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Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Peng BY, Sun Y, Zhang X, Sun J, Xu Y, Xiao S, Chen J, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Unveiling the residual plastics and produced toxicity during biodegradation of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics by mealworms (Larvae of Tenebrio molitor). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131326. [PMID: 37027925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for plastic degradation by mealworms has been reported. However, little is known about the residual plastics derived from incomplete digestion during mealworm-mediated plastic biodegradation. We herein reveal the residual plastic particles and toxicity produced during mealworm-mediated biodegradation of the three most common microplastics, i.e., polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). All three microplastics are effectively depolymerized and biodegraded. We discover that the PVC-fed mealworms exhibit the lowest survival rate (81.3 ± 1.5%) and the highest body weight reduction (15.1 ± 1.1%) among the experimental groups by the end of the 24-day experiment. We also demonstrate that the residual PVC microplastic particles are more difficult to depurate and excrete for the mealworms compared to the residual PE and PS particles by using laser direct infrared spectrometry. The levels of oxidative stress responses, including reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation, are also highest in the PVC-fed mealworms. Sub-micron microplastics and small microplastics are found in the frass of mealworms fed with PE, PS, and PVC, with the smallest particles detected at diameters of 5.0, 4.0, and 5.9 µm, respectively. Our findings provide insights into the residual microplastics and microplastic-induced stress responses in macroinvertebrates under micro(nano)plastics exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaoze Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Liu P, Song Y, Wei J, Mao W, Ju J, Zheng S, Zhao H. Synergistic Effects of Earthworms and Plants on Chromium Removal from Acidic and Alkaline Soils: Biological Responses and Implications. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:831. [PMID: 37372116 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Soil heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues of global concern and solving this problem is a major scientific and technological need for today's socio-economic development. Environmentally friendly bioremediation methods are currently the most commonly used for soil heavy metal pollution remediation. Via controlled experiments, the removal characteristics of chromium from contaminated soil were studied using earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Pheretima guillelmi) and plants (ryegrass and maize) at different chromium concentrations (15 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in acidic and alkaline soils. The effects of chromium contamination on biomass, chromium bioaccumulation, and earthworm gut microbial communities were also analyzed. The results showed that E. fetida had a relatively stronger ability to remove chromium from acidic and alkaline soil than P. guillelmi, and ryegrass had a significantly better ability to remove chromium from acidic and alkaline soil than maize. The combined use of E. fetida and ryegrass showed the best effect of removing chromium from contaminated soils, wih the highest removal rate (63.23%) in acidic soil at low Cr concentrations. After soil ingestion by earthworms, the content of stable chromium (residual and oxidizable forms) in the soil decreased significantly, while the content of active chromium (acid-extractable and reducible forms) increased significantly, thus promoting the enrichment of chromium in plants. The diversity in gut bacterial communities in earthworms decreased significantly following the ingestion of chromium-polluted soil, and their composition differences were significantly correlated with soil acidity and alkalinity. Bacillales, Chryseobacterium, and Citrobacter may have strong abilities to resist chromium and enhance chromium activity in acidic and alkaline soils. There was also a significant correlation between changes in enzyme activity in earthworms and their gut bacterial communities. The bacterial communities, including Pseudomonas and Verminephrobacter, were closely related to the bioavailability of chromium in soil and the degree of chromium stress in earthworms. This study provides insights into the differences in bioremediation for chromium-contaminated soils with different properties and its biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Wei Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Shengyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Maculewicz J, Dołżonek J, Sharma L, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P, Pazdro K. Bioconcentration of imidazolium ionic liquids: In vivo evaluation in marine mussels Mytilus trossulus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159388. [PMID: 36240918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) are beginning to be used more widely in many industrial fields e.g., as reaction media, electrolytes, stationary phases in gas chromatography), there is still little information about their potential environmental fate. Among the uncertainties regarding the risks associated with these compounds, bioconcentration is one of the key issues, about which many doubts have been raised in recent years. While in vitro data suggest that permanently charged compounds can also bioconcentrate, conclusive evidence in the form of studies on organisms, at least for selected compounds, is needed. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to determine whether imidazolium cations of ILs, namely 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium ([IM18]+) and 1-methyl-3-dodecylimidazolium ([IM1-12]+), can bioconcentrate in marine invertebrates tissues. During 21-day experiments, Mytilus trossulus mussels were exposed to these cations individually, at a concentration of 10 μg/L. In our study, it has been demonstrated for the first time during in vivo study, that long-chain imidazolium ionic liquids can bioconcentrate. The determined BCF value for [IM1-12]+ of 21,901 ± 3400 L/kg makes this compound to be considered highly bioaccumulative according to commonly accepted criteria. However, the obtained BCF for [IM18]+ (with the value below 100) suggests that this cation has little potential for bioconcentration. On the other hand, no salinity or anion influence on the bioconcentration of the tested cations was observed. Our tests also confirm that imidazolium ILs exhibit acute toxicity only at relatively high concentration levels, as LC50 reached 0.68 mg/L for [IM1-12][Br], and 11.66 mg/L for [IM18][C(CN)3]. This further confirms that the risks associated with the potential presence of these compounds in the environment should be attributed to their high persistence and potential bioconcentration, rather than acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Lilianna Sharma
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Defeat undefeatable: ionic liquids as novel antimicrobial agents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gong X, Zhao G, Shan W, Guo H, Wang C, Liu Q, Xu B, Wang Y, Guo X. Identification and antioxidant capacity of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), a new favored herbicide target, in Apis cerana cerana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105110. [PMID: 35715049 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), a nonheme oxygenase, catalyzes the second step of the tyrosine catabolic pathway, which is shared by almost all aerobic life forms. This demonstrates its importance in aerobic biology. We isolated an HPPD homolog from Apis cerana cerana and named it AccHPPD. AccHPPD has an open reading frame (ORF) length of 900 bp and encodes a 299 amino acid protein that has a predicted molecular weight of 34.67 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.27. Amino acid analysis showed that AccHPPD contained three conserved metal ion active sites, H-101, H-184 and E-267. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that AccHPPD mainly existed in specific tissue sites, mainly high in the legs and in the thorax and epidermis, and in specific developmental stages, mainly adults. Under temperature, pesticide, heavy metal and ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatments, the expression level was downregulated, but under H2O2 treatment, the expression level was upregulated. Exogenous expression of the recombinant AccHPPD plasmid in E. coli enhanced the resistance to HgCl2 and H2O2. Inhibition of AccHPPD activity was demonstrated by the upregulation of the tyrosine content after feeding with the inhibitor 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyl benzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC). After silencing of AccHPPD, the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) decreased, and the expression levels of AccBax- and AccCaspase8-related genes were upregulated. The antioxidant genes AccCAT, AccGSTZ1, AccGSTD, AccSOD2, AccTpx3, AccCYP4G11, AccGDTS4, AccGSTO2 and AccMSRA were all upregulated. These results suggest that AccHPPD may serve an integral function in the response of A. cerana cerana to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wenlu Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on Chlorella Pyrenoidosa under Single and Combined Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074245. [PMID: 35409929 PMCID: PMC8998786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial chemical; bisphenol S (BPS) is a substitute for BPA. Both are frequently detected in rivers, sewage, and surface water, and have a great impact on the water environment. The effects of BPA and BPS on cell growth, chlorophyll a content, and oxidative stress of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) were studied. When BPA and BPS acted alone or in combination, compared with the blank control group, the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in the experimental group showed a pattern of “low promotion and high inhibition”, and the inhibition rate reached the maximum on the 6th day. Under the combined action, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of C. pyrenoidosa first increased, and then decreased. In addition, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased with the increase in combined concentration. In the 0.5 P treatment group, SOD and POD activity reached peak values of 29.59 U/mg∙prot and 1.35 U/mg∙prot, respectively. The combined toxicity of BPA and BPS to C. pyrenoidosa was evaluated as a synergistic effect by using toxicity unit and additive index methods. This study evaluated the effects of BPA and BPS on algae in the aquatic environment, providing some data support for their potential ecological risks.
