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Penalva-Olcina R, Juan C, Fernández-Franzón M, Vehniäinen ER, Juan-García A. Daphnia magna model for the study of mycotoxins present in food: Gliotoxin, ochratoxin A and its combination. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114740. [PMID: 38759715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds present in food and feed. Although their effects on human health have been widely described, their mechanisms of action are still undefined. Gliotoxin (GTX) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are among the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. Therefore, their toxicity was studied in the Daphnia magna model, which has high capacity to predict cytotoxicity and assess ecotoxicity, comparable to mammalian models. The study consisted of a series of tests to evaluate the effects of mycotoxins GTX, OTA and their combinations at different dilutions on Daphnia magna that were conducted according to standardized OECD 202 and 211 guidelines. The following assays were carried out: acute toxicity test, heartbeat, delayed toxicity test, reproduction, growth rate test. Reproducibility was determined by observing the offspring after 21 days of GTX exposure. In acute and delayed toxicity transcript levels of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (mox, gst, abcb1, and abcc5), and oxidative stress (vtg-SOD) were analyzed by qPCR. GTX showed acute toxicity and decreased heart rate in D. magna compared to OTA. On the other hand, OTA showed a delayed effect as evidenced by the immobility test. Both mycotoxins showed to increase genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, while only the mycotoxin mixture increased oxidative stress. These results suggest that the mycotoxins tested could have negative impact on the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Penalva-Olcina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, University of Valencia, València, Spain; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, University of Valencia, València, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, University of Valencia, València, Spain
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, University of Valencia, València, Spain.
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2
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He W, Sun P, Zhao Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Hao N, Li Y. Source toxicity characteristics of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in multi-environmental media: Product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration control through silica methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162861. [PMID: 36931521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP/MCCP) have been widely studied because of their extensive environmental hazards. In this study, product source toxicity, molecular source toxicity and food chain migration of SCCP and MCCP in multi-environmental media were comprehensively considered. The additive combination of SCCP and MCCP in the air, water and soil environment was adjusted, and PVC, PU and rubber products with the lowest source toxicity were screened. The source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the water environment was inhibited by design of the feed additive addition scheme (highest inhibition was 16.29 %), and the source toxicity of SCCP and MCCP in the soil environment was affected by different field management measures (highest inhibition was 38.22 %). A forage fertilizer addition plan, a cattle feed addition plan and a special population healthy complementary food regulation plan were developed to prevent the migration step by step and absorption of SCCP and MCCP in the terrestrial food chain. In addition, by means of density functional theory and analysis of key amino acid residues, the mechanism of toxicity difference between SCCP and MCCP was analyzed from the level of chemical interaction, and rationality of the inhibition scheme designed in this study was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peixuan Sun
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Ács A, Komáromy A, Kovács AW, Fodor I, Somogyvári D, Győri J, Farkas A. Temperature related toxicity features of acute acetamiprid and thiacloprid exposure in Daphnia magna and implications on reproductive performance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 268:109601. [PMID: 36906245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential for elevated temperature to alter the toxicity of acetamiprid (ACE) and thiacloprid (Thia) in the ecotoxicity model Daphnia magna. The modulation of CYP450 monooxygenases (ECOD), ABC transporter activity (MXR) and incident cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction was screened in premature daphnids following acute (48 h) exposure to sublethal concentrations of ACE and Thia (0.1-, 1.0 μM) at standard 21 °C and elevated 26 °C temperatures. Delayed outcomes of acute exposures were further evaluated based on the reproduction performance of daphnids monitored over 14 days of recovery. Exposures to ACE and Thia at 21o C elicited moderate induction of ECOD activity, pronounced inhibition of MXR activity and severe ROS overproduction in daphnids. In the high thermal regime, treatments resulted in significantly lower induction of ECOD activity and inhibition of MXR activity, suggesting a suppressed metabolism of neonicotinoids and less impaired membrane transport activity in daphnids. Elevated temperature on its own, caused a three-fold rise in ROS levels in control daphnids, while ROS overproduction upon neonicotinoid exposure was less accentuated. Acute exposures to ACE and Thia caused significant decreases also in the reproduction of daphnids, indicating delayed outcomes even at environmentally relevant concentrations. Both the cellular alterations in exposed daphnids and decreases in their reproductive output post exposures evidenced closely similar toxicity patterns and potentials for the two neonicotinoids. While elevated temperature elicited only a shift in baseline cellular alterations evoked by neonicotinoids, it significantly worsened the reproductive performance of daphnids following neonicotinoid exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Ács
