1
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Pogrzeba J, Poliwoda A. Biosorption Ability of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds by Anabaena sp. and Chroococcidiopsis thermalis. Molecules 2024; 29:4488. [PMID: 39339484 PMCID: PMC11434137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug overuse harms the biosphere, leading to disturbances in ecosystems' functioning. Consequently, more and more actions are being taken to minimise the harmful impact of xenopharmaceuticals on the environment. One of the innovative solutions is using biosorbents-natural materials such as cells or biopolymers-to remove environmental pollutants; however, this focuses mainly on the removal of metal ions and colourants. Therefore, this study investigated the biosorption ability of selected pharmaceuticals-paracetamol, diclofenac, and ibuprofen-by the biomass of the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. and Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, using the LC-MS/MS technique. The viability of the cyanobacteria was assessed by determining photosynthetic pigments in cells using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results indicate that both tested species can be effective biosorbents for paracetamol and diclofenac. At the same time, the tested compounds did not have a toxic effect on the tested cyanobacterial species and, in some cases, stimulated their cell growth. Furthermore, the Anabaena sp. can effectively biotransform DCF into its dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Pogrzeba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Opole, Pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - Anna Poliwoda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Opole, Pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland
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2
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Nosek K, Zhao D. Transformation products of diclofenac: Formation, occurrence, and toxicity implication in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122388. [PMID: 39270499 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is the first drug on the EU Watch List of Priority Substances due to its extensive uses, incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and toxic effects. Once in the environment, DCF undergoes processes that yield various transformation products (TPs) or metabolites, whichcan be more toxic than DCF. While these TPs or metabolites often dominate the majority of the drug load in municipal wastewater, they have been largely ignored. This review critically examines recent data on the formation, occurrence, fate, and toxicology of DCF TPs in the aquatic environment. This review reveals some important findings. First, DCF TPs may constitute >57 % of DCF in wastewater influent, ∼60 % in effluent, and ∼30 % in surface waters. Second, TPs persistently retain the core structure of DCF and may pose greater environmental risks than the parent drug. Third, some metabolites may revert back to the parent drug. Fourth, WWTPs serve as a consistent source that release DCF and its by-products into the environment. Fifth, mixtures of DCF and its metabolites, along with other contaminants, may pose elevated and synergistic environmental risks than individual compounds. These findings suggest that current risk assessment practices, which ignore the impacts of the metabolites and the chemical interactions/synergies, may seriously underestimate the overall toxicity of DCF and likely other pharmaceuticals. Further studies are needed to monitor the long-term fate and toxicity of the metabolites, as well as new analytical methods and standards to unveil the hidden metabolites and the associated environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nosek
- Department of Fuels Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland.
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1324, USA
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3
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Zimmermann S, Revel M, Borowska E, Horn H. Degradation and mineralization of anti-cancer drugs Capecitabine, Bicalutamide and Irinotecan by UV-irradiation and ozone. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141780. [PMID: 38604516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of three anti-cancer drugs (ADs), Capecitabine (CAP), Bicalutamide (BIC) and Irinotecan (IRI), in ultrapure water by ozonation and UV-irradiation was tested in a bench-scale reactor and AD concentrations were measured through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A low-pressure mercury UV (LP-UV) lamp was used and degradation by UV (λ = 254 nm) followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Incident radiation in the reactor was measured via chemical actinometry using uridine. The quantum yields (φ) for the degradation of CAP, BIC and IRI were 0.012, 0.0020 and 0.0045 mol Einstein-1, respectively. Ozone experiments with CAP and IRI were conducted by adding ozone stock solution to the reactor either with or without addition of tert-butanol (t-BuOH) as radical quencher. Using this experimental arrangement, no degradation of BIC was observed, so a semi-batch setup was employed for the ozone degradation experiments of BIC. Without t-BuOH, apparent second order reaction rate constants for the reaction of the ADs with molecular ozone were determined to be 3.5 ± 0.8 ∙ 103 L mol-1 s-1 (CAP), 7.9 ± 2.1 ∙ 10-1 L mol-1 s-1 (BIC) and 1.0 ± 0.3 ∙ 103 L mol-1 s-1 (IRI). When OH-radicals (∙OH) were quenched, rate constants were virtually the same for CAP and IRI. For BIC, a significantly lower constant of 1.0 ± 0.5 ∙ 10-1 L mol-1 s-1 was determined. Of the tested substances, BIC was the most recalcitrant, with the slowest degradation during both ozonation and UV-irradiation. The extent of mineralization was also determined for both processes. UV irradiation was able to fully degrade up to 80% of DOC, ozonation up to 30%. Toxicity tests with Daphnia magna (D. magna) did not find toxicity for fully degraded solutions of the three ADs at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zimmermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Messika Revel
- UniLaSalle - Ecole des Métiers de L'Environnement, CYCLANN, Campus de Ker Lann, F-35170, Bruz, France
| | - Ewa Borowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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4
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Pan D, Zhang C, Wang CS, Zhang P, Jiao XY, Ma QR, Wang LT, Li DJ, Li LP. Unravelling hidden threats of water disinfection: Toxicity evaluation and toxic products identification during diclofenac degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123424. [PMID: 38278408 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely-used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is routinely found in surface water bodies. While ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are commonly employed as disinfection methods in water treatment processes, the degradation of DCF in these processes occurs due to the strong oxidizing activity of the reactive oxygen species produced during both ozonation and UV radiation. Despite extensive studies reporting the removal and transformation of DCF through ozone and UV treatments, the potential hidden hazards of toxicity arising from these processes as well as the identification of the toxic transformation products have often been overlooked. In this study, various toxicities including microtoxicity, genotoxicity and antiestrogenicity were evaluated using multiple in-vitro bioassays. The transformation products were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Correlation analysis was employed to gain deeper insight into the contributions of degradation products to overall toxicity. The results revealed that DCF possessed significant genotoxic and antiestrogenic effects, but displayed minimal microtoxicity. Microtoxic products such as those containing carbazole were generated during DCF degradation with ozone, UVA and UVC. Antiestrogenic products with dichloroaniline structures were observed in DCF ozonation but not in photodegradation by UVA and UVC. These findings highlighted the hidden risks associated with the disinfection of water containing micropollutants such as DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Pan
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Cai-Shan Wang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yi Jiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Qian-Ru Ma
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Dai-Jun Li
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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5
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Bibi M, Rashid J, Siddiqa A, Xu M. The mechanism and reaction kinetics of visible light active bismuth oxide deposited on titanium vanadium oxide for aqueous diclofenac photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23228-23246. [PMID: 38413524 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32477-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Non-uniform, non-spherical bismuth oxide deposited on titanium vanadium oxide (3%-BVT1) was successfully synthesized via co-precipitation method and assessed for visible light degradation of aqueous diclofenac. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Up to 80.7% diclofenac degradation was observed with a significant increment in reaction rate compared to commercially available Degussa P25 (kapp = 0.0013 → 0.0083 min-1) achieved within 3 h treatment time under optimized parameters of diclofenac concentration (10 mg L-1), catalyst loading (0.1 g L-1), and pH (5). The enhanced photocatalysis could be due to electron-hole separation and contribution of powerful oxidative species •OH > O2•- > h+ > > e-. The recyclability experiments indicate that 3%-BVT1 retained its efficiency up to 74.1% over five reaction cycles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated the formation of several transformation products during the degradation pathway. The studies of interfering ions depicted mild interference by sulfates, while interference by phosphates and nitrates was negligible during photocatalytic process, i.e., 70, 78.01, and 78.43% for the selected concentrations of 50, 25, and 40 mg L-1 as per their maximum concentrations detected in the natural wastewaters. Thus, 3%-BVT1 is a potential versatile candidate to treat various organic pollutants including pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmooda Bibi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jamshaid Rashid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory for Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Asima Siddiqa