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Liu J, Qin J, Zhu L, Zhu K, Liu Z, Jia H, Lichtfouse E. The protective layer formed by soil particles on plastics decreases the toxicity of polystyrene microplastics to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107158. [PMID: 35228012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of microplastics contaminants in most ecosystems has raised major health issues, yet knowledge on their impact on soil organisms is limited, especially their toxicity evolution with aging. Herein, the toxicity of polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) along with aging was investigated. Results showed that the 28 d-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of PS-MP was 25.67 g kg-1, whereas that increased to 96.47 g kg-1 after PS-MP initially aged in soil for 28 days, indicating the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. Laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) found that the toxicity of PS-MP to earthworm may be due to the ingestion of PS-MP by earthworms and the physical damage (e.g., epidermis abrasion and setae loss) of PS-MP to earthworms. Similarly, the levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde content increased with PS-MP concentrations from 0.1 to 1.5 g kg-1, but decreased with aging from 7 to 28 days. The integrated biomarker response index also confirmed that the toxicity of PS-MP decreased with aging. SEM found that PS-MP were progressively covered by soil particles during soil aging, inducing the formation of protective layer and increasing the particle size of PS-MP, which prevented direct contact with earthworms and decreased the ingestion of PS-MP, in turn decreased PS-MP toxicity. Overall, our study provides valuable insights for elucidating the effect of aging on the toxicity of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence 13100, France
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The Endogenous Metabolite Glycerophosphocholine Promotes Longevity and Fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020177. [PMID: 35208251 PMCID: PMC8875989 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and aging are closely connected. The choline derivative glycerophosphocholine (GPC), an important precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, plays important roles in brain and nervous system function. Although it has been reported to alleviate cognitive decline in aged mice, whether GPC could promote longevity and other fitness factors remains unclear. Here, we find endogenous GPC level declines in the plasma of ageing humans. In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), GPC extends lifespan and improves exercise capacity during aging. Likewise, GPC inhibits lipofuscin accumulation. We further show that GPC treatment has no adverse effect on nematodes’ reproductive abilities and body length. In addition to its benefits under normal conditions, GPC enhances the stress resistance of C. elegans. Mechanically, we find GPC significantly inhibits the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in worms. Our findings indicate the health benefits of GPC and its potential application in strategies to improve lifespan and healthspan.
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Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. Galleria mellonella: The Versatile Host for Drug Discovery, In Vivo Toxicity Testing and Characterising Host-Pathogen Interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121545. [PMID: 34943757 PMCID: PMC8698334 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, are a convenient in vivo model for assessing the activity and toxicity of antimicrobial agents and for studying the immune response to pathogens and provide results similar to those from mammals. G. mellonella larvae are now widely used in academia and industry and their use can assist in the identification and evaluation of novel antimicrobial agents. Galleria larvae are inexpensive to purchase and house, easy to inoculate, generate results within 24–48 h and their use is not restricted by legal or ethical considerations. This review will highlight how Galleria larvae can be used to assess the efficacy of novel antimicrobial therapies (photodynamic therapy, phage therapy, metal-based drugs, triazole-amino acid hybrids) and for determining the in vivo toxicity of compounds (e.g., food preservatives, ionic liquids) and/or solvents (polysorbate 80). In addition, the disease development processes are associated with a variety of pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Aspergillus fumigatus, Madurella mycotomatis) in mammals are also present in Galleria larvae thus providing a simple in vivo model for characterising disease progression. The use of Galleria larvae offers many advantages and can lead to an acceleration in the development of novel antimicrobials and may be a prerequisite to mammalian testing.
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Wang Y, Luo S, Xu Z, Liu L, Feng S, Chen T, Zhou L, Yuan M, Huang Y, Ding CB. The potential antioxidant ability of hydroxytyrosol on Caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative damage via the insulin signaling pathway. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12
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Gonçalves AR, Paredes X, Cristino AF, Santos FJ, Queirós CS. Ionic Liquids-A Review of Their Toxicity to Living Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5612. [PMID: 34070636 PMCID: PMC8198260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) were initially hailed as a green alternative to traditional solvents because of their almost non-existent vapor pressure as ecological replacement of most common volatile solvents in industrial processes for their damaging effects on the environment. It is common knowledge that they are not as green as desired, and more thought must be put into the biological consequences of their industrial use. Still, compared to the amount of research studying their physicochemical properties and potential applications in different areas, there is a scarcity of scientific papers regarding how these substances interact with different organisms. The intent of this review was to compile the information published in this area since 2015 to allow the reader to better understand how, for example, bacteria, plants, fish, etc., react to the presence of this family of liquids. In general, lipophilicity is one of the main drivers of toxicity and thus the type of cation. The anion tends to play a minor (but not negligible) role, but more research is needed since, owing to the very nature of ILs, except for the most common ones (imidazolium and ammonium-based), many of them are subject to only one or two articles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carla S.G.P. Queirós
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.R.P.G.); (X.P.); (A.F.C.); (F.J.V.S.)
