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Wu D, Kong Y, Zhang R, Li J, Wang G, Zhang M, Lan H. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) exposure induced premature testicular aging via NCOA4/Fe 2+/ROS mediation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112746. [PMID: 39067400 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been detected in animals and humans blood. As an environment contamination, HBCD damages tissues and organs in animals and humans and produces cytotoxicity. In current study, we explored the effect of HBCD on premature testicular aging in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, C57 mice (8-week-old) were used as model to estimate the effect of HBCD on premature testicular aging. The results showed that testes were premature aging through measuring several aging-related markers (such as p16INK4a, hereafter p16; p21CIP, hereafter p21) in response to HBCD exposure for 20 weeks. In addition, HBCD exposure can cause oxidative stress and inflammation. Further, mouse spermatogonial cells (GC-1spg cells) were premature senescence after HBCD exposure by the evaluation of cellular senescence marker molecules. Hence, GC-1spg cell line was applied for cell model to investigate the molecule mechanism by which HBCD cause premature testicular aging., Through eliminating Fe2+ in senescent GC-1spg cells, cellular senescence was greatly alleviated. Thus, Fe2+ was identified as the key driver molecule in HBCD-induced premature cellular senescence. Next, we found that elevated iron levels in HBCD-triggered senescent GC-1spg cells were due to Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy. Furthermore, our results revealed that HBCD-induced senescence was caused by Fe2+ mediated oxidative stress. In summary, HBCD-induced premature testicular aging is dependent on NCOA4/Fe2+/ROS signaling molecule. The current study lays the foundation for further exploration of the effects of HBCD on reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuebing Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ruoting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guoxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hainan Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Deng J, Liu W, Gao L, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Hussain J. A Review of Distribution and Profiles of HBCD in Different Environmental Media of China. Molecules 2023; 29:36. [PMID: 38202620 PMCID: PMC10779568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is the most important flame retardant that has been used in Expanded Polystyrene foam and Extruded Polystyrene foam in the past forty years across the world. China was the major producer and user of HBCD, and the total HBCD production was about 0.3 million tons. Although HBCD was completely banned in China in 2021 because of its long-range transport, bioaccumulation and toxicity, there is still a lot of residue in the environment. Therefore, we reviewed multiple studies concerning the distribution of HBCD in diverse environmental matrices, such as in the air, dust, soil, water, sediment, and biota. Results revealed that HBCD levels in different environments in China present geographical variation and were at a high level compared with other countries. In all environmental media, relatively high HBCD concentrations have been found in industrial and urban areas. Industrialization and urbanization are two important factors that influence the concentration and distribution of HBCD in the environment. In terms of isomer, γ-HBCD was the dominant isomer in soil, water, and sediment, while in the biota α-HBCD was the predominant isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.D.); (L.G.); (T.J.); (Y.H.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Javid Hussain
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
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Wu T, Li X, Zheng Z, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhang N, Cui J, Zhang B. Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake in North China: Distribution, enantiomer-specific accumulation, transport, temporal trend and dietary risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131180. [PMID: 36924746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-maize system around Baiyangdian Lake. The total concentration of ΣHBCDs was in the order of industrial area > residential area > marginal area > Fuhe River estuary in soil. γ-HBCD was predominated in soils, roots and stems, while α-HBCD was the main diastereoisomer in leaves and kernels. Concentration of ΣHBCDs and three diastereoisomer concentrations in soils were significantly reduced and remained low level from 2018 to 2019. Selectivity enrichment of (+)α- and (-)γ-HBCD was found in soils, roots, stems and leaves, whereas only (+)β-HBCD dominated in stems. Most of the total root bioaccumulation factors (ΣRCFs) were less than 1.0, but no significant correlation was showed between translocation factors (TFs) and log Kow. RCFs and TFs of enantiomers suggested (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD were easily translocated from soil to roots, while (+)α-, (-)β- and (-)γ-HBCD tended to translocate from stems to leaves. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and of ΣHBCDs, diastereoisomers and enantiomers were all lower than the threshold value, while the Calculated margins of exposure (MOE) were well above the threshold value, which demonstrate the safe consumption of Maize around Baiyangdian Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, Hebei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Bingzhu Zhang
- Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