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - András Komáromy
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Attila W Kovács
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Dávid Somogyvári
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - János Győri
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Anna Farkas
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
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Yun X, Lewis AJ, Stevens-King G, Sales CM, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, Suri R, McKenzie ER. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates: Impact of species and sediment organic carbon content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161208. [PMID: 36581279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environments have caused global concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential bioaccumulation of some compounds. As an important compartment of the aquatic ecosystem, sediment properties impact PFAS partitioning between aqueous and solid phases, but little is known about the influence of sediment organic carbon content on PFAS bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. In this study, three freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates - worms (Lumbriculus variegatus), mussels (Elliptio complanata) and snails (Physella acuta) - were exposed for 28 days to PFAS spiked synthetic sediment equilibrated with a synthetic surface water. Using microcosms, sediment organic carbon content - 2%, 5% and 8% - was manipulated to assess its impact on PFAS bioaccumulation. Worms were found to have substantially greater PFAS bioaccumulation compared to mussels and snails. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in worms were both one to two magnitudes higher than in mussels and snails, likely due to different habitat-specific uptake pathways and elimination capacities among species. In these experiments, increasing sediment organic carbon content decreased the bioaccumulation of PFAS to benthic macroinvertebrates. In worms, sediment organic carbon content was hypothesized to impact PFAS bioaccumulation by affecting PFAS partitioning and sediment ingestion rate. Notably, the BSAF values of 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS) were the largest among 14 PFAS for all species, suggesting that the benthic macroinvertebrates probably have different metabolic mechanisms for fluorotelomer sulfonic acids compared to fish evaluated in published literature. Understanding the impact of species and sediment organic carbon on PFAS bioaccumulation is key to developing environmental quality guidelines and evaluating potential ecological risks to higher trophic level species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Galen Stevens-King
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Rominder Suri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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5
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Juan-García A, Pakkanen H, Juan C, Vehniäinen ER. Alterations in Daphnia magna exposed to enniatin B and beauvericin provide additional value as environmental indicators. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114427. [PMID: 36516623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENN B) affect negatively several systems and demand more studies as the mechanisms are still unclear. The simultaneous presence of contaminants in the environment manifests consequences of exposure for both animals and flora. Daphnia magna is considered an ideal invertebrate to detect effects of toxic compounds and environmental alterations. In this study, the potential toxicity and the basic mechanism of BEA and ENN B individually and combined were studied in D. magna. Acute and delayed toxicity were evaluated, and transcript levels of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (mox, gst, abcb1, and abcc5), reproduction, and oxidative stress (vtg-SOD) were analyzed by qPCR. Though no acute toxicity was found, results revealed a spinning around and circular profile of swimming, a strong decrease of survival after 72 h for BEA and ENN B at 16 µM and 6.25 µM, respectively, while for BEA + ENN B [8 + 1.6] µM after 96 h. The amount of mycotoxin remaining in the media revealed that the higher the concentration assayed the higher the amount remaining in the media. Differential regulation of genes suggests that xenobiotic metabolism is affected denoting different effects on transcription for tested mycotoxins. The results provide new insights into the underlying risk assessment of BEA and ENN B not only through food for consumers but also for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hannu Pakkanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Trotter B, Wilde MV, Brehm J, Dafni E, Aliu A, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Laforsch C. Long-term exposure of Daphnia magna to polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) leads to alterations of the proteome, morphology and life-history. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148822. [PMID: 34328913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past years, the research focus on the effects of MP on aquatic organisms extended from marine systems towards freshwater systems. An important freshwater model organism in the MP field is the cladoceran Daphnia, which plays a central role in lacustrine ecosystems and has been established as a test organism in ecotoxicology. To investigate the effects of MP on Daphnia magna, we performed a chronic exposure experiment with polystyrene MP under strictly standardized conditions. Chronic exposure of D. magna to PS microparticles led to a significant reduction in body length and number of offspring. To shed light on underlying molecular mechanisms induced by microplastic ingestion in D. magna, we assessed the effects of PS-MP at the proteomic level, as proteins, e.g., enzymes, are especially relevant for an organism's physiology. Using a state-of-the-art mass spectrometry based approach, we were able to identify 28,696 different peptides, which could be assigned to 3784 different proteins. Using a customized bioinformatic workflow, we identified 41 proteins significantly altered in abundance (q-value <0.05) in the PS exposed D. magna. Among the proteins increased in the PS treated group were several sulfotransferases, involved in basic biochemical pathways, as well as GABA transaminase catalyzing the degradation of the neurotransmitter GABA. In the abundance decreased group, we found essential proteins such as the DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit and other proteins connected to biotic and inorganic stress and reproduction. Strikingly, we further identified several digestive enzymes that are significantly downregulated in the PS treated animals, which could have interfered with the affected animal's nutrient supply. This may explain the altered morphological and life history traits of the PS exposed daphnids. Our results indicate that long-term exposure to PS microplastics, which are frequently detected in environmental samples, may affect the fitness of daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trotter
- University of Bayreuth, Animal Ecology 1, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena V Wilde
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Julian Brehm
- University of Bayreuth, Animal Ecology 1, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Evdokia Dafni
- University of Bayreuth, Animal Ecology 1, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Arlinda Aliu
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Feodor-Lynen Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Laforsch
- University of Bayreuth, Animal Ecology 1, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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7
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Kovačević M, Hackenberger DK, Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger BK. Measurement of multixenobiotic resistance activity in enchytraeids as a tool in soil ecotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130549. [PMID: 33878689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism is the first defense line against xenobiotics. Enchytraeids, a model organism in soil ecotoxicology, are often exposed to various xenobiotics, some of which may influence MXR activity. Since MXR activity has not been studied in these organisms, the aim of this paper was to establish a methodology for the implementation of the dye assay in enchytraeids. Enchytraeus albidus and Enchytraeus crypticus were exposed to model chemosensitizers: cyclosporine A (CA), dexamethasone (DEX), ivermectin (IVM), rifampicin (RIF), verapamil (VER), and fungicide propiconazole (PCZ). Thereafter, a dye assay with specific fluorescent dyes rhodamine B and rhodamine 123 was performed. Changes in MXR activity caused by variations in dye accumulation were measured fluorometrically. CA, IVM, and VER were found to inhibit the MXR system and increase the fluorescence 2.2-fold, while DEX and RIF induced the MXR system and decreased the fluorescence. CA was the strongest inhibitor in both E. albidus (IC50 5.48 ± 1.25 μM) and E. crypticus (IC50 5.20 ± 3.10 μM). In the validation experiment, PCZ was found to inhibit the MXR system. The IC50 varied between species and exposure substrates: water (E. albidus - IC50 0.74 ± 0.24 mg/L; E. crypticus - 1.31 ± 0.24 mg/L) or soil (E. albidus - 1.79 ± 0.42 mg/kg; E. crypticus - 1.79 ± 0.17 mg/kg). In conclusion, the tested compounds changed the MXR activity, which confirms the applicability of this method as a valuable complementary biomarker in soil ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Lončarić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
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Seeley A, Bellamy C, Davies NA, Wallace MJ. Lumbriculus variegatus: A novel organism for in vivo pharmacology education. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00853. [PMID: 34415088 PMCID: PMC8380063 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacology graduates require an understanding of both in vitro and in vivo drug responses but there has been a decline in animal use in pharmacology education over the last 30 years. To address this, we present the novel invertebrate model, Lumbriculus variegatus, for in vivo testing of drugs in a teaching environment. We have developed two novel behavioral assays: the stereotypical movement assay, which measures the effect of drugs on the ability of L. variegatus to perform stereotypical movements following tactile stimulation, and the free locomotion assay, which measures drug effects on unstimulated movement. We report the effects of compounds with diverse pharmacodynamic properties on L. variegatus using these assays. The ryanodine receptor antagonist, dantrolene, altered the unstimulated movement of L. variegatus at 5 μM, whereas stimulated movement was inhibited at ≥25 μM. Lidocaine, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, and quinine, a nonselective sodium and potassium channel blocker, reduced both stimulated and unstimulated L. variegatus movement at ≥0.5 mM. Inhibitory effects of quinine persisted for up to 24 h after drug removal, whereas lidocaine effects were reduced 10 min after drug removal. Herein, we provide proof-of-concept utilization of L. variegatus as an organism for use in in vivo pharmacology education but without regulatory constraints or the need for specialized equipment and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Seeley
- Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Bellamy
- Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nia A Davies
- Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Melisa J Wallace