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Jeremias G, Jesus F, Ventura SPM, Gonçalves FJM, Asselman J, Pereira JL. New insights on the effects of ionic liquid structural changes at the gene expression level: Molecular mechanisms of toxicity in Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124517. [PMID: 33199138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the molecular basis of ionic liquids' (ILs) ecotoxicity is critical for the development of these designer solvents as their structure can be engineered to simultaneously meet functionality performance and environmental safety. The molecular effects of ILs were investigated by using RNA-sequencing following Daphnia magna exposure to imidazolium- and cholinium-based ILs: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]Cl), 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim]Cl) and cholinium chloride ([Chol]Cl)-; the selection allowing to compare different families and cation alkyl chains. ILs shared mechanisms of toxicity focusing e.g. cellular membrane and cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, energy production, protein biosynthesis, DNA damage, disease initiation. [C2mim]Cl and [C12mim]Cl were the least and the most toxic ILs at the transcriptional level, denoting the role of the alkyl chain as a driver of ILs toxicity. Also, it was reinforced that [Chol]Cl is not devoid of environmental hazardous potential regardless of its argued biological compatibility. Unique gene expression signatures could also be identified for each IL, enlightening specific mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Jeremias
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Jesus
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge Building, Ostend Science Park 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Joana L Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cui YH, Shi QS, Zhang DD, Wang LL, Feng J, Chen YW, Xie XB. Detoxification of ionic liquids using glutathione, cysteine, and NADH: Toxicity evaluation by Tetrahymena pyriformis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116725. [PMID: 33631691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as green solvents, are widely acknowledged in several fields, such as chemical separation, synthesis, and electrochemistry, owing to their excellent physiochemical properties. However, their poor biodegradability may lead to environmental and health risks, posing a severe threat to humans, thus requiring further research. In this study, the biotoxicities of the imidazolium-based ILs were evaluated in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Moreover, IL detoxification was investigated by addition of glutathione (GSH), cysteine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated by different IL types caused damage to Tetrahymena, while glutathione, cysteine, and NADH eliminated ROS, achieving the detoxification purposes. Detoxification results showed that NADH exhibited the best detoxification ability, followed by glutathione and cysteine. Finally, RT-PCR results suggested that metallothionein might have participated in IL detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hua Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qing Shan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Dan Dan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Ling Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yi Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiao Bao Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
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15
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Kuhn BL, Kaminski TFA, Carvalho ÂR, Fuentefria AM, Johann BMBC, da Silva EE, Silveira GP, da Silveira TL, Soares FAA, Zanatta N, Frizzo CP. Antimicrobial and Toxicity Evaluation of Imidazolium-Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids with Dicarboxylate Anions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050639. [PMID: 33947119 PMCID: PMC8145335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazolium-based dicationic ILs (DILs) presenting antimicrobial activity and relatively low toxicity are highly desirable and are envisioned for use in live tissue to prevent bacterial or fungal infections. In this context, we present here DILs with dicarboxylate anions [Cn(MIM)2[Cn(MIM)2][CO2-(CH2)mCO2], in which n = 4, 6, 8, and 10, and m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The results showed that DILs with an alkyl chain spacer of ten carbons were active against yeasts and the bacterial strains tested. However, most of the DILs were cytotoxic and toxic at 1 mM. By contrast, DILs with alkyl chains possessing less than ten carbons were active against some specific Candidas and bacteria (mainly S. aureus), and they showed moderate cytotoxicity. The best activity against Gram-positive bacteria was observed for [C4(MIM)2][Pim] toward MRSA. For the DILs described herein, their level of toxicity against C. elegans was lower than that of most of the mono- and dicationic IL analogs with other anions. Our results showed that the presence of carboxylate anions reduces the toxicity of DILs compared to DILs containing halide anions, which is particularly significant to the means of designing biologically active compounds in antimicrobial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L. Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (B.L.K.); (N.Z.)
| | - Taís F. A. Kaminski
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90470-440, Brazil; (T.F.A.K.); (Â.R.C.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Ânderson R. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90470-440, Brazil; (T.F.A.K.); (Â.R.C.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Alexandre M. Fuentefria
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90470-440, Brazil; (T.F.A.K.); (Â.R.C.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Bianca M. B. C. Johann
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and the Environment, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde-Campus Centro, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (B.M.B.C.J.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Edilma E. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Instituto de Química-Campus Vale, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
| | - Gustavo P. Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and the Environment, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde-Campus Centro, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (B.M.B.C.J.); (G.P.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Instituto de Química-Campus Vale, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
| | - Tássia L. da Silveira
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (T.L.d.S.); (F.A.A.S.)
| | - Félix A. A. Soares
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (T.L.d.S.); (F.A.A.S.)
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (B.L.K.); (N.Z.)
| | - Clarissa P. Frizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (B.L.K.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Hennemann BL, Moleta GS, Fuchs AL, Villetti MA, Kuhn BL, Rampelotto CR, Paz AV, de Bona da Silva C, Frizzo CP. Synergic effects of ultrasound and ionic liquids on fluconazole emulsion. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 72:105446. [PMID: 33422736 PMCID: PMC7803931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of US on the properties of the fluconazole emulsions prepared using imidazolium-based ILs ([Cn C1im]Br). The effects of the preparation method (mechanical stirring or US), US amplitude, alkyl chain length (of [C12C1im]Br or [C16C1im]Br), and IL concentration on the physicochemical properties were evaluated. Properties such as droplet size, span index, morphology, viscosity encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profile were determined. The results showed that US-prepared emulsions had a smaller droplet size and smaller polydispersity (Span) than those prepared by mechanical stirring. Additionally, the results showed that emulsions prepared with [C16C1im]Br and US had spherical shapes and increased stability compared to emulsions prepared by MS, and also depended on the IL concentration. The emulsion prepared by US at 40% amplitude had increased encapsulation efficiency. US provided a decrease in the viscosity of emulsions containing [C12C1im]Br; however, in general, all emulsions had viscosity close to that of water. Emulsions containing [C16C1im]Br had the lowest viscosities of all the emulsions. The emulsions containing the IL [C16C1im]Br had more controlled release and a lower cumulative percentage of drug release. The IL concentration required to prepare these emulsions was lower than the amount of conventional surfactant required, which highlights the potential synergic effects of ILs and US in preparing emulsions of hydrophobic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Hennemann
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Moleta
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana L Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Villetti
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Camila R Rampelotto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alisson V Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa P Frizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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17
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Zhao S, Wang Y, Duo L. Biochemical toxicity, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage induced by graphene oxide in earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116225. [PMID: 33316493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the growing production and use of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the risk of their releases to the environment has drawn much attention. However, their potential effect on soil invertebrates has not yet been systematically assessed. Herein, the toxic effects of graphene oxide (GO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were thoroughly investigated. Exposure to different doses of GO (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 g kg-1) was conducted for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that enzymatic activity was stimulated at the early stages of exposure (7 days and 14 days) and inhibited after 14 days for catalase (CAT) and after 21 days for peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), especially at high GO doses. The content of MDA showed an increasing trend over the whole exposure period and was significantly elevated by GO from 21 days except at the dose of 5 g kg-1on day 21. Lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage presented dose- and time-dependent relationships. Graphene oxide remarkably decreased lysosomal membrane stability except at the dose of 5 g kg-1 on day 7. The tail DNA%, tail length and olive tail moment increased with increasing GO dose throughout the exposure duration, reaching maximum values at the end of exposure (28 days). These findings suggest that GO induces oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Eisenia fetida, resulting in lipid peroxidation, decreased lysosomal membrane stability and DNA damage. Therefore, attention should be paid to the potential pollution and risk associated with graphene oxide application. The results can provide valuable information for environmental safety assessment of graphene nanomaterials in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lian Duo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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18
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Liu H, Mo L, Hou M, Zhang J. Life stage-dependent toxicities of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114848. [PMID: 32497946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as extracting solvents in soil remediation. However, they can be pollutants themselves, and their own toxicities are of concerns. Notably, organisms were exposed to pollutants at random life stages in actual environmental exposure scenario, which is different from the set-up of one uniform life stage in usual experiment designs. The influence of life stages on ILs toxicities will provide essential information on their actual environmental risks. In the present study, effects of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C2mim]Br) were measured on C. elegans with egg exposure and adult exposure. In egg exposure, [C2mim]Br increased the lifespan, stimulated initial reproduction and inhibited the total reproduction. Biochemical indices including oxidative stress, antioxidant responses and oxidative damage were further measured to explore the toxicity mechanisms. Results showed that [C2mim]Br significantly stimulated O2-· as the oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as the antioxidant defense. In adult exposure, [C2mim]Br inhibited initial reproduction, total reproduction and lifespan. Biochemical results showed that [C2mim]Br significantly stimulated H2O2 and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The overall findings demonstrated that [C2mim]Br caused life stage-dependent toxicities on C. elegans. Future studies are still needed for the detailed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Lingyun Mo