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Marques ML, Cairrao E. Occurrence and Health Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane: An Updated Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050409. [PMID: 37235223 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a non-aromatic compound belonging to the bromine flame retardant family and is a known persistent organic pollutant (POP). This compound accumulates easily in the environment and has a high half-life in water. With a variety of uses, the HBCD is found in house dust, electronics, insulation, and construction. There are several isomers and the most studied are α-, β-, and γ-HBCD. Initially used as a substitute for other flame retardants, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the discovery of its role as a POP made HBCD use and manufacturing restricted in Europe and other countries. The adverse effects on the environment and human health have been piling, either as a result from its accumulation or considering its power as an endocrine disruptor (ED). Furthermore, it has also been proven that it has detrimental effects on the neuronal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, liver, and the reproductive system. HBCD has also been linked to cytokine production, DNA damage, increased cell apoptosis, increased oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, this review aims to compile the most recent studies regarding the negative effects of this compound on the environment and human health, describing the possible mechanisms by which this compound acts and its possible toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopes Marques
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Barhoumi B, Metian M, Oberhaensli F, Mourgkogiannis N, Karapanagioti HK, Bersuder P, Tolosa I. Extruded polystyrene microplastics as a source of brominated flame retardant additives in the marine environment: long-term field and laboratory experiments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107797. [PMID: 36773563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in the environment have become a global concern, not only for the physical effects of the plastic particles themselves but also for being vectors of chemical additives. In this context, little is known about the ability of MPs, particularly extruded polystyrene microplastics (XPS-MPs), to release organic chemical additives in the marine environment. In this study, a series of field and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the leaching behaviour of organic additives including brominated flame retardants from XPS-MPs into seawater. The conducted experiments confirmed a rapid release of bisphenol A (BPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) from the studied MPs followed by a slower rate of release over time. The effects of environmental factors on the leaching rates of these additives were also examined. Increasing Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) concentrations and the temperature of the seawater enhanced the release of additives by increasing their solubility and polymer flexibility. In contrast, pH tested at 7, 7.5 and 8 was found to have a minor effect on additives leaching; and salinity negatively affected the leaching rate likely due to their reduced solubility and reduced diffusion from the MPs. The present study provides empirical evidence of the behaviour of XPS-MPs as a source of organic additives in the marine environment that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | - Marc Metian
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - François Oberhaensli
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | | | | | - Philippe Bersuder
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
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Zhang Y, Baninla Y, Yu J, Li J, Dou Y, Kong D. Occurrence, Spatial Distribution and Health Risk of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Source Water in the Lower Yangtze River, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:943-948. [PMID: 35076718 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and health risk of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a brominated flame retardant with its three diastereoisomers, in drinking water sources in the lower Yangtze River in China was investigated. Its concentration ranged from 0.58 to 3.71 ng/L and averaged at 1.18 ng/L. Among the three diastereoisomers of α-, β- and γ-HBCD, γ-HBCD was the dominant one accounting for 44% (ranging 27-82%) to the total concentration. Source of HBCD in the contaminated site was discussed according to its spatial distribution and diastereoisomer profile. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to evaluate the health risk of HBCD through drinking water by estimated exposure and derived reference dose. The MOE was 17 for adults and 12 for children in the worst-case scenario, suggesting a trivial health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- Department of Geology, Mining and Environmental Science, University of Bamenda, P. O. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Hiroshima, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
| | - Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Juying Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yezhi Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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7
