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Limbu S, Glasgow E, Block T, Dakshanamurthy S. A Machine-Learning-Driven Pathophysiology-Based New Approach Method for the Dose-Dependent Assessment of Hazardous Chemical Mixtures and Experimental Validations. TOXICS 2024; 12:481. [PMID: 39058133 PMCID: PMC11281031 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals, such as PFAS, exist as mixtures and are frequently encountered at varying concentrations, which can lead to serious health effects, such as cancer. Therefore, understanding the dose-dependent toxicity of chemical mixtures is essential for health risk assessment. However, comprehensive methods to assess toxicity and identify the mechanisms of these harmful mixtures are currently absent. In this study, the dose-dependent toxicity assessments of chemical mixtures are performed in three methodologically distinct phases. In the first phase, we evaluated our machine-learning method (AI-HNN) and pathophysiology method (CPTM) for predicting toxicity. In the second phase, we integrated AI-HNN and CPTM to establish a comprehensive new approach method (NAM) framework called AI-CPTM that is targeted at refining prediction accuracy and providing a comprehensive understanding of toxicity mechanisms. The third phase involved experimental validations of the AI-CPTM predictions. Initially, we developed binary, multiclass classification, and regression models to predict binary, categorical toxicity, and toxic potencies using nearly a thousand experimental mixtures. This empirical dataset was expanded with assumption-based virtual mixtures, compensating for the lack of experimental data and broadening the scope of the dataset. For comparison, we also developed machine-learning models based on RF, Bagging, AdaBoost, SVR, GB, KR, DT, KN, and Consensus methods. The AI-HNN achieved overall accuracies of over 80%, with the AUC exceeding 90%. In the final phase, we demonstrated the superior performance and predictive capability of AI-CPTM, including for PFAS mixtures and their interaction effects, through rigorous literature and statistical validations, along with experimental dose-response zebrafish-embryo toxicity assays. Overall, the AI-CPTM approach significantly improves upon the limitations of standalone AI models, showing extensive enhancements in identifying toxic chemicals and mixtures and their mechanisms. This study is the first to develop a hybrid NAM that integrates AI with a pathophysiology method to comprehensively predict chemical-mixture toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Oliveira Pereira EA, Labine LM, Kleywegt S, Jobst KJ, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolomics revealed disruptions in amino acid and antioxidant biochemistry in Daphnia magna exposed to industrial effluents associated with plastic and polymer production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117547. [PMID: 37949288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewater effluents are a major source of chemicals in aquatic environments, and many of these chemicals may negatively impact aquatic life. In this study, the crustacean Daphnia magna, a common model organism in ecotoxicity studies, was exposed for 48 h to nine different industrial effluent samples from manufacturing facilities associated with the production of plastics, polymers, and coating products at a range of dilutions: 10, 25, 50, 100% (undiluted). A targeted metabolomic-based approach using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify polar metabolites from individual daphnids that survived the 48 h exposure. Multivariate analyses and metabolite changes revealed metabolic perturbations across all effluent samples studied, with non-monotonic responses and both up and downregulation relative to the unexposed control. Pathway analyses indicated the disruption of similar and distinct pathways, mostly connected to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and antioxidant processes. Overall, we observed disruptions in Daphnia biochemistry that were similar across the effluent samples, but with unique features for each effluent sample. Additionally, non-monotonic heightened responses suggested additive and/or synergistic interactions between the chemicals within the industrial effluents. These findings demonstrate that targeted metabolomic approaches are a powerful tool for the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems in the context of complex mixtures, such as industrial wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico A Oliveira Pereira
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Lisa M Labine
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, M4V 1M2, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Ave., St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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3
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Dong Y, Cai D, Liu C, Zhao S, Wang L. Combined cytotoxicity of phthalate esters on HepG2 cells: A comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 180:114034. [PMID: 37703926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), widely used as plasticizers, may pose a potential environmental and human hazard. The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)) after their exposure to HepG2 cells alone or in combination. HepG2 cells treated with individual/combined DEHP and DBP at a dose of 10-2 M for 24 h were selected for metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The results demonstrated that exposure to the mixtures of DEHP and DBP caused enhanced or reduced toxic effects regarding 8 pathways with 1065 downregulated genes and 643 upregulated genes, in comparison with those of single chemicals. The combined toxicity of mixture revealed both synergistic and antagonistic interactions between DEHP and DBP. Besides, combined exposure to DEHP and DBP promoted TCA cycle, pyrimidine, and purine metabolism, while an antagonistic effect on fatty acid derangement should require further investigation. To summarize, our results suggest that DEHP exposed alone or combined with DBP caused a variety of metabolic disorders, and the type of combination effects varied among metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Da Cai