- National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University Complex, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ming Xu
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory for Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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6
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Roshtkhari MBM, Entezari MH. Graphite/carbon-doped TiO 2 nanocomposite synthesized by ultrasound for the degradation of diclofenac. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15105-15125. [PMID: 38289555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Graphite/C-doped TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized at room temperature using a simple, impressive, and indirect sonication (20 kHz) by the cup horn system. Tetrabutyltitanate as the precursor of titanium and graphite (G) as the carbon source was used in the preparation of nanocomposite as a photocatalyst. The molar ratio of G/TiO2 as a key parameter was investigated in the synthesis of G/C-doped TiO2. The obtained materials were widely characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XPS, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance techniques. The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results showed that the edge of light absorption of nanocomposite was distinctly red-shifted to the visible area via carbon doping. The XPS outcomes acknowledged the existence of the C, Ti, and O in the photocatalyst. The composite showed an enhancement in the dissociation efficiency of photoinduced charge carriers through the doping process. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanocomposite was checked with diclofenac (DCF) as a pharmaceutical contaminant. The results displayed that G/C-doped TiO2 represented better photocatalytic performance for DCF than TiO2. This was due to the excellent crystallization, intense absorption of visible light, and the impressive separation of photoinduced charge carriers. Various active species such as •OH, •O2¯, h+, and H2O2 play a role in the degradation of DFC. Therefore, different scavengers were used and the role of each one in degradation was investigated. According to the obtained results, •O2¯ radical showed a major role in the photocatalytic process. This work not only proposes a deep insight into the photosensitization-like mechanism by using G-based materials but also develops new photocatalysts for the removal of emerging organic pollutants from waters using sunlight as available cheap energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hassan Entezari
- Sonochemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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7
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Villota N, Jankelevitch S, Lomas JM. Kinetic modelling of colour and turbidity formation in aqueous solutions of sulphamethoxazole degraded by UV/H 2O 2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:349-359. [PMID: 35938359 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of sulphamethoxazole medicine (SMX) has been studied by means of UV/H2O2 conducting at a controlled pH between 2.0 and 12.0 and oxidant ratios of 500 mol H2O2/mol SMX. It is verified that operating at pH = 2.0 the highest rates of SMX degradation (74%) and loss of aromaticity (64%) are obtained. During the process, a strong brown tint and high turbidity are generated in the water depending on the pH, as it affects the chemical speciation of the dissociable compounds. The colour intensity of the water increases from pH = 2.0 (light brown, 3.5 NTU) to a maximum value at pH = 4.0 (dark brown, 42 NTU), when the neutral SMX species is almost 100%. Under these conditions, the formation of carboxylic acids (acetic and oxalic) and nitrate ion are minor. Conducting at higher pH, hue decreases, obtaining at pH = 12.0 a light yellow water (5 NTU) when the anionic SMX predominates. Thus, the maximum formation of nitrate ion occurs under these conditions. A pseudo-first order kinetic modelling is proposed for the loss of aromaticity and colour and turbidity formation in water, where the kinetic parameters are expressed as a function of the applied pH, being the pseudo-first-order rate constants (min-1): k a r o m = 0.0005 p H 2 - 0.0106 p H + 0.0707 ; k c o l o u r = 0.0011 p H 2 - 0.02 p H + 0.1125 and kNTU = 0.06 min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Villota
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Sebastien Jankelevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Hasselt & University of Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jose M Lomas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
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8
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Bani-Yaseen AD, Al-Zoubi RM, Shkoor M. Spectrofluorometric investigations on the solvent effects on the photocyclization reaction of diclofenac. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20767. [PMID: 37920513 PMCID: PMC10618426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The solvent effects on the photochemical conversion rate of the photosensitizing drug diclofenac (DCF) were investigated using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral information obtained for the photochemical reaction of DCF in a set of neat solvents demonstrates that the photoconversion reaction rate of DCF is not only medium polarity dependent but also hydrogen-bonding dependent. The solvent effects were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed employing various solvatochromic models, including multi-parameter linear regression analysis (MLRA). Interestingly, the MLRA results (R = 0.99) revealed that the photoconversion rate increases with increasing solvent polarizability (π*) and H-bond donor capability (α), whereas the rate decreases with increasing hydrogen-bond acceptor capability (β). However, predominant effect of the solvent acidity compared to basicity and polarizability was observed. A hypothesis rationalizing the effects of H-bonding and medium polarity on DCF photoconversion reaction is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulilah Dawoud Bani-Yaseen
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohanad Shkoor
- Department of Chemistry & Earth Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
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9
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Hafner R, Klein P, Urbassek HM. Adsorption of Diclofenac and Its UV Phototransformation Products in an Aqueous Solution on PVDF: A Molecular Modeling Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7181-7193. [PMID: 37549100 PMCID: PMC10440796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water has generated considerable scientific interest in potential improvements to polymeric membranes for water purification at the nanoscale. In this work, we investigate the adsorption of diclofenac and its ultraviolet (UV) phototransformation products on amorphous and crystalline poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) membrane surfaces at the nanoscale using molecular modeling. We report binding affinities by determining the free energy landscape via the extended adaptive biasing force method. The high binding affinities of the phototransformation products found are consistent with qualitative experimental results. For diclofenac, we found similar or better affinities than those for the phototransformation products, which seems to be in contrast to the experimental findings. This discrepancy can only be explained if the maximum adsorption density of diclofenac is much lower than that of the products. Overall, negligible differences between the adsorption affinities of the crystalline phases are observed, suggesting that no tuning of the PVDF surfaces is necessary to optimize filtration capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hafner
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Klein
- Fraunhofer
ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz
1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Herbert M. Urbassek
- Physics
Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, University Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Zhao J, Payne EM, Liu B, Shang C, Blatchley ER, Mitch WA, Yin R. Making waves: Opportunities and challenges of applying far-UVC radiation in controlling micropollutants in water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 241:120169. [PMID: 37290191 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over human health risks associated with chemical contaminants (micropollutants) in drinking waters are rising due to the increased use of reclaimed water or water supplies impacted by upstream wastewater discharges. Ultraviolet (UV)-driven advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) using radiation sources that emit at 254 nm have been developed as advanced treatments to degrade contaminants, while those UV-AOPs can be improved towards higher radical yields and lower byproduct formation. Several previous studies have suggested that Far-UVC radiation (200-230 nm) is a promising radiance source to drive UV-AOPs because the direct photolysis of micropollutants and production of reactive species from oxidant precursors can both be improved. In this study, we summarize from the literature the photodecay rate constants of five micropollutants by direct UV photolysis, which are higher at 222 than 254 nm. We experimentally determine the molar absorption coefficients at 222 and 254 nm of eight oxidants commonly used in water treatment and present the quantum yields of the oxidant photodecay. Our experimental results also show that the concentrations of HO·, Cl·, and ClO· generated in the UV/chlorine AOP can be increased by 5.15-, 15.76-, and 2.86-fold, respectively, by switching the UV wavelength from 254 to 222 nm. We also point out the challenges of applying Far-UVC for micropollutant abatement in water treatment, including the strong light screening effect of matrix components (e.g., carbonate, nitrate, bromide, and dissolved organic matter), the formation of byproducts via new reaction pathways, and the needs to improve the energy efficiency of the Far-UVC radiation sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emma M Payne
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Bryan Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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11
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Ben Attig J, de Lourdes Souza F, Latrous L, Cañizares P, Sáez C, Ríos Á, Zougagh M, Rodrigo MA. Advanced oxidation and a metrological strategy based on CLC-MS for the removal of pharmaceuticals from pore & surface water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138847. [PMID: 37187374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, it is studied the photolysis, electrolysis, and photo-electrolysis of a mixture of pharmaceutics (sulfadiazine, naproxen, diclofenac, ketoprofen and ibuprofen) contained in two very different types of real water matrices (obtained from surface and porewater reservoirs), trying to clarify the role of the matrix on the degradation of the pollutants. To do this, a new metrological approach was also developed for screening of pharmaceuticals in waters by capillary liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (CLC-MS). This allows the detection at concentrations lower than 10 ng mL-1. Results obtained in the degradation tests demonstrate that inorganic composition of the water matrix directly influences on the efficiency of the drugs removal by the different EAOPs and better degradation results were obtained for experiments carried out with surface water. The most recalcitrant drug studied was ibuprofen for all processes evaluated, while diclofenac and ketoprofen were found to be the easiest drugs for being degraded. Photo-electrolysis was found to be more efficient than photolysis and electrolysis, and the increase in the current density was found to attain a slight improvement in the removal although with an associated huge increase in the energy consumption. The main reaction pathways for each drug and technology were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihène Ben Attig
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Electrochimie, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, University Campus of El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fernanda de Lourdes Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Latifa Latrous
- Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale Appliquée, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, University Campus of El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mohammed Zougagh
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, Camilo José Cela Avenue, E-13005, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel Andrés Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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12
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Ellepola N, Viera T, Patidar PL, Rubasinghege G. Fate, transformation and toxicological implications of environmental diclofenac: Role of mineralogy and solar flux. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114138. [PMID: 36201921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is an emerging surface water contaminant, yet the environmental impact of its degradation products remains elusive. The current study focuses on mineralogy-controlled diclofenac photo-degradation and its potential health impacts. Under irradiated conditions, we studied the effects of kaolinite, hematite, and anatase on diclofenac degradation. Our results showed that kaolinite doubled the diclofenac degradation rate, which can be attributed to the high catalytic effect, mediated via increased surface area and pore size of mineral surface in the low pH. Conversely, anatase, a crystal phase of titanium dioxide (TiO2), diminished the diclofenac degradation compared to treatments without TiO2. Hematite, on the other hand, showed no effect on diclofenac degradation. Photo-degradation products also varied with the mineral surface. We further assessed in vitro toxicological effects of photo-degraded products on two human cell lines, HEK293T and HepG2. Biological assays confirmed that photo-degraded compound 6 (1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one) decreased HEK293T cell survival significantly (p < 0.05) when compared to diclofenac in all concentrations. At lower concentrations, inhibition of HEK293T cells caused by compounds 4 (2-(8-chloro-9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid), and 5 (2-(9H-carbazol-1-yl)acetic acid) was greater than diclofenac. Compound 7 (1-phenylindolin-2-one) was toxic only at 250 µM. Additionally, compound 6 decreased HepG2 cell viability significantly when compared to diclofenac. Overall, our data highlighted that mineralogy plays a vital role in environmental diclofenac transformation and its photo-degraded products. Some photo-degraded compounds can be more cytotoxic than the parent compound, diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanthi Ellepola
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Talysa Viera
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Praveen L Patidar
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Gayan Rubasinghege
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
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Li LP, Jin YC, Fang L, Zhang C. Direct photolysis of diclofenac under simulated sunlight: Transformation pathway and biological concerns. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135775. [PMID: 35868525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Topical diclofenac gels are frequently applied on human skin and, consequently are exposed to sunlight during outdoor activities. The degradation of diclofenac (DCF) with sunlight exposure is known to occur but the detailed transformation characteristics and biological concerns have not been comprehensively investigated. In the present work, the transformation products during diclofenac photolysis were identified with the aid of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TripleTOF). Biological concerns, including microtoxicity, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antiestrogenicity were examined with multiple in-vitro bioassays. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to obtain further insight into the contributions of photolysis products to overall biological concerns. The results demonstrated that diclofenac was readily degraded under sunlight to form five main photolysis products via substitution, dechlorination, dehydroxylation, homodimerization and heterodimerization. Products P1, P2 and P5 were reported previously, while two dimer products (P3 and P4) are innovative products and have not been found in prior studies. A significant elevation in the microtoxicity was found during the photolysis of diclofenac, resulting mainly from the carbazole-containing photolysis products P2, P3, P4 and P5. Genotoxicity and antiestrogenicity declined along with the reduction of diclofenac, indicating that no photolysis products were genotoxic or anti-estrogenic. Modest cytotoxicity to the human skin epidermis cell line was observed and attributed to the formation of intermediate species. This outcome highlighted the biological concerns of diclofenac to human health when exposed to sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Yan-Chao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Le Fang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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14
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Li Y, Qin H, Wang L, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Zhou Q, Ji Y. Aquatic photolysis of 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol-the toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132986. [PMID: 34801574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP) is a toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) commonly found in agriculturally impacted waters (e.g., paddy waters). DCNP has both genotoxicity and developmental toxicity and can cause endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic species. Herein, we investigated the photolysis of DCNP under UV254 irradiation in aqueous solutions. Results show that the anionic form of DCNP (DCNP-) is more photoreactive than the neutral form (DCNP0) due to its higher molar absorption coefficient and quantum yield. The presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) inhibits the direct photolysis of DCNP through light screening. A series of photoproducts were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis. The photolysis of DCNP generates several photoproducts, including photoreduction, photonucleophilic substitution, photoionization, and dimerization intermediates. The primary photochemical mechanisms include photoionization from the singlet state and heterolytic C-Cl bond splitting in the triplet state. This contribution may shed some light on the photochemical transformation and fate of DCNP in UV-based engineering systems or natural sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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16