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Jeon JW, Kim CS, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Hwang SM, Choi SD. Spatial distribution, source identification, and anthropogenic effects of brominated flame retardants in nationwide soil collected from South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116026. [PMID: 33218769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples were collected at 61 sites of the national monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Korea. The target compounds were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The mean concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA in soil were 222, 17.2, and 4.4 ng/g, respectively, but PBBs were not detected. Industrial sites had statistically higher BFR concentrations than suburban sites but no significant difference compared with urban sites. The commercial deca-BDE mixtures were the most likely source of PBDE contamination in the soil samples, with the minor influence of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures. The profiles of HBCDDs in most soil samples differed from those in the powder types of technical HBCDD mixtures, indicating that they are affected by the HBCDDs contained in commercial products and the conversion of HBCDD diastereoisomers (γ-HBCDD to α-HBCDD) in the environment. The concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA were significantly correlated with population density, gross domestic product, and the number of companies (p < 0.01), indicating a direct impact of anthropogenic activities. Significant correlations among BFRs were determined (0.63 < r < 0.74, p < 0.01), suggesting that these pollutants had similar sources. Relatively good correlations (0.44 < r < 0.98, p < 0.01) between BDE-209 and other light BDEs (except for BDE-71, -77, -126, -156, and -205) might result from the degradation of heavy BDEs under anaerobic and natural sunlight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive soil monitoring data for various BFRs in South Korea. Furthermore, it is the first report on soil contamination by deca-BDE, HBCDDs, and TBBPA in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Sun Y, Zhu H. Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in surface soils of Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:629. [PMID: 32902786 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in the soil environment is an ongoing concern because of their "specific exemption" on the production and use in China. In this study, spatial distribution, temporal trend, and diastereoisomer profiles of HBCDDs were examined in surface soils collected in Jinan, China. Concentrations of ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs) in soils ranged from 1.70 to 228 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 26.1 ng/g dw. Soils collected from e-waste dismantling sites (mean 146 ng/g dw) contained significantly higher concentrations of ΣHBCDD than those of urban (15.5 ng/g dw) and farmland soils (3.86 ng/g dw) (p < 0.01). The temporal trend suggested that ΣHBCDD levels in the industrial area rose significantly between 2014 and 2019 (p < 0.05), with an annual increase of 12%. An increase in ΣHBCDD levels was also observed in urban and farmland soil samples during the study period, although it did not reach a significant level (p > 0.05). All surface soils were dominated by γ-HBCDD (mean 60.7% of total concentrations); however, the proportions of α-isomer increased from 28.7% in urban and rural soils to 43.4% in industrial soils. The calculated risk quotients of HBCDDs present in soils were at least 25-fold lower than the threshold limit value. The mean mass inventory of HBCDDs was approximately 2501 kg in the cultivated land of Jinan City; further studies are needed to discern the uptake of HBCDDs by crops and the fate of these chemicals in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Sun
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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9
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Bertucci JI, Malala Irugal Bandaralage S, Hecker M. Assessing the cytotoxic effect of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on liver tissue cultures from fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105523. [PMID: 32531534 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant of current concern despite its global ban in 2013 due to its characteristics as a persistent organic pollutant. While the toxicity of HBDC in vertebrates has been extensively studied, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity in fish are not fully understood to date. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity of HBCD in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) using liver explants, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Explants were incubated with nine different concentrations of HBCD (0.00032, 0.0016, 0.008, 0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 125 mg HBCD/L) for 6 and 24 h, and cytotoxicity was tested by using the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The expression of genes with a key role in the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, cryoprotective responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and xenobiotic metabolism was also measured in liver explants after exposure to 0.00032, 0.0016, 0.008, 0.2, and 25 mg HBCD/L. After 6 h, a concentration-dependent significant increase in cytotoxicity was found between 0.008 and 1 mg/L HBCD, followed by a decrease between 1 and 25 mg/L. Cytotoxicity reached 100 % at a concentration of 125 mg/L HBCD. After 24 h, HBCD showed a biphasic response with a concentration-dependent decrease in cytotoxicity between 0.0016 and 1 mg/L that returned to baseline levels at 5 mg/L. Then, cytotoxicity increased at concentrations greater than 5 mg/L to reach a maximum value at 125 mg/L. Changes in the expression of genes related to apoptosis (apoEn, apoIn, caspase2, caspase9 and bax) were also time- and concentration-dependent. Genes related to antioxidant responses such as gst and catalase were generally decreased after 6 h of incubation and increased after 24 h. The same pattern was observed for cyp1a and cyp3a, both related to xenobiotic metabolism. The expression of genes related to cryoprotective responses anti ROS (akt and pi3k) decreased at almost all HBCD concentrations tested after 6 h but remained unaltered after 24 h. Overall, we demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of HBCD in fathead minnow liver explant was not proportional to its concentration in the culture media. Cytotoxicity was highly dynamic and did not follow a typical concentration-response pattern, complicating its toxicological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Bertucci