- Swansea Worm Integrative Research Laboratory (SWIRL), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Lopes BCH, Zeppelini D, Pontes DS, Amado EM. First characterization of multixenobiotic activity in Collembola: An approach on cadmium-induced response. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108850. [PMID: 32777464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux pumps mediate the activity of the Multixenobiotic Resistance (MXR) mechanism and have been proposed as a biomarker of environmental pollution mainly in aquatic invertebrates. MXR activity was never investigated in Collembola and represents a potential tool for soil biomonitoring. This study aimed to characterize for the first time the activity of ABC efflux pumps in the gut of collembolan species, and investigate its responsiveness to cadmium (Cd), a common stressor found in polluted soils. We performed in vitro rhodamine-B accumulation assays in the presence of model inhibitors of ABC efflux pumps: verapamil hydrochloride as P-gp (P-glycoprotein) inhibitor, and MK571, as MRPs (multidrug resistance-related proteins) inhibitor. We also performed rhodamine-B accumulation assays under Cd-exposure (209 μg/L;1 μM). Our results showed that all species presented basal (noninduced) level of MXR activity in their gut. Efflux pumps P-gp and/or MRPs activity were confirmed in Cyphoderus innominatus, Cyphoderus similis, and Folsomia candida, the standard species. The rhodamine-B accumulation assays performed with Cd, applied as soil pollutant, showed that the gut of non-standard species C. similis and Trogolaphysa sp. presented an increase of MXR activity for both P-gp and MRP transporters, indicating the potential of these species as test organisms for soil ecotoxicology studies in Neotropical region. Our findings suggest a functional role of ABC transporters in the collembolan gut and their cellular involvement in Cd defense response, corroborating that MXR phenotype in Collembola can be a promising tool for bioindication of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolline Honório Lopes
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Campus I, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Depto. Biologia. 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Douglas Zeppelini
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba Campus I, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Depto. Biologia. 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santos Pontes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Enelise Marcelle Amado
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba Campus V, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Depto. Biologia. 58070-450 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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10
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Contardo-Jara V, Gessner MO. Uptake and physiological effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and its commercial formulation Confidor® in a widespread freshwater oligochaete. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114793. [PMID: 32559875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid imidacloprid (IMI) is one of the most extensively applied neuro-active insecticides worldwide and continues to enter surface waters in many countries despite a recent ban for outdoor use in the EU. Yet little is known about ecotoxicological effects on non-target benthic freshwater species exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of IMI and its marketed products. The aim of the present study was to narrow this gap by assessing effects of pure IMI and its commercial formulation Confidor® on the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, a key species in freshwater sediments. To this end, we determined dose-response relationships in 24 h toxicity tests, bioconcentration during 24 h and 5 d of exposure to 0.1, 1 and 10 μg IMI L-1, and physiological stress responses by measuring glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and catalase activity in the same conditions. Maximum neonicotinoid concentrations reported from the field were lethal to L. variegatus within 24 h (LC50 of 65 and 88 μg IMI L-1 in pure form and as active ingredient of Confidor®, respectively). At sub-lethal exposure concentrations, tissue content of IMI significantly increased with exposure time. The observed bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were far above the water octanol coefficient (KOW), indicating a potentially large underestimation of IMI bioaccumulation when based on KOW. Activities of biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes indicated attempts of L. variegatus to counter xenobiotic-triggered oxidative stress to very low IMI and Confidor® concentrations. Together, our data add significantly to growing evidence that the continued proliferation of neonicotinoids require increased efforts in environmental risk assessment, especially in view of species-specific differences in sensitivities to the insecticide and possibly to additives of commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mark O Gessner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Ecology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
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11