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Shancang Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
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4
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Sánchez-Argüello P, Franco D, Fernández MD. Combined cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles and chlorpyrifos in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mikyss, gonadal cell line RTG-2. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106612. [PMID: 37331202 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in aquatic organisms has been extensively studied, but little information is available on the effects associated with their interaction with other contaminants. In this context, the in vitro effects of co-exposure of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and ZnO NPs on fish-derived cells were investigated. A selection of concentrations was tested in single and binary exposures: CPF (0.312 - 75 mg/L) and ZnO NPs (10 - 100 mg/L). Cytotoxicity was measured using commonly used cellular endpoints: Alamar Blue/CFDA-AM for viability and plasma membrane integrity, NRU for lysosomal disruption and MTT for mitochondrial function. In addition, specific mechanisms of toxicity for CPF and ZnO NPs were tested: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and ROS generation, respectively. AChE was by far the most sensitive assay for single exposure to CPF. There was no concentration-response relationship for ROS after single exposure to ZnO NPs, but 10 mg/L produced significant effects only for this cellular endpoint. Co-exposure of CPF with 10 m/L of ZnO NPs produced significant effects in almost all endpoints tested, which were enhanced by co-exposure with 100 mg/L of ZnO NPs. AChE testing of additional co-exposures with bulk ZnO, together with the application of the Independent Action (IA) prediction model, which allowed us to draw more in-depth conclusions on the toxicological behavior of the mixture. Synergism was observed at 0.625 mg/L CPF concentration and antagonism at 5 mg/L CPF in mixtures containing 100 mg/L of both ZnO NPs and bulk ZnO. However, more cases of synergism between CPF and ZnO NPs occurred at intermediate CPF concentrations, demonstrating that nano-sized particles have a more toxic interaction with CPF than bulk ZnO. Therefore it can be argued that in vitro assays allow the identification of interaction profiles of NP-containing mixtures by achieving multiple endpoints with a large number of concentration combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Sánchez-Argüello
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment and Agronomy, INIA-CSIC (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Food Research and Technology-CSIC), A Coruña, km 7.5. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Franco
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment and Agronomy, INIA-CSIC (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Food Research and Technology-CSIC), A Coruña, km 7.5. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Fernández
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment and Agronomy, INIA-CSIC (National Institute for Agricultural Research and Food Research and Technology-CSIC), A Coruña, km 7.5. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tommasi F, Thomas PJ, Lyons DM, Pagano G, Oral R, Siciliano A, Toscanesi M, Guida M, Trifuoggi M. Evaluation of Rare Earth Element-Associated Hormetic Effects in Candidate Fertilizers and Livestock Feed Additives. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2573-2581. [PMID: 35715718 PMCID: PMC10020260 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are recognized as emerging contaminants with implications in human and environmental health. Apart from their adverse effects, REEs have been reported as having positive effects when amended to fertilizers and livestock feed additives, thus suggesting a hormetic trend, implying a concentration-related shift from stimulation to inhibition and toxicity, with analogous trends that have been assessed for a number of xenobiotics. In view of optimizing the success of REE mixtures in stimulating crop yield and/or livestock growth or egg production, one should foresee the comparative concentration-related effects of individual REEs (e.g., Ce and La) vs. their mixtures, which may display distinct trends. The results might prompt further explorations on the use of REE mixtures vs. single REEs aimed at optimizing the preparation of fertilizers and feed additives, in view of the potential recognition of their use in agronomy and zootechny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tommasi
- Department of Biology, "Aldo Moro" Bari University, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Center - Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Daniel M Lyons
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-52210 , Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Giovanni Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, via Cintia, I-80126 , Naples, Italy.