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, PR China
| | - Meifang Hou
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
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19
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Wang H, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu B, Guo W, Liu W, Wang J. Biochemical responses and DNA damage induced by herbicide QYR301 in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125512. [PMID: 31816546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
QYR301, a novel herbicidal inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), has great potential for resistant weed control in paddy fields, but massive use of pesticides may result in toxicity to soil non-target organisms. Thus, this study was designed to assess subchronic toxicity of different doses of QYR301 in artificial soil (0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg kg-1) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after exposure, using biomarkers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and DNA damage. The ROS content significantly increased for all treatments on 7 and 14 days then decreased, and recovered to control level for 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg-1 treatment on day 28. Concerning enzymes activities, QYR301 increased POD, SOD, and GST activities, but inhibited CAT activity. Except for POD activity, SOD, CAT, and GST activities of 0.1 mg kg-1 group recovered to control level on day 28. Also, the MDA content of 0.1 mg kg-1 group reached control level on day 28. However, DNA damage was observed for all treatments throughout the experiment and it increased with increasing doses and time except for 5.0 mg kg-1 treatment on day 28. These results suggested that QYR301 induced excessive ROS production leading to oxidative stress in earthworms, which caused lipid membrane peroxidation and DNA damage ultimately. The findings could provide a theoretical foundation for assessing ecological damage of QYR301 to soils and a guide for future QYR301 applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baolin Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wenlei Guo
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Weitang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Jinxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Li J, Chen Y, Zhang G, Ruan W, Shan S, Lai X, Yang D, Yu Z. Integration of behavioural tests and transcriptome sequencing of C. elegans reveals how the nematode responds to peanut shell biochar amendment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136024. [PMID: 31972909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochars have drawn wide attention as adsorbents, carbon sequesters and soil re-mediators. However, these substances are ambiguous regarding their effects on the motility, phenotypic changes and potential adaptative mechanisms of soil organisms. This study investigated how peanut shell biochar (PBC) affects the C. elegans model via a one-choice selection test and RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that C. elegans were able to select either PBC or a water control, and a clear preference for PBC was observed after 48 h of exposure, with the chemotaxis index (CI) reaching approximately 1.0. The nematode preferences for PBC vs sterile PBC/graphite were not significant, which demonstrated that initial microorganisms and appearances were not the reasons for the worms' selection, but the selection behaviour was instead determined by volatile odours. The treatments also showed that biochar amendment significantly decreased the body length, brood size and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of C. elegans to 960.20 ± 15.23 μm, 173.22 ± 4.56, 165.81 ± 3.82 U/mL SOD, respectively. Then, a possible molecular mechanism of PBC-induced developmental and reproductive effects on C. elegans was explored. Differential gene expression analysis was performed, and 1625 genes (1425 up- and 225 downregulated genes) were regulated in response to PBC treatment. The top 20 regulated genes were col genes (col-129; col-81; col-139; col-71), bli-6, perm-4 and his-24, which indicated that cuticle collagen synthesis, eggshell formation and/or heterochromatin in postembryonic growth may be disrupted following exposure to PBC. Therefore, our study suggested that quality standards be used to test nematode preferences and responses to biochar amendment, with the aim of safe application in soils, seedling substrates or fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China; College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China.
| | - Shaojie Shan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China.
| | - Xin Lai
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Dianlin Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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21
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Cho CW, Yun YS. Application of general toxic effects of ionic liquids to predict toxicities of ionic liquids to Spodoptera frugiperda 9, Eisenia fetida, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113185. [PMID: 31522005 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modeling for the toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) is necessary to fill data gaps for untested chemicals and to understand the relevant mechanisms at the molecular level. In order for many researchers to easily predict toxicity and/or develop some prediction model, simple method(s) based on a single parameter should be proposed. Therefore, previously our group developed a comprehensive toxicity prediction model with unified linear free-energy relationship descriptors to address the single parameter for predicting the toxicities, as follows (Cho et al., 2016b). Log 1/toxicity in the unit of mM= (2.254 Ec - 2.545 Sc + 0.646 Ac - 1.471 Bc + 1.650 Vc + 2.917 J+ - 0.201 Ea + 0.418 Va + 0.131 J-) - 0.709. It is considered that the model can calculate the general toxicological effect of ILs in parenthesis, as it was developed on the basis of numerous toxic effects i.e., 58 toxicity testing methods and about 1600 data points. In order to check the hypothesis, the values calculated by the model were correlated with four different datasets from insect cell line (Spodoptera frugiperda 9), earthworm (Eisenia fetida), nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), and fish (Danio rerio). The results clearly showed that the calculated values are in good agreement with each dataset. In the case of S. frugiperda 9 cells, the calculated parameters were correlated with log1/LC50 values, measured after 24 h and 48 h incubation, in R2 of 0.67 and 0.88, respectively. The R2 values for the earthworm, nematode, and fish were 0.88, 0.96, and 0.94-0.95, respectively. This study confirmed that the comprehensive model can be simply and accurately used to predict toxicity of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Woong Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Buk-gu, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-dearo, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-dearo, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Chonbuk, South Korea.
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22
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A S, D R, D S, R M, M R, M F, E G, M G. Chronic toxicity of treated and untreated aqueous solutions containing imidazole-based ionic liquids and their oxydized by-products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:466-472. [PMID: 31121553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, an experimental study is presented aimed at assessing the chronic toxicity of three imidazole-based ionic liquids, i.e. imidazole (IM), 1-methylimidazole (1MIM), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (1E3MIM), and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (1B3MIM), generally considered as environmentally friendly surrogates of traditional industrial solvents. In this study Daphnia magna was used as test organism due to its wide application in the ecotoxicological literature of ionic liquids, monitoring both the cumulative survival of exposed organisms, and their reproductive parameters. The intracellular oxidative stress of daphnids was also assessed through the determination of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Catalase activity (CAT). The chronic toxicity of their oxidized by-products (BPs), generated by advanced oxidation treatment with UV254/H2O2, was finally evaluated. Four generations of BPs were considered, each formed at reaction times higher than those required for the complete removal of the parent compounds. Results indicate that IM and 1MIM have a moderate chronic toxicity, which mainly affects reproductive parameters. On the contrary, 1E3MIM and 1B3MIM showed significantly higher chronic toxicity effects resulting in a significant increase in the mortality of exposed organisms compared to the controls. UV/H2O2 treatment of the compounds did not always reduce the observed effects, since the generated BPs have, in some cases, higher chronic toxicity than their corresponding parent compounds. Chronic toxic effects remained significant up to the fourth generation of BPs in the cases of 1E3MIM and 1B3MIM, whereas they were found to be negligible from the second generation of BPs in the case of IM and 1MIM. The results of oxidative stress measurements confirmed the previous findings, suggesting a potential risk for the aquatic ecosystem induced by the mentioned compounds and their BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siciliano A
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Russo D
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Department, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Spasiano D
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
| | - Marotta R
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e dei Materiali, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Race M
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Meccanica, Universitá deli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Italy
| | - Fabbricino M
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Galdiero E
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Guida M
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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23
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Shao Y, Wang J, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L, Juhasz A, Liu X, Xu Y, Li W. Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in earthworms induced by five imidazolium bromide ionic liquids with different alkyl chains. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:570-579. [PMID: 31004823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the acute and subchronic toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazole bromide ionic liquids (ILs) [Cnmim]Br (n = 2, 4, 6, 10, 12) was evaluated utilizing earthworms (Eisenia fetida) as a basis for their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. The filter paper tests and artificial soil tests were conducted as acute toxicity tests to investigate the LC50 of ILs, while in subchronic toxicity tests, earthworms were exposed to ILs in artificial soil (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) for 28 d. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes and oxidative damage were measured to determine subchronic effects of ILs on E. fetida. The results showed that when the earthworms were exposed to these five ILs in acute toxicity experiments, [C2mim]Br had the lowest toxicity, as the alkyl length increased, the toxicity increased up to [C10mim]Br: a "cut-off effect" (decreased toxicity) was observed at [C12mim]Br. The results highlight the varying toxicity of ILs with different alkyl chains to E. fetida and provide valuable data for detailing the impact of ILs on ecological receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Yaqi Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Wenxiu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China.