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Gupta S, Gomaa H, Ray MB. Performance characterization of a hybrid adsorptive-photocatalytic (APC) oscillatory membrane reactor for micropollutant removal. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Muelas-Ramos V, Sampaio MJ, Silva CG, Bedia J, Rodriguez JJ, Faria JL, Belver C. Degradation of diclofenac in water under LED irradiation using combined g-C 3N 4/NH 2-MIL-125 photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126199. [PMID: 34492963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac by hybrid materials prepared by combination of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and titanium-metal organic framework (NH2-MIL-125), in different mass proportions (MOF:C3N4 of 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25). The hybrid materials were fully characterized, and their properties compared to those of the individual components, whose presence was confirmed by XRD. The porous structure was the result of the highly microporous character of the MOF and the non-porous one of g-C3N4. The band gap values were very close to that of MOF component. Photoluminescence measurements suggested an increase on the recombination rate associated to the presence of g-C3N4. Photodegradation tests of diclofenac (10 mg·L-1) were performed under UV LED irradiation at 384 nm. The hybrid materials showed higher photocatalytic activity than the individual components, suggesting the occurrence of some synergistic effect. The photocatalyst with a MOF:g-C3N4 ratio of 50:50 yielded the highest conversion rate, allowing complete disappearance of diclofenac in 2 h. Experiments with scavengers showed that superoxide radicals and holes played a major role in the photocatalytic process photodegradation, being that of hydroxyl radicals less significant. From the identification of by-products species, a degradation pathway was proposed for the degradation of diclofenac under the experimental operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muelas-Ramos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Sampaio
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidad do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frías s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - C G Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidad do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frías s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Bedia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidad do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frías s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Belver
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Granatto CF, Grosseli GM, Sakamoto IK, Fadini PS, Varesche MBA. Methanogenic potential of diclofenac and ibuprofen in sanitary sewage using metabolic cosubstrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140530. [PMID: 32629260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU) are widely used anti-inflammatory drugs and are frequently detected in wastewater from Wastewater Treatment Plants and in aquatic environments. In this study, the methanogenic potential (P) of anaerobic sludge subjected to DCF (7.11 ± 0.02 to 44.41 ± 0.05 mg L-1) and IBU (6.11 ± 0.01 to 42.61 ± 0.05 mg L-1), in sanitary sewage, was investigated in batch reactors. Cosubstrates (200 mg L-1 of organic matter) in the form of ethanol, methanol:ethanol and fumarate were tested separately for the removal of drugs. In the DCF assays, P was 6943 ± 121 μmolCH4, 9379 ± 259 μmolCH4, 9897 ± 212 μmolCH4 and 11,530 ± 368 μmolCH4 for control, fumarate, methanol:ethanol and ethanol conditions, respectively. In the IBU assays, under the same conditions, P was 6145 ± 101 μmolCH4, 6947 ± 66 μmolCH4, 8141 ± 191 μmolCH4and 10,583 ± 512 μmolCH4, respectively. Without cosubstrates, drug removal was below 18% for 43.10 ± 0.01 mgDCF L-1 and 43.12 ± 0.03 mgIBU L-1, respectively. Higher P and removal of DCF (28.24 ± 1.10%) and IBU (18.72 ± 1.60%) with ethanol was observed for 43.20 ± 0.01 mgDCF L-1 and 43.42 ± 0.03 mgIBU L-1, respectively. This aspect was better evidenced with DCF due to its molecular structure, a condition that resulted in a higher diversity of bacterial populations. Through the 16S rRNA sequencing, bacteria genera capable of performing aromatic ring cleavage, β-oxidation and oxidation of ethanol and fatty acids were identified. Higher relative abundance (>0.6%) was observed for Smithella, Sulfuricurvum and Synthophus for the Bacteria Domain and Methanosaeta (>79%) for the Archaea Domain. The use of ethanol favored greater mineralization of organic matter and greater methane production, which can directly assist in the metabolic pathways of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Granatto
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ave Trabalhador São-Carlense, No. 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil..
| | - Guilherme M Grosseli
- Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luiz Highway, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel K Sakamoto
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ave Trabalhador São-Carlense, No. 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro S Fadini
- Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luiz Highway, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete A Varesche
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ave Trabalhador São-Carlense, No. 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil..
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19
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Yin R, Shang C. Removal of micropollutants in drinking water using UV-LED/chlorine advanced oxidation process followed by activated carbon adsorption. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116297. [PMID: 32818735 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of three selected micropollutants (i.e., bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine) in drinking water using the UV-LED/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP) followed by activated carbon adsorption. The degradation of bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine was predominantly contributed by chlorination (>60%), direct UV photolysis (>80%) and radical oxidation (>90%), respectively, during the treatment by the UV-LED/chlorine AOP at three tested UV wavelengths (i.e., 265, 285 and 300 nm). The most effective UV wavelengths for the degradation of bisphenol A, diclofenac and caffeine were 265, 285 and 300 nm, respectively. The degradation of all the three micropollutants was enhanced with increasing pH from 6 to 8, though the reasons for the pH dependence were different. The residues of the micropollutants and their degradation (by)products were removed by post-adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC). Interestingly and more importantly, the adsorption rates of the degradation (by)products were 2-3 times higher than the adsorption rates of the corresponding micropollutants, indicating the formation of more adsorbable (by)products after the AOP pre-treatment. The UV-LED/chlorine AOP followed by GAC adsorption provides a multi-barrier treatment system for enhancing micropollutant removal in potable water. The findings also suggest the merit of the sequential use of UV-LEDs followed by GAC in treating chlorine-containing potable water in small-scale water treatment systems (e.g., point-of-use or point-of-entry water purifiers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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20
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Enhanced Removal and Toxicity Declineof Diclofenac by Combining UVA Treatmentand Adsorption of Photoproductsto Polyvinylidene Difluoride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102340. [PMID: 33066146 PMCID: PMC7601955 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of micropollutants in the environment is an emerging issue. Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in the environment worldwide. Diclofenac is transformed by UVA light into different products with higher toxicity. The absorbance of the transformation products overlaps with the absorbance of diclofenac itself and inhibits the ongoing photoreaction. By adding polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), the products adsorb to the surface of PVDF. Therefore, phototransformation of diclofenac and total organic carbon (TOC) removal is enhanced and the toxicity decreased. At 15 min and 18 h of UVA treatment, removal of diclofenac and TOC increases from 56% to 65% and 18% to 54%, respectively, when PVDF is present. The toxicity of a UVA treated (18 h) diclofenac solution doubles (from 5 to 10, expressed in toxicity units, TU), while no toxicity was detectable when PVDF is present during UVA treatment (TU = 0). PVDF does not need to be irradiated itself but must be present during photoreaction. The adsorbent can be reused by washing with water or ethanol. Diclofenac (25 mg L-1) UVA light irradiation was monitored with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-Vis spectroscopy and by analysing the decrease of TOC. The toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri was examined according to DIN EN ISO 11348-1: 2009-05. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to simulate the phototransformation products known in literature as well as further products identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The absorption spectra, reaction enthalpies (ΔH) and Gibbs free energy of reactions (ΔG) were calculated. The combination of UVA irradiation of diclofenac with adsorption of photoproducts to PVDF is unique and opens up new possibilities to enhance removal of pollutants from water.