| | - Rahime Oral
- Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, TR-35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Maria Toscanesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, via Cintia, I-80126 , Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 , Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, via Cintia, I-80126 , Naples, Italy
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6
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Nweke CO, Nwangwu OR, Okechi RN, Araka NN, Ogbonna CJ. Statistical modeling of hormesis quantities in inverted U-shaped dose-response relationships by reparameterization of a bilogistic model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:1003-1023. [PMID: 36433811 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2138056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Statistical procedures that allow quantitative determination of hormesis features are required for quantitative characterization of hormesis to provide information on the biphasic dose-response phenomenon and its variability. Only a direct estimate of individual effective doses in hormetic dose-response relationships is possible using prior extensions of the bilogistic model of Beckon and coworkers. This study presented further extensions of the model to determine the toxic potency and hormetic dose zone by estimating two effective doses simultaneously. In addition, the extended models allow for partitioning the hormetic dose zone through the dose of maximum stimulation. This study demonstrated a 4-step statistical modeling approach to quantify 20 hormesis quantities. The applicability and challenges of the mathematical procedures are discussed based on a few examples of hormetic dose-response relationships. The syntaxes for the analyses were provided as Appendix to demonstrate its implementation in SAS® statistical software. Given the variability of hormetic dose-responses generated from toxicological studies in many disciplines, the proposed approach cannot apply to all dose-response patterns. However, we hope the proposed extensions could provide versatile statistical tools for quantitatively exploring a variety of biphasic dose-response curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O Nweke
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Oluchukwu R Nwangwu
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Reuben N Okechi
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Nnamdi N Araka
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi J Ogbonna
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
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7
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Mittal K, Ewald J, Basu N. Transcriptomic Points of Departure Calculated from Rainbow Trout Gill, Liver, and Gut Cell Lines Exposed to Methylmercury and Fluoxetine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1982-1992. [PMID: 35622055 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethical and resource limitation concerns are pushing chemicals management to develop alternatives to animal testing strategies. The objective of our study was to determine whether transcriptomic point of departure (tPOD) values could be derived from studies that followed Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test No. 249 (rainbow trout gill cell line), as well as from studies on trout liver and gut cells. Gill, liver, and gut cell lines were exposed to methylmercury and fluoxetine. Concentrations causing 50% cytotoxicity (LC50) were derived, the whole transcriptome was sequenced, and gene tPOD and pathway benchmark dose (BMD) values were derived from transcriptomic dose-response analysis. Differences in LC50 and transcriptomic responses across the cell lines were noted. For methylmercury, the tPODmode values were 14.5, 20.5, and 17.8 ppb for the gill, liver, and gut cells, respectively. The most sensitive pathway (pathway BMDs in parentheses) was ferroptosis in the gill (3.1 ppb) and liver (3.5 ppb), and glutathione metabolism in the gut (6.6 ppb). For fluoxetine, the tPODmode values were 109.4, 108.4, and 97.4 ppb for the gill, liver, and gut cells, respectively. The most sensitive pathway was neurotrophin signaling in the gill (147 ppb) and dopaminergic signaling in the gut (86.3 ppb). For both chemicals, the gene tPOD and pathway BMD values were lower than cytotoxic concentrations in vitro, and within 10-fold below the in vivo LC50s. By bringing together transcriptomics and dose-response analysis with an OECD test method in three cell lines, the results help to establish an in vitro method yielding tPOD values that are hypothesized to be protective of in vivo concentrations associated with adverse outcomes, and also give insights into mechanisms of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1982-1992. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Mittal
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Ewald