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - M Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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10
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Lü H, Ma XJ, Huang XJ, Lu S, Huang YH, Mo CH, Cai QY, Wong MH. Distribution, diastereomer-specific accumulation and associated health risks of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-vegetable system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109321. [PMID: 31394478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and diastereomeric profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs, identified as persistent organic pollutants) in soil-vegetable system of open fields remain unknown. In this study, three main HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs) were analyzed in paired soil and vegetable samples from vegetable farms in four cities (Guangzhou, Jiangmen, Huizhou, Foshan) of the Pearl River Delta region, Southern China. The sum concentrations of the three diastereoisomers (∑HBCDs) in soils varied from 0.99 to 18.4 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 5.77 ng/g, decreasing in the order of Jiangmen > Guangzhou > Huizhou > Foshan. The distributions of HBCDs in both soil and vegetable were diastereomer-specific, with γ-HBCD being predominant. The ∑HBCDs in vegetables ranged from 0.87 to 32.7 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 16.6 ng/g, generally higher than those of the corresponding soils. Thus bioconcentration factors (BCFs, the ratio of contaminant concentration in vegetable to that in soil) of HBCDs were generally greater than 1.0, implying higher accumulation in vegetable. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ΣHBCDs via consumption of vegetables varied from 0.26 to 9.35 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 3.60 ng/kg bw/day for adults and from 0.32 to 11.5 ng/kg bw/day with a mean of 4.41 ng/kg bw/day for Children, far lower than the oral reference dose (RfD, 2 × 105 ng/kg bw/day) proposed by US National Research Council. These results suggest that HBCD in the vegetables posed low health risk for the local population. These data are the first report on HBCD occurrence and health risk in soil-vegetable system of open fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue-Jing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen H, Guo S, Li H, Zhou D, Cao X, Wang C, Liu Y, Xiang M, Li L, Yu Y. Multi-generational effects and variations of stress response by hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) exposure in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 245:216-222. [PMID: 31154167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand multi-generational effects and changes of stress response by hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) exposure, the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen for toxicity study. Multiple endpoints, including the physiological levels (growth, reproduction, and locomotion behaviors), stress-related gene expressions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and degree of cell apoptosis, were evaluated on exposed nematodes and their progeny. Prolonged exposure to HBCD at concentrations of 2 nM-200 nM caused adverse physiological effects in the parental generation (F0), and these effects were also observed in the offspring under HBCD-free conditions (F1). HBCD-induced toxicities could be transferred from parent to offspring. The integrated gene expressions profiles showed that exposure to HBCD at concentrations of 20-200 nM resulted in obvious changes in stress-related gene expressions, which were more increased in F0 generation than in F1 generation. The increased expressions were pronounced in several genes related to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, e.g., hsp-16.2, hsp-16.48, sod-1, sod-3 and cep-1 genes. Exposure to 200 nM of HBCD could significantly increase ROS production and degree of cell apoptosis in the F0 and F1 generations. Therefore, it was speculated that HBCD exposure induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, which resulted in the adverse physiological effects. This finding is helpful for understanding the multi-generational effects and evaluating the potential risk of HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Shu Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Research Institute of Wastes and Soil Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Xue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
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12