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A facile synthesis of bismuth oxychloride-graphene oxide composite for visible light photocatalysis of aqueous diclofenac sodium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14191. [PMID: 32843698 PMCID: PMC7447784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, bismuth oxychloride/graphene oxide (BiOCl-GO) composite was fabricated by facile one pot hydrothermal method. The pure BiOCl and BiOCl-GO composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The synthesized composite was then assessed for photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium (DCF) in visible as well as direct solar light and UV irradiation. Results indicated that the photocatalytic removal efficiency of DCF was significantly affected by dose of catalysts, pH value and source of light. The results reveled that degradation efficiency of BiOCl-GO for DCF reduced from 100 to 34.4% with the increases in DCF initial concentration from 5 mg L-1 to 25 mg L-1. The solar light degradation of DCF using BiOCl-GO was achieved with apparent rate constant 0.0037 min-1. The effect of scavengers study revealed that superoxide ions and holes were mainly responsible for DCF degradation. The regeneration study indicates that BiOCl-GO composite can be successfully recycled up to the five cycles. The study revealed the effectiveness of one pot hydrothermal method for the fabrication of BiOCl-GO composite.
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22
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Barbosa Ferreira M, Souza FL, Muñoz-Morales M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Clopyralid degradation by AOPs enhanced with zero valent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122282. [PMID: 32105951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four different technologies have been compared (photolysis, ZVI + photolysis, electrolysis and ZVI + electrolysis) regarding the: (1) degradation of clopyralid, (2) extent of its mineralization, (3) formation of by-products and main reaction pathways. Results show that photolysis is the less efficient treatment and it only attains 5 % removal of the pollutant, much less than ZVI, which reaches 45 % removal and that electrolysis, which attains complete removal and 78 % mineralization within 4 h. When ZVI is used as pre-treatment of electrolysis, it was obtained the most efficient technology. The identification of transformation products was carried out for each treatment by LCMS. In total, ten products were identified. Tentative pathways for preferential clopyralid degradation for all processes were proposed. This work draws attention of the synergisms caused by the coupling of techniques involving the treatment of chlorinated compound and sheds light on how the preferential mechanisms of each treatment evaluated occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barbosa Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - F L Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario 3000, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Fu Y. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of diclofenac by UV/peracetic acid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9907-9916. [PMID: 35498603 PMCID: PMC9050214 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00363h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the degradation kinetics and mechanism of diclofenac (DCF) by UV/peracetic acid (PAA) was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 611756
- China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 611756
- China
| | - Yongsheng Fu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 611756
- China
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24
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Krakkó D, Gombos E, Licul-Kucera V, Dóbé S, Mihucz VG, Záray G. Enhanced photolytic and photooxidative treatments for removal of selected pharmaceutical ingredients and their degradation products in water matrices. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Forced degradation behavior of two-drug combinations: Isolation and characterization of major degradation products by LC-MS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Yu X, Cabooter D, Dewil R. Efficiency and mechanism of diclofenac degradation by sulfite/UV advanced reduction processes (ARPs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:65-74. [PMID: 31229829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is frequently detected in the aqueous environment. The synergistic treatment using sulfite and UV irradiation is proposed to be one of the most effective advanced reduction processes (ARPs) to degrade refractory contaminants. This paper systematically investigated the performance and mechanism of DCF degradation by sulfite/UV ARP under various conditions. A significant enhancement in degradation efficiency of DCF was exhibited via sulfite/UV ARP compared with direct UV photolysis, which is primarily due to the generation of reductive radicals (eaq- and H). This process was well described by a pseudo first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.154 min-1. The influence of solution pH, sulfite dosage, initial DCF concentration and UV intensity were evaluated. Results revealed that DCF more favorably reacted with H in an acidic environment than with eaq- under alkaline conditions. A positive impact on the DCF decomposition was observed with increasing sulfite dosage, but with an inhibiting trend at high sulfite concentrations. The degradation rate constant was accelerated by increasing the UV intensity, while decreased by promoting the initial DCF concentration. Degradation mechanisms at different pH levels revealed that the reduction reactions were induced by eaq- at pH 9.2, and dominated by H at pH 6.0. Complete dechlorination was readily achieved with all chlorine atoms in DCF released as chloride ions under sulfite/UV ARP, which may lead to a decreased toxicity of the degradation products. This observation emphasized the advantages of sulfite/UV ARP on DCF degradation, in comparison with that under direct UV photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Yu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
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Brienza M, Manasfi R, Chiron S. Relevance of N-nitrosation reactions for secondary amines in nitrate-rich wastewater under UV-C treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:22-29. [PMID: 31254883 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the transformation of secondary amine pharmaceuticals in UV-C/NO3- and in nitrate-rich wastewater at 254 nm by taking diclofenac, diphenylamine, mefenamic acid and furosemide as probe compounds. The degradation of targeted compounds were positively related to nitrate concentration and mainly caused by the formation of peroxynitrite and related reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide radicals). Major transformation products were identified to provide fundamental understanding of the selective oxidation of secondary amine with reactive nitrogen species. UV photolysis, hydroxyl radical oxidation, nitration and nitrosation processes were found to be the most significant transformation pathways. In case of diphenylamine, for which most of the identified intermediates were available as standard, the relative significance of each transformation route could be established, highlighting for the first time the important role of N-nitrosation processes in UV/NO3- treatment followed by the decomposition of the resulting N-nitroso compounds by an alpha hydroxylation mechanism. This specific transformation pathway was of concern because it constitutes the molecular basis of N-nitrosamine carcinogenicity and may contribute to the increase in effluent genotoxicity under UV-C treatment in addition to the formation of nitrophenols. Hydrogenocarbonate ions at concentration values higher than 300 mg/L appeared to be a protective specie against nitrosation processes due to the formation of carbamate adducts but H2O2 in UV-C/H2O2 could be responsible for an exacerbation of the N-nitrosation pathway due to an addition source of hydroxyl radical in the system. The occurrence of major transformation products of diclofenac was confirmed in nitrate-rich wastewater under UV-C treatment at pilot-scale operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Brunsch AF, Langenhoff AAM, Rijnaarts HHM, Ahring A, Ter Laak TL. In situ removal of four organic micropollutants in a small river determined by monitoring and modelling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:758-766. [PMID: 31195176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) are widely detected in surface waters. So far, the removal processes of these compounds in situ in river systems are not yet totally revealed. In this study, a combined monitoring and modelling approach was applied to determine the behaviour of 1-H benzotriazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac and galaxolide in a small river system. Sewage treatment plant effluents and the receiving waters of the river Swist were monitored in 9 dry weather sampling campaigns (precipitation < 1 mm on the sampling day itself and <5 mm total precipitation two days before the sampling) during different seasons over a period of 3 years. With the results gained through monitoring, mass balances have been calculated to assess fate in the river. With the DWA Water Quality Model, OMP concentrations in the river were successfully simulated with OMP characteristics gained through literature studies. No removal was determined for 1-H benzotriazole and carbamazepine, whereas diclofenac showed removal that coincided with light intensity. Moreover, modelling based on light sensitivity of diclofenac also suggested relevant degradation at natural light conditions. These two approaches suggest removal by photodegradation. The highest removal in the river was detected for galaxolide, presumably due to volatilisation, sorption and biodegradation. Furthermore, short-term concentration variability in the river was determined, showing that daily concentration patterns are influenced by dynamics of sewage treatment plant effluent volumes and removal processes in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Brunsch