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bouzas‐Monroy A, Wilkinson JL, Melling M, Boxall ABA. Assessment of the Potential Ecotoxicological Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the World's Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2008-2020. [PMID: 35730333 PMCID: PMC9544786 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During their production, use, and disposal, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are released into aquatic systems. Because they are biologically active molecules, APIs have the potential to adversely affect nontarget organisms. We used the results of a global monitoring study of 61 APIs alongside available ecotoxicological and pharmacological data to assess the potential ecotoxicological effects of APIs in rivers across the world. Approximately 43.5% (461 sites) of the 1052 sampling locations monitored across 104 countries in a recent global study had concentrations of APIs of concern based on apical, nonapical, and mode of action-related endpoints. Approximately 34.1% of the 137 sampling campaigns had at least one location where concentrations were of ecotoxicological concern. Twenty-three APIs occurred at concentrations exceeding "safe" concentrations, including substances from the antidepressant, antimicrobial, antihistamine, β-blocker, anticonvulsant, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, antifungal, calcium channel blocker, benzodiazepine, painkiller, progestin, and lifestyle compound classes. At the most polluted sites, effects are predicted on different trophic levels and on different endpoint types. Overall, the results show that API pollution is a global problem that is likely negatively affecting the health of the world's rivers. To meet the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, work is urgently needed to tackle the problem and bring concentrations down to an acceptable level. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2008-2020. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Melling
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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Omotola EO, Oluwole AO, Oladoye PO, Olatunji OS. Occurrence, detection and ecotoxicity studies of selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous ecosystems- a systematic appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 91:103831. [PMID: 35151848 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) have globally emerged as a significant group of environmental contaminants due to the constant detection of their residues in the environment. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the African occurrence of selected PCs in environmental matrices in comparison with those outside Africa and their respective toxic actions on both aquatic and non-aquatic biota through ecotoxicity bioassays. To achieve this objective, the study focused on commonly used and detected pharmaceutical drugs (residues). Based on the conducted literature survey, Africa has the highest levels of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, lamivudine, acetaminophen, and diclofenac while Europe has the lowest of all these PC residues in her physical environments. For ecotoxicity bioassays, the few data available are mostly on individual groups of pharmaceuticals whereas there is sparsely available data on their combined forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oyinkansola Omotola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu Ode PMB 2118, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Peter Olusakin Oladoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States
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Embryonic toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on Javanese medaka ( Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854). Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1039-1045. [PMID: 32913717 PMCID: PMC7472802 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 96 h LC50 of 3,4-dichloroaniline in Javanese medaka embryo is 32.87 mg.L−1. 3,4-DCA lowers heart rate of developing Javanese medaka embryos. The sublethal concentration of 3,4-DCA delays hatching in Javanese medaka embryo. The LOEC for deformities in embryos of Javanese medaka was 0.5 mg.L−1.
Early-life exposure to toxic chemicals causes irreversible morphological and physiological abnormalities that may last for a lifetime. The present study aimed to determine the toxicity effect of 3,4-Dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos. Healthy embryos were exposed to various 3,4-DCA concentrations for acute toxicity (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg.L−1) and sublethal toxicity (0.10, 0.50, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg.L−1) for 96 h and 20 days respectively. Acute toxicity test revealed that the median lethal concentration (96h-LC50) was 32.87 mg.L−1 (95 % CI = 27.90–38.74, R2 = 0.95). Sublethal exposure revealed that 1.25 mg.L-1 at 3 days post-exposure (3 dpe) has a significant lower heartrate (120 ± 12.3 beats/min., p < 0.01), while at 7 dpe those exposed to 5 mg.L−1 (141.8 ± 8.3 beats/min) had significantly (p < 0.01) lower heart rate compared to other treatments. Likewise, at 13 dpe, 5.00 mg.L−1 (110.4 ± 17.3 beats/min) and 2.5 mg.L-1 (130.4 ± 8.3 beats/min) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) compared to control. None of the embryos in 5.00 mg.L−1 and 2.50 mg.L-1 treatment groups survived at the end of the experiment. The results indicated a concentration-dependent response. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) that exerted developmental deformities was 0.5 mg.L−1. Javanese medaka embryo have low sensitivity to acute toxicity of 3,4-DCA, but developmental abnormalities at sublethal concentrations were observed.