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Guidony NS, Lopes FM, Guimarães PS, Escarrone ALV, Souza MM. Can short-term exposure to copper and atrazine be cytotoxic to microalgae? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27961-27970. [PMID: 32405941 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments can be easily contaminated due to anthropogenic activities that may affect local biota. Microalgae are abundant and have an important role on the food chain. Consequently, they stand out as promising models for studies of contaminants. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of atrazine and copper (separate and mixture) exposure in microalgae Desmodesmus communis, as well as its cellular defense due to ABC (ATP-binding cassette) proteins activity against the xenobiotics. We analyzed two different ABC proteins activity pathways: P-gp, which is responsible for nonspecific substance efflux, and MRP that is associated with metals efflux. It was observed that the microalgae exposure to atrazine (90 nM) and copper (141 nM) has been considered cytotoxic. When contaminants were mixed, only the combination of both highest concentrations tested was cytotoxic. The P-gp blocker, verapamil, demonstrated that the contaminants tested caused proteins inhibition. However, the MK-571 (MRP blocker) did not block pump activity. There was an inverse relationship between ABC protein activity and cytotoxicity; non-cytotoxic conditions suggest increased activity of microalgae defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Soares Guidony
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Moreira Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Santos Guimarães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Marques Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Hu J, Tian J, Zhang F, Wang H, Yin J. Pxr- and Nrf2- mediated induction of ABC transporters by heavy metal ions in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113329. [PMID: 31600704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors including pregnane X receptor (Pxr) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) are important modulators of Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in mammalian cells. However, whether such modulation is conserved in zebrafish embryos remains largely unknown. In this manuscript, pxr- and nrf2-deficient models were constructed with CRISPR/Cas9 system, to evaluate the individual function of Pxr and Nrf2 in the regulation of ABC transporters and detoxification of heavy metal ions like Cd2+ and Ag+. As a result, both Cd2+ and Ag+ conferred extensive interactions with ABC transporters in wild type (WT) embryos: their accumulation and toxicity were affected by the activity of ABC transporters, and they significantly induced the mRNA expressions of ABC transporters. These induction effects were reduced by the mutation of pxr and nrf2, but elevations in the basal expression of ABC transporters compensated for the loss of their inducibility. This could be an explanation for remaining transporter function in both mutant models as well as the unaltered toxicity of metal ions in pxr-deficient embryos. However, mutation of nrf2 disrupted the production of glutathione (GSH), resulting in the enhanced toxicity of Cd2+/Ag+ in zebrafish embryos. In addition, elevated expressions of other transcription factors like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) 1b, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (ppar)-β, and nrf2 were found in pxr-deficient models without any treatment, while enhanced induction of ahr1b, ppar-β and pxr could only be seen in nrf2-deficient embryos after the treatment of metal ions, indicating different compensation phenomena for the absence of transcription factors. After all, pxr-deficient and nrf2-deficient zebrafish embryos are useful tools in the functional investigation of Pxr and Nrf2 in the early life stages of aquatic organisms. However, the compensatory mechanisms should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results and need in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China; Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Suzhou GCL Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jian Yin
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, PR China; Shandong Guo Ke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, PR China.
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13
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Ale A, Liberatori G, Vannuccini ML, Bergami E, Ancora S, Mariotti G, Bianchi N, Galdopórpora JM, Desimone MF, Cazenave J, Corsi I. Exposure to a nanosilver-enabled consumer product results in similar accumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:46-56. [PMID: 30946994 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in commercial products is increasing rapidly. The consequent release of AgNPs into domestic and industrial wastewater raises environmental concerns due to their anti-microbial properties and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nanArgen™ (Nanotek S.A.), a AgNP-enabled consumer product, in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. Two environmentally relevant concentrations of nanArgen™ (1 and 10 μg/L) were tested in vivo for 96 h, and Ag was quantified in mussel soft tissue and natural seawater (NSW). nanArgen™ suspensions were characterized via TEM, SEM, EDS, DLS, and UV-vis optical analysis. Several molecular and biochemical responses were investigated in exposed mussels: lysosomal membrane stability by Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay; micronucleus (MN) frequency in hemocytes; metallothionein (MT) protein content and gene expression (mt10 and mt20); catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in digestive glands; and efflux activity of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins (ABC) in gill biopsies. SEM, TEM and DLS analyses confirmed the presence of well-defined AgNPs in nanArgen™ which were roughly spherical with an average particle size of approx. 30 ± 10 nm. DLS analysis revealed the formation of AgNP aggregates in nanArgen™ suspension in NSW (Z-average of 547.80 ± 90.23 nm; PDI of 0.044). A significant concentration-dependent accumulation of Ag was found in mussels' whole soft tissue in agreement with a concentration-dependent decrease in NRRT and an increase of MN frequency in hemocytes and GST activities in digestive glands. A significant increase in MDA levels and MT via both molecular and biochemical tests, were also observed but only at the highest nanArgen™ concentration (10 μg/L). No changes were observed in CAT activities. ABC efflux activities in gill biopsies showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) only at the lowest concentration (1 μg/L). On such basis, nanArgen™ is shown to be able to induce toxicity and Ag accumulation in marine mussels similarly to AgNPs and in short-term exposure conditions at environmentally relevant concentrations. AgNP-enabled products, instead of pristine AgNPs, should be the focus of future ecotoxicity studies in order to address any risks associated to their widespread use, disposal and uncontrolled release into the aquatic environment for non target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Ale