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Gao CJ, Xia LL, Wu CC, Wong CS, Guo Y. The effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in surface soil in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1810-1818. [PMID: 31299510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are legacy brominated flame retardants which are still produced and used in China. In this study, 187 surface soils from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban conurbation in China were collected, and the effects of urban conurbation development on the concentrations, distributions and human exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA were investigated. The concentration ranges of Σ3HBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) and TBBPA in soil were below the limit of quantification (<LOQ) to 300 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and < LOQ to 53.1 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Concentration levels of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD were affected both by distributions of land-use type and by the location of the city. Soils from residential areas contained the highest concentrations of Σ3HBCD (median: 1.75 ng g-1 dw) and TBBPA (1.92 ng g-1 dw) among all land-use types. In addition, soils from the central PRD had higher Σ3HBCD and TBBPA levels (0.46 and 0.90 ng g-1 dw) than those from the surrounding areas (0.17 and 0.07 ng g-1 dw). The concentrations of Σ3HBCD and TBBPA were highly correlated with urbanization level, population density, regional GDP and per capita income in all cities studied (p < 0.01), which indicates that the prosperity of the urban conurbation may play an important role in soil contamination of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD. Children living in residential areas had the highest estimated daily intakes of Σ3HBCD (7.09 pg kg-1 d-1) and TBBPA (7.76 pg kg-1 d-1), suggesting that people living in residential areas have a relatively higher exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA. This is a comprehensive study to report the effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of HBCDs and TBBPA in soil in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xia
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Guo M, Zheng G, Peng J, Meng D, Wu H, Tan Z, Li F, Zhai Y. Distribution of perfluorinated alkyl substances in marine shellfish along the Chinese Bohai Sea coast. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:271-280. [PMID: 30628846 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1559570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants, which pose a threat to human health primarily by dietary exposure, especially through seafood. Bohai Sea (a semi-closed sea located north of China) is an important shellfish aquaculture area that is possibly highly-polluted with PFASs. In this study, we first evaluated contamination by PFASs in a total of 230 samples of marine shellfish from the Bohai Sea. Samples included five important shellfish species, collected from important aquaculture spots distributed around the Bohai Sea. Samples were analyzed by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which could simultaneously detect 23 PFASs in shellfish. Our research verified that PFASs have become a threat to the safety of shellfish products in this area. Furthermore, contamination by PFASs in shellfish changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of shellfish, and the sampling sites. Many of the 23 target compounds contributed to the high detection ratio (>50%) as follows: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) > perfluorononanoic acid > perfluorodecanesulfonic acid > perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Compared with other dominant components, PFOA not only had the highest detection percentage in shellfish samples (98.3%), but its detection level contributed to 87.2% of total PFASs concentrations, indicating that PFOA is the major threat to the safety of shellfish products. The highest level of PFAS was found in clams (62.5 ng g-1 wet weight of PFOA). The concentration of total PFAS in different shellfish species showed the following trend: clams > mussels > scallops > whelks > oysters. The maximum concentration of total PFAS or PFOA was found in Shouguang. The total concentration of PFOS and its precursor were highest in Cangzhou, possibly due to local industrial activities. The results presented in this paper provide new data on the contamination of marine shellfish along the Bohai Sea coasts in China, and constitute a reference for future monitoring of contamination by emerging contaminants in Bohai coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Jixing Peng
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Di Meng
- b Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Fengling Li
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- a Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao , China
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Lu JF, He MJ, Yang ZH, Wei SQ. Occurrence of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in soil and road dust in Chongqing, western China, with emphasis on diastereoisomer profiles, particle size distribution, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:219-228. [PMID: 29980040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the HBCDs were listed in Annex A by the Stockholm Convention, and the knowledge on the contamination of TBBPA and HBCDs in soil and road dust in China is still limited, and it is unclear what role is played by dust particle size distribution. In this study, a total of 81 soil and 43 road dust samples were analyzed with TBBPA and ΣHBCDs concentrations ranging from < LOQ to 33.8 ng/g dw (dry weight) and 0.43-15.2 ng/g dw in soil, and from < LOQ to 74.1 ng/g dw and 7.25-14.0 ng/g dw in road dust, respectively. TBBPA and HBCDs exhibited different spatial distribution patterns in soil, where relatively high levels of HBCDs were found in industrial area and commercial area, while high levels of TBBPA were detceted in residential area. However, no distinct variation in spatial distribution of these two compounds was observed in road dust. Different diastereoisomer profiles of HBCDs were also found with γ-HBCD predominating in soil and α-HBCD occupying a large proportion in road dust. The α-/γ-HBCD values in road dust were significantly greater (T-test, P < 0.05) than those in soil, which suggested that γ-HBCD in road dust were likely to transform into α-HBCD compared with soil. The distribution of dust particle size showed that HBCDs levels were increasing with the decreasing in particle sizes, while the TBBPA showed some "accidental" peak values in specific diameter ranges. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA and HBCDs were assessed through dust ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation via road dust, and all the exposure estimates were well below the reference dose (RfD), but the toddlers were more vulnerable to TBBPA and HBCDs intakes, which should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China