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Rodrigues ET, Varela AT, Pardal MA, Sardão VA. Cell-based assays as an alternative for the study of aquatic toxicity of pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7145-7155. [PMID: 31883075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number and amount of pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use currently reach the aquatic environment, and the determination of their effects on aquatic organisms becomes of major importance. The 96-h fish lethal test is one of the conventional assays required for environmental hazardous assessment, but it is extremely time-consuming and costly, and it raises ethical concerns. In a broad study, we compared the ability of cell-based assays to detect, in absolute terms, lethal toxicity in fish due to pharmaceuticals in order to select sensitive cell lines to be posteriorly used as an alternative to fish testing. This study also explored the sensitivity of the rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cell line and the suitability of the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay regarding 15 pharmaceuticals belonging to 9 different therapeutic classes. The relation between in vivo and in vitro data was expressed as LC50,96h/EC50 ratios, and 66% of concordant data were attained. Accordingly, it was possible to conclude that cell-based assays could be considered a suitable alternative to fish lethal testing for pharmaceuticals, which, after validation, may dramatically reduce the number of fish required for environmental hazardous assessment. Several cell lines were selected as promising alternatives, but H9c2(2-1), HepG2, PLHC-1, and RTG-2 could be considered suitable starting cell types for further studies, as relevant results were obtained with low exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana T Varela
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Lot 8A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
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Matus GN, Pereira BVR, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Costa MJ, Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos A, Nunes B. Behavior and histopathology as biomarkers for evaluation of the effects of paracetamol and propranolol in the neotropical fish species Phalloceros harpagos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28601-28618. [PMID: 30094668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs in the aquatic environment can induce adverse effects on nontarget organisms. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects of sublethal concentrations of both paracetamol and propranolol on the fish Phalloceros harpagos, specifically light/dark preference, swimming patterns, skin pigmentation, histopathology, and liver glycogen levels. Fish were acutely exposed to sublethal concentrations of both paracetamol (0.008, 0.08, 0.8, 8, 80 mg L-1) and propranolol (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg L-1) under controlled conditions. For scototaxis, a significant preference for the dark compartment was observed for the group exposed to the highest concentration of paracetamol (80 mg L-1). Propranolol exposure significantly altered the swimming pattern, especially in fish exposed to the 0.001 mg L-1 concentration. Pigmentation was reduced in propranolol-exposed fish (0.1, 1 mg L-1). The lowest concentration of propranolol (0.0001 mg L-1) induced a decrease of histochemical reaction for hepatic glycogen. These data demonstrate that pharmaceuticals can induce sublethal effects in nontarget organisms, even at low concentrations, compromising specific functions of the individual with ecological relevance, such as energy balance and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Nolazco Matus
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Beatriz V R Pereira
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Monica Jones Costa
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGBMA), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Campus Sorocaba, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM, Laboratório Associado), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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13
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Bain PA, Kumar A. In vitro nuclear receptor inhibition and cytotoxicity of hydraulic fracturing chemicals and their binary mixtures. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:565-573. [PMID: 29433907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) in oil and gas extraction operations has led to concern over environmental risks posed by chemicals used in HF fluids. Here we employed a suite of stable luciferase reporter gene assays to investigate the potential for selected HF chemicals or geogenics to activate or antagonise nuclear receptor signalling. We screened three biocides (bronopol [BP], glutaraldehyde [GA], and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate [THPS]), a surfactant (2-butoxyethanol), a friction reducer (polyacrylamide), and a coal seam geogenic (o-cresol) for their potential to act as agonists or antagonists of the estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). None of the chemicals induced luciferase activity in any of assays used in the study. In antagonistic mode, BP, GA and THPS caused reductions in luciferase activity in the reporter assays at higher concentrations (50-100 μM), while at low concentrations (2-10 μM) GA and THPS enhanced luciferase activity in some assays relative to controls. None of the other tested chemicals exhibited antagonism in the selected assays. In most cases, altered receptor signalling only occurred at concentrations exhibiting cytotoxicity. However, PPARγ activity, and to a lesser extent PR activity, were inhibited by THPS at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. The majority of binary combinations tested exhibited significantly less-than-additive cytotoxicity, and none of the combinations exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that the selected chemicals are not likely to function as direct agonists of the nuclear receptors tested, and only one chemical, THPS was an apparent partial antagonist of two nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bain