- Erftverband, Department of River Basin Management, Am Erftverband 6, 50126, Bergheim, Germany; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ahring
- Erftverband, Department of River Basin Management, Am Erftverband 6, 50126, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Leydy Katherine Ardila P, da Silva BF, Spadoto M, Clarice Maria Rispoli B, Azevedo EB. Which route to take for diclofenac removal from water: Hydroxylation or direct photolysis? J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Surenjan A, Pradeep T, Philip L. Application and performance evaluation of a cost-effective vis- LED based fluidized bed reactor for the treatment of emerging contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:629-639. [PMID: 31059961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Visible light induced photocatalysis is considered as one of the most potential technologies which can achieve new levels of sustainability in water treatment. The current study explores the performance of immobilized visible light active catalyst on inert media for light driven catalysis of pharmaceuticals. These coated media is used in a continuous flow fluidized column reactor equipped with spirally arranged visible Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as irradiation source. The treatment efficiency of the system is evaluated for the removal of pharmaceutical drugs such as carbamazepine, diclofenac and ibuprofen. For the present study, system parameters such as light intensity and flow rate are optimized for maximum removal rate. The system shows complete elimination of the pharmaceuticals under the given experimental conditions. Complete mineralization of the target compounds are confirmed by TOC analysis. Recyclability is an important attribute for full scale commercialization of a treatment technology. An investigation on the reusability study of the photocatalyst displayed no significant reduction in the removal efficiency for a run of six cycles, hence rendering the photocatalyst reusable. The results acquired indicate an immense potential for scaling up the photoreactor as a sustainable tertiary treatment technology in water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Surenjan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Ligy Philip
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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31
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Rossi F, Masi M. On the ability of chromatographic mass balance to predict solute diffusivity in drug delivery systems. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Maurizio Masi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy
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32
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Villanueva-Rodríguez M, Bello-Mendoza R, Hernández-Ramírez A, Ruiz-Ruiz EJ. Degradation of anti-inflammatory drugs in municipal wastewater by heterogeneous photocatalysis and electro-Fenton process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2436-2445. [PMID: 29457761 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1442880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are compounds frequently found in municipal wastewater and their degradation by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is generally incomplete. This study compared the efficiency of two advanced oxidation processes (AOP), namely heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) and electro-Fenton (EF), in the degradation of a mixture of common NSAID (diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen) dissolved in either deionized water or effluent from a WWTP. Both processes were effective in degrading the NSAID mixture and the trend of degradation was as follows, diclofenac > naproxen > ibuprofen. EF with a current density of 40 mA cm-2 and 0.3 mmol Fe2+ L-1 was the most efficient process to mineralize the organic compounds, achieving up to 92% TOC removal in deionized water and 90% in the WWTP effluent after 3 h of reaction. HP with 1.4 g TiO2 L-1 at pH 7 under sunlight, produced 85% TOC removal in deionized water and 39% in WWTP effluent also after 3 h treatment. The lower TOC removal efficiency shown by HP with the WWTP effluent was attributed mainly to the scavenging of reactive species by background organic matter in the wastewater. On the contrary, inorganic ions in the wastewater may produce oxidazing species during the EF process, which contributes to a higher degradation efficiency. EF is a promising option for the treatment of anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals in municipal WWTP at competitive electrical energy efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
- a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León, México
- c El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) , Tapachula , Chiapas, México
| | - Ricardo Bello-Mendoza
- b Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
- c El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) , Tapachula , Chiapas, México
| | - Aracely Hernández-Ramírez
- a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León, México
| | - Edgar J Ruiz-Ruiz
- a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León, México
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Liu YJ, Hu CY, Lo SL. Direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of amine-containing pharmaceuticals using graphite electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:592-605. [PMID: 30576998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the direct and indirect electro-oxidation of amine-containing pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen (ACT), diclofenac (DIC), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) by using graphite electrodes, and to compare the influence by using different electrolytes (Na2SO4 and NaCl). Under the optimum conditions of current (I) at 0.5 A, in direct system, 74.3%, 90.0%, 81.6% of ACT, DIC, and SMX were respectively removed after 60 min (k = 0.023, 0.037, 0.027 min-1), 48.9%, 85.9%, 68.2% of TOC respectively removed after reaction time. In contrast, at the same current intensity, in indirect system, ACT, DIC, and SMX were eliminated within 30 min (k = 0.117, 0.307, 0.170 min-1), 89.6%, 92.6%, 99.6% of TOC respectively removed after reaction time. The results indicated that the dissociated compounds were attracted to the anode due to electrostatic forces and had higher mass transformation rates in the direct electro-oxidation process. According to the cyclic voltammogram, indirect oxidation occurred when active chlorine species were generated from chloride ions anodically to destroy pollutants. Based on intermediates detected during electro-oxidation treatment by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), only oxidized intermediates were found in the direct oxidation system, while both oxidized and chlorinated intermediates were found in the indirect oxidation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Hu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Xing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 10673, Taiwan; NTU Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Stadlmair LF, Grosse S, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Comprehensive MS-based screening and identification of pharmaceutical transformation products formed during enzymatic conversion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:339-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of Ammonium Ions, Organic Load and Flow Rate on the UV/Chlorine AOP Applied to Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant at Pilot Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061276. [PMID: 29914154 PMCID: PMC6025302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of ammonium ions and the organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) on the UV/chlorine AOP regarding the maintenance of free available chlorine (FAC) and elimination of 16 emerging contaminants (ECs) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTE) at pilot scale (UV chamber at 0.4 kW). COD inhibited the FAC maintenance in the UV chamber influent at a ratio of 0.16 mg FAC per mg COD (kHOCl–COD = 182 M−1s−1). An increase in ammonium ion concentration led to a stoichiometric decrease of the FAC concentration in the UV chamber influent. Especially in cold seasons due to insufficient nitrification, the ammonium ion concentration in WWTE can become so high that it becomes impossible to achieve sufficiently high FAC concentrations in the UV chamber influent. For all ECs, the elimination effect by the UV/combined Cl2 AOP (UV/CC) was not significantly higher than that by sole UV treatment. Accordingly, the UV/chlorine AOP is very sensitive and loses its effectiveness drastically as soon as there is no FAC but only CC in the UV chamber influent. Therefore, within the electrical energy consumption range tested (0.13–1 kWh/m3), a stable EC elimination performance of the UV/chlorine AOP cannot be maintained throughout the year.
