances.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Callén
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - Amaia Iturmendi
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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Abril G, Wannaz E, Pignata M. Source characterization and seasonal variations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial and semi-urban area through a local-scale biomonitoring network using T. capillaris. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nascimbene J, Tretiach M, Corana F, Lo Schiavo F, Kodnik D, Dainese M, Mannucci B. Patterns of traffic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in mountain areas can be revealed by lichen biomonitoring: a case study in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian Alps). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 475:90-96. [PMID: 24440922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In mountain areas of touristic interest the evaluation of the impact of human activities is crucial for ensuring long-term conservation of ecosystem biodiversity, functions and services. This study aimed at verifying the biological impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions due to traffic along the roads leading to seven passes of the Dolomites (SE Alps), which were recently declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Thalli of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea, collected at increasing distances from the roads, were used as biomonitors. Our study revealed a gradient of decreasing PAH pollution within 300 m from the roads. Differences among passes were evident mainly for samples collected nearest to the roads, but PAH concentrations at 300 m were almost always higher than those of undisturbed reference sites, indicating that traffic PAH pollution may impact natural ecosystems and lichen diversity at relatively long distances from the emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Nascimbene
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Via Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Bassi 58/B, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Via Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Corana
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Centro Grandi Strumenti, Via Bassi 21, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Lo Schiavo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Bassi 58/B, I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Danijela Kodnik
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Via Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Dainese
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-forestali, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Barbara Mannucci
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Centro Grandi Strumenti, Via Bassi 21, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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