- CSIRO Land & Water, Locked bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Anu Kumar
- CSIRO Land & Water, Locked bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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14
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Renieri EA, Sfakianakis DG, Alegakis AA, Safenkova IV, Buha A, Matović V, Tzardi M, Dzantiev BB, Divanach P, Kentouri M, Tsatsakis AM. Nonlinear responses to waterborne cadmium exposure in zebrafish. An in vivo study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 157:173-181. [PMID: 28570961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has proved to be associated with numerous toxic effects in aquatic organisms via waterborne exposure. With a view to investigate Cd toxicity along a broad spectrum of exposures reaching from environmental to toxic, we employed adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) for an in vivo study. A number of 10 fish per tank were placed in 40L tanks and were exposed for 30 days to 0.0, 5.0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 1000μgCd per liter. There were 2 tanks for each Cd exposure (duplicate experiment). Mortality was recorded daily, dead fish were collected and tissue samples were obtained for histologic observation, whereas remaining tissues were stored for Cd burden determination. Surviving fish were collected at the end of the experiment. Median overall survival (OS) in days was found to be 9.0, 11.0, 8.0 and 7.0 for 25μg/L, 50μg/L, 75μg/L and 100μg/L respectively, with all of them showing mortality greater than 50%. Remarkably, fish exposed to the highest Cd concentration (1000μg/L) survived the longest exhibiting a mean OS of 29.2 days. Cd determination in fish tissue was conducted with an in house ICP-MS method and levels ranged from 3.1 to 29.1ng/mg. Log Cd tissue levels were significantly correlated with the log Cd exposure levels (r = 0.535, p < 0.001). The highest Cd burden was determined for fish exposed to 1000μgCd /L (mean = 12.2ng/mg). Histopathology supported these results. Our findings disclose a deviation in toxic responses through the range of Cd concentrations, leading to nonlinear responses. These differentiated responses, could be linked to hormesis phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet A Renieri
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Irina V Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Buha
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Matović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Laboratory of Pathology, University General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pascal Divanach
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Iraklion, Crete, Greece
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15
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Belz RG, Piepho HP. Predicting biphasic responses in binary mixtures: Pelargonic acid versus glyphosate. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:88-98. [PMID: 28319746 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicting hormesis in mixtures is challenging, but essential considering that chemical exposures often occur in mixtures and at low doses. This study investigated mixture effects with two herbicides prone to induce hormesis and to interact, namely pelargonic acid versus glyphosate. Five independent mixture experiments were conducted in vitro to assess effects on root growth of lettuce. Mixture effects on the dose were analyzed using classical joint-action models in terms of deviation from the reference model of concentration addition. For effects on the hormetic magnitude (ymax), a linear reference model was utilized. Hormesis was inconsistent across rays, so that effects on inhibitory doses and ymax could be evaluated, but not effects on hormetic doses. Mixture effects on the dose were additive at lower doses changing to strong high-dose synergism. Mixture effects on ymax followed a linear change with mixture ratio or significantly deviated from linearity with a one-sided trend across rays in two experiments. The trend was antipodal between experiments, but well described by a curved ymax model based on single dose-response relationships. Atypical ymax deviations were associated with strong synergism at ED50, suggesting that the linearity model applies for chemicals showing no/minor interaction at ED50, while for strongly interacting chemicals ymax predictions seem more critical. The study unambiguously proved synergism on the dose for pelargonic acid versus glyphosate and indicated an impact of these joint effects on ymax. The study confirms the predictability of hormesis in mixtures and provides a further methodological step towards an incorporation of hormesis into mixture-toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina G Belz
- University of Hohenheim, Agroecology Unit, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- University of Hohenheim, Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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16