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24
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Li M, Xu G, Yu R, Wang Y, Yu Y. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of pentachloronitrobenzene to earthworm (Eisenia fetida). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:429-434. [PMID: 30852307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) has been widely utilized as a fungicide to control diseases. However, toxic effect data of PCNB on terrestrial invertebrate are not available till now. Herein, the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to soil containing different levels of PCNB. Mortality, weight, accumulation, and physiological indexes of earthworms were determined on certain days. PCNB inhibited the growth of earthworms and induced a significant increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. ROS, SOD, and MDA of earthworms in the highest treatment group were 6.8, 4.4, and 3.8 times higher than those in the control group, respectively. In addition, earthworm coelomocytes were successfully extracted, cultured, and innovatively employed in in-vitro toxicity test to evaluate the toxic effect of PCNB. The biomarkers utilized in in-vitro toxicity test, including cell viability, intracellular ROS and extracellular LDH showed significant correlations with the PCNB in the culture media, indicating that the in-vitro toxicity test may serve as a useful tool for toxic assessment of pollutants to earthworms and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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25
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Li LL, Cui YH, Lu LY, Liu YL, Zhu CJ, Tian LJ, Li WW, Zhang X, Cheng H, Ma JY, Chu J, Tong ZH, Yu HQ. Selenium Stimulates Cadmium Detoxification in Caenorhabditis elegans through Thiols-Mediated Nanoparticles Formation and Secretion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2344-2352. [PMID: 30735361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antagonism between heavy metal and selenium (Se) could significantly affect their biotoxicity, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying such microbial-mediated antagonistic processes as well as the formed products. In this work, we examined the cadmium (Cd)-Se interactions and their fates in Caenorhabditis elegans through in vivo and in vitro analysis and elucidated the machinery of Se-stimulated Cd detoxification. Although the Se introduction induced up to 3-fold higher bioaccumulation of Cd in C. elegans than the Cd-only group, the nematode viability remained at a similar level to the Cd-only group. The relatively lower level of reactive oxygen species in the Se & Cd group confirms a significantly enhanced Cd detoxification by Se. The Cd-Se interaction, mediated by multiple thiols, including glutathione and phytochelatin, resulted in the formation of less toxic cadmium selenide (CdSe)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles. The CdSe/CdS nanoparticles were mainly distributed in the pharynx and intestine of the nematodes, and continuously excreted from the body, which also benefitted the C. elegans survival. Our findings shed new light on the microbial-mediated Cd-Se interactions and may facilitate an improved understanding and control of Cd biotoxicity in complicated coexposure environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Yin-Hua Cui
- School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - You-Lin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jie Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Jiao Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Jing-Yuan Ma
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201204 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
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26
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Peng Y, Tong ZH, Chong HJ, Shao XY. Toxic effects of prolonged exposure to [C 14mim]Br on Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:226-232. [PMID: 29879555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are gradually concerned due to their potential environmental and health risks. In this work, the chronic effects of imidazolium-based ILs, using [C14mim]Br as a representative, were evaluated using model animal Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results show that prolonged exposure (72 h) of ILs to the nematodes at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L induced adverse effects on the growth, locomotive behaviors and development. To explore the toxicity mechanism, lipofuscin content, ROS level and the expressions of five superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes were determined after the prolonged exposure. The lipofuscin content, ROS level and expressions of SOD genes did not show significant changes except that the expression of sod-5 was reduced by 2.7-fold following the treatment of 10 mg/L of [C14mim]Br. These results suggest that oxidative stress may not be responsible for the adverse physiological effects induced by relatively low concentrations of imidazolium-based ILs. We further determined the gene expressions of phase I detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP), phase II detoxification enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP). The results demonstrate that CYP, UGT and PGP may be involved in the detoxification of ILs. Our findings will aid in understanding the mechanisms of both toxicity and detoxification of imidazolium-based ILs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Han-Juan Chong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xin-Yue Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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27
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Shao Y, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L, Wang J. Toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium nitrate ionic liquids to earthworms: The effects of carbon chains of different lengths. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:302-309. [PMID: 29754054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), which are alternatives to traditional organic solvents, have the potential to enter soil and cause negative effects on the soil micro-environment, especially soil organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the "alkyl chain effect" and "cut-off effect" mechanisms underlying the toxicity of ILs. The assessment for subchronic toxicity toward earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by five common imidazole nitrate ILs ([Cnmim]NO3 (n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12)) was conducted on day 28 after exposure to five concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1) of ILs. Earthworms showed oxidative stress and oxidative damage, and both "alkyl chain effect" and "cut-off effect" (occurred in C10) were observed. In addition, the toxicity of ILs increased with the increase in concentration. Analysis of imidazolium ILs in artificial soil at the end of the experiment indicated that these selected ILs remained relatively stable, with a rate of change of less than 7.39%. The present study provides theoretical support for decisions regarding IL use and helps to establish a friendly IL structure database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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28
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Shao Y, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L, Wang J, Zhang S. Toxic effect of [Omim]BF 4 and [Omim]Br on antioxidant stress and oxidative damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:37-44. [PMID: 29655015 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, model soil organism, earthworms (Eisenia fetida), were selected to examine the chronic toxic effect of two different ionic liquids (ILs) [Omim]BF4 and [Omim]Br. Earthworms were put into different ILs concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) in artificial soil and random selected on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were researched for determination of antioxidant stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and olive tail moment (OTM) were researched to determine the oxidative damage. Both the pollutants had the same effect on earthworms: ILs led to accumulation of ROS, and then antioxidant enzymes and detoxification enzyme all changed to eliminate the effects of ROS, and the above process led to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in earthworms. This paper shows that [Omim]BF4 and [Omim]Br both caused toxicity to earthworms and had the similar toxicity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Shumin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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29
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Tiong YW, Yap CL, Gan S, Yap WSP. Conversion of Biomass and Its Derivatives to Levulinic Acid and Levulinate Esters via Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei Tiong
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chiew Lin Yap
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suyin Gan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Winnie Soo Ping Yap
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Malaysia
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30
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Virucidal or Not Virucidal? That Is the Question-Predictability of Ionic Liquid's Virucidal Potential in Biological Test Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29522483 PMCID: PMC5877651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For three decades now, ionic liquids (ILs), organic salts comprising only ions, have emerged as a new class of pharmaceuticals. Although recognition of the antimicrobial effects of ILs is growing rapidly, there is almost nothing known about their possible virucidal activities. This probably reflects the paucity of understanding virus inactivation. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis to determine the effect of specific structural motifs of ILs on three different biological test systems (viruses, bacteria and enzymes). Overall, the effects of 27 different ILs on two non-enveloped and one enveloped virus (P100, MS2 and Phi6), two Gram negative and one Gram positive bacteria (E. coli, P. syringae and L. monocytogenes) and one enzyme (Taq DNA polymerase) were investigated. Results show that while some ILs were virucidal, no clear structure activity relationships (SARs) could be identified for the non-enveloped viruses P100 and MS2. However, for the first time, a correlation has been demonstrated between the effects of ILs on enveloped viruses, bacteria and enzyme inhibition. These identified SARs serve as a sound starting point for further studies.