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15
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Lara A, Caballo C, Sicilia M, Rubio S. Speeding up the extraction of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in soils and sediments based on halogen bonding. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Li L, Wania F. Elucidating the Variability in the Hexabromocyclododecane Diastereomer Profile in the Global Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10532-10542. [PMID: 30146881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous flame retardant subject to international regulation. Whereas γ-HBCDD is a dominant component in the technical HBCDD mixture, the diastereomer profile in environmental samples shows substantial temporal and spatial variations, ranging from γ- to α-HBCDD-dominant. To explain such variability, we simulate the global emissions and fate of HBCDD diastereomers, using a dynamic substance flow analysis model (CiP-CAFE) coupled to a multimedia environmental fate model (BETR-Global). Our modeling results indicate that, as of 2015, 340-1000 tonnes of HBCDD have been emitted globally, with slightly more γ-HBCDD (50%-65%) than α-HBCDD (30%-50%). Emissions of γ-HBCDD primarily originate from production and other industrial processes, whereas those of α-HBCDD are mainly associated with the use and end-of-life disposal of HBCDD-containing products. Presently, α-HBCDD dominates the contamination in the air of populated areas, while γ-HBCDD is more abundant in remote background areas and in regions with HCBDD production and processing facilities. Globally, the relative abundance of α-HBCDD is anticipated to increase after production of HBCDD is banned. Due to isomerization, α-HBCDD accumulates to a larger extent than γ-HBCDD in Arctic surface media. Since α-HBCDD is more persistent and bioaccumulative than other diastereomers, isomerization has bearing on the potential environmental and health impacts on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
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17
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Li Q, Lu Y, Wang P, Wang T, Zhang Y, Suriyanarayanan S, Liang R, Baninla Y, Khan K. Distribution, source, and risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban and rural soils around the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:233-241. [PMID: 29656247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Between 1945 and 1983, China was the world's largest producer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the second largest producer of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu around the Yellow and Bohai Seas have a long history of production and usage of OCPs and PCBs. To investigate their residual concentration, distribution, risk level, and temporal degradation, 7 OCPs and 7 indicator PCBs were determined in surface soils collected around the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Residues of the 7 OCPs and 7 PCBs were in the range of 5.89-179.96 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and non-detectable (ND)-385.67 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Tianjin and Hebei provinces recorded the highest concentrations of OCPs and PCBs, respectively. Moreover, OCPs residues had a significant relationship with agriculture and orchard land-use types, whereas PCBs residues occurred more in wasteland. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that OCPs and PCBs residues in surface soils are at a low risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
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18
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Cao X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Khan K, Wang C, Baninla Y. An overview of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) in environmental media with focus on their potential risk and management in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:283-295. [PMID: 29414350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the subject of recent interest and potential risk assessment particularly in China due to its ubiquitous existence in a variety of environmental media. This paper reviews the recent studies conducted on HBCDs in different environmental media (air, soil, water, river sediment, sewage sludge, biota and daily food) in China. At the same time, human health risks via food and occupational exposure of HBCDs in production plants, expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) plants were assessed. The review reveals that HBCDs levels of air, soil, sediment, sewage sludge, biota and food presented a geographical variation in the eastern coastal regions of China. There were many factors resulting in the variation, such as sampling sites, climate and analytical method. In terms of diastereoisomer, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD were the predominant diastereoisomers in air, soil, sediment, and sewage sludge. In the water, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD shared the major proportion to the total HBCDs. However, only α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomer in biota. With regard to human exposure pathway to HBCDs, food was the major route for human exposure to HBCDs, especially meat. In addition, soil and road dust were also important exposure pathways. Furthermore, workers and residents, especially infants in and around waste dumping sites and industrial areas are exposed to the highest HBCDs levels among all the populations studied thus far. HBCDs posed a potential threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, risk assessment and management have an important role to play in preventing and mitigating HBCDs risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Su C, Lu Y, Wang T, Lu X, Song S, Li L, Khan K, Wang C, Liang R. Dynamic multimedia fate simulation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) from 1981 to 2050 in the urbanizing Bohai Rim of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:235-244. [PMID: 29291523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related substances are widely used in various industrial and commercial applications in China that ultimately discharge sufficient quantities of PFOS to the environment. It remains unclear how emissions of PFOS ultimately affect its concentrations as well as its fate in the environment. In this study, an improved Berkeley-Trent (BETR) multimedia model is developed to predict the PFOS levels with spatial and temporal distributions on unsteady state mode from 1981 to 2050, by taking the Bohai Rim of China as a case. The results showed that the modeled concentrations agreed well with the measured data. According to the model, PFOS concentrations in fresh water peaked in some months after the peak emission (2008 or 2009), whereas in urban soil the concentrations increased to peak slightly later (around 2014). Among the selected regions, Beijing and Tianjin were simulated with higher PFOS levels in the past and present because of their higher urbanization and industrialization since the 1980s, while in the future, Shandong and Liaoning are expected to have higher concentrations of PFOS than those in Beijing. The water system including coastal water, fresh water and sediment was the biggest sink for PFOS for coastal regions. Among the chemical inputs, direct primary emissions played a more important role, whereas for chemical removal processes, inter-regional advection and background outflow were the predominant pathways. The results would be useful to control the PFOS releases in China and will help the management agencies to implement the "Stockholm Convention" effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang P, Li Q, Zhang M, Johnson AC. Transport of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) into the soil, water and sediment from a large producer in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:94-100. [PMID: 28803206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is used as a flame retardant with extensive industrial applications, which is mainly produced at facilities on the coast of China. Radially distributed soil samples and equidistant paired water and sediment samples were taken around one of the biggest HBCD production enterprises to reflect its environmental behavior via air deposition and wastewater discharge of HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD). Worldwide high concentrations of HBCD (11,700ng/g in the soil, 5080ng/L in the water and 6740ng/g in the sediment) were detected in these environmental samples. Concentrations dropped by two orders of magnitude over several kilometers distance from the plant. The diastereoisomer pattern varied in the three environmental compartments examined, such that γ-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomer in the soil and sediment whilst α- and γ-HBCD shared the predominance in the water. The mass inventories of HBCD in the local soil and sediment were estimated to be 5006kg and 30kg respectively, suggesting that soil was the major sink of HBCD in the production area. As for the soil, the environmental burdens in the areas with radiuses of 2, 4 and 6km were 3210, 3770 and 4590kg respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX 10 8BB, UK
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Han T, Wu MH, Zang C, Sun R, Tang L, Liu N, Lei JQ, Shao HY, Gu JZ, Xu G. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: levels and spatial distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1346-1354. [PMID: 28892110 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distributions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai. ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) concentrations ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6.6 × 103 ng g-1 lw (median 5.7 × 102 ng g-1 lw) and TBBPA concentrations ranged from 48 to 7.2 × 104 ng g-1 lw (median 2.8 × 102 ng g-1 lw). The concentrations of ΣHBCDD and TBBPA all followed the order of industrial areas > commercial areas > residential areas. The mean percentage of α-HBCDD in bark samples (44%) from Shanghai was higher than that in technical HBCDD products, but comparable with that in air. The concentrations of TBBPA and individual HBCDD diastereoisomers between industrial areas and commercial areas were correlated. Based on the concentrations of HBCDD in the bark, the corresponding atmospheric HBCDD concentrations were estimated. Compared with the published data for HBCDD in urban air, the estimated atmospheric HBCDD concentrations in Shanghai had a relatively high level, and more attention should be paid to the pollution status of HBCDD in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Johnson AC, Su C, Zhang M, Jürgens MD, Shi Y, Lu Y. Which persistent organic pollutants in the rivers of the Bohai Region of China represent the greatest risk to the local ecosystem? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:11-18. [PMID: 28314123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater aquatic organisms can be exposed to hundreds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) discharged by natural and anthropogenic activities. Given our limited resources it is necessary to identify, from the existing evidence, which is the greatest threat so that control measures can be targeted wisely. The focus of this study was to rank POPs according to the relative risk they represent for aquatic organisms in rivers in the Bohai Region, China. A list of 14 POPs was compiled based on the available data on their presence in these rivers and ecotoxicological data. Those that were widely detected were benzo[a]pyrene, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, fluoranthene, heptachlor, hexabromocyclododecane, hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, naphthalene, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate and phenanthrene. Effect concentrations were compiled for Chinese relevant and standard test species and compared with river aqueous concentrations. Only bed-sediment concentrations were available so water levels were calculated based on the known local sediment organic carbon concentration and the Koc. The POPs were ranked on the ratio between the median river and median effect concentrations. Of the POPs studied, fluoranthene was ranked as the highest threat, followed by phenanthrene, naphthalene and p,p'-DDE. The risk from p,p'-DDE may be magnified due to being highly bioaccumulative. However, the greatest overlap between river concentrations and effect levels was for lindane. Overall, fish was the most sensitive species group to the risks from POPs. Hotspots with the highest concentrations and hence risk were mainly associated with watercourses draining in Tianjin, the biggest city in the Bohai Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Monika D Jürgens
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Li B, Chen H, Sun H, Lan Z. Distribution, isomerization and enantiomer selectivity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers in different tissue and subcellular fractions of earthworms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:326-334. [PMID: 28183046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) were exposed to a soil artificially contaminated with individual hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCDs) to investigate the distribution, isomerization and enantiomer selectivity of HBCDs at tissue and subcellular levels. At the tissue level, the concentrations of HBCDs all followed the order of gut>bodyfluid>body wall, which suggested that earthworms accumulated HBCDs mainly via ingesting soil particles. At the subcellular level, the concentrations of HBCDs in an extracellular fraction consisting of granules, tissue fragment, cell membrane and intact cells (fraction A) were higher than those in an intracellular fractions consisting of the microsomal and cytosol (fraction B+C). This confirmed the passive diffusion during the distribution of HBCDs into the intracellular compartment. The distribution proportions of HBCDs varied among different tissue and subcellular fractions, and all changed over time within 14 days. The variable distributions of HBCDs in different fractions were a result of the comprehensive effects of dynamics and thermodynamics processes. The β- and γ-HBCDs were isomerized to α-HBCD in all tissue and subcellular fractions except for fraction C, and the isomerization ratios varied a lot, which seemed to be related to HBCDs residence time. The selective enrichment of (-) α-, (-) β and (-) γ-HBCDs was found in all fractions and this is consistent with that in the whole earthworm. Besides, the extents of enantio-selectivity did not change significantly among different tissue and subcellular fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Meng J, Hong S, Wang T, Li Q, Yoon SJ, Lu Y, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Traditional and new POPs in environments along the Bohai and Yellow Seas: An overview of China and South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:503-515. [PMID: 27894056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth during the past two decades in the region surrounding the Bohai and Yellow Seas has resulted in severe pollution. Large amounts of monitoring data on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental media have been accumulated, which allows us to conduct a fairly comprehensive assessment of the region around the Bohai and Yellow Seas to elucidate spatial patterns of pollution on a regional scale. This review summarized distributions of traditional and new POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in various environmental media. In general, due to their physico-chemical properties (poor solubility in water), OCPs and PCBs were mainly detected in sediments, PBDEs and HBCDs were mainly detected in sediments and soils. PFASs, which have greater solubility, were mainly detected in the hydrosphere. For conventional POPs, such as OCPs and PCBs, Bohai Bay and Haihe River in China, Gyeonggi Bay and Lake Sihwa in South Korea were found to be most polluted areas. While for new POPs, such as PBDEs, HBCDs and PFASs, some areas were heavily polluted due to local production and applications. Estuarine and coastal areas of the Bohai Sea were more severely contaminated by POPs than coastal regions of the Yellow Sea. Overall, the present review will guide identification of key areas for strengthening risk assessment of POPs and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Megson D, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ, Dorman FL, Robson M, Focant JF. A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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