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Lachner D, Oliveira LF, Martinez CB. Effects of the water soluble fraction of gasoline on ZFL cell line: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Veroli GYD, Fornari C, Goldlust I, Mills G, Koh SB, Bramhall JL, Richards FM, Jodrell DI. An automated fitting procedure and software for dose-response curves with multiphasic features. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14701. [PMID: 26424192 PMCID: PMC4589737 DOI: 10.1038/srep14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer pharmacology (and many other areas), most dose-response curves are satisfactorily described by a classical Hill equation (i.e. 4 parameters logistical). Nevertheless, there are instances where the marked presence of more than one point of inflection, or the presence of combined agonist and antagonist effects, prevents straight-forward modelling of the data via a standard Hill equation. Here we propose a modified model and automated fitting procedure to describe dose-response curves with multiphasic features. The resulting general model enables interpreting each phase of the dose-response as an independent dose-dependent process. We developed an algorithm which automatically generates and ranks dose-response models with varying degrees of multiphasic features. The algorithm was implemented in new freely available Dr Fit software (sourceforge.net/projects/drfit/). We show how our approach is successful in describing dose-response curves with multiphasic features. Additionally, we analysed a large cancer cell viability screen involving 11650 dose-response curves. Based on our algorithm, we found that 28% of cases were better described by a multiphasic model than by the Hill model. We thus provide a robust approach to fit dose-response curves with various degrees of complexity, which, together with the provided software implementation, should enable a wide audience to easily process their own data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Goldlust
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Graham Mills
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jo L Bramhall
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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18
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Lacaze E, Pédelucq J, Fortier M, Brousseau P, Auffret M, Budzinski H, Fournier M. Genotoxic and immunotoxic potential effects of selected psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) hemocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:177-186. [PMID: 25829077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of pharmaceuticals towards aquatic invertebrates is still poorly understood and sometimes controversial. This study aims to document the in vitro genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on Mytilus edulis. Mussel hemocytes were exposed to fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and erythromycin, at concentrations ranging from μg/L to mg/L. Paroxetine at 1.5 μg/L led to DNA damage while the same concentration of venlafaxine caused immunomodulation. Fluoxetine exposure resulted in genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and cytotoxicity. In the case of antibiotics, trimethoprim was genotoxic at 200 μg/L and immunotoxic at 20 mg/L whereas erythromycin elicited same detrimental effects at higher concentrations. DNA metabolism seems to be a highly sensitive target for psychotropic drugs and antibiotics. Furthermore, these compounds affect the immune system of bivalves, with varying intensity. This attests the relevance of these endpoints to assess the toxic mode of action of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacaze
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada.
| | - Julie Pédelucq
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada; EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Marlène Fortier
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Pauline Brousseau
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Michel Auffret
- LEMAR UMR CNRS 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29 280 Plouzane, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada.
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19
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Saravanan M, Hur JH, Arul N, Ramesh M. Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:948-958. [PMID: 25461555 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the toxicity of most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment namely clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF) was investigated in an Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Fingerlings of C. mrigala were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10 and 100μgL(-1)) of CA and DCF for a period of 96h (short term) and 35 days (long term). The toxic effects of CA and DCF on thyroid hormones (THs) such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were evaluated. During the short and long-term exposure period TSH level was found to be decreased at all concentrations of CA (except at the end of 14(th) day in 1 and 10μgL(-l) and 21(st) day in 1μgL(-l)) whereas in DCF exposed fish TSH level was found to be increased when compared to control groups. T4 level was found to be decreased at 1 and 100μgL(-l) of CA exposure at the end of 96h. However, T4 level was decreased at all concentrations of CA and DCF during long-term (35 days) exposure period. Fish exposed to all concentrations of CA and DCF had lower level of T3 in both the treatments. These results suggest that both CA and DCF drugs induced significant changes (P<0.01 and P<0.05) on thyroid hormonal levels of C. mrigala. The alterations of these hormonal levels can be used as potential biomarkers in monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Saravanan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India; Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Hur
- Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womens University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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