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31
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Frizzo CP, Bender CR, Salbego PRS, Farias CAA, da Silva TC, Stefanello ST, da Silveira TL, Soares FA, Villetti MA, Martins MAP. Impact of Anions on the Partition Constant, Self-Diffusion, Thermal Stability, and Toxicity of Dicationic Ionic Liquids. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:734-743. [PMID: 30023787 PMCID: PMC6044912 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Partition constants (KD°), molecular dynamics (T1, T2, and DOSY measurements), thermal stability, and toxicity of dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) were determined. The dicationic ILs derived from 1,n-bis(3-methylimidazolim-1-yl)octane, [BisOct(MIM)2][2X] (in which X = Cl, Br, NO3, SCN, BF4, and NTf2), were evaluated to verify the influence of anion structure on the IL properties. A monocationic IL [Oct(MIM)][Br] was also monitored for comparison. In general, the solubility of the ILs followed the anion free energy of hydration (ΔG°hyd). The thermokinetic and thermodynamic functions of activation of the ILs were determined via thermogravimetric data, and it was observed that polyatomic anions influence the decomposition mechanism of these IL structures. Furthermore, [Oct(MIM)][Br] had a decomposition rate greater than that of the dicationic analogue, and the thermodynamic parameters of activation data corroborate these results. Finally, the dicationic ILs did not indicate toxic effects (LD50 > 40 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa P. Frizzo
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- E-mail:
| | - Caroline R. Bender
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. S. Salbego
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla A. A. Farias
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thayanara C. da Silva
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sílvio T. Stefanello
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tássia L. da Silveira
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix A.
A. Soares
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Villetti
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. P. Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE),
Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Laboratório de Espectroscopia
e Polímeros (LEPOL), Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Gehlot P, Kulshrestha A, Bharmoria P, Damarla K, Chokshi K, Kumar A. Surface-Active Ionic Liquid Cholinium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate: Self-Assembling Behavior and Interaction with Cellulase. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7451-7460. [PMID: 31457311 PMCID: PMC6644741 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conventional sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS) has been converted into an efficient and nontoxic anionic surface-active ionic liquid, cholinium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Cho[DBS]). We have investigated its self-assembling behavior, interaction with the enzyme cellulase, and ecotoxicity. The surface-active properties at the air-liquid interface and the aggregation behavior of Cho[DBS] in water have been determined using tensiometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), conductometry, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The enzyme activity was observed using dinitro salicylic acid analysis. The enhanced enzyme activity was explained through active-site exfoliation and structural constancy of cellulase in the micellar medium using the results from fluorescence, circular dichroism, DLS, and ITC. The nontoxic nature was confirmed by toxicity analysis on the freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen
Singh Gehlot
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Kulshrestha
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Krishnaiah Damarla
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaumeel Chokshi
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Salt and Marine
Chemicals Discipline, and Salt and Marine Chemicals Discipline, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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Lu LY, Zhang YJ, Chen JJ, Tong ZH. Toxicity of Selected Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids on Caenorhabditis elegans: a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1703057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Deng XY, Chen B, Li D, Hu XL, Cheng J, Gao K, Wang CH. Growth and physiological responses of a marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) against two imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([C 4mim]BF 4 and [C 8mim]BF 4). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:115-122. [PMID: 28618302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as "green" substitutes for traditional organic solvents in many existing biological and chemical areas. However, they have high solubility and poor biodegradability in water, suggesting that they could become persistent chemical pollutants in aquatic environment. The ability of two widely used imidazolium-based ILs to affect the growth and physiological characteristics of a marine diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) was investigated in this study. The diatom was exposed to different concentrations of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim]BF4) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim]BF4) for 96h within a batch-culture system. Results showed that [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4 were very stable in seawater during 96h of exposure, and the compounds significantly inhibited the growth of P. tricornutum with 24, 48, 72 and 96h EC50 values of 30.81, 28.53, 39.92, 45.88mgL-1 and 30.17, 23.36, 28.62, 31.37mgL-1, respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll a synthesis of P. tricornutum were inhibited by [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4, indicating that the structural integrity of chloroplasts of the diatom may be disrupted or damaged by the two ILs. Compared with that of the controls, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was increased by 0.65, 1.17, 1.85, 3.13, 2.94 times and 0.55, 1.77, 2.42, 3.45, 3.47 times in 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60mgL-1 [C4mim]BF4 and [C8mim]BF4 treatments, respectively. The excessive ROS may cause lipid peroxidation, shortage of metabolic energy and decline of photosynthetic efficiency, which may be the main reason for toxicity of the two ILs to marine diatoms. To withstand the damaging effects of excessive ROS, remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in treatments with the two ILs to protect the cells of P. tricornutum. Parameters such as soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the diatom increased significantly with increasing concentrations of the two ILs at 96h of exposure relative to the controls. These findings not only provide strong background for evaluating the ecological risks and toxicity of ILs in marine environment, but also help to unravel the toxic mechanism of the two ILs to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Biao Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Da Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiao-Li Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Chang-Hai Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Costa SPF, Azevedo AMO, Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids: Recent Advances in (Eco)toxicology and (Bio)degradability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2321-2347. [PMID: 28394478 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to integrate the most recent and pertinent data available on the (bio)degradability and toxicity of ionic liquids for global and critical analysis and on the conscious use of these compounds on a large scale thereafter. The integrated data will enable focus on the recognition of toxicophores and on the way the community has been dealing with them, with the aim to obtain greener and safer ionic liquids. Also, an update of the most recent biotic and abiotic methods developed to overcome some of these challenging issues will be presented. The review structure aims to present a potential sequence of events that can occur upon discharging ionic liquids into the environment and the potential long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- A3D-Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Rua do Baixeiro n° 38, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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36
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Deng XY, Li D, Wang L, Hu XL, Cheng J, Gao K. Potential toxicity of ionic liquid ([C 12mim]BF 4) on the growth and biochemical characteristics of a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:675-684. [PMID: 28202243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, some researchers have pointed out that the threats of ionic liquids (ILs) to aquatic environment cannot be ignored. Thus, this study investigated the potential toxicity of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C12mim]BF4) on a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at population, biochemical and physiological levels using 96h growth tests with a batch-culture system. Results showed that [C12mim]BF4 was very stable in aquatic environment during 96h of exposure. The growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by [C12mim]BF4 with 24, 48, 72 and 96h EC50 values of 0.63, 0.61, 0.68 and 0.72mgL-1, respectively. Although there were no significant differences between the controls and treatments with 0.1 and 0.5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4, the effective quantum yields (ΦPSII) of the diatom in 1, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments were 61.48, 17.04, 2.96 and 0.74% of that in the controls at 96h of exposure, respectively. Chl a content of the diatom was decreased by 34.86, 47.79, 49.81, 59.21, 79.82 and 86.98% compared with that of the controls at 96h of exposure in 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments, respectively. Relative to the controls, soluble sugar content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the diatom increased with increasing [C12mim]BF4 concentrations at 96h of exposure, and reached their maxima (1.46μg106cell-1, 7.48FU107cell-1, 3.35nmol108cell-1, 33.41 and 7.23Umg-1 proteins, respectively) in 5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments. While the maximum soluble protein content (1.56μg106cell-1) of the diatom was obtained in 0.5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments, and then decreased with increasing [C12mim]BF4 concentrations from 0.5 to 10mgL-1. These findings provide strong evidence for the potential toxicity of ILs to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Da Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiao-Li Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7132-7189. [PMID: 28125212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as "Ioliomics", studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
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38
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Piotrowska A, Syguda A, Wyrwas B, Chrzanowski Ł, Heipieper HJ. Toxicity evaluation of selected ammonium-based ionic liquid forms with MCPP and dicamba moieties on Pseudomonas putida. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:114-119. [PMID: 27716584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Combination of the hydrophilic herbicidal anion with hydrophobic, antimicrobial ammonium cation allows to obtain compounds in ionic liquid form with better properties then conventional herbicides. Both cation and anion can be modified by selection of herbicide and the length of alkyl chains in cation structure. However the knowledge of their potential toxic effects are still limited. Furthermore, the relation between hydrophobicity associated with the length of alkyl chains and toxicity for ionic liquids has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore we investigated toxic effects of herbicidal ionic liquid forms on growth inhibition, given as EC50, of the common soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida. We thereby concentrated on quaternary ammonium salts. Analyzed compounds were composed of dicamba or MCPP moieties and cation with various alkyl chain lengths (n = 6,8,10) We compared them with commercial herbicides, and ammonium-based ionic liquids with neutral anion (Br-). In addition, cis-trans isomerisation of unsaturated membrane fatty acids in Pseudomonas putida was applied as the proxy for toxicity and membrane activity. We showed that toxicity increased with the length of alkyl chains. However, this correlation is only valid for six and eight carbon atom in alkyl chains, where for n = 10 the EC50 values rise by one order of magnitude. In our studies, the herbicidal ionic liquids [C10,C10,C1,C1N][MCPP] and [C10,C10,C1,C1N][dicamba] showed the lowest toxicity among analyzed quaternary ammonium salts and comparable toxicity with corresponding herbicides. No clear increase in toxicity could be followed by changing the anion moieties for ammonium-based ionic liquid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Syguda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wyrwas
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chrzanowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Spasiano D, Siciliano A, Race M, Marotta R, Guida M, Andreozzi R, Pirozzi F. Biodegradation, ecotoxicity and UV 254/H 2O 2 treatment of imidazole, 1-methyl-imidazole and N,N'-alkyl-imidazolium chlorides in water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:450-460. [PMID: 27764695 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole-based compounds are used as reagents for the manufacturing of other compounds including imidazolium-based ionic liquids, which have been recently proposed as a green alternative to conventional solvents. Since some imidazole-based compounds have been demonstrated to be harmful to aquatic organisms, the removal of imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride from aqueous solutions was attempted by biological oxidation, direct UV254 photolysis, and UV254/H2O2 process at pH 5.5 and 8.5. Results showed that UV254/H2O2 treatment is an effective tool for the removal of the selected compounds at both pHs. In fact, the kinetic constants of the reaction between the photogenerated HO radicals and the four target compounds, estimated by means of both numerical and competition kinetic method, range between 2.32·109 M-1 s-1 and 5.52 ·109 M-1 s-1. Moreover, an ecotoxicity assessment of the contaminated water before and after initial treatment without further processing was assessed by using two living aquatic organisms: Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna. The results of this assessment not only corresponded closely to previous findings (in terms of EC50 values) reported in the literature, but also indicated that, in some cases, UV254/H2O2 oxidation by-products could be even more toxic than parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spasiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - A Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - M Race
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio, 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Marotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - M Guida
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - F Pirozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio, 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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Deng XY, Hu XL, Cheng J, Ma ZX, Gao K. Growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 132:170-177. [PMID: 27318558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine diatom Skeletonema costatum is an important prey in the marine food web and is often used as a standard test organism in ecotoxicological studies. In this study, in vivo experiments were performed to analyze the effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on the growth, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative stress in S. costatum using 96h growth tests with a batch-culture system. The growth of S. costatum was significantly inhibited by [C8mim]Br with 48 and 96h-EC50 of 17.9 and 39.9mgL(-1), respectively. The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and the light use efficiency (α) were inhibited by [C8mim]Br, which affected the growth of S. costatum. Subsequent biochemical assays in S. costatum revealed that [C8mim]Br induced changes of Chl a content, soluble protein content, and SOD activity, which had significant increases in low [C8mim]Br treatments (≤20mgL(-1)), but decreased in high [C8mim]Br exposures (≥40mgL(-1)). The increase of SOD activity at low concentrations (≤20mgL(-1)) may be considered as an active defense of S. costatum against [C8mim]Br stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching. In addition, [C8mim]Br increased ROS level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in S. costatum, suggesting that the physiological effects of [C8mim]Br are resulted from ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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41
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Zhu CJ, Peng Y, Tong ZH, Lu LY, Cui YH, Yu HQ. Hormetic effect and mechanism of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:65-70. [PMID: 27209554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans assay system to investigate in hormetic effects of imidazolium-based bromide Ionic Liquids (ILs) and explored the possible underlying mechanism. Firstly, C. elegans was treated with ILs with different alkyl chain lengths at different concentrations. We found that exposure to ILs at 0.01 mg/L extended the mean lifespan of C. elegans and the ILs with longer alkyl chain showed more obvious effects. To investigate the possible mechanism, the nematodes were exposed to the three ILs at 0.01 mg/L for 2, 5, 7, 9 and 11 days. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. elegans increased significantly when treated for 2 days and then declined gradually compared to those of respective controls as time went on. After exposure for 11 days, the ROS levels and liposuscin accumulation were significantly lower in the treated groups than those of control group. Meanwhile, the expression of aging-related genes sod-5 and daf-16 were both massively up-regulated for the three ILs examined. Our results show that low concentration of ILs exert hormetic effect on C. elegans. ROS generation and expression of aging-related genes may play important roles in the IL-induced hormetic effect on C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jie Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Li-Ya Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yin-Hua Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Liu T, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Zhang J. Biological responses of Vicia faba seedlings to the imidazolium-based ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1502-1510. [PMID: 26517735 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there are a few studies on the toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs), relatively little is known about their toxic effects on plants in soil. In the present study, the toxic effects of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Hmim]Cl) in the soil on Vicia faba seedlings and the influences of [Hmim]Cl on the physicochemical properties of the soil were studied. Organic matter content, pH, and conductivity of the tested soil were significantly altered at [Hmim]Cl concentrations greater than 1000 mg kg(-1) . Moreover, shoot length, root length, dry weight, and pigment content of the V. faba seedlings were greatly inhibited when the [Hmim]Cl concentration was greater than 500 mg kg(-1) . The roots were the most seriously affected organ and stopped growing at 3000 mg kg(-1) . In addition, [Hmim]Cl caused an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species at [Hmim]Cl concentrations above 250 mg kg(-1) that resulted in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the V. faba seedlings. The present study provides information that is useful for evaluation of the environmental safety of ILs in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1502-1510. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, People's Republic of China
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Wang D. Biological effects, translocation, and metabolism of quantum dots in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1003-1011. [PMID: 30090407 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00056h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), semiconductor nanomaterials with tiny light-emitting particles, act as important alternatives to conventional fluorescent dyes for biomedical imaging. With the increased tendency towards QD applications, concerns about the likelihood of adverse health impacts from exposure to QDs have also received attention. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important non-mammalian alternative model for the toxicological study of environmental toxicants including engineered nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biological effects, translocation, and metabolism of QDs in the in vivo assay system of C. elegans. Moreover, certain perspectives or suggestions are further raised for the future toxicological study of QDs in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education , Medical School , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China .