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36
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Operational parameters affecting MB/Red-light photosensitized degradation of pharmaceuticals. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Graßmann J. Mass spectrometry based in vitro assay investigations on the transformation of pharmaceutical compounds by oxidative enzymes. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:466-477. [PMID: 28189026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of trace organic chemicals in wastewater and surface water leads to a growing demand for novel removal technologies. The use of isolated enzymes has been shown to possess the capability for a targeted application but requires a clearer mechanistic understanding. In this study, the potential of peroxidase from horseradish (HRP) and laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus (LccPO) to transform selected trace organic chemicals was studied using mass spectrometry (MS)-based in vitro enzyme assays. Conversion by HRP appeared to be more efficient compared to LccPO. Diclofenac (DCF) and sotalol (STL) were completely transformed by HRP after 4 h and immediate conversion was observed for acetaminophen (APAP). During treatment with LccPO, 60% of DCF was still detectable after 24 h and no conversion was found for STL. APAP was completely transformed after 20 min. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine (CBZ), ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) were insusceptible to enzymatic conversion. In pharmaceutical mixtures, HRP exhibited a preference for DCF and APAP and the generally less efficient conversion of STL was enhanced in presence of APAP. Transformation product pattern after treatment with HRP revealed polymerization products for DCF while STL showed cleavage reactions. DCF product formation shifted towards a proposed dimeric iminoquinone product in presence of APAP whereas a generally less pronounced product formation in mixtures was observed for STL. In conclusion, the enzymatic treatment approach worked selectively and efficiently for a few pharmaceuticals. However, for application the investigation and possibly immobilization of multiplex enzymes being able to transform diverse chemical structures is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara F Stadlmair
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coloumbwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coloumbwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coloumbwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Graßmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coloumbwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Cordero-García A, Turnes Palomino G, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Maya-Teviño L, Hernández-Ramírez A. Photocatalytic behaviour of WO 3/TiO 2-N for diclofenac degradation using simulated solar radiation as an activation source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4613-4624. [PMID: 27966080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photocatalytic removal of an emerging contaminant, diclofenac (DCF) sodium, was performed using the nitrogen-doped WO3/TiO2-coupled oxide catalyst (WO3/TiO2-N). The catalyst synthesis was accomplished by a sol-gel method using tetrabutyl orthotitanate (C16H36O4Ti), ammonium p-tungstate [(NH4)10H2W12O42·4H2O] and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as the nitrogen source. For comparison, TiO2 and WO3/TiO2 were also prepared under similar conditions. Analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted to characterize the synthesized materials. The photocatalytic efficiency of the semiconductors was determined in a batch reactor irradiated with simulated solar light. Residual and mineralized DCF were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, total organic carbon analysis and ion exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the tungsten atoms were dispersed on the surface of TiO2 as WO3. The partial substitution of oxygen by nitrogen atoms into the lattice of TiO2 was an important factor to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of WO3/TiO2. Therefore, the best photocatalytic activity was obtained with the WO3/TiO2-N0.18 catalyst, reaching 100% DCF transformation at 250 kJ m-2 and complete mineralization at 400 kJ m-2 of solar-accumulated energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordero-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad, CP66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
- Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - G Turnes Palomino
- Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - L Hinojosa-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad, CP66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - J L Guzmán-Mar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad, CP66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - L Maya-Teviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad, CP66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad, CP66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
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Khaleel NDH, Mahmoud WMM, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Initial fate assessment of teratogenic drug trimipramine and its photo-transformation products - Role of pH, concentration and temperature. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 108:197-211. [PMID: 27855951 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trimipramine (TMP) is an antidepressant drug used for the treatment of a variety of depressive states and other psychiatric disorders. It has been already detected in the aquatic environment. Currently, no further knowledge is available on fate and effects of TMP in the aquatic environment. Therefore, we studied the biodegradability of TMP and of its photolysis transformation products (PTPs) generated by irradiation with polychromatic UV light in aqueous solution. Different conditions including initial drug concentration, pH, and temperature were applied during TMP photolysis. Subsequently, the time courses of TMP and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were monitored throughout the whole photo-degradation process. Then, high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify and elucidate the structures of the resulting PTPs. After that, the two standardized biodegradation tests, Closed Bottle test (CBT; OECD 301 D) and Manometric Respirometry test (MRT; OECD 301 F), were performed for TMP and its photolytic mixtures to assess the biodegradability of TMP and its PTPs. Finally, the toxicity of TMP and its photolytic mixtures was predicted using different quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) software. It was found that after 128 min of UV-irradiation, 91.8% of TMP at the initial concentration of 100 mg L-1 was eliminated with only 23.9% removal in the DOC. So, it can be pointed out that more than 65% of the degraded TMP is transformed to new non-mineralized PTPs. 14 new PTPs were detected in TMP's photolytic mixtures. Their supposed structures indicate that the proposed photo-transformation pathway is mainly by hydroxylation. The statistical analysis confirms that the differences in the degradation rates of TMP as a function of concentration, pH, and temperature are statistically significant in most cases investigated here. In biodegradation testing, TMP and its PTPs are classified as not readily biodegradable, while LC-MS analysis revealed some PTPs to be eliminated more than TMP itself. Results from QSAR analysis confirmed that some of the PTPs could be biodegradable, and revealed that some of the non-biodegradable PTPs may be human and/or eco-toxic, posing a risk to the environment. Our findings show that TMP under UV-irradiation could lead to the formation of some more easily biodegradable PTPs and some others toxic and non-biodegradable PTPs. Therefore, further studies should be conducted regarding the fate and effects of TMP and its PTPs elucidated in this study on human health and on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareman D H Khaleel
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1 C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Waleed M M Mahmoud