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI-CONICET-UNL), Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Giulia Liberatori
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Vannuccini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Bergami
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ancora
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mariotti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Bianchi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Juan M Galdopórpora
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cazenave
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI-CONICET-UNL), Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL), Paraje El Pozo, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
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Gan H, Yi F, Zhang H, Qian Y, Jin H, Zhang K. Facile ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of micro–nanosheet structure Bi4Ti3O12/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity on organic pollutants. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Kurth D, Lips S, Massei R, Krauss M, Luckenbach T, Schulze T, Brack W. The impact of chemosensitisation on bioaccumulation and sediment toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:652-659. [PMID: 28818592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transport proteins enhance the efflux of numerous organic pollutants. However, MXR proteins may be blocked or saturated by xenobiotic compounds, acting as inhibitors - also called chemosensitisers. Although effective on a cellular level, the environmental relevance of chemosensitisers has not been conclusively demonstrated. Since sediments are an important source of bioaccumulating compounds in aquatic ecosystems, sediments and sediment-associated hydrophobic pollutants were investigated for their potential to increase exposure and toxicity in the presence of chemosensitisation. In this study, we address this issue by (1) comparing the net uptake of 17 hydrophobic environmental pollutants by zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in the presence and absence of the model chemosensitiser verapamil and (2) investigating the impact of verapamil on the dose-dependent effect on zebrafish embryos exposed to polluted sediment extracts. None of the 17 pollutants showed a reproducible increase in bioaccumulation upon chemosensitisation with verapamil. Instead, internal concentrations were subject to intra-species variation by a factor of approximately two. However, a significant increase in toxicity was observed upon embryo co-exposure to verapamil for one of three sediment extracts. In contrast, another sediment extract exhibited less toxicity when combined with verapamil. In general, the results indicate only a minor impact of verapamil on the uptake of moderately hydrophobic chemicals in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kurth
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lips
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Luckenbach
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Arola HE, Karjalainen J, Vehniäinen ER, Väisänen A, Kukkonen JVK, Karjalainen AK. Tolerance of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) early life stages to manganese sulfate is affected by the parents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1343-1353. [PMID: 27791289 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) embryos and larvae were exposed to 6 different manganese sulfate (MnSO4 ) concentrations from fertilization to the 3-d-old larvae. The fertilization success, offspring survival, larval growth, yolk consumption, embryonic and larval Mn tissue concentrations, and transcript levels of detoxification-related genes were measured in the long-term incubation. A full factorial breeding design (4 females × 2 males) allowed examination of the significance of both female and male effects, as well as female-male interactions in conjunction with the MnSO4 exposure in terms of the observed endpoints. The MnSO4 exposure reduced the survival of the whitefish early life stages. The offspring MnSO4 tolerance also was affected by the female parent, and the female-specific mean lethal concentrations (LC50s) varied from 42.0 mg MnSO4 /L to 84.6 mg MnSO4 /L. The larval yolk consumption seemed slightly inhibited at the exposure concentration of 41.8 mg MnSO4 /L. The MnSO4 exposure caused a significant induction of metallothionein-A (mt-a) and metallothionein-B (mt-b) in the 3-d-old larvae, and at the exposure concentration of 41.8 mg MnSO4 /L the mean larval mt-a and mt-b expressions were 47.5% and 56.6% higher, respectively, than at the control treatment. These results illustrate that whitefish reproduction can be impaired in waterbodies that receive Mn and SO4 in concentrations substantially above the typical levels in boreal freshwaters, but the offspring tolerance can be significantly affected by the parents and in particular the female parent. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1343-1353. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Arola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Väisänen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi V K Kukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna K Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Efferth T, Volm M. Multiple resistance to carcinogens and xenobiotics: P-glycoproteins as universal detoxifiers. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2515-2538. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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