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44
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Liu X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang J, Shao Y, Zhu L. Biochemical responses and DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) induced by ionic liquid [omim]PF6. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6836-6844. [PMID: 26667645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids that are not that "green" to many organisms have recently been identified. This study examined the subchronic toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim]PF6) to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Earthworms were exposed for a 28-day period (sampled on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD)), detoxifying enzyme (glutathione S-transferase (GST)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were measured. ROS significantly accumulated in all the treatment groups; the maximum ROS content was 51.9% higher than the control at 40 mg/kg [omim]PF6 on day 28. Increased SOD activities attenuated over the time of exposure, while the CAT activities of the treatment groups were similar to the controls, except on day 14. Furthermore, the activities of POD and GST were stimulated. Lipid peroxidation in earthworms was not apparent at 5 and 10 mg/kg [omim]PF6 but was quite obvious at 40 mg/kg [omim]PF6. In addition, DNA damage was dose- and time-dependent. In conclusion, [omim]PF6 caused oxidative stress and genotoxicity in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Shao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Biczak R. Quaternary ammonium salts with tetrafluoroborate anion: Phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in terrestrial plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:173-85. [PMID: 26551221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of four quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TEA][BF4], tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TBA][BF4], tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate [THA][BF4], and tetraoctylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TOA][BF4] on the growth and development of spring barley and common radish. Analogous tests were performed with the inorganic salt ammonium tetrafluoroborate [A][BF4] for comparison purposes. Results indicated that the phytotoxicity of the QAS applied is dependent on the concentration of the substance and their number of carbon atoms. The most toxic compound was [TBA][BF4], causing the greatest drop in fresh weight of both study plants, similar to the phytotoxic effects of [A][BF4]. All the tested compounds caused oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish seedlings due to a drop in the chlorophyll content. Stress was also observed in plants, which was indicated by the increased level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) such as H2O2 and lipid peroxidation of MDA (malondialdehyde). Due to the stress, both plants displayed changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that changes in chlorophyll levels and peroxidase activity are the best biomarkers to determine oxidative stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
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Guo Y, Liu T, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J, Zhu L, Yang J. Biochemical and genetic toxicity of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:411-418. [PMID: 26671879 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids also known as "green solvents," are used in many fields. However, the dispersion of ionic liquids in soil systems is likely to cause damage to soil organisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8 mim]Cl) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). For this purpose, earthworms were exposed to different concentrations of [C8 mim]Cl (0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg artificial soil) and sampled at 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d. The results indicated that [C8 mim]Cl could cause an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in earthworms, even at the lowest concentration (5 mg/kg). Compared with the controls, during the [C8 mim]Cl exposure period, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased and then increased, whereas the activities of peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased. These changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and GST indicated that [C8 mim]Cl could induce oxidative damage in earthworms. The malondialdehyde content was increased by high levels of [C8 mim]Cl at 14 d and 28 d, indicating that [C8 mim]Cl could lead to lipid peroxidation in earthworms. In addition, the degree of DNA damage significantly increased with increasing [C8 mim]Cl concentrations and exposure time. The present study shows that [C8 mim]Cl caused biochemical and genetic toxicity in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
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47
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Piotrowska A, Syguda A, Chrzanowski Ł, Heipieper HJ. Toxicity of synthetic herbicides containing 2,4-D and MCPA moieties towards Pseudomonas putida mt-2 and its response at the level of membrane fatty acid composition. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:107-12. [PMID: 26347932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the attempts to create more effective herbicidal compounds includes the use of ionic liquids. Herbicidal ionic liquids have more effective biological activity, they are less volatile, more thermally stable, and exhibit superior efficiency in comparison to typically employed herbicides, allowing the reduction of the herbicide dose applied per hectare. However, studies on the environmental toxicity of this group of compounds are very rarely available. Environmental toxicity is an important factor, showing the concentration of compounds that has negative effects on soil bacteria including those responsible for biodegradation processes. Therefore, potential toxicity of four herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) precursors containing 2,4-D and MCPA moieties was tested with the well investigated model organism for toxicity and adaptation, Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Results were compared to those obtained for commercial 2,4-D and MCPA herbicides. Next to growth inhibition, given as EC50, changes in the isomerisation of cis to trans unsaturated fatty acids were applied as proxy for cellular stress adaptation to toxic substances. The results revealed that all investigated precursors of HILs showed lower toxicity compared to commercialized synthetic herbicides 2,4-D and MCPA. The collected data on toxicity of HILs together with their physico-chemical properties might be useful for assessing the potential risk of the environmental pollution as well as guidelines for setting the legislation for their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo, 460-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Syguda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo, 460-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chrzanowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo, 460-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Zhang B, Jing C, Li X, Wang J. Effect of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on the expressions of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and GSTP1, and the receptors AhR, ARNT, and PXR in HepG2 cells. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1092992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Megaw J, Thompson TP, Lafferty RA, Gilmore BF. Galleria mellonella as a novel in vivo model for assessment of the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:197-201. [PMID: 26121605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The larval form of the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) was evaluated as a model system for the study of the acute in vivo toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. 24-h median lethal dose (LD50) values for nine of these ionic liquids bearing alkyl chain substituents ranging from 2 to 18 carbon atoms were determined. The in vivo toxicity of the ionic liquids was found to correlate directly with the length of the alkyl chain substituent, and the pattern of toxicity observed was in accordance with previous studies of ionic liquid toxicity in other living systems, including a characteristic toxicity 'cut-off' effect. However, G. mellonella appeared to be more susceptible to the toxic effects of the ionic liquids tested, possibly as a result of their high body fat content. The results obtained in this study indicate that G. mellonella represents a sensitive, reliable and robust in vivo model organism for the evaluation of ionic liquid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Megaw
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Thomas P Thompson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Ryan A Lafferty
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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50
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Liu H, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chen C. Growth inhibition and effect on photosystem by three imidazolium chloride ionic liquids in rice seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:440-8. [PMID: 25603293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of three imidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) including 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid ([OMIM]Cl), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid ([DMIM]Cl) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid ([C12MIM]Cl) were studied in hydroponically grown rice seedlings. The growth inhibition rate increased and the Hill reaction activity of isolated rice chloroplasts decreased with increasing ILs concentrations. The IC50,5d for stem length was 0.70 mg/L of [OMIM]Cl, 0.15 mg/L of [DMIM]Cl, and 0.055 mg/L of [C12MIM]Cl, respectively. The SOD, POD and CAT activities of chloroplast exhibited initial increases followed by decreases in activity with increasing ILs concentrations. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as the maximum effective quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm), the potential activity of PSII(Fv/F0), the yield of photochemical quantum [Y(II)], the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and the relative electron transport ratio (rETR) were affected, showing that ILs will damage the PSII. The results demonstrated that imidazolium chloride ILs are phytotoxic to rice growth and their photosystem, the toxicity increased as the alkyl chain length increased with the following order: [OMIM]Cl<[DMIM]Cl<[C12MIM]Cl. The results will help to better understand the possible role of the defense mechanism in rice caused by ILs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China; Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Caidong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
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