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1 C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1 C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1 C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Baalbaki A, Ayoub GM, Al-Hindi M, Ghauch A. The fate of selected pharmaceuticals in solar stills: Transfer, thermal degradation or photolysis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:583-593. [PMID: 27648535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand for, and disposal of, pharmaceuticals, positively correlated with the growing human population, has led to the emergence of contaminants with high environmental and health impacts. Several developing countries that endure problems related to water sufficiency and/or quality resort to the use solar stills as an affordable water treatment method. This research is aimed at investigating the fate of five chemically distinct pharmaceuticals that might pervade solar stills; ibuprofen (IBU), diclofenac (DCF), carbamazepine (CBZ), ampicillin (AMP) and naproxen (NPX). The experiments were conducted under three conditions. The first condition studied the combined effect of temperature and light in simulated field-test-scale solar stills. The effect of temperature as a sole variable was investigated in the second while the third condition studied the effect of light only via concentrated solar power (CSP). Results show that distillates from solar stills did not contain the parent compounds for four out of the five pharmaceuticals. IBU was the only pharmaceutical that showed a transfer via vapor into the distillate with the highest recorded transfer percentage of 2.1% at 50°C when subjected to temperature alone and 0.6% under the combined effect of temperature and light. In the case of NPX and DCF, the parent compounds did not undergo transfer into the distillate phase; however their degradation by-products did. In addition, the results also showed that in the case of NPX, IBU and CBZ both high temperatures and sunlight combined were required to attain noticeable degradation. CSP accelerated the degradation of DCF, NPX and IBU with a three-minutes-degradation percentage of 44%, 13% and 2% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Baalbaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George M Ayoub
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hindi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Ghauch
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
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Maier MP, Prasse C, Pati SG, Nitsche S, Li Z, Radke M, Meyer A, Hofstetter TB, Ternes TA, Elsner M. Exploring Trends of C and N Isotope Fractionation to Trace Transformation Reactions of Diclofenac in Natural and Engineered Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10933-10942. [PMID: 27635778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although diclofenac ranks among the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in the urban water cycle, its environmental transformation reactions remain imperfectly understood. Biodegradation-induced changes in 15N/14N ratios (εN = -7.1‰ ± 0.4‰) have indicated that compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) may detect diclofenac degradation. This singular observation warrants exploration for further transformation reactions. The present study surveys carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation in other environmental and engineered transformation reactions of diclofenac. While carbon isotope fractionation was generally small, observed nitrogen isotope fractionation in degradation by MnO2 (εN = -7.3‰ ± 0.3‰), photolysis (εN = +1.9‰ ± 0.1‰), and ozonation (εN = +1.5‰ ± 0.2‰) revealed distinct trends for different oxidative transformation reactions. The small, secondary isotope effect associated with ozonation suggests an attack of O3 in a molecular position distant from the N atom. Model reactants for outer-sphere single electron transfer generated large inverse nitrogen isotope fractionation (εN = +5.7‰ ± 0.3‰), ruling out this mechanism for biodegradation and transformation by MnO2. In a river model, isotope fractionation-derived degradation estimates agreed well with concentration mass balances, providing a proof-of-principle validation for assessing micropollutant degradation in river sediment. Our study highlights the prospect of combining CSIA with transformation product analysis for a better assessment of transformation reactions within the environmental life of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Maier
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Carsten Prasse
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California, 94720 United States
| | - Sarah G Pati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Nitsche
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Radke
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armin Meyer
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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Kovacic M, Juretic Perisic D, Biosic M, Kusic H, Babic S, Loncaric Bozic A. UV photolysis of diclofenac in water; kinetics, degradation pathway and environmental aspects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14908-14917. [PMID: 27072038 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photolysis behavior of commonly used anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) was investigated using UV-C and UV-A irradiation. In that purpose, DCF conversion kinetics, mineralization of organic content, biodegradability, and toxicity were monitored and compared. The results showed different kinetics of DCF conversion regarding the type of UV source applied. However, in both cases, the mineralization extent reached upon complete DCF conversion is rather low (≤10 %), suggesting that the majority of DCF was transformed into by-products. Formation/degradation of main degradation by-products was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), whereas different profiles were obtained by UV-C and UV-A photolysis. The results of bioassays revealed that biodegradability of DCF solutions remained low through the applied treatments. The toxicity of irradiated DCF solutions was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri. A significant reduction of toxicity, especially in the case of UV-A radiation, was observed upon complete degradation of DCF. In addition to toxicity reduction, calculated Log K OW values of DCF degradation by-products indicate their low potential for bioaccumulation (Log K OW ≤ 3) in comparison to the parent substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kovacic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Daria Juretic Perisic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Martina Biosic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kusic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Ana Loncaric Bozic
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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Frański R, Zalas M, Gierczyk B, Schroeder G. Electro-oxidation of diclofenac in methanol as studied by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1662-1666. [PMID: 27321855 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zalas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Gierczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Schroeder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Roscher J, Vogel M, Karst U. Identification of ultraviolet transformation products of diclofenac by means of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jung B, Nicola R, Batchelor B, Abdel-Wahab A. Effect of low- and medium-pressure Hg UV irradiation on bromate removal in Advanced Reduction Process. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:663-672. [PMID: 25461933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced Reduction Processes (ARP) have been developed by combining UV irradiation with reducing reagents, which produces reactive reducing free radicals that degrade contaminants (e.g. vinyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, perchlorate, and bromate). This study investigates bromate destruction by ARPs using medium-pressure mercury UV light lamp (UV-M) and low-pressure mercury UV light lamp (UV-L). Effects of experimental parameters including initial bromate concentration, reducing reagent (sulfite) dose, and pH on bromate removal kinetics and quantum yield were evaluated. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) by UV-M ARP was greater by 3 times than that by UV-L ARP. UV-M and UV-L achieved a complete bromate removal of an initial concentration at 500 ppb with fluences of 10.5 J cm−2 and 73.5 J cm−2, respectively. It was found that direct photolysis is a dominant mechanism with the UV-M ARP showing that the effect of sulfite dose had no apparent influence on the bromate removal, whereas kobs was dependent on the sulfite doses in UV-L/sulfite ARP. In the presence of sulfite, kobs was affected by the solution pH in both the UV-M and UV-L ARPs. The pH effect on UV-L ARP or UV-M ARP was explained by the effect of pH on the sulfite species distribution between sulfite and bisulfite or the hydrated electrons concentrations. Also it was found that dominant reaction mechanism of bromate removal was changed by initial bromate concentrations, and its behavior was varied dependent on the UV light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahngmi Jung
